Animal Organization and Homeostasis –Insulates the body and provides padding.

Outline •Cartilage
•Tissue Types –Cells (chondrocytes), lie in small chambers (lacunae)
–Epithelial separated by matrix.
–Connective  Classified according to type of collagen and
–Muscular elastic fibers found in the matrix.
–Nervous •Bone
•Organs –Matrix of inorganic salts is deposited around protein
•Organ Systems fibers.
•Homeostasis  Compact Bone
–Negative and Positive Feedback  Bone cells (osteocytes) are located in
Types of Tissues lacunae arranged in concentric circles
•Tissue - Group of similar cells performing a similar within osteons around tiny tubes (central
function. canals).
•Organ - Group of tissues performing a specialized
function.
•Organ System - Collection of several organs
functioning together.
–An organism contains a collection of organ systems.
•Four major vertebrate tissue types.
–Epithelial
–Connective
–Muscular
–Nervous
Epithelial Tissue
•Epithelial tissue forms a continuous layer over body
surfaces, lines inner cavities, forms glands, and covers
Blood
abdominal organs.
•Blood transports nutrients and oxygen to cells and
–Three types
removes carbon dioxide and other wastes.
 Squamous – Flat cells
–Connective tissue in which cells are separated by
 Cuboidal - Cube-shaped cells
plasma.
 Columnar – Pillar-shaped cells
 Red blood cells - erthrocytes
•Exocrine glands - Secrete products intoducts or
 White blood cells - leukocytes
cavities.
Muscular Tissue
•Endocrine glands - Secrete products directly into the
•Contractile tissue composed of muscle fibers.
bloodstream.
–Contain actin and myosin filaments.
Connective Tissue
 Skeletal Muscle
•Connective tissue contains fibroblasts separated by a
 Voluntary - Long, striated fibers.
matrix containing collagen and elastic fibers.
 Smooth Muscle
–Loose fibrous connective tissue
 Involuntary - No striations.
 Allows organs to expand
 Cardiac Muscle
–Dense fibrous connective tissue
 Striated, but mostly involuntary.
 Strong connective tissue
 Bound by intercalated disks.
 Tendons
Nervous Tissue
 Ligaments
•Nervous Tissue contains neurons.
•Adipose Tissue
–Made up of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
  Long axons covered by myelin. Homeostasis
 Outside the brain and spinal cord, fibers form •The internal environment of an animal’s body consists
nerves. of tissue fluid, which bathes the cells.
–Neuroglia support and nourish neurons. –Organ systems of the body contribute to maintenance
Nervous system has three functions of internal conditions (homeostasis).
–Sensory input  Ultimately controlled by nervous system.
–Data integration
–Motor output
•Nerves conduct impulses from sensory receptors to
the spinal cord and the brain where integration occurs.
Organs
•Skin
–The skin covers and protects underlying body regions,
helps regulate body temperature, and contains sensory
receptors.
Regions of Skin
•Epidermis - Outer, thinner region.
–Stratified squamous epithelium.
 New cells are pushed outward, become
keratinized, and are sloughed off.
–Melanocytes produce melanin (pigment).
–Nails grow from specialized epidermal cells.
•Dermis - Deeper and thicker than epidermis.
–Fibrous connective tissue containing elastic and
collagen fibers. Contains:
 Hair follicles
 Sebaceous glands
 Receptors
 Nerve fibers
 Blood vessels
•Subcutaneous Layer - Loose, connective tissue located
below dermis.
Organ Systems
•Body Cavities
–Each organ system has a particular distribution within
the human body.
–Smaller dorsal cavity
 Brain, spinal cord
–Larger ventral cavity
•Ventral Cavity
–During development, the ventral cavity develops into
an upper (thoracic) cavity and a lower (abdominal)
cavity.