Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Chemical Calc (1) .Problems (Volumetric Analysis)
Chemical Calc (1) .Problems (Volumetric Analysis)
Chemical Calc (1) .Problems (Volumetric Analysis)
The initial and final burette readings of the titre are given below :
1 2 3 4
3
Initial burette reading / cm 0.00 24.00 0.50 25.50
Final burette reading / cm3 23.55 46.50 23.20 48.00
titre / cm3
(a) Name a suitable indicator for this titration. State the colour change of the
indicator.
Indicator : ………………………………………………………………………….………
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(c) Name a piece of apparatus that could be used to transfer the 25.0 cm3 of HCl solution.
……………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Use the table to calculate the mean titre of NaOH(give your answer to the correct number
of signifcant figures).
(e) Calculate the amount of 0.1 mol dm-3 sodium hydroxide used in the titration and hence
the concentration of the acid solution?
1
d A solution of HCl acid was titrated against a solution of sodium carbonate of
26.50 g.dm3 ,using Methyl orange indicator. It was found that 25.0 cm3 of the acid
solution neutralized 20.0 cm3 of the alkali.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl
→ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
Calculate
d The titrations of 25.0 cm3 of sodium hydroxide solution neutralise completely 10.0 cm3
of sulphuric acid solution of concentration 0.10 mol/dm3. What is the concentration of
the sodium hydroxide solution?
2NaOH(aq) + H2SO4(aq)
→ Na2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)
2
e A solution of sodium hydroxide, NaOH, ( Mr = 40.0 ) contains 10.0 g dm-3.
(b) What volume of this solution would be needed to neutralise completely 25.0 cm3 of
0.20 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid solution?
g What volume of 0.500 M nitric acid solution is required to completely neutralise 3.70 g
of calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2, according the following equation?
2HNO3 + Ca(OH)2
→ Ca(NO3)2 + H2O
3
h The titration of H2SO4 with KOH is represented by the equation :
H2SO4 + 2KOH
→ K2SO4 + 2 H2O
What volume of 0.1 mol dm-3 KOH is required to titrate 50.0 ml of 0.200 mol dm-3 H2SO4 ?
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq)
→ MgCl2 + H2(g)
(a) Calculate the amount of magnesium that reacted with the 50.0 ml of HCl solution.
(b) How would,away from any observation, make sure that all the acid has reacted?
……………………………………………………………………………………...
……………………………………………………………………………………...
4
j A sample of hydrated sodium carbonate crystals , Na2CO3. × H2O, weighing 4.00g was
dissolved in enough water and made to 250 cm3. Portions of 25.0 cm3 of this solution
required 22.40 cm3 of HCl acid solution of conc. 0.20 mol.dm-3 for complete
neutralization.
Na2CO3 + 2HCl
→ 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)
(c) Find × .
5
l A student crushed 0.500g of dry solid of Vitamin C tablet in a mortar to obtain fine
powder.He then dissolved the amount in enough of distilled water and made up the volume
to 100 ml in a volumetric flask . The student then titrated 25.0cm3 of this acid solution
with with 0.02 mol/dm3 NaOH solution. The average titre of sodium hydroxide was found
to be 14.50 cm3
Data
(a) Calculate the amount ( number of moles) of NaOH used in the titration
(b) Hence, calculate the number of moles of ascorbic acid present in 25.0 cm3
solution used in the titration.
(c) Hence, calculate the % by mass of ascorbic acid present in Vitamin C tablet.
6
Volumetric Analysis 1
♦ Procedure
B. Titration of the diluted hydrochloric acid solution (Q) with NaOH solution
Using a pippete the student placed 25 cm3 of solution ( Q ) of the diltuted hydrochloric acid
into a conical flask then added 3 drops of an indicator . Then he titrated the solution with
0.100 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide solution .
♦ Results
I II III
Titre / cm3
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
→ NaCl (aq) + H2O(l)
………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) Suggest a suitable indicator for the above reaction and state the colour change
Indicator………………………………………
7
(c) Name a suitable piece of apparatus to transfer 10.0 cm3 of solution (R) to a volumetric
flask
………………………………………………………………………………………
(d) Which two values would you choose to calculate the average (mean) titre
……………………………………………………………………………………….
(e) Calculate the amount ( number of moles) of sodium hydroxide used for neutralisation.
(g) Hence calculate the concentration of the original hydrochloric acid solution(R).
8
Volumetric Analysis 2
Acid base Titration
25.0 cm3 of the sodium carbonate was then titrated against hydrochloric acid , HCl, of
concentration 0.25 mol/dm3. The table of results is shown below The average titre was
10.5 cm3.
10.50
Mass of empty bottle m1 = …………………g
15.75
Mass of the empty bottle + amount of Na2CO3 × H2O m2 = …………………g
9
(a) Calculate the mass of solid hydrated sodium carbonate dissolved.
(b) How many moles of HCl solution were used in the titration ?
(c) Hence, calculate the amount( number of moles) of sodium carbonate present in
25cm3 of solution.
(d) Hence, calculate the amount( number of moles) of sodium carbonate present in
250 cm3 of solution.
(e) Hence, calculate the mass of 1 mol of Na2CO3 × H2O and then deduce the value
of × .
M = ……………………………
× = ……………………………
10
Volumetric Analysis 3
FA1 is a hydrated metal sulphate, XSO4.7H2O.
You are required to determine the mass of water of crsytallisation in a weighted sample of
FA1 and to calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar of the element X.
(a) Accuraltely weigh the hard glass test-tube provided. Record the mass in Table 1.1
below.
Add to the test-tube between 2.00g and 2.50g of FA1 and accurately weigh the test-tube
and contents. Record this mass in Table 1.1 below.
(b) Heat the test-tube, gently at first then strongly, to drive off the water of crystallisation.
The crystals will ' crackle' at first as water is lost and 'steam' ( condensed water
vapour) will be seen coming out of the mouth of the tube.
If the crystals are overheated the sulphate can decompose and give off sulphur trioxide,
which will be seen as white fumes. If you see white fumes, do not confuse this with steam,
stop heating.
Place the test-tube on a heat proof mat and leave to cool. Do not move about the laboratory
with a hot test-tube.
When cool , reweigh the test tube and its contents. Record the mass in Table 1.2 below.
[4]
Accuracy [6]
11
(c) By repeating the heating, cooling and rewieghing, show clearly by your results in
Table 1.2 that the water of crystallisation has been driven from the crystals, FA1.
(d) Calculate
[1]
(e) Calculate how many moles of water are present in the sample of FA1 used
[ Ar ; H, 1.0 ; O, 16]
[1]
(f) Use your answer to (e) and the formula XSO4.7H2O to calculate how many moles of
XSO4 are present in the sample of FA1 used.
[1]
(g) Use your answers to (d) and (f) to calculate the relative molecular mass , Mr, of XSO4.
[1]
(h) Calculate the relative atomic mass, Ar , of the element X.
[ Ar ; O, 16 ; S, 32.0 ]
[1]
12
Volumetric Analysis 4
You are to determine the concentration, in mol dm-3, of the hydrochloric acid FA 2.
(a) Weigh the stoppered tube labelled FA 1 and record the mass in Table 1.1
Transfer the contents of the weighed tube into a 250 cm3 beaker and dissolve the solid
in about 100 cm3 of distilled water.
Reweigh the tube and stopper and any residual sodium carbonate and record the mass
in Table 1.1. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate dissolved in the water.
(b) Transfer the sodium carbonate solution to the graduated flask labelled FA 3.
Rinse the beaker with distilled water several times, adding each rinsing to the
graduated flask. This ensures that all of the sodium carbonate has been
transferred to the flask. Make up the solution to 250 cm3 with distilled water and
mix thorougly.
Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 3, the sodium carbonate, into a conical flask and place the flask
on a white tile. Add a few drops of indicator provided and titrate with FA 2, the
hydrochloric acid.
Repeat the titration as many times as you think necessary to obtain accurate
results. Make certain that the recorded results show the precision of your
practical work.
13
Table 1.2 Titration of FA 3 with FA2
Summary
Show which results you used to obtain this volume of FA 2 by placing a tick ( 9) under
the readings in Table 1.2.
You are advised to show full working in all parts of the calculations.
(d) Calculate how many moles of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 ,were pipetted into
the conical flask.
(e) Calculate how many moles of hydrochloric acid, HCl, have been run from the
burette.
14
Volumetric Analysis 5
Weigh the stoppered tube labelled FA 1 and record the mass in Table 1.1
Transfer the contents of the weighed tube into a 250 cm3 beaker and dissolve the solid
in about 100 cm3 of distilled water.
Reweigh the tube and stopper and any residual sodium carbonate and record the mass
in Table 1.1. Calculate the mass of sodium carbonate dissolved in the water.
Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 3, the sodium carbonate, into a conical flask and place the flask
on a white tile. Add a few drops of indicator provided and titrate with FA 2, the
hydrochloric acid.
Repeat the titration as many times as you think necessary to obtain accurate
results. Make certain that the recorded results show the precision of your
practical work.
15
Table 1.2 Titration of FA 3 with FA2
Summary
Show which results you used to obtain this volume of FA 2 by placing a tick ( 9) under
the readings in Table 1.2.
You are advised to show full working in all parts of the calculations.
(a) Calculate the amount (number of moles) of HCl in the mean titre.
(b) Calculate how many moles of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 ,were pipetted into
the conical flask.
(c) Hence, calculate the amount of sodium carbonate, Na2CO3 in 250.0 cm3 of
solution FA 3.
16
Volumetric Analysis 6
Dilution
Acid base Titration
HCl/ NaOH
• Find the concentration of the diluted solution (D) and then use the same solution to
• Find the concentration of solution (C) of HCl
Procedure
Transfer 10.0 cm3 of the HCl solution (C) of HCl in a 100 cm3 volumetric flask.
Make up the solution up to Mark with distilled water.
Stopper the volumetric flask. Invert & shake the flask several times
Label it as Diluted HCl or Solution (D).
Using a pipette, transfer 25.0 cm3 of the diluted solution (D) of hydrochloric acid into a
clean conical flask. Add 2-3 drops of phenolphthalein indicator.
Clean through the burette with distilled water and then with NaOH solution.
Titrate slowly with the NaOH solution with constant swirling until ONE single drop of
NaOH solution causes a permanent pink colour (30 seconds) Record the volume} two
accurate titrations} in the table below : Repeat this step till you get at least 2 concordant
titres.
Titre / cm3
17
(a) Name the piece of apparatus that you could use to transfer 10 cm3 of the HCl solution
(C) of HCl into a 100 cm3 volumetric flask.
…………………………………………………………………………………………………..
(b) Calculate the average (mean) titre of sodium hydroxide solution from your table
(e) Hence calculate the concentration of the solution (C) { original solution of
hydrochloric acid}.
18
Volumetric Analysis 8
Acid base Titration
The determination of relative atomic mass of a metal by back-titration .
Total # of moles (HCl ) = moles reacted with NaOH(excess) + moles reacted with metal
A student was asked to find the relative atomic mass (Ar) of a metal M .
The student added 1.12 g of the metal M to 100 cm3 of 0.6 mol/dm3
hydrochloric acid solution which is in excess.
The acid solution remained after the reaction has ceased ( stops) , was
placed in burette and titrated with a 0.8 mol/dm3 sodium hydroxide
solution using a suitable indicator.
Titre / cm3
Equations
M(s) + 2HCl(aq)
→ MCl2(aq) + H2(g)
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
→ NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
19
Indicator :……………………………………………………………………………
(b) From the table of results calculate the average titre of NaOH
Thus ………………..cm3 of 0.8 mol/dm3 NaOH required to react with excess amount of HCl
acid solution.
(c) Calculate the number of moles of NaOH in 0.8 mol/dm3 solution.( reacted with excess
amount of HCl acid ).
(a) Hence calculate the number of moles of excess hydrochloric acid reacted with NaOH
solution.
(b) Calculate the total number of moles (amount) of hydrochloric acid HCl present in the
20
original 100 cm3 of 0.6 mol/dm3 HCl solution.
(c) Hence calculate the number of moles (amount) of HCl which reacted with 1.12g of the metal
M.
21
FA 1 is a solution containing 5.00 g dm –3 of hydrated ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4.xH2O.
FA 2 is a solution containing 2.37 g dm –3 of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4.
You are also provided with 1.00mol dm –3 sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
In the presence of acid, potassium manganate(VII) oxidises ethanedioic acid;
Pipette 25.0 cm3 of FA 1 into a conical flask. Use the measuring cylinder provided to
add to the flask 25 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm –3 sulphuric acid and 40 cm3 of distilled water.
Heat the solution in the flask until the temperature is just over 65 °C. The exact
temperature is not important.
If a brown colour appears during the titration, reheat the flask to 65 °C. The brown
colour should disappear and the titration can then be completed.
If the brown colour does not disappear on reheating, discard the solution and restart
the titration.
Repeat the titration as many times as you think necessary to obtain accurate
results.
Make certain that the recorded results show the precision of your practical work.
Summary
25.0 cm3 of FA 1 reacted with ………………. cm3of FA 2.
Show which results you used to obtain this volume of FA 2 by placing a tick (9) under
the readings in Table 1.1.
22
You are advised to show full working in all parts of the calculations.
(b) Calculate how many moles of potassium manganate(VII), KMnO4, were run from the
burette during the titration.
[Ar: K, 39.1; Mn, 54.9; O, 16.0.]
[2]
(c) Calculate how many moles of ethanedioic acid, H2C2O4, reacted with the potassium
manganate(VII) run from the burette.
[1]
23
[Total: 15]
FA 1is a solution containing 7.76 g dm –3 of hydrated , sodium thiosulphate
Na2S2O3 xH2O.
This is a good place to introduce this titration. 25.0 cm3 samples of 0.010 mol dm–3 iodine
solution are titrated with 7.76 g dm–3 sodium thiosulphate solution, which is delivered from
a burette. The end point can be made clearer by adding starch solution when the iodine
colour is a pale straw colour.
Students could be asked to see if their results are consistent with the equation for the
reaction
2Na2S2O3(aq) + I2(aq) → 2NaI(aq) + Na2S4O6(aq)
It is also a useful exercise to ask students to work out the oxidation numbers of sulphur in
the sodium compounds in the equation.?
Summary
25.0 cm3 of FA 2 reacted with ………………. cm3of FA 1.
Show which results you used to obtain this volume of FA 1by placing a tick (9) under
the readings in Table 1.1.
You are advised to show full working in all parts of the calculations.
(b) Calculate how many moles of iodine were run transferred into the conical flask.
[2]
(c) Calculate how many moles of sodium thiosulphate run from the burette.
[1]
24
[3]
25
Volumetric Analysis 10
Redox Titration
KMnO4 / FeSO4
Objectives :
To find the stoichiometric factors a and b in the redox equation given below:
−
a MnO4 (aq) + b Fe +2 (aq)
→ Products
Introduction :
FeSO4
→ Fe++ + SO4 −2
[FeSO4 ] = [ Fe+2] ( 1 : 1)
1. Weigh about 1.10 to 1.20g (to the nearest 0.1 mg) of dry solid of FeSO4.7 H2O
In Table 1
2. Transfer the weighed amount of the solid FeSO4.7H2O into a 100 ml clean beaker.
3. Dissolve the amount in about 30-50 ml of distilled water using a glass rod.
4. Transfer all the solution through a filter funnel into a 100 cm3 volumetric ( graduated)
flask. Then wash the funnel and the flask and transfer all washings to the volumetric flask.
5. Make up the volume up to the mark (i.e to 100ml) by adding distilled water.
6. Insert a stopper and invert the flask several times so the solution is well mixed.
26
Part B
Titration of FeSO4 solution with 0.01 M potassium Manganate(VII) KMnO4 Solution .
• Using a pipette, transfer 25 cm3 of the FeSO4 into a clean conical flask.
• Add about 15-20 cm3 of sulphuric acid to the conical flask to acidify the FeSO4 solution.
• Clean through the burette with distilled water and then with KMnO4 solution.
• Fill the burette with KMnO4solution. Don’t forget to fill the tip.
• Record the initial reading in the table below.
• Titrate slowly with KMnO4 solution with constant swirling until ONE single drop of
KMnO4
• solution causes a permanent faint pink colour (which lasts for about 30 seconds)
• Record the volume {two accurate titrations} in the table below
• Repeat the titration two more times.
Data& Calculations
Table 1
Table 2
Titre / cm3
27
Given
•
[ KMnO4 ] = 0.01 mol dm-3
•
M = Molar mass of FeSO4.7H2O = 278 g.mol-1
•
V = Volume of prepared solution = 100 ml = 0.1 dm3
(a) Using the obtained data , calculate the stoichiometric factors a & b
a MnO4 − + b Fe +2
→ Products
a = ………………………. b = ………………………..
(e) Explain briefly , why purple KMnO4 solution was placed in the burette during this
titration rather than in the conical flask
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
MnO4-
→ Mn++
28