 Micro Encapsulation - It is a process in which tiny particles or droplets

are surrounded by a coating to give small capsules many useful

properties.

 Micro Capsule - It is a small sphere with a uniform wall around it.

 Morphology of Microcapsules -

Mononuclear (core-shell) microcapsules contain the shell around the core.

Poly nuclear capsules have many cores enclosed within the shell.

Matrix encapsulation in which the core material is distribute homogeneously into

the shell material.
Microencapsulation Techniques:-
1. Physical methods:-
Pan coating
Air-suspension coating
Centrifugal extrusion
Vibration nozzle
Spray drying
2. Chemical methods:-
Interfacial polymerization
In-situ poymerization
Matrix poymerization
BENEFITS OF MICROENCAPSULATION

1.Microorganism and enzyme immobilization.

2.Protection against UV, heat, oxidation, acids, bases.
3.Enhance visual aspect and marketing concept.
4.Improved shelf life due to preventing degradative reactions
(dehydration, oxidation).
5.Masking of taste or odours.
6.Handling liquids as solids.
7.There is a growing demand for nutritious foods for children which
provides them with much needed vitamins and minerals during the growing
age.
8.Improved shelf life due to preventing degradative reactions.
9.Controlled and targetted release of active ingredients.
Preparation & Evaluation of the Microencapsules of
Aspirin drug.
On The first research leading to the development of microencapsulation
procedures for pharmaceuticals was published by Bungenburg de Jong and
Kass in 1931 and dealt with the preparation of gelatin spheres and the use of gelatin

coacervation process for coating.

July 5, 1955, Dayton, Ohio, resident and National Cash Register Company employee
Barrett K. Green received a patent for the process of microencapsulation.

Green first applied his new invention to typing paper. He used microencapsulation to
manufacture the first carbon-free carbon paper in the world.

The first company to utilize scratch-and-sniff technology was the Dayton Power &
Light Company.
DRUG CANDIDATE
Chemical Name :- ACETYLESALICYLIC ACID
IUPAC Name :- 2-Acetyloxybenzoic acid
Molecular weight :- 180.160
Formula :- C9H8O4
Melting point :- 138 -140°C (280–284 °F)
Description :- White crystel
Solubility :- freely soluble in ethanol,soluble in chloroform
& in ether,Slightly soluble in water.

Aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid. It is rapidly converted in the body to salicylic acid

which is responsible for most of the actions. It is one of the oldest analgesic-
antiinflammtory drugs and is still widely used.
FORMULATION POCEDURE
Materials:-
Aspirin, Acetone, Cyclohexane, , Ethanol, Heavy liquid paraffin, ethyl
cellulose, and water. All chemicals used in the experiments were of
analytical grade.
Method:-
Microcapsules of ethyl cellulose containing aspirin were prepared by an
emulsion-solvent evaporation method as reported by Nokhodchi and Farid,
2002. Aspirin microcapsules were prepared by dissolving polymers in an
organic solvent to form a homogeneous polymer solution. The core material,
aspirin was added in a thin stream of heavy liquid paraffin. The mixture was
agitated using a propeller mixer with the rotation speed 600rpm.The
dispersed phase consisting of drug and polymer EC was immediately
transformed into fine droplets, which subsequently solidified into rigid
microcapsules due to solvent evaporation. The liquid paraffin was decanted,
and the microcapsules were collected, washed twice in cyclohexane to
remove any adhering oily phase (liquid paraffin), and was air dried for at
least 12 h to obtain discrete microcapsules. The quantity of polymer, drug
and the solvent used is given in Table.
 
 TABLE

FORMULATION DRUG:POLYMER LIQUID ETHANOL ETHYL

PARAFIN (ml) CELLULOSE
(ml) (gm)
Aspirin : 4:1 60 10 1
Ethyl
cellulose
1. Shape and size
2. Color
3. Thickness of capsule size
4. Disintegration test
5. Weight variation test
6. Dissolution
7. Microscopy studies
1. The shape of capsule was found to be oval and size was 0 no. capsules.
2. The colour of the capsule was found to be white and transparent.
3. Thickness of the capsule shall was to be found 0.5mm.
4. By performing disintegration test on micrencapsules, disintegration time
was to be taken 1.5 minute.
5. Weight of empty capsule shell was 48mg. Average weight of one capsule
was 283mg & the individual capsules were fall with in 90-110 % of the
average weight.
6.  Drug release was found to be maximum in 5hrs.
7.  Microscopy:
Pure Aspirin crystal Microencapsulated Aspirin Crystal
 
Encapsulation is a useful method for prolonging the drug release
from dosage forms and reducing adverse effects. Microcapsules are
composed of a polymer wall enclosing a liquid core or other body of
material. The emulsion solvent evaporation (ESE) method can be
used to prepare microcapsules.

Sustained release formulation of Aspirin would reduce the

undesired side effects, reduce frequency of administration and
improves patient compliance. In this present study, Aspirin
microcapsules were prepared by emulsion solvent evaporation
technique using EC. Ethanol was used for the preparation of
microcapsules.
1. CLOPIGREL-A cap® [ USV]
2. CLOPITAB-A cap® [ Lupin (Pinnacle)]
3. ARRENO cap® [ Intas]
4. ATCHOL ASP cap® [ Aristo]
5. ATOPLUS cap® [ Triton (Calyx)]
6. ATOSA cap® [ Skymax]
7. AZTOR ASP 150 cap® [ Sun ]
8. AZTOR ASP cap® [ Sun (Aztec)]
9. CERUVIN-A tab® [ Ranbaxy]
10. CLASPRIN cap® [ Biocon]
11. CLOPISA cap® [ Skymax]
12. AZTOR ASP cap® [ Sun (Aztec)]
1. Herber A. Leberman & Leon Lachman; Theory & practice of
industrial pharmacy; Lea & febiger,Philadelphia,USA.

2. Reynolds JE, ed. Analgesic anti-inflammatory and antipyretic. In:

Martindale: The complete drug reference. 32nd ed. Parfitt K,
Massachusetts. 1999: 2–12.

3. Rowland M, Riegelman S. Pharmacokinetics of acetyl salicylic acid

and salicylic acid after intravenous administration in man.J Pharm Sci.
1968; 57: 1316–1319.doi:10.1002/jps.2600570807.

4. Rowland M, Riegelman S.Pharmacokinetics of acetyl salicylic acid and

salicylic acid after intravenous administration in man.J Pharm Sci.
1968; 57: 1316–1319.doi:10.1002/jps.2600570807.
5. Arshady, R.: Microspheres, microcapsules and liposomes. General
concepts and criteria, Arshady, R., Eds., Citrus Books, London, United
Kingdom, 1999, 11-45.

6. Benoit, J. -P., Marchais, H., Rolland, H., and Velde, V. V.:

Biodegradable microspheres: Advances in production technology,
Benita, S., Eds., Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, N.Y., 1996, 35-72.

7. Bayer HealthCare AG.

Aspirin: History & Structure.
http://www.aspirin-foundation.com