CHAPT Rl

The Foundations: Logic and Proofs

ION 1.1 Prnpo: ttto I l.Qgi

2. Pn posit i ns mus h v I arly dclin tr til \ fr. variabl , a) Tit'

h) i n.

au~n who I L~ 1~'11 10 \I ill4' ku '

ltion: iu, trut l ": hit' dt-PI'III, I ,1M: VilJue of s .

a d lar ti

'ntt-IIN' Volt hili)

, ion l[I

d)

e) his is ph (J itkin Lh LI L f) TL.]!! t. II .1 Il ImllK

lie f II.

4 .. ) I dul II b) Eitltrr Frid y.

c) It I

I hilY I II I light

w ; or [iu till' II I It si~'\' ::('111' I I WOll th milli n d JI r j kp I on

tlLih w 'I, tlwn J 'I)U tilt" lJIillJutI dollar ja 'pIX I) Fridll~,

I h t 'I< allli I VI)U ,h, million d U

) 1 boll IJ • I )11t·r ' I ('k('1 ,"Is

I) If [ ctM I 1101 1,11 ' <I IoH.("ry' I ickt , tl, n 1 ill II \ 'ill I I It' I u lllou c lulhlt' .1,1 +I'o( on FridR '

g) I (lui lie I I. u ' (I 10 t('ry ti kr.-t t hi " and 1 did 1\0( wlu I hi> III 111011 dllll"r jl k] I 1I FridR;.Y

lott ry tkkl1 t his ' k J to J Ilc I hll ' r,mt' ,'I nd w 11 I h mill i Jl dollar j ut all

'rlllia, '

n) TIlt' cl ~t' n i.::, not d -id .

b TIlt' I'J iuu c I 'I j(k\I, lit tJw ~~ II , hnv 11('t'u eou uted

) Tltt c .tiou I, III" til 'iel 'fl, sud tIL· \ I \ b 11 unted.

d) If the v I n~ been ooumc ,lb 11 h

) 1£ he \'()

Il'l:CkJll L~ 1I0t. U J

II. 'r lie I be 'lJ couutod if aud .J I' f I Ill' 'II ~ h<1\ . I 11 (' uut

ill d IJ ... rnlt~ II\\~ t '11 ~)III1I,(' I.

t·tllN' :ulcl d, .

a) J

III' flu, tl 'y u miss tb final sxam.

hull c.' m if rd nly if) II fla" I he~' IIr' '. ~n 11 110 out plL'" ,Itt· ('I) [ ,

th flu, rill!' U Ill\ll>.xi\III,IUI"'~ ILl' ursr-,

(1) It' . I

I C'lt ITt h t lu if '011 h:tw he flu tOCIl -ou do n t N ttw I mr,;t'IIr I III' m:" h 1I if u mi ~

I It' fi 111\1 ~. II .

to II ,()1I clo noc plio ~ Il· u (or b th, it i. UIICll·I.'1 ) I),

f) Eitllr'r 11 h • I i1

\~ t I' II nd II ",' he fiu J m r yuu d , 11(.1 III ~~ It· fill"J ('. mu uud do pas tb 1Ir,

CIAl pt r J h J f1IfHlrl t m . '1& ad t .
iu, a) " h)pt'1l\r c) t P d) p .q 1\ f ) (p"q) r f) r •• (1/ II I')
12. 0) . T, hi I h
b) 4 F """ i -h
. F, ~ hi, h rtl
I hit- " ...... T 'hi ," I
1 . F, II 1'111 til"
F
(') TIll T-· P, ,) jc II
d Tii T ·T, kl
1 , . ) t 'flUid I It' ""1' l, Ih Jllih. I.r ku ' t ,I" {J II .. , , tJl
II rnn 1I11c1 plIIl.., I uv dJl"~' (', tm if tI dint'l "'1\11 I I hot h tl,,· ill u ~ I,

) (f 11'1

Ii

III I II urh h.· h'I, tl Lot d· r1~
h 1Ill,'rprt·t I j. u I i~ 1'1 r
iJI I ., I ," J I r uL f' I r. II h r
IIUt, J 111 ' till! ' II r I, ,I el) 11

III

If'" "J I .1 p I It h

1101) riu,l O,llll·mh ..

if I lroir , l 'hi I! Ot r).

1 .

'-rip io)

Dr. I 11~1. I 111'11 ~ III _' ·.1, th" I" .. '., ",', til. .

tl fUI ipu

IIt.u ,1 " I

, rIle" ,b,

1) If \ " I'll' td If " II

U ~IIII ,,'(_~ f' '1".1

241.

, ('t "." f thl. 01111 r " iu _ IIU lilt II'!' C"

I. r I"," hI' Ttc J Will~ I,i III in tlh' • nnl II r

~r, Irut' I .

r 'I"f, ,la. II ~ III h \ lid JI "'I,d

I' dmlb f~ n' t -. Ihnll ,III ",,'ill til lIn UUIIIII,

21,

.. "ttl hI' If,..i lilly Inf,.n .,1.

~I ~ ~y II I I III

(It 'lClUIlI . '1 trr III t i ""'r It

po t>\"'t) d" ,f Ikl ( III •• , VOl • II he-

';011 1,1

Pr p I ;OWU gjc

3

, nd oul r If it i;

nd fI "

r} II rpil d) You fall se

be Yo' zard if IUIII nlv if h ' iN 1111 ill,

24,

nt ml iti ; rr I 11 t stay t III me, 11 n i will

It 'Il I wlll 00 B 8 ' hom •

L Y Y "I) lat , lnwrer-: JfT tic lI't,~ I.' lip 11((-, th til tI n't. h"V 1IIIIiIIlOOU,

2ti,

II1Ith I. lilt- 21 = ,1

Lli 0 d 2" r \'~ i( 1111'1 ',I ' II \'llri,lll -s.

b) 2'1 = c) ?f! = 61 d) 2~ = 32

2 tJ t nssruct t K' I I'll til tal It' Jell' ,I r )llIrloC lind Ilmrla<11 lim, VI' 'III k (,11111 the in'itl 011, III RoC'h

, I o t intcl'D)I ll.ll(· ~1t'P~, II pill'l (eI), f( I' (' ',1111(11-, \' r.-.t ustruc It truth IJI. for ,,1\11 1111 I for 1) V 'I '(ttl 1111 ill Il«'1l1 to get tit truth t 1 k> t r (p 1\ q • (p V e). For p t, (3) "lid (11) WI' It,we the folic i tabl (column tin t r part, (a), c lurnn foul' ~ r p It (b»,

1:"""1) ..... p II +-+ ",1

l' F F F
F l' l'
F1 r parts C ) Slid (d) Wl' haw 1111' rllllm 1111( 1,11.11',
e..s. pVq pl\q P () (p V q) (p 1\ fJ) ..... (p V fJ!
T '1' T T F l'
T F T F F
F T F T
F f f
FlJr part (e) \,. ha ' tho fc lIo 'III tltbl"
.!!_!! .J!. q ,p ei:s. (q ..... p) ...... (p ...... q)
T F F
F F T F F
F T T T F F
F F T T l' T
For part (f) " bd' til f ,1111 '11,11; tahl .. , t..s. _.2_ ezss. p • -'q -.q)
r r F T }o T
T F T T T
F F l'
F T T r
30, IIr Ill" ~ U and (b i\'ing t bl ( IUIllIl I f r part (a), I 111111111 flllll' fllf' p; rt h ),
E. pil P ~p p'I)-.p
T F F T
F F T T , r pnrt ( ) nd (d) we It t I f' fnll in Ilk> (r lit III ti'i nd ix).
e:s. ..... p p~ fJ ..... p~ "q
T 'T' F F T F
T F F F l'
T T
. F T T T 4

Impt r I

'l'll(! F1 undl in: L 1- ft~A P

, C1J", I ~

F r fi.'1r1 ( ) ind (f) v 1,\\, t he f(ll W Ilg eble cohuun fj r(' <I I

oxphtitl' lum'ing tit ' Iti n 0( q, I . is I hwt Itlg,V arwJ t IJ

nit i III t 11 1.2),

tl_!L 11<l'1-Q (7) (J~ pi -'Il)
T T
T F F F
F' T T F l' F
F F T '1' F 32. F I' ( It (1\) a d (b), h "
p '1 pVq (p V If) V r (pv '1~ A
T T T T T
T T F T T
F T 'f '1'
T F F T 'I' F
F T T T T T
F T F T F
F F T T
F F F F F F
, r p. "8 (e) l\I1 (d) Ia,\
p q pAq (p" jJ) V r (pA'J)Ar
T T T T T T
T T F T F
T I' T T P
F F F F
F T T F F
F T F F F
F F T F '1' F
F F F F F
FIlially, f!lr p, s (e) : Ki (f) w h, ve
P IJ r -.r E_Vq (p V 41) i\-.r !0.!1
T T F T F T T
T T F T T T T T
F T F T f F
T F r T T T
F T 'r F T F f F
F F T T T
F T F F F F
F T F T 34, hj tilt h ruth t I J't

thP-col tnn t £Ii Ii n (

ti.,,1 I.J

Prv 'itJ Dill Logic

(1) -- II) -+ I' l'

T

F

«(p • q) ..... I') _, T

F

l'

l'

T

F

T

F

T

F

T

T

T

F

l'

T

__ q_J' __ T T T

T F

T F '1

T T F

T 'T T

T T F

T F l'

1'F'FI' F T T T F T l' F F T T F T F F

F T T F' F T F F F F T F F

T T F F F F T T T T T T T l'

T

T '1'

T l' T

T T

36. a) Sin th oouditi 11 i tl III', the ,ltl'II out I, 1'.I~'lIlnl, '0 .r i iOC'1 III I1h .. 1 allli 11m' hll-q d valu 2,

b) 'in tit condition ill flilHt', th,', ,11"IIIt'1I1 J~ uot ex lit d,

'RIIK' 1,

) Sill tit c nditl()U s 11'111' UK' :0;1;11('111('11 i .. 'P ut( I, ') L" 1I,,'r"III('lIll'(l And OOW h: tht> v. 111 ... t,

d) ~in lh c udrtlon I~ r,d"" tltl' I At ntis nut ex ·utl'll,!';().r i. 1101 incn-meuted wld nOI ~1111 hll, the ~ Ju 1

e) Sine the rl)uditlln i ru \ 't~n it ts f"J mnt'l incr ment« I awl nOI ' hAS the vatu 2. [I t J~ ifil'l '\'1111

1). the ,tt'mt'1I1 I ~c utod, so :z is t ~ c nditiou is MIl f'll~,)

3 , n) 1 10 11\( 101 VI 1011) = I 1 I 1 lOll = 1 loun

b) (011111\10101)V 1 =001011l41000=ftllH

) (0 1010 I 1 1011) ~ 0 1011 I = 1 ( KIl HI 11 10

d) ( 1111 V 0 1010) 1\ (I 111101 V 1 1011) 1 1011" 1 1011 = I 1011

40, 1'1· truth \' lu r ""F'rt l und John Art> happ ,M. mill(O. ,0.4) = 0.1. The truth \' lite of ". ('11111'1' Fit Innr ,Jllhn i happy" l. ntin(U,2,O ) = 0,2, sin thi t. h'mt III IIWIlII, ~F" I s nth ppy, lIai ICI!a1l ~ lint hAPP ',"

1\11 , t,()IIlI)III~'aI he trut h \' In, of the two [" )ll lhillllliS III t lai~ conjun tion III E. rn' ,... '{.Ii,

2. 'I'hi ('alII"" 11f' PI' ition, bl'("IL It ('lUll II ftaw; t rut h V(\]I)I> In I, If It \ 'rt' tmc.', t1.l'lI it w uhl

be truly ,I. rt ing til lit 1] f; ~,11 '4)11 r:"Iit-t' 11; fill t h t h r h nd ifiC~' I' fal. ',Iorll j' rtion thaI

it I~ f,11' rmu 1,(, f; l~, l<O I h. i ""fluld 1 tru AgRin coot lill,)11. hll, t hi t ring of I It I , whih

,Ip ring t L. ,I I)' 'IJO!!I . u,' in ra t m ningl

4 '. ,'1 his is a d~L.;~it'ld pnrnd x. \\1 will s I h .. t '" ' .HI' t ulkiug

IIboUI 1I1,t1,~ ~fl'l ing th ir I IIr h r " and ir, If \ ,tt.o:-.I ric-I C) 111".r1 t

, I h lUlU nJlow mil ballK'f" I he-u I Itl' Ihlrlll'!' ('U aid ht' Icmsl with n com Iii 111111111,) I ~11C1t IIrt r

t'JC b.il''' , wh would. h a\ ~ t hi' t arlx'r? I til, I,. rb r slu" d hims I r. h 11 Iw \ ~)II hi I vl 11\1 ing th rul l h

b h \', nlv lit N~ I' -oplc wit d II t sJIIl\ tit m 1\11. On 11t(' c 1111'1' I 111m I , if ill' do not sh \'''' hill lr,

biLnfii'lf.. ith r l! pO!~lbl(" tI I hr- an be n . IIcb harlwr.

46, a) If he I'XI.lmT'r 1\ \\ m n, 0 tlta ur pran liD! 1111 Il()of "I'ollru.·d h r tl

noll I 111 I .... 111;11,,)

IlrfJUlltt'nc,llral h-t 11 r t h n h 'ILlltc)1 .~J. fUIMV'l' 'II()" t .. lac't'qllrslion Usb llC'OUOIR-t., 1"".IIt('[I tilt'

6

J ~p cr 1

,1111 IU Y to <Wot 'rtnin , Oue i lb" r. II

(tru Milli. ,), \ 'bUr if b • a liM, then, be \\' II uow Ii nd answ 'I' 110,

48. ,) IODut~ m IHll> " lid"; rr. -rp,

b) ""h n ,~~ I1ll~'11 ~iI . (I' "tl) ..... q,

) Ac Il'ln denied is lru- n llti n of q, so ~ hsv ...,r -+ -fl.

d) TI hYJllth si i ( ..... p" r) ...... q,

~O. \ 'I' rite tIM'S YlIlbollc:lIl1y: u _.. , I! ..... 3 • ..., -+""1,;'11" til t l II .. ~r 11 tb oouclm lin t~ by

IIIlWng (J J I " I rill, !UK! u f: Sl', l1Wfco£. re f II, U'Il'f6 C nn I ,. tbe 61 system, tilt')' n B \ IIOW

filt " nd the 8)''11 III i~ no b lu IIJ Kroo d, tb n ; I til c nditW:ll d ~1~1tA: It 'nt IU true. Til, tho 8 'hC III '

ron I,

52. This syht .. m i consistent. \Vt, II, • L, Q, N, nd D to tand rllr tit" b .jc pr po; It I )IIK I",",. "Th lilt> f..yt;l.em

f'!l will h q~.f'd," "TI)e ystE'11 fill ioning norn II', {I d "N wnw." R " will

J1 '1I1ft'1' h n tlu- KiWll J ificatkmt. out> ,L .. Q • ...,L - N, -..q - B,

...,L ,[), And ...,8, If 1\'1' ""Ilnt co I~klt(", th 11 ,,~It. b ter haw B r(al~e in ore! r tlllU ...,8 1)(' lru , Til rrquit th t bo h L and (~b trtk;', hy tit two ~lIlclil i nsl at I nWlltll III t hsv B thfir ('n U nee. II(' fim conclitk II"II"it<Jt m ut tbt'f .. ft re i of tru- forrn F -+ T, J I II ~ tr Fill II., lilt, hirondi ional ...,L - 1'1

rAn 1\" ".', tod by toill , .'II' to b faJ ,'1'1,,,,", hi" thl. (IIlt~ s; t isfying trullt l! ignmoru.

.,4. Thh is imilr r tf) EXQluple 17, Iaullt univ r 'tWti II Nt'w M ,', , TIl 't'llrcb ~ r hikin In W( ,t IjrginlA, \1ft' c uld n \\,' 'T AND \'IRGINJI AND HIKING H we f'J11..-r ( n INIA AND HrKIN ') NOT WRS • tben w 'II ~t' well6it abottt III mg ill Virgill! but not in Wt~1 Virgini ,exct>pt for .~it.' thn hAPIX'1I W usc

tb, , ord tOO ill A dlfTt'rr,,,t con xt (f".I(,. "p, llow tb , K reom IJ("),

G6. If A' a kllight, t1Wl, hi 8tAtffi~1 t tb t b h of t hem are knight l" true sn bot h wlll I, t -llin tJI(> truth.

Bllt that i! na" ible. 1 R', rtln~ ot horwi [thnt A:o; kn ve]. If A ; luta • then B'

rti n ~ tfll',' 00 must be i' knight. And .~ 1111-" e conclud bat A

is kn ':tn~1 B is k I~hl,

GS. \\' .. :tIO d W 11 lid

Ilt'llisi n , A kn I(lat will dl?dart· hl! ' r to be, IlIiKhl" tc ling III tru h. A kll., wlll li k.night. 'lin' ( r' IW will ' Y "I AlI1 A knl lit," we .. 11 dct rrnin llotllinK.

o.

If mil h nd ,k'i '

nnocent

r,

lou I,

:dl()lJ '.2

7

b) til jlll,t like pari (u), I'XI l'llt thaL \\ an' no l ld IdwI tl or 1 lm rh t I f tJ""' 1114'11 II, guilt~r, COil

n uri 1"'111 1* guilty? I ., Iw'Jl 1 h Y are all telling I hl! 1 ruth, IJut thib is im ibh-, II ':"L~, ~ 'e just

s W, BOrn' )r e 1*. nten nt 1M (X II r dl LOt" Can JIl( re' 1",\11 om- of them b guilty If, fllr t'JUullpl s. th ~'

.. IT all guilty. t lu-n I II -h lalA>rru'nt ri V'C' I no inf nnerion, I U, t is ('l'rt Illy possibl ,

62. T'hu IlIr( IIJISt' 11 is 'luuKh t d terminr- ,II "'111 I "Yhl Ill. Le E',.1I Jot I~'f sl,lllIl fur til

lilt' IlI'l. II d 11 Ill' 1)1'V;lll!' with tb til'l l.('f i. dlall h g. Tb 11 th gj\' 11 iufurlll.ltJuIl

'mbolif(llIy ,L'" Iollow : -sK H, R - ..... 1', -R ,', A - R, \' - 1\, K ", H

t.tIt uu-ut I hal 11 b express ed -+A.H-+l\,

tblJ we Wt'rl' 1l[}1~ tem mts intc ('IHuh iUIlHI ht t un 11 ,10 wiliu ~ )lIu~ 'S ' will

. uUl &iln ml,kl' 11<;1' 1,( II L nt rap ih\'~ <.f tli.e!K> oonditj D I ·1"Li('1I1(·llt. Il.! well. Fi 'lIVP(J!-<' IllId H i

enlt', Then it J How, I ha A and K "r(' I nil', '" I nee i f llow tJlI\t R .11,,1 V iue true, Dut R illIJlIII~~ thfit

I' L" rld.'IC·, ~ w gIll a II mdi '1 iOI1. 'I'h rdoc' H 11111. ( I (> fa • Fr m lbi~ it fl)lI()ws tL t 1\" ru '; ",II<:"IM'I'

V is tTl"', n I th ,1' re R is fal~ , 'A, \\'. mn now (iW'('k Chat this as 'igmw'IIC l'lvl" t tru value f .. r

h roudll h"ll\Il:!Ifil~llI('"t \\~. ('Oil lude that K \'lIIlHlCI \'I.J. .' ruf' ell Itiug but HI~II ln- R:\lIdy and Ahlw

I r not,

64 •• 1(' lie: C Diana' ~lIloC.'tllt·lIe Ib Ul'1 I, tbM .... (I .. III't du it.

a) John did jt TtKT<.' (1I1~ fOllr C88 to WI ~i<ll'I, If AIJC1' h. th

J truth 1('IIt'r, t n Carl rlid iii hu th

III IJIlS Chal John i IrlLinj( U* truth, a c nl 1'<1(111 1 " .... , If John is tltt> lr truth tt'lll'I, then Dian(l IIJ"~ III' I:iug, ~ •• sl,' (I d it, but then Curlos Ib telling th(' rul h II (~JlI rl1dktion I C rI I~ lit ~ I truth- lh-r, thl JI Dlan dkl it, hilt th t makes John truthful, ag in cout (dk&~()n, So tho only p il illt)' I. that Di 11 j~ t It' sol truth-teller. Th thal Iohu h-. lying wh II he d ni ~d it, S() lit' did it. N e thut. III thla C&i0 both AI «e and C rIlXS Mt' iHdt'hl lying.

b) AW iu tli r arc four f IN~q to consid -r. SUlff' C,I110!> and Dian Ufl' 1I1,IkluK cu itrsdictorv ~t ill;t'III'nt the liar 1lI11, Chi' sn or th In {WI' ('OIlL(1 hA\ u I &bi. '1IlJlrCllicil LIl part (a) as wnl). Iwn·r I Alice is tdllll ' 1 Ill'

ruth, .• (';11'0. did it ott' lwl John nd Dian IUl' tellml( tiM' truth as well 1('fI', IUlcl it Is :ado' who ~

I: IIJ(,