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Basics of Compensation Management
Basics of Compensation Management
Compensation is a systematic approach to providing monetary value to employees in exchange for work performed.
Compensation may achieve several purposes assisting in recruitment, job performance, and job satisfaction.
Compensation management, also known as wage and salary administration, remuneration management, or reward
management, is concerned with designing and implementing total compensation package. The traditional concept of
wage and salary administration emphasized on only determination of wage and salary structures in organizational
settings. However, over the passage of time, many more forms of compensation as discussed earlier, entered the business
field which necessitated to take wage and salary administration in comprehensive way with a suitable change in its
nomenclature. Beach has defined wage and salary administration as follows:
"Wage and salary administration refers to the establishment and implementation of sound policies and practices of employee
compensation. It includes such areas as job evaluation, surveys of wages and salaries, analysis of relevant organizational problems,
development and maintenance of wage structure, establishing rules for administering wages. Wage payments, incentives, profit
sharing, wage changes and adjustments, supplementary payments, control of compensation costs and other related items"
The literal meaning of compensation is to counter-balance. In the case of human resource management, compensation is
referred to as money and other benefits received by an employee for providing services to his employer. Money and
benefits received may be in different forms-base compensation in money fonn and various benefits, which may be
associated with employee's service to the employer like provident fund, gratuity, and insurance scheme, and any other
payment which the employee receives or benefits he enjoys in lieu of such payment. Cascio has defined compensation as
follows:
"Compensation includes direct cash payments, indirect payments in the form of employee benefits and incentives to motivate
employees to strive for higher levels of productivity”
Based on above description of compensation, we may identify its various components as follows:
Incentives:
Incentives are the additional payment to employees besides the payment of wages and salaries. Often these are linked
with productivity, either in terms of higher production or cost saving or both.
These incentives may be given on individual basis or group basis.
Fringe Benefits:
Fringe benefits include such benefits which are provided to the employees either having long-term impact like provident
fund, gratuity, pension; or occurrence of certain events like medical benefits, accident relief, health and life insurance; or
facilitation in performance of job like uniforms, Canteens, recreation, etc.
Perquisites:
These are normally provided to managerial personnel either to facilitate their job performance or to retain them in the
organization.
Such perquisites include company car, club membership, free residential accommodation, paid holiday trips, stock
options, etc.
Wages:
According to economic theory, wages are defined broadly as any economic compensation paid by the employer to his
laborers under some contract for the services rendered by them. In its actual sense which is prevalent in the practice,
wages are paid to workers which include basic wages and other allowances which are linked with the wages like
dearness allowances, etc.
Traditionally, in the absence of any bargaining power possessed by laborers, they did not have any say in the
determination of wages paid to them. This has led to the development of several theories of wages such as subsistence
theory by Ricardo, wage fund theory by Adam Smith, surplus value theory by Karl Marx, residual claimant theory by
Frascis Walker, marginal productivity theory by Philip Wickstted and John Clark, bargaining theory by John Davidson
and behavioral theory by James March and Herbert Simon. Each theory tries to explain how wages are determined. In the
Indian context, soon after the independence, Government of India set up a Committee on Fair Wages in 1948 which has
defined various concepts of wages which govern the wage structure in the country specially in those sectors which can be
termed as underpaid and where workers do not have bargaining power through unions. These concepts are: minimum
wage, living wage, and fair wage. Later, the concept of need based minimum wage was added. Let us have a brief look at
these concepts.
Minimum Wage:
A minimum wage is one which has to be paid by an employer to his workers irrespective of his ability to pay. According
to the above committee,
"Minimum wage is the wage which must provide not only for the bare sustenance of life, but for the preservation of the efficiency of
the workers. For this purpose, minimum wage must provide some measure of education, medical requirements and amenities. "
Subsequent to the committee's report, Government enacted legal provisions regarding minimum wages under the
Minimum Wages Act. 1948. This Act does not define the concept of minimum wages but empowers the Central
Government as well as State Governments to fix minimum wages from time to time. Wherever this Act applies, the
payment of minimum wages is mandatory. In 1957, Indian Labor Conference elaborated the concept of fixation of
minimum wars which were termed as need-based minimum wages.
For the calculation of wages, the Conference suggested the following guidelines:
The standard working class family should be taken to consist of three consumption units for the earner; the
earnings of women, children and adolescents should be disregarded.
The minimum food requirements should be calculated on the basis of the net intake of 2.700 calories per adult.
The clothing requirements should be estimated at a per capita consumption of 18 yards per annum per person.
In respect of housing. the norms should be the minimum rent charged by the
Government in any area for houses provided under subsidized housing scheme for low-income groups.
Fuel. Lighting and other miscellaneous items of expenditure should constitute 20 per cent of the total minimum
wage.
Living Wage:
Along with the minimum wage the Committee on Fair Wages has given the concept of living wage which has been
defined as follows:
"A living wage is one which should enable the earner to provide for himself and his family not only the bare essentials of food, clothing
and shelter but a measure of frugal comfort including education for his children, protection against ill-health, requirements of
essential social needs and a measure of insurance against the more important misfortunes including old age. "
Living wage is more than the concept of minimum wage. Such a wage is determined keeping in view the national income
and paying capacity of industrial sector. The Committee also observed that since the national income did not support the
payment of living wage. it should be implemented in three phases. In the initial stage the wages to be paid to the entire
working class were to be established and stabilized. In the second phase fair wages were to be established in the
community and industry. In the final phase the working class was to be paid the living wage.
Fair Wage:
The concept of fair wage is linked with the capacity of the industry to pay. The Committee has defined fair wage as
follows:
"Fair wage is the wage which is above the minimum wage but below the living wage. The lower limit of the fair wage is obviously the
minimum wage: the upper limit is to be set by the capacity of the industry to pay. "
Thus, fair wage depends on different variables affecting wage determination. Such factors are labor productivity
prevailing wage rates, the level of national income and its distribution and the capacity of industry to pay.
At present, the concept of fair wages is followed by the most business organizations.
In devising system of wage determination, the critical question that emerges is whether the wage will be linked to time
spent on the workplace or output achieved during a specified period. This results into two types of wages time wage and
piece wage. These two basic systems have their own relative merits and demerits. Sometimes, in order to avoid hardship
to employees, a combination of these two methods is followed to ensure the payment of minimum wages. This method is
known as balance method. Let us see how these methods work.
Various merits and demerits of time wage system suggest that this system can be followed in some jobs but not in all. This system is
more suitable in the following situations:
Where units of output are not measurable precisely like office work.
Where individual employees do not have direct control on their outputs like assembly work.
Where quality of work is more pronounced and requires creative imagination like artistic work.
Where machinery and raw materials are quite sophisticated which require handling with utmost care like
processing of precious metals.
Where work is of highly varied nature and standards of outputs cannot be ascertained like research work.
Where workers' unions oppose the introduction of piece rate system.
Where supervision is good and the supervisors can estimate a fair day's work.
Various merits and demerits of piece wage system indicate that this system is not suitable for all conditions but only to specific
conditions which are as follows:
Where the output of each individual worker can be measured precisely.
Where the quantity of output is a direct result of skills and efforts of individual workers.
When the flow of work is regular and work interruptions do not occur.
Where production methods are standardized and job is of repetitive nature.
Where workmanship is not required.
Balance Method:
Balance method also known as debt method, is essentially a combination of time wage and piece wage methods. Under
this method, a worker is guaranteed a fixed wage based on time rate with a provision of piece wage method. Thus, if a
worker produces more quantity in a period, usually on weekly or monthly basis, and earns more than his time wage, he is
given credit for additional output which is compensated in another period in which production quantity falls below the
time wage.
This method provides a sense of security to a worker so far as his wage earning is concerned. At the same time, he is also
motivated to produce more because of inclusion of piece wage system. This method has its relevance in a workplace
where the work flow is irregular like docks.
On the basis of above discussion, we may summarize the factors affecting wage rates as under:
Demand for and supply of labor: Demand and supply conditions of labor have considerable influence on the
determination of wage rates.
If there is a short supply of labor, the wages may be high whereas if there is no dearth of labor, the wages tend to
be low.
Labor unions: If the laborers are well organized into strong trade unions, their bargaining power would be high
and they can demand higher rates of wages. On the other hand, if the laborers are not organized, the
management may fix low wages.
Cost of living: The cost of living of workers also has a strong influence on the rate of wages. If this factor is not
considered, the laborers may not be in a position to make both ends meet and this will affect their efficiency.
Hence progressive employers consider this factor also.
Prevailing wage rates: Prevailing wages in a particular industry are also taken into account by the employers
while deciding wage levels for their employees. By considering the prevailing wage level, employers will come
reasonable close to the wage level of competitors, and this will enable them to retain and attract qualified workers
to the organizations.
Ability to pay: The wage level, to a large extent, is determined by the ability of the enterprise to pay its workers.
The ability to pay in turn is determined by the profit-earning capacity of the enterprise.
Job requirements: Job requirements are also an important factor affecting wages. Jobs requiring specialized
knowledge or involving much mental or manual effort are priced higher than those which are light or which do
not need any specialized knowledge.
State regulation: State regulation is another important factor influencing wage rtes. As the State assumes
responsibility for safeguarding the interest of citizens, it has to step in to regulate the wage rates of laborers
through legislative measures.
Increment system: In some organizations wages automatically increase annually at a prescribed rate without any
relation to workers’ performance. In some other organizations annual increases based on merit. Thus, the
prevailing system of granting increments also affects wages.
Incentives:
‘Incentive’ may be defined as any reward of benefit given to the employee over and above his wage or salary with a view
to motivating him to excel in his work. Incentives include both monetary as well as non-monetary rewards. A scheme of
incentive is a plan to motivate individual or group performance.
It is true that monetary compensation does constitute very important reason for the working of an employee. But this
compensation alone cannot bring job satisfaction to the workers. One cannot expect effective performance from a worker
who is dissatisfied with its job, even if he is well paid. Sociologists and industrial psychologists also view that the
financial aspect is not the only dominant motivating force. Confidence in the management, pride in the job and in firm
and concern for the overall good cannot be brought by a bonus. Hence the modern authorities on management science
have recognized the need for the provision of incentives to build up good morale.
Incentives can take any form. According to Z. Clark Dickinson the important incentives for work can be listed as follows:
Desire for livelihood and fear of want.
Desire for approval of master and fear of punishment.
Desire for praise and fear of being dismissed.
Impulse to activity or joy in work and dislike of inactivity.
The moral command and fear of conscience.
Robert E. Salton has mentioned the following nine factors as the Motives for work.
Doing something worthwhile (Good).
Trust in leadership.
Doing my share (Participation)
I count for something (Recognition).
A decent living (Fair Wages).
A chance to get somewhere (Opportunity).
A safe future (Security).
Know what’s going on (Communication).
Conditions at work (Environment)
Classification of Incentives:
All forms of incentives can be broadly classified into two kinds namely,
Financial Incentives, and
Non-financial Incentives.
Financial Incentives
Financial incentives or pecuniary incentives are the most original of all the incentives. It is given in the form of money.
The financial incentives still form the most important influencing and motivating factor up to a certain limit.
Because it is only by virtue of the monetary compensation that the workers can satisfy their fundamental needs such as
food, clothing, shelter etc. The financial incentives may be either direct or indirect. Direct incentives include wages, bonus
and other incentives directly given to the workers in the form of cash.
Indirect financial incentives include subsistence allowance expenses, medical expenses etc.
Non-financial incentives:
Non-financial or non-pecuniary incentives include all other influences planned or unplanned, which stimulate exertion.
Mere monetary incentive cannot help the management in solving all the problems of industrial unrest.
Further additional cash wage may also tempt the workers to misuse the money in vices like gambling, drinking etc.
Under such circumstances, the nonfinancial incentives have a significant role to play. Such incentives create a healthy
atmosphere and change the mental outlook of the workers. They make the working class more stabilized and
economically sound. Thus, in short, the workers by virtue of the non-financial incentives are enabled to enjoy a richer and
fuller life. Experiences of foreign countries particularly countries like Britain, America and Japan have shown that there is
a high degree of positive correlation between non-financial benefit schemes and labor productivity.
Non-Financial Incentives can take a variety of forms. Some of the popular ones are given below:
Job Security:
The management must try its best to create a sense of job security. There should be no risk of retrenchment, demotion
and termination. Experiences have also shown that the productivity is less in those concerns where workers have no
feeling of safe and secure. But it is high in those concerns where they have a feeling of job security.
Recognition:
Recognition of work is the essence of securing good work. Efficient people would naturally like to get recognition for
their skill and excellence in their work. Such recognition can do many things that what a cash reward can do. Of course it
is not practicable for the superiors to praise everybody for every thing done by them. But the technique of praise must be
practiced as far as possible.
Participation:
Workers feel more satisfied when they are given an opportunity to raise their voice in handling the affairs of the
enterprise. Since they actually take part in the decision-making their co-operation is assured.
Pride in job:
The workers must be made to feel pride in their job. Various techniques can be employed to develop pride to work. Food
products, dynamic leadership, fair treatment, ethical conduct etc. can effectively stimulate the workers pride in their job
and in the firm.
Delegation of Responsibility:
Delegation of rights and responsibilities to execute a given task often proves to be a strong motivating factor. By
delegation the superior trusts his workers and stimulates them to show better results.
Other Incentives:
Other incentives like quick promotion, provisions of facilities for development and training, provision of labor welfare
amenities etc. also have a significant role to play in motivating the employees.
Merits of Incentives:
Higher output:
By providing incentives to his employees, the employer is able to induce them to work better. This leads to higher output.
Greater profits:
Needless to say, higher output results in greater profits for the business. This happens in two ways. First, the cost per unit
becomes less and second, the enterprise is able to keep the selling price low and this result in greater sales.
The following problems are bound to arise while implementing an incentive plan:
Consensus required:
The management should not take a unilateral decision while evolving an incentive scheme. Consensus between the
workers and the management is necessary for the success of the plan.
Simple to operate:
The incentive plan should not involve tedious calculations. It should be so simple that the worker will be in a position to
work out his total earnings himself.
Redressing grievances:
Grievances and complaints are bound to arise whenever any incentive plan is in vogue in the organization. Proper
machinery should be installed for the quick handling of all such complaints.
Review:
The progress of the incentive scheme should be periodically reviewed. Only then it would be possible to notice and
remove defects, if any, in the plan.
Fringe Benefits:
Employment Security:
Benefits under this head include unemployment, insurance, technological adjustment pay, leave travel pay, overtime pay,
level for negotiation, leave for maternity, leave for grievances, holidays, cost of living bonus, call-back pay, lay-off,
retiring rooms, jobs to the sons/daughters of the employees and the like.
Health Protection:
Benefits under this head include accident insurance, disability insurance, health insurance, hospitalization, life insurance,
medical care, sick benefits, sick leave, etc.
Employee Security:
Physical and job security to the employee should also be provided with a view to promoting security to the employee and
his family members. The benefit of confirmation of the employee on the job creates a sense of job security. Further a
minimum and continuous wage or salary gives a sense of security to the life.
Retrenchment Compensation:
The Industrial Disputes Act, 1947 provides for the payment of compensation in case of lay-off and retrenchment. The non-
seasonal industrial establishments employing 50 or more workers have to give one month’s notice or one month’s wages
to all the workers who are retrenched after one year’s continuous service. The compensation is paid at the rate of 15 days
wage for every completed year of service with a maximum of 45 days wage in a year. Workers are eligible for
compensation as stated above even in case of closing down of undertakings.
Lay-off Compensation:
In case of lay-off, employees are entitled to lay-off compensation at the rate to 50% of the total of the basic wage and
dearness allowance for the period of their lay-off except for weekly holidays. Lay-off compensation can normally be paid
up to 45 days in a year.
The view point of employers is that fringe benefits form an important part of employee incentives to obtain their loyalty
and retaining them. The important objectives of fringe benefits are:
To create and improve sound industrial relations
To boost up employee morale.
To motivate the employees by identifying and satisfying their unsatisfied needs.
To provide qualitative work environment and work life.
To provide security to the employees against social risks like old age benefits and maternity benefits.
To protect the health of the employees and to provide safety to the employees against accidents.
To promote employee’s welfare by providing welfare measures like recreation facilities.
To create a sense of belongingness among employees and to retain them. Hence, fringe benefits are called golden
hand-cuffs.
To meet requirements of various legislations relating to fringe benefits.
Rising prices and cost of living has brought about incessant demand for provision of extra benefit to the
employees.
Employers too have found that fringe benefits present attractive areas of negotiation when large wage and salary
increases are not feasible.
As organizations have developed ore elaborate fringe benefits programs for their employees, greater pressure has
been placed upon competing organizations to match these benefits in order to attract and keep employees.
Recognition that fringe benefits are non-taxable rewards has been major stimulus to their expansion.
Rapid industrialization, increasingly heavy urbanization and the growth of a capitalistic economy have made it
difficult for most employees to protect themselves against the adverse impact of these developments. Since it was
workers who are responsible for production, it was held that employers should accept responsibility for meeting
some of the needs of their employees. As a result, some benefits-and-services programs were adopted by
employers
The growing volume of labor legislation, particularly social security legislation, made it imperative for employers
to share equally with their employees the cost of old age, survivor and disability benefits.
The growth and strength of trade unions has substantially influenced the growth of company benefits and
services.
Labor scarcity and competition for qualified personnel has led to the initiation, evolution and implementation of a
number of compensation plans.
The management has increasingly realized its responsibility towards its employees and has come to the
conclusion that the benefits of increase in productivity resulting from increasing industrialization should go, at
least partly, to the employees who are responsible for it, so that they may be protected against the insecurity
arising from unemployment, sickness, injury and old age. Company benefits-and-services programs are among
some of the mechanisms which managers use to supply this security.
Flexible Benefits:
Flexible benefits allows allow employees to pick benefits that most their needs. The idea is to allow each employee to
choose a benefit package that is individually tailored to his or her own needs and situation. It replaces the traditional
“one-benefit-plan-fits-all” programs that dominated organizations for more than 50 years.
The average organization provides fringe benefits worth approximately 40% of an employee’s salary. Traditional benefit
programs were designed for the typical employees of the 1950s—- a male with wife and two children at home. Less than
10% of employees now fit this stereotype. While 25% of today’s employees are single, a third are part of two-income
families with no children. As such these traditional programs don’t tend to meet the needs of today’s more diverse
workforce. Flexible benefits, however, do meet these diverse needs. They can be uniquely tailored to reflect differences in
employee needs based on age, marital status, spouses’ benefit status, number and age of dependents, and the like.
The three most popular type of benefit plans are modular plans, core-plus options, and flexible spending accounts.
Modular plans are pre-designed packages of benefits, with each module put together to meet the needs of a specific group
of employees. So a module designed for single employees with no dependents might include only essential benefits.
Another, designed for single parents, might have additional life insurance, disability insurance, and expanded health
coverage.
Core-plus plans consist of a core of essential benefits and a menu-like selection of other benefits options from which
employees can select and add to the core. Typically, each employee is given “benefit credits,” which allow the “purchase”
of additional benefits that uniquely meet his or her needs. Flexible spending plans allow employees to set aside up to the
dollar amount offered in the plan to pay for particular services. It’s a convenient way, for example, for employees to pay
for health-care and dental premiums. Flexible spending accounts can increase employee take-home pay because
employees don’t have to pay taxes on the dollars they spend out of these accounts.
There are two main types of employer-sponsored retirement plans: defined benefit and defined contribution. A defined
benefit plan, such as a traditional pension plan, sets the amount that the employer will pay to workers upon their
retirement. In defined contribution plans, the plan sets the amount of the contributions that an employer makes, not the
benefit it will pay at retirement. In 1978, section 401(k)of the Internal Revenue Code authorized a new kind of defined
contribution plan that allows the employee to make pre-tax contributions to the plan.
In a 401(k) plan, the employer sets up a special savings and investment account with an investment company, a bank trust
dept, or an insurance company. The employee agrees to put part of his or her salary into the plan through automatic
deductions each pay period. This money is deducted before the employee’s paycheck is taxed, so that it remains untaxed
until it is taken out of the plan, often years or even decades later.
Employers frequently match employee contributions up to a certain level, sometimes by as much as 100 percent, but are
not required to do so. The money in the plan is invested into one or more funds provided in the plan according to choices
made by the employee. The plans usually are intended to earn money over a very long period of time, which is much less
risky than short-term investing.
Employees like 401(k) plans for several reasons. The tax deferral an obvious plus. Others popular features include the
increased portability of this plan from one employer to another, the matching contributions, and the sense of control due
to the ability to choose one’s own investments.
The basic objective of compensation management can be briefly termed as meeting the needs of both employees and the
organization. Since both these needs emerge from different sources, often, there is a conflict between the two.
This conflict can be understood by agency theory which explains relationship between employees and employers. The
theory suggests that employers and employees are two main stakeholders in a business unit, the former assuming the role
of principals and the latter assuming the role of agents. The compensation paid to employees is agency consideration.
Each party to agency tries to fix this consideration in its own favor. The employers want to pay as little as possible to keep
their costs low. Employees want to get as high as possible. The compensation management tries to strike a balance
between these two with following specific objectives:
Attracting and Retaining Personnel:
From organization’s point of view, the compensation management aims at attracting and retaining right personnel in the
organization. In the Indian corporate scene, there is no dirth of personnel at operative levels but the problems come at the
managerial and technical levels particularly for growing companies. Not only they require persons who are well qualified
but they are also retained in the organization. In the present day context, managerial turnover is a big problem
particularly in high knowledge based organizations.
Motivating Personnel:
Compensation management aims at motivating personnel for higher productivity. Monetary compensation has its own
limitations in motivating people for superior performance. Alfie Kohn has gone to the extent of arguing that corporate
incentive plans not only fail to work as intended but also undermine the objectives they intend to achieve. He argues that
this is due to inadequate psychological assumptions on which reward systems are based. His conclusions are as follows:
Rewards punish people-their use confirms that someone else is in control of the employee.
Rewards rupture relationships-they create competition where teamwork and collaboration are desired.
Rewards ignore reasons-they relieve managers from the urgent need to explore why an employee is effective or
ineffective.
Rewards discourage risk taking-employees tend to do exactly what is required to earn the reward, and not any
more.
Rewards undermine interest-they distract both manager and the employee from consideration of intrinsic
motivation.
Notwithstanding these arguments, compensation management can be designed to motivate people through monetary
compensation to some extent.
Consistency in Compensation:
Compensation management tries to achieve consistency-both internal and external-in compensating employees.
Internal consistency involves payment on the basis of criticality of jobs and employees' performance on jobs. Thus, higher
compensation is attached to higher-level jobs. Similarly, higher compensation is attached to higher performers in the same
job. Level of jobs within an organization is determined by job evaluation which will be discussed little later in this
chapter. External consistency involves similar compensation for a job in all organizations. Though there are many factors
involved in the determination of wage and salary structure for a job in an organization which may result into some kind
of disparity in the compensation of a particular job as compared to other organizations, compensation management tries
to reduce this disparity.
Organization’s Strategy:
Organization’s overall strategy though not a step of compensation management is the starting point in the total human
resource management process including compensation management. Companies operating in different types of
market/product having varying level of maturity, adopt different strategies and matching compensation strategy and
blend of different compensation methods. Thus, it can be seen that organizations follow different strategies in different
market situations and align their compensation strategy and contents with these strategies. In a growing market, an
organization can expand its business through internal expansion or takeover and merger of other organizations in the
same line of business or a combination of both. In such a growing market, the inputs, particularly human resources, do
not grow in the same proportion as the business expands. Therefore, in order to make the growth strategy successful, the
organization has to pay high cash to attract talents. For example, information technology is a fast growing business
presently and we find maximum merger and higher managerial compensation in this industry. In mature market, the
organization does not grow through additional investment but stabilizes and the growth comes through making the
present investment more effective, known as learning curve growth. In such a situation, average cash and moderate
incentives may work. The benefits which have been standardized have to be maintained. In the declining market, the
organization has to harvest profit through cash generation and cost cutting and if this cannot be sustained over the long
run, the possible retrenchment of business to invest somewhere else. In such a case, compensation strategy involves cost
control with below average cash and incentive payments. Cascio has observed that in viewing the compensation from
strategic point of view, the companies do the following:
They recognize remuneration as a pivotal control and incentive mechanism that can be used flexibly by the
management to attain business objectives.
They make the pay system an integral part of strategy formulation.
They integrate pay considerations into strategic decision-making processes, such as those that involve planning
and control.
They view the company's performance as the ultimate criterion of the success of the strategic pay decisions and
operational remuneration programmes.
Compensation Policy:
Compensation policy is derived from organizational strategy and its policy on overall human resource management. In
order to make compensation management to work effectively, the organization should clearly specify its compensation
policy, which must include the basis for determining base compensation, incentives and benefits and various types of
perquisites to various levels of employees. The policy should be linked with the organizational philosophy on human
resources and strategy. Besides, many external factors which impinge on the policy must also be taken care of Job
Analysis and Evaluation. Job analysis provides basis for defining job description and job specification with the former
dealing with various characteristics and responsibilities involved in a job and the latter dealing with qualities and skills
required in job performer. Job analysis also provides base for job evaluation which determines the relative worth of
various jobs in the organization. The relative worth of various jobs determines the compensation package attached with
each job.
Evaluate jobs:
Rank the jobs within each senior vice president's and manager's department, and then rank jobs between and
among departments.
Verify ranking by comparing it to industry market data concerning the ranking, and adjust if necessary.
Prepare a matrix organizational review.
On the basis of required tasks and forecasted business plans, develop a matrix of jobs crossing lines and
departments.
Compare the matrix with data from both the company structure and the industry wide market.
Prepare flow charts of all ranks for each department for ease of interpretation and assessment.
Present data and charts to the compensation committee for review and adjustment.
Determine grades:
Establish the number of levels - senior, junior, intermediate, and beginner - for each job family and assign a grade
to each level.
Determine the number of pay grades, or monetary range of a position at a particular level, within each
department.