4

IzmUv B‚n\
Hcp Sn.hn. B‚ n\sb°pdn®v ]dbptºmƒ \ΩpsS
a\ nseØp∂Xv bmKn B‚n\bpsS Nn{XamWv. ssUt]mfw
dn^vfIvSdpw UbdIvtSgvkpsa√map≈ bmKn B‚n\bn¬ \n∂pw
hyXykvXamb Hcp B‚n\bmWv IzmUv B‚n\. bmKn B‚n\sb
At]£n®v sNehv Ipdhpw IqSpX¬ ^ehp (better result)
ap≈XmWnXv. IzmUv B≥cn\m \n¿ΩmWw hnhcn°p∂Xn\p
ap≥]mbn bmKn B‚n\sb°pdn®v kw£n]vXambn hnhcn°mw.
bmKn B‚n\
P∏m≥Imc\mbncp∂ bmKn F∂ F©n\ob¿ cq]I¬∏\
sNbvX B‚n\bmWv bmKn B‚n\ Hcp dns^vfIvS¿ Hcp
t^mƒUUv ssUt]mƒ, Ht∂m AXne[nItam UbdIvSdpIƒ
F∂nh tN¿∂XmWv Hcp bmKn B‚ n\. ChbpsS
Hmtcm∂ns‚bpw \ofhpw Ch XΩnep≈ AIehpw Hmtcm Sn.hn.
FM Radio Dxing
kwt{]jW {^oIz≥kn°\pkcn®mWv Xocpam\n°s∏Sp∂Xv. Nandakumar
AXmXp ÿesØ Sn.hn. kwt{]jW {]oIz≥kn°\pkcn®v Hobby home publications, Cochin - 22
bmKn B‚n\bmbncnI°pw B ÿesØ ISIfn¬ \n∂pw Phone : 9349287808
hmßphm≥ In´p∂Xv.
dn^vsfIvS¿ (Reflector)
bmKn B‚n\bpsS dn^vsfIvSdn\mbncn°pw G‰hpw \ofw
IqSpX¬. CXv Aeqan\nbw IpgepIƒ sImt≠m sNºp
IpgepIƒ sImt≠m \n¿Ωn°p∂p. Sn.hn. {]kcWnsb
e£yam°n h®ncn°p∂ bmKn B‚n\bn¬ G‰hpw AIeØn¬
Ccn°p∂Xv dn^vsfIvSdmbncn°pw.
Price Rs: 100
2 3

apJ-hpc

inesbt∏mepw Aenbn°m≥ Ignhp≈ kwKoXsØ

Cjv S an√mØXv inemlrZb≥am¿ am{Xambncn°pat√m !
tdUntbmbpsS Imew Ign™p F∂ [mcWbn¬ tdUntbm
X´n≥]pdØv Dt]£n®hcpw, B{InISbn¬ hn‰hcpw Ct∏mƒ
F^v.Fw. tdUntbm At\zjn®v XpSßnbncn°pIbmWv. kzImcy
taJebn¬ ]pXnb ]pXnb F^v.Fw. tdUntbm tÃj\pIƒ
tIcfØn¬ Bcw`n®v XpSßnbtXmsS hn‰gnbp∂ samss_¬
t^mWpIfn¬ 60 iXam\Ønepw F^v . Fw. tdUntbm
D≈hbmsW∂v I®hS°m¿ km£ys∏SpØp∂p.
F∂m¬ tIcfØns‚ `q{]IrXnbpsS {]tXyIXaqehpw,
F^v.Fw. tdUntbm XcwKßfpsS t\¿tcJm k©mcKXn
aqehpw, \ΩpsS \m´nse P\kmam\yØn\v Cu ]pXnb
tdUntbm tÃj\pIfn¬ \n∂p≈ ]cn]mSnIƒ
BkzZn°m\mImsX h∂ncn°pIbmWv. CXns\mcp
]cnlmcsa∂ \nebn¬ F^v.Fw. kwKoX t{]anIfpw, hnZqc
F^v.Fw. tÃj\pIƒ {ihn°pI F∂Xv PohnXhrXw t]mep≈
tlm_nbmbn sIm≠p\S°p∂ \nch[n sSIv\ojy≥amcpsS
klmbtØmsS Xømdm°nbncn°p∂ Cu ]pkvXIw, kwKoX
t{]anIfmb F^v.Fw. t{imXm°ƒ°v XßepsS t^hdn‰v
tÃj\pIƒ hy‡ambn e`n°m≥ Bhiyamb kmt¶XnI
⁄m\w e`yam°pw.
 8 5
ASp-Ø-Xmbn Aep-an-\nbw Ipg¬ aS-°p-hm≥ XpSßmw.
BZyw AS-bm-fs-- ∏-Sp-Øn-bXv (35 sk.ao.) aS°msX AXn\SpØ
70 sk.ao. ASbmfØn¬ BZyw aS°pI. XpS¿∂v ASpØ 70
sk.ao. ASbmfØnepw aS°pI. At∏mƒ CXv c≠p ImepIƒ°v
\ofw IqSnb (Nn{Xw 6) BIrXnbnembncn°pw. XpS¿∂v BZyw
ASbmfs∏SpØnb (16.75) `mKØpw \memasØ ASbmfØn\pw
(16.75) aS°pI. Ct∏mƒ B‚ n\ kaNXpcmIrXnbn¬
Bbncn°pw. HcphiØv \Sp`mKØmbn Ipgens‚ A{K߃
XΩn¬ t\cnb AIeØn¬ Ccn°p∂XpImWmw. CXp ]ckv]cw
kv]¿in®n´ps≠lvIn¬ Aƒ∏w ]pdtIm´v hf®v AIØWw.
Cu `mKamWv ^oUv t]mbn‚ v. ChnsS\n∂pw thWw ^oU¿
hb¿ AYhm tI_nƒ IWIvSv sNøm≥.
Aeqan\nbw Ipg¬ hfbv°ptºmƒ A¬∏w {i≤n°Ww.
tai∏pdtØm, HcpXSn°´bntem h®v AXns‚ AcnIn¬
ASbmfs∏SpØnb`mKw tN¿Øv h®v kmh[m\w hf®m¬
Aeqan\nbw Ipg¬ s]m´nt∏mImsX \∂mbn hfbpw. hf™
`mKw ]c∂ncn°psa∂p am{Xw. hfbv°phm≥ {]bmkamsW¶n¬
Ipgen\p≈n¬ aW¬ \nd®n´p hf®m¬ H´pw Xs∂
s]m´mXncn°pIbpw sNøpw.
B‚ n\bpsS ^oUv t]mbn‚ n¬, ASpØncn°p∂
A{K߃ c≠pw Np‰nIbp]tbmKn®v ASnØp ]cØpI. Ch
XΩn¬ t\cnb AIew (Hcp 3 mm) D≠mbncp∂m¬ aXn. ]cØnb
`mKØv {Un¬ D]tbmKn®v sNdnb Zzmc߃ CSpI.
Cu Zzmcßfn¬ ]n®f (Brass) \´pw t_mƒ´pap]tbmKn®v
Hmtcm SmKpIƒ Dd∏n°Ww. (SmKv As√¶n¬ seKv
sNºpsIm≠p≠m°nbn´p≈Xpw hen∏w IqSnb A{Kw
\´pwt_mƒ´pw D]tbmKn®v Dd∏n°p∂Xn\pw hen∏w Ipd™
UbdIvSdpIƒ (Directors)
Hcp bmKn B‚ n\bn¬ Ht∂m AXne[nItam
UbdIvSdpIƒ D≠mImw. dn^vfIvSdnt\bpw ssUt]mfnt\bpw
Imƒ \ofw Ipd™ UbdIvSdpIfpsS ÿm\w Ch c≠pw
Ign™mWv . UbdIv S dpIfpw Aeqan\nbw As√¶n¬
sNºpIpgepIƒ sIm≠mWv \n¿Ωn°s∏Sp∂Xv.
UbdIvSdpIfpsS FÆw IqSp∂Xn\\pkcn®v B‚n\m sKbn\pw
IqSpsas∂mcp [mcWbp≠v. IqSpX¬ UbdIvSdpIfp≈ \ofw
IqSnb B‚n\ Hcp A¥ mbn Nnesc¶nepw IcpXp∂p≠v.
t^mƒUvUv ssUt]mƒ (Folded Dipole)
dn^vfIvSdn\pw UbdIvSdn\pw CS°p hcp∂ Fensa‚mWv
t^mƒUUv ssUt]mƒ. CXpw Aeqan\nbw As√¶n¬ sNºp
Ipg¬ sIm≠mWv \n¿Ωn®ncn°p∂Xv. t^mƒUUv
ssUt]mfns\°pdn®v A¬∏w IqSn a\ nem°p∂Xv
\∂mbncn°pw. lm^v thhv sUt]mfn (Half Wave Dipole) ¬
\n∂pamWv t^mƒUUv ssUt]mƒ D≠mbXv.
kwt{]jWw sNøs∏Sp∂ CeIv t {Sm ams·‰nIv
F\¿PnbpsS XcwKcq]w Nn{Xw 4˛¬ sImSpØncn°p∂p. Cu
XcwKØns‚ F\¿Pn Fanj≥ XeØn\v ssd‰v BwKnfmbn
ÿm]n®ncn°p∂ Hcp B‚n\bmWv CXv kzoIcn°phm≥
G‰hpw A\ptbmPyw. Cu XcwKØns‚ {IÃv As√¶n¬ {S^v
(t]mkn‰ohv As√¶n¬ s\K‰ohv) `mKw kzoIcn°p∂Xn\mbn
BsI thhv sewKv X v F∂ {Ko°v A£cw sIm≠v
kqNn∏n°ptºmƒ B‚n\bpsS \ofw 1/2 s‚ ]IpXn \ofap≈
B‚n\ D]tbmKn®m¬ AXv \√ Hcp Syq¨Uv k¿Iyq´mbncn°pw.
lm^v ssUt]mƒ B‚n\bn¬ AXns\ Xpey\ofap≈
c≠p IjWßfmbn apdn®v Hcp C≥kpte‰n¬, t\cnb
 6 7
AIeØn¬ (1/4 skao.) Øn¬ Dd∏n®ncn°p∂p. t\csØ
kqNn∏n®ncn°p∂Xpt]mse Aeqan\nbw/sNºp IpgemWnXn\p
]tbmKn°p∂Xv.
CØcsamcp lm^v thhv ssUt]mfns‚ sk≥{S¬
Cw]U≥kv GItZiw 72 Hmwkv Bbncn°pw. t{]mtbmKnIambn
CXv 75 Hmwkv F∂v IcpXnt∏mcp∂p.
c≠v lm^v thhv ssUt]mƒ B‚ n\Iƒ tN¿Øv
\n¿Ωn°p∂XmWv t^mƒUUv ssUt]mƒ. t^mƒUUv
ssUt]mfns‚ sk≥{S¬ Cw]U≥kv 288 Hmwkv AYhm
{]mtbmKnIambn 300 Hmwkv Bbncn°pw.
IzmUv B‚n\
bmKn B‚n-\b - psS {][m\ \yq\-Xb
- mb Cw]-U≥kv ankv
am®nwKv ]cn-l-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp B‚n-\-bmWv IzmUv B‚n-
\. F∂o ta≥a-Ifpw CXn-\p-≠v. B‚n-\bpw dn^vf-IvSp-am{Xw
D]-tbm-Kn-®m¬ {^n©v Gcn-bm-bn¬ t]mepw \∂mbn FM kwt{]-
jWw kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-bp-∂p-≠.v IzmUv B‚n-\b - psS sk≥{S¬
Cw]-U≥kv 75 Bbn-cn-°pw. ]e ]T-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw a\- n-em-
°p-∂Xv IzmUv B‚n-\°v bmKn B‚n-\-sb-°mƒ 2dB sKbn≥
IqSp-X¬ Ds≠-∂m-Wv.
bmKn B‚n-\-bpsS \n¿Ωm-W-Øn-se-∂-t]mse CXnepw
Aep-an-\nbw As√-¶n¬ sNºv Ipgp-ep-I-fmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-
Xv. sNºv Ipg-ep-Iƒ BsW-¶n¬ Xn≥ hmƒ ssS∏v (Thinwall type)
aXn-bmIpw.
sNºp Ipg-ep-Iƒ Ce-Itv Sm-tπ‰v sNøp-∂Xv \∂mbncn-°pw.
sNºp-Ip-g-ep-Iƒ°v Xmc-X-tay\ hne IqSp-X-em-bn-cn-°p-sa-∂-Xn-
\m¬ Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg-ep-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg-
ep-Iƒ 9mm (3/8”) hen-∏-ap-≈-h-bmWv D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-Xv. B‚n-
t\bpw XΩn¬ _‘n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v 1/2 ” ]nhnkn ss]∏p-I-fmWv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂X
- v.
\n¿ΩmWw
sIm®n≥ F^v.Fw. {Sm≥kvan-‰-dn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ kn·-ep-
Iƒ kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈ Hcp IzmUv B‚n-\-sb-°p-dn®v BZy-ambn
hnh-cn-°mw. BImihmWn 102.3 ¬ kwt{]-jWw sNøp∂
BImihmWn sIm®n, {^n©v Gcn-bm-bn¬ t]mepw, e`n-°p-
hm≥ Cu B‚n-\bpw dn^vf-IvS-dp-w am{Xw aXn-bm-Ipw.
B‚n\
IrXyw 280 sk. an. \of-ap≈ 9 mm As√-¶n¬ 3b8 C©v
Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg¬ sIm≠mWv CXn-\p-th-≠n-bp≈ B‚n\m
\n¿Ωn-t°-≠-Xv. Cu Ipg-ens\ ka-N-Xp-cm-Ir-Xn-bn¬ aS-°-Ww.
At∏mƒ Hmtcm hihpw 70 sk.-an. \ofw hcp-sa∂p ImWmw.
F∂m¬ B‚n-\-bpsS ^oUv t]mbn‚ v (^oU¿ hb¿ IW-IvSv
sNtø≠ ÿew) Hcp hi-Øns‚ a≤y-`m-K-Ømbn htc-≠-Xp-
≠v. AXn-\m¬ Xmsg-s°m-Sp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Af-hp-Iƒ Aep-an-\nbw
Ipg-en¬ am¿°¿ sIm≠v AS-bm-fs - ∏-Sp-Øn-bn´v hf-b°
v p-∂X
- mWv
\√-X.v
Hc-{KØv \n∂pw 35 sk. an. AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. AhnsS
\n∂pw 70 sk. an AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. XpS¿∂v c≠v 70 sk. an.
AS-bm-f-s∏-Sp-Øp-I. _m°n-bp≈ `mK-Øn\v 35 sk. an. Bbn-
cn°pw \ofw.
 12
AdnbmØXv F∂pw. At∏mƒ Dxing \v AdnbmØ Zqcw F∂
A¿∞w e`n°p∂p.
F^v. Fw. tdUntbm Dxing efnXamb am¿§ßƒ
1. sk≥kn‰nhn‰n IqSnb dnkohdpIƒ D]tbmKn°pI
F∂XmWv G‰hpw efnXamb am¿§w, Im¿
ÃocntbmIfmWv G‰hpw sk≥kn‰nhn‰n D≈ F^v.Fw.
tdUntbm sk£\pIƒ ASßnbncn°p∂Xv AXn\m¬
Im¿ÃocntbmIƒ ho´n¬ D]tbmKn®m¬ sa®s∏´
coXnbn¬ F^v.Fw. {ihn°mw.
2. Kmßv I¨≥k¿ F∂ SyqWnwKv kwhn[m\ap≈
tdUntbmIƒ D]tbmKn°pI. kvIm\nwKv tdUntbmIƒ°v
km[mcWKXnbn¬ sk≥kn‰nhn‰n Ipdhmbncn°pw.
3. ho´n¬ \nehn¬ sSenhnj≥ B‚ n\Iƒ
D]tbmKn°p∂ps≠¶n¬ AXn¬ \n∂v Hcp hb¿ IWIvSv
sNbvXv tdUntbmbpsS Gcnbepambn _‘n∏n°pI.
4. sa‰¬ t_mIvkn¬ Akw_nƒ sNbvXv Hmt´mdn£Iƒ,
_kpIƒ XpSßnb hml\ßfn¬ ^n‰v sNøp∂Xn \mbn
e`n°p∂ Xcw sU¬ln tdUntbmIƒ D]tbmKn°pI.
CØcw tdUntbm hmßptºmƒ tkmWn, ^nen]vkv,
XpSßnb Iº\n IC D≈h hmßcpXv, ssN\m IC D≈h
Xs∂ thWsa∂v IS°mct\mSv {]tXyIw ]d™v
hmßWw. \njn° CeIvt{SmWnIvkv sU¬ln CØcw
sslsk≥kn‰n hn‰n dnkohdpIƒ \n¿Ωn°p∂p≠v.
5. ]gbXcw F^v.Fw. tdUntbmIƒ D]tbmKn°pI.
Ct∏mƒ hcp∂ F^v.Fw. tdUntbmIfn¬ IF sk£≥
F∂ SyqWnwKv hn`mKw IC IfmWv ssIImcyw sNøp∂Xv.
9
A{Kw tkmƒU¿ sNøp∂Xn\pw, ]‰p∂XcØnep≈XmWv.
{Sm≥kv t ^m¿adpIfn¬ \n∂pw tNkn nte°v IWIv S v
sNøp∂Xn\pw Hmt´msamss_epIfnepw CXv
D]tbmKn°p∂p≠v.) Chbn¬ H∂ns‚ A{KØn¬
tIm˛BIvknb¬ tI_nfns‚ tImdpw at‰Xns‚ A{KØn¬
jo¬Upw tkmƒU¿ sNbøWw. bmKn B‚n\mbnset∏mse
\´pw t_mƒ´pw D]tbmKn®v ^oU¿ hb¿ IWIvSp sNbvXm¬
t]mcm. tkmƒU¿ sNøpI Xs∂ thWw. tIm˛BIvknb¬
tI_nfns‚ at‰ A‰Øv Snhn, B‚ n\ tkm°‰n¬
IpØp∂Xn\mbn Hcp ]n∂n¬ IWIvSp sNøWw.
IzmUv B‚ n\m kwt{]£Ww sNøp∂ tÃjs‚
B‚n\mbv°v A`napJambn thWw {^n©v Gcnbbn¬ 10 ao‰¿
DbcØnse¶nepw Cu B‚n\ ^n‰v sNøm≥ {ian°pI. Cu
B‚ n\tbmsSm∏w _qÿ D]tbmKnt°≠ Bhiyan√.
D]tbmKnt°≠ Bhiyan√. D]tbmKn°pIbmsW¶nev 75
Hmwkv C≥]p´v / Hu´v ] p´v Cw]U≥kp≈ _qÿ Xs∂
D]tbmKn°Ww. DZmlcWw more FM Ãocntbm _qÿ.
F^v.Fw. kn·epIfpsS k©mc]Yw
t\¿tcJbn¬ am{Xta k©cn°pIbp≈q F∂ F^v.Fw.
tdUntbm XcwKßfpsS {]tXyIX ImcWw F{Xi‡nIqSnb
{Sm≥kvan‰¿ D]tbmKn®mepw `qanbpsS I¿th®¿aqew 50
Intemao‰¿ ZqcØnepw A∏pdtØ°v Hcp F^v.Fw. tÃj\nse
{]t£]Ww FØpI F∂Xv Xnbdn‰n°embn {]mtbmKnIa√.
kkyeXmZnIƒ F^v.Fw. kn·epIsf \∂mbn BKncWw
sNøpw F∂Xpw, Ip∂pw, aebpw, Xmgvhmcßfpw \nd™
tIcfØns‚ `q{]IrXnbpw Cu 50 Intemao‰¿ F∂ Zqc]cn[nsb
ho≠pw Ipdbv°p∂p. Aßs\ hcptºmƒ Hcp F^v.Fw.
tdUntbm kvt‰j\n¬ \n∂pap≈ {]t£]Ww km[mcW
 10
B‚ n\Iƒ D]tbmKn®v kzoIcn°mhp∂ ]cn[n 25˛30
Intemao‰dpIƒ am{Xambn Npcpßp∂p.
Nn{Xw 1 t\m°pI F^v.Fw. tdUntbm tÃj\n¬ \n∂v
50 Intemao‰¿ Ign™m¬ F^v.Fw. kn·epIƒ e`yamsW¶n¬
t]mepw AXv iq\ymImiØnte°v \jvSamhpIbmsW∂v
ImWmw. At∏mƒ Nn{Xw 1 se hoSv F.bn¬ F^v.Fw. tÃj≥
e`yamhWsa¶n¬ hoSn\v apIfn¬ Hcp B‚n\ ÿm]n®m¬
aXnbmIp∂XmWv.
11
aeIfpw, Ip∂pIfpw, ^vfm‰v kap®bßfpw F^v.Fw.
kn·epIsf XS s∏SpØp∂p. hoSv F˛bnepw _n˛bnepw
D≈h¿°v F^v.Fw. tdUntbm {ihWw _p≤napt´dnbXmbn
amdnbnbncn°p∂p. Nn{Xw 3 t\m°pI. hoSv F, _n.
F∂nhSßfnse Xmak°m¿°v \√coXnbn¬ \n¿Ωn® F^v.Fw.
B‚n\ D]tbmKnt°≠nhcpw.
F^v.Fw. tdUntbm Dxing
hnZqcXbn¬ \n∂p≈ F^v.Fw. tÃj\pIƒ tIƒ°pI
F∂Xv Hcp hyXykv X amb tlm_nbmWv . temIØns‚
hnhn[`mKßfn¬ CXpt]mep≈hcpsS Iq´mbva ¢∫pIƒ
{]h¿Øn°p∂p. hmcm¥yßfn¬ GsX¶nepw aeapIfn¬ HØv
IqSn X߃ \n¿Ωn® D]IcW߃ D]tbmKn®v hfsc
hnZqcXbn¬ \n∂p≈ F^v.Fw. tÃj\pIƒ {ihn®v IqSpX¬
tÃj\pIƒ°mbn XßfpsS D]IcW߃ Syq¨
sNbvXpsIm≠ncn°pw CØc°m¿.
hnZqcXbn¬ \n∂p≈ tdUntbm {]t£]W߃
kzoIcn°p∂Xns\bmWv tdUntbm Dxing F∂v ]dbp∂Xv.
CXnse D F∂Xv Distance F∂Xns‚ Npcp°amWv X F∂m¬
 16
tIƒhn-bpsS BtLm-j-ambn C\n
F^v Fw XcwKw
\jvS-s∏´ {]uUn-bn-te°v ]pXnb F^v Fw Xcw-K-Øn-
eqsS Xncn®p \S-°p-Ib - mWv tdUn-tbm. kmt¶-XnI IpXn-
∏n¬ CSbv°v Fhn-sStbm ssItamiw h∂ knwlm-k\w
Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ Ah-kc - amWv tdUn-tbm°v Hcp-ßn-
bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
ap≥X-e-ap-d-bpsS Krlm-Xpc kvac-W-I-fn¬ \nd™p \n¬°p-
Ibpw B[p-\n-IbpK-Øn¬ \ndw aßn-t∏m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvX tdUn-
tbm-bpsS AXn-i-‡-amb Xncn-®p-h-c-hn\v km£yw hln-°m-s\m-cp-
ßp-I-bmWv ]pXnb Imew. \jvS-s∏´ {]uUn-bn-te°v ]pXnb F^v
Fw Xcw-K-Øn-eqsS Xncn®p \S-°p-I-bmWv tdUn-tbm. kmt¶-Xn-I-
Ip-Xn-∏n¬ CSbv°v Fhn-sStbm sh®v \jvS-amb knwlm-k\w Xncn-
®p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈ Ah-k-c-amWv tdUn-tbm°v Hcp-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.
tIc-fØ
- nse BZy kzmImcy F^v Fw tÃj-\mb tdUntbm
amwtKm 91.9 {]t£-]Ww XpSßn-b-tXmsS F^v. Fw tdUntbm
cwKØv hnπ-h-I-c-amb am‰-Øn\pw a’-c-Øn\pw Ac-sßm-cp-ßp-I
-bm-Wv. ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS Cu F^v. Fw kwcw`w tImgn-t°mSv
\K-c-Øn\v 50 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn-ep≈ t{imXm-°ƒ°v e`y-am-hpw.
tIc-fØ
- n¬ {]h¿Ø-\m-\p-aXn e`n® 17 kzImcy F^v Fw tdUntbm
tÃj-\p-I-fn¬ BZy-tØ-XmWv tdUntbm amwtKm.
k¨ s\‰vh¿°ns‚ tdUntbm {_m≥Umb 93.5 Fkv F^v
Fw tImgn-t°m-Sp-\n∂v Unwkw-_¿ Ggv apX¬ {]t£-]Ww XpSßn-
°-gn-™p. sslZ-cm-_m-Zv, _mw•q¿, Pbv]q¿, `qh-t\-iz¿, I´-°v, Xncp-
∏-Xn, eIv\u, t`m∏m¬ XpS-ßnb \K-c-ß-fn¬ XcwKw Xo¿Ø
{_m≥UmWv 93.5 Fkv F^v Fw. C¥y-bnetßm-f-an-tßm-f-ap≈ 31
13
CXv \ap°v ]pdØv \n∂v Syq¨ sNøm≥ km[n°n√.
]gb F^v.Fw. tdUntbmIfnse IF sk£\pIƒ \ap°v
Hcp Asse≥sa‚ v kv{Iq ssUh¿ D]tbmKn®v \∂mbn
Syq¨ sNøm≥ km[n°pw. CXpaqew ho°mbn e`n°p∂
tdUntbm tÃjs‚ dnk]v£≥ \ap°v sa®s∏SpØm≥
km[n°pw.
6. dm_n‰v Cb¿ B‚n\ D]tbmKn°pI.
t]m¿´_nƒ sSenhnj\pIfn¬ D]tbmKn°p∂Xcw
dm_n‰v Cb¿ sSenkvtIm∏nIv B‚n\ D]tbmKn°pI.
CØcw B‚n\Iƒ AXns‚ BapIƒ Db¿Ønbpw
XmgvØnbpw, s]mknj≥ am‰nbpw h®m¬ \√ dnk]v£≥
e`n°pw. sslsk≥kn‰hn‰n dnkohdpIƒs°m∏w
D]tbmKn®m¬ \√ dnkƒ´v e`n°pw.
7. ^vfm‰v hb¿ D]tbmKn°pI
B‚ n\bn¬ \n∂v tdUntbmbnte°v IW£≥
sImSp°m≥, ]gbIme ªm°v & ssh‰v sSenhnj≥
B‚n\ IWIvSv sNøm≥ D]tbmKn®ncp∂ dn_¨
tI_nƒ (^vfm‰v hb¿) D]tbmKn°pI. CXn\p]tbmKn
°p∂ tI_nƒ \√ KpWta≥abp≈Xmbncn°Ww.
hg°ap≈Xmbncn°Ww. (hfsc Ãn^mbncn°p∂h
tamiw tIm∏¿ D]tbmKn®Xmbncn°pw)
8. \ofw BhiyØn\v am{Xw
F^v.Fw. B‚ n\bn¬ \n∂v tdUntbmbnte°p≈
hbdns‚ \ofw BhiyØn\v am{Xta BImhq. Cu hb¿
Npcp´n hbv ° pItbm, \neØnSpItbm sNøp∂Xv
dnk]v£≥ Izmfn‰n tamiam°pw.
 14
9. kn.Un., Un.hn.Un, Sn.hn., Iºyq´¿ apXembh
{]h¿Øn°ptºmƒ F^v.Fw. dnk]v£≥
tamiambncn°pw. BbXn\m¬ C‚¿^nbd≥kv
D≠m°p∂ D]IcW߃ Hm^v sNbvXnSpI.
10. sshZypXn sse\pIfpsS ASnbn¬ B‚n\ ^n‰v sNøcpXv.
sshZypXn sse\pIfpambn kpc£nXamb AIew
]men°pI.
F^v.Fw. ssUt]mƒ B‚n\
G‰hpw efnXamb Hcp hn`mKw B‚n\IfmWv ssUt]mƒ
B‚n\Iƒ. 9 mm (3/8) Aepan\nbw ss]∏v D]tbmKn®v Ch
\n¿Ωn°mw. (km[mcW FIvtÃW¬ Snhn B‚n\Ifn¬ hf™
BIrXnbn¬ ImWp∂XmWv ssUt]mƒ)
F^v.Fw. eq∏v B‚n\
3/20 CeIv{Sn°¬ hb¿ D]tbmKn®v hfsc efnXambn
\n¿Ωn°mhp∂ Hcn\w B‚n\bmWv eq∏v B‚n\. 88 apX¬ 108
MHz hscbp≈ F√m {^oIz≥knbpw H∂n®v e`yamIp∂ Hcp
sshUv _m≥Uv B‚n\bmWnXv. AXn\m¬ \nßfpsS {]tZiØv
e`yamIp∂ GXv tÃj\pw Cu B‚n\ D]tbmKn®v hyIyambn
kzoIcn°mw.
70 sk.ao. \ofap≈ c≠v ]´nI IjW߃ Cu B‚n\
\n¿Ωn°m≥ BhiyamWv. Ch Nn{XØn¬ ImWp∂ coXnbn¬
t{Imkv tPmbn‚ v sNbvXv Dd∏n°pI. CXns\ amÃv F∂v
hnfn°pw. Cßs\ \n¿Ωns®Sp°p∂ B‚n\ amÃn¬ H∂c
C©ns‚ BWnIƒ Xdbv°pI. B‚ n\ \n¿Ωn°m≥
D]tbmKn°p∂ hb¿ ssKUv sNøp∂Xn\v th≠nbmWv BWn
Xdbv°p∂Xv. Nn{XØn¬ hb¿ ^n‰v sNbvXncn°p∂ coXn
15
\∂mbn t\m°n a\ nem°nbXn\v tijw Ãm¿´v F∂
t]mbn‚nse BWnbn¬ sIm≠v h∂v Ahkm\n∏n°pI. Ãm¿´v
F∂ t]mbn‚n¬ hb¿ ^n‰v sNøm≥ \Ωƒ D]tbmKn°p∂ 3/
20 CeIv{Sn°¬ hbdns‚ A¬∏w C≥kptej≥ If™v
BWnbn¬ \∂mbn ]ncn®v Dd∏n°mw. End t]mbn‚nepw Cßs\
sNøWw. B‚n\ \n¿ΩmWØn\v tijw Cu t]mbn‚pIƒ,
B‚n\ tI_nfpambn tkmƒU¿ sNbvXv Dd∏n°mw. As√¶n¬
\∂mbn C≥kptej≥ tS∏v H´n®mepw aXn. sh≈w Cdßn eqkv
tIm¨SmIvSv D≠mImXncn°m≥ th≠nbmWnXv. amÃnse hb¿
IS∂v t]mIp∂ a‰v ssKUnwKv BWnIfn¬ hb¿ sNºv Iºn
D]tbmKn®v sI´n Dd∏n®m¬ aXnbmIp∂XmWv.
B‚n\ \n¿Ωn°m\mbn GItZiw 31/2 ao‰¿ 3/20 hb¿
\ap°v BhiyamWv. BZyambn Cu hb¿ \√ shbneØv c≠v
aq∂v aWn°q¿ hen®v sI´nbnSpI. NqSmIptºmƒ hb¿ henbpw.
Cu hb¿ FSpØv DS≥Xs∂ amÃn¬ eq∏v sNøpI. End
t]mbn‚n¬ FØnbXn\v tijw _m°nbp≈ hb¿ apdn®v
IfbpI. shbneØn´v kok¨ sNømØ hb¿ D]tbmKn®v
B‚n\ \n¿Ωn®m¬ shbnte¬°ptºmƒ B‚n\ hb¿ eqkmbn
dnk]v£≥ tamiamIm≥ CSbp≠v.
eq∏v B‚ n\ amÃn¬ \∂mbn hpUv ss{]adpw
s]bn‚paSn°p∂Xv Zo¿LIme CuSv \n¬∏n\v BhiyamWv.
Cu B‚n\bpsS X ASbmfØn\v ]n∂nembn GI ¢mºpIƒ Xd®v
B‚n\ ss]∏n¬ Db¿Øn DbcØn¬ LSn∏n°mw.
 20
CXn¬ ]m´p-Iƒ, kao-]-ÿ-e-ß-fnse aX-]-chpw cmjv{So-bhpw ˛kmw-
kv°m-cn-I-hp-amb NS-ßp-I-fpsS Adn-bn-∏p-Iƒ, ka-Im-enIw F∂-
t]- c n¬ hm¿Øm hni- I - e \w, B- t cm- K y- h n- h - c - ß ƒ AS- ß nb
sl¬Øv Sn]vkv, Km-‘n-b≥ Nn¥-Iƒ ]¶p-sh-°p∂ Km‘n-t{]m-
{Kmw,- Xo-h≠n kabw XpS-ßn-b-h-bm-Wp-≈-Xv.- X-ß-fpsS kz¥w aoUn-
b- F∂ tXm∂¬ P\-߃°n-S-bn¬ hf¿Øn-sb-Sp-°m≥ sIm®n
F^v.-Fw. \p Ign-™p. sImta-gvkvsse-tk-js‚ `mK-ambn h∂
t^m¨ ˛ C≥ t{]m{Km-ap-I-fnse A\u¨k¿amtcmSv kz¥w {]iv\-
߃ IpSpw-_-Ønse H-cw-K-Øn-t\m-sS∂ \ne-bn¬ t{]£-I¿ ]¶p-
sh-°m-dp-≠-t{X.
kzmImcy F^v.-Fw. Nm\-ep-Iƒ h∂mepw P\-߃°v sIm®n-
\n-e-b-tØm-Sp≈ hnizm-kyX AXn\v apX¬°q-´mhpw. CXv Cu
k¿°m¿ tÃj\v hfsc KpWw sNøp-Ibpw sNøpw. ]t£ BIm-
i-hm-Wn-bpsS \yqkv Gsd sa®s∏Sp-tØ-≠-Xp-≠v. C\nbpw AXv
s{]m^-j-W¬ Bbn-´n-√. Hcp-k¿°m¿ kYm-]-\-Øn\v kl-P-am-bn-
´p≈ \qem-am-e-I-fm-Wvt{]m-{Km-ap-Isf k¿§m-fl-I-am-°p-∂-Xn\v
Ch¿°v XS- w. Ct∏gpw hbepw hoSpw, Ihn-Xm-]m-cm-bWw, ¢m-kn-
°¬ kw-KoXw XpS-ßnb ]cºcmKX ]cn-]m-Sn-If - n¬ IpSp-ßn-°nS°p-
I-bm-Wv. CØcw t{]m{Km-ap-Isf ssI-søm-gn-b-W-sa-∂-√. AXv \ne-
\n¬s° Xs∂ IqSp-X¬ anI® ]cn-]mSnIƒ \¬Ip∂ hn[-Øn¬
sshhn- [ y- h ¬°- c n- ° Wwhtc- ≠ - X p- ≠ v . km‰- s se‰v tdUntbm
bmYm¿∞yambn- c n- ° p∂ C°m- e Øv , C¥y- b n¬ C{X- b - [ nIw
B¿ss°hv k v tcJIƒ kq£n- ° p- ∂ BIm- i - h m- W n°v Hcp
tdUntbm Nm\¬ km‰v-sse‰v aptJ\ XpS-ßm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. Ct∏mƒ
hy‡n-Iƒ apX¬ ÿm]-\-߃ hsc km‰-sse‰v tdUntbm XpS-ßn-
bn-´p-≠v. ]©m-_n-Iƒ°v am{X-ambn \S-Øp∂ ]©m_v tdUntbm
CØ-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. amdnb kml-N-cy-Øn¬ BIm-hm-Wn-bpw a’-
c-Øn-\n-d-ßp-tºmƒ AXv ]ªnIv tdUntbm F∂ k¶¬∏sØ A´n-
a-dn-°ptamsb∂v ImØn-cp-∂p-Im-W-Ww.
17
\K-c-ß-fn¬°qSn {]t£-]Ww hym]n-∏n-°m≥ Hcp-ßp-I-bmWv Fkv.
F^v Fw.
Gjy-s\-‰ns‚ s_Ãv F^v Fw 95 Xriq-cnepw IÆq-cnepw
{]t£-]Ww Bcw-`n-®p. Kƒ^v \mSp-If
- n¬ kzmIcy tdUntbm {]t£-
]-W-hn-π-h-Øn\v t\XrXzw \¬In Ct∏mƒ Xs∂ Gjy-s\‰v
tdUntbm {]t£-]-W-Øn¬ kPo-h-am-Wv.
kzImcy F^v. Fw tdUntbm tÃj-\p-I-fpsS hc-thmsS
t{imXm-°ƒ°v tdUntbm ]pXnb A\p-`-h-ambn amdp-sa-∂mWv hne-
bn-cp-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Hcp ImeØv F√m hoSp-I-fn-tebpw km∂n-≤y-am-
bn-cp∂ tdUntbm AXn¬ Ihn™ kzm[o\w kao] `mhn-bn¬
t\Sp-sa-∂mWv ]pXnb s{S‚ v kqNn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. bph-Xz-Øns‚ apJ-
ap-{Z-bmbn amdnb samss_¬ t^mWn¬ F^v.Fw e`y-am-hp∂p F∂-
Xv CXns‚ {]nbw Db¿Øpw. bm{Xm-th-f-I-fn¬ t{imXm-hns\ ]n≥Xp-
S-cp∂ km∂n-≤y-ambn hml-\-ß-fnepw F^v Fw ÿm\w t\Sn-°-
gn™p.
{^oIz≥kn tamUp-te-j≥ kmt¶-Xn-I-hn-Zy-bn-emWv ]pØ≥
tdUntbm A\p-`-h-Øns‚ \nZm-\w. tdUntbm \ne-b-Øn¬ \n∂v
40 apX¬ 100 hsc Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬ Cu coXn-bn¬ {]t£-
]Ww km[y- a m- h pw. 87.5 MHz \pw 108 MHz \pw CS- b n- e p≈
{^oIz≥knbmWv F^v Fw {]t£-]Ww kzoI-cn-°m\mhpI. XcwK-
ssZ¿Lyw Ipd-hm-b-Xn-\m¬ a‰p XS- -߃ i_vZsØ kmc-ambn
_m[n-°m-dn-√. AXp-sIm-≠pXs∂ F^v Fw {]t£-]Ww UnPn-
‰¬ hy‡-X-tbmsS e`y-am-hp-∂Xv.
tdUntbm k¶¬∏-Øns‚ AXn-cp-Isf t`Zn-°p∂ {ihym-
\p-`-h-amWv F^v Fw ]I¿∂p \¬Ip-hm≥ Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-∂-Xv.
\hkmt¶-XnI ]n≥_-e-tØm-sS-bmWv tdUn-tbm-bpsS ]pXp-X-cwKw
IS-∂p-h-cp-∂-Xv. {]t£-]W Ie-bn¬ tdUntbm tPm°n-I-fpsS
hmKvNm-Xp-cy-Øns‚ A\p-`-h-X-ehpw C\n bmYm¿∞y-am-hp-I-bmWv.
 18
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm®n, Xriq¿, tImgn-t°m-Sv, IÆq¿ F∂o
A©v \K-c-ß-sf-bmWv tIc-f-Øn¬ 17 F^v Fw {^oIz≥kn-Iƒ
A\p-h-Zn-°-s∏-´n-´p-≈-Xv. CXn¬ ae-bmf at\m-c-a, amXr-`q-an, k¨{Kq-
∏ns‚ Im¬ tdUntbm F∂nh \mev {^oIz≥kn-Iƒ hoXhpw Gjym-
s\-‰v, AUvem_vkv F∂nh c≠v {^oIz≥kn-Iƒ hoXhpw tdUntbm
an¿®n Hcp {^oIz≥kn-bp-amWv kz¥-am-°n-bn-´p-≈-Xv. ae-bmf at\m-
ca sIm®n, Xriq¿, tImgn-t°m-Sv, IÆq¿ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnepw amXr`qan
Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, sIm®n, Xriq¿, IÆq¿ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnepw F^v
Fw tÃj-\p-Iƒ°p≈ ssek≥kv t\Sn-bn-´p-≠v. Xncp-h-\¥]p-cw,
Xriq¿, tImgn-t°m-Sv, IÆq¿ F∂n-h-S-ß-fn¬ F^v Fw
tÃj≥ XpS-ßm-\mWv Im¬ tdUntbm ssek≥kv t\Sn-b-Xv. Gjym-
s\-‰n\v Xriq¿, IÆq¿ F∂n-h-S-ß-fnepw F^v Fw \ne-b-߃ Bcw-
`n°m\mWv ssek≥kv e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv. tdUntbm an¿®n°v Xncp-h-\-
¥-]p-c-ØmWv {]h¿Ø-\m-\p-aXn e`n-®-Xv. Ch-sb√mw bmYm¿∞y-
am-bm¬ tIcfw tIƒhn-bpsS BtLm-jØ - n-te°v IS-°p-sa∂v \nkw-
ibw ]d-bmw.
C\n F^v Fw tdUn-tbm-Iƒ kuP-\y-ambpw
kzImcy F^v Fw tÃj-\p-Iƒ C∂v tIcfw Iø-S-°m-\p≈
Hcp-°-Øn-em-Wv. 17-˛-Hmfw ÿm]-\-߃°v k¿∆okv XpS-ßm\p≈
A\p-aXn In´n-°-gn-™p. CXn-\n-S-bn¬ h¿j-ß-fmbn k¿°m-cn-s‚
]cn-an-Xa
- mb hn`-hß - f - n¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Hcp tÃj≥ AXns‚ hnPbw
]d-bp-∂p-≠v. sIm®n-bnse F^v Fw tdUntbm tÃj≥ 1989 HIvtSm-
_¿ H∂n-\mWv CXv Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. tIc-f-Øn¬ At∏m-gp-≠m-bn-cp-
∂ tdUn-tbm-\n-e-b-ß-sfm-s°bpw aoUnbw thhn-em-bn-cp-∂p. tÃj-
\p-I-sf-Xs∂ aq∂mbn Xncn-®n-´p-≠v. tem°¬, t\m¨--˛tem°¬, doPn-
b-W¬. CXn¬ IÆqcpw tZhn-Ip-fhpw t\m¨ ˛ tem°¬ BWv.
tImgn- t °m- S v , Xncp- h - \ - ¥ - ] p- c w, Xriq¿ F∂nh doPn- b - W - e pw.
sIm®nsb Hcn-°epw tem°¬ C\-Øn¬s∏Sp-tØ-≠-Xn-√. CXns\
tem°¬ B°n-b-tXmsS Xs∂ AXn-s‚ XpS°w ]m-fn. sIm®n-
bpsS Pntbm-˛s - ]m-fn-‰n-°¬ {]m[m\yw Chn-SpsØ cmjv{Sob {]h¿Ø-
19
Itcm a‰v A[n-Im-cn-Itfm Xncn-®-dn-bm-Ø-XmWv Imc-Ww. hfsc
Ipd™ ^≠pw Ipd™ Ãm^p-IfpamWv sIm®n-°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv.
sIm®n tÃj≥ Bcw-`n-°p-∂Xv ChnSpsØ ao≥]n-Sp-Ø-°msc D∂w
sh®p-sIm-≠m-Wv. Hcp sNdnb ]cn-[n-°-IsØ Imcy-ß-ƒ am{Xw
ssIImcyw sNøp-I. doPn-b-W¬, t\m¨˛tem-°¬ tÃj-\p-Iƒ°v
KpW-ta-∑b - p≈ ÃpUn-tbm, a‰v C≥{^m-k{v S-IN - ¿ kuI-cy-߃ \¬Ip-
tºmƒ tIc-f-Øns‚ hmWnPy Xe-ÿm-\-amb sIm®nsb A[n-Ir-
X¿ Ah-K-Wn-®-Xn\vsd ^e-amWv \n m-c-amb hn`-h-ßfpw D]-I-c-
W-ßfpw am{Xw A\p-hZ- n®v sIm≠v Cu tÃj≥ XpS-ßn-bXpw C∂pw
tem°¬ ]Z-hn-bn¬ Xs∂ XpS-cp-∂-Xpw. BZy-Im-e-ß-fn¬ H‰
{Sm≥kvan-js\ D≠m-bn-cp∂p≈p. sshIn´v 6 apX¬ 9.30 hsc. ]n∂oSv
cmhnse 6 aX¬ 9 hscbpw {Sm≥kvan-j≥ XpS-ßn. tI{µ-Ønse
A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ tem°≥ tÃj\v c≠v {Sm≥kvan-j≥ th≠ F∂
ImcWw ]d™v cmhn-e-tØXv d±v sNbvXp. ]s£ At∏m-tg°pw
P\-ß-fpsS ssZ\w-Zn\ Imcy-ß-fn¬ AXn-{]-[m-\-amb ]¶v Cu
tÃj≥ \n¿h-ln-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. bm{Xm-k-abw Adn-bp-∂Xv apX¬
kn\n-am-Km-\-߃ tIƒ°p-∂-Xp-h-sc-bp≈ Hcp taJe. P\-߃ Cu
Xocp-am-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb {]t£m-`-߃ \S-Øn. CXn-s\-
Øp-S¿∂v ]gb ka-b-߃ ho≠pw ÿm]n-°p-Ibpw H∏w a[ym”
{]t£-]-Whpw sIm≠p-h-cn-Ibpw sNbvXp. Aßs\ aqs∂-Æ-ambn
{S≥kvan-j≥ ˛ {]`mXw, a-[ym-”w, kmbm-”w. tem°¬ Ãm‰kv
D≈ tÃj≥ aq∂v {Sm≥kvan-j≥ \S-Øp-∂Xv C¥y-bn¬ Xs∂
A]q¿∆-am-Wv. IqSmsX sIm®n tÃj≥ AXns‚ {]h¿Ø-\-Ønse
{]mK¤yw ]e-Xh - W
- s- X-fn-bn-®n-´p-≠v. AJn-e- tI-cf tdUn-tbm- \mSI
a-’-c-Øn¬ ]e XhW tÃj≥ H∂mw ÿm\w \ne\n¿Øn. Ch¿
D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-°p∂ dh\yq hcp-am\w ]cn-K-Wn-°p-tºmƒ D∂-Xm-
[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°v CXns‚ tem°¬ ]Z-hn-I-f™v IqSp-X¬ Ãm^p-I-
sfbpw C≥{^m-kvs{S-®dpw kmt¶-XnI anI-hp≈ ÃpUn-tbmbpw A\p-
h-Zn-°m-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. cmhnse 6.55 apX¬ 8.30 aWn-hsc {]t£-]Ww
sNøp∂ F^v.-Fw.-U-b-dn-bmWv Ch-cpsS hcp-am\ t{kmX- v.- P-\-
ßsf Chcpambn G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ASp-∏n-°p-∂-Xp-amb t{]m{Kmw.
 24 21

lm^v thhv ssUt]mƒ aXn-bm-Ip-sa-∂-Xn-\m¬ 3.1 = ao‰¿
2 `oa≥am-scms° tIc-f-Ønse {]apJ \K-c-ß-fn¬ F^v.- Fw.
Cu \ofw hcp∂ Hcp 3/8 Aeq-an-\nbw ss]∏v FSpØv D≈n¬
aW¬ \nd®v km-h[m-\-Øn¬ hf-s®-Sp-°-Ww.
As√-¶n¬ Hcp ]´nI IjW-Øn¬ Nn{XØn¬ ImWp∂Xp
t]mse sSen-hn-j≥ B‚o\ IWIvSv sNøm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂
dn_¨ tI_nƒ ap≥]-d™
- \
- o-fØ
- n¬ apdn®v BWn-bS- n-®p-w Dd-∏n°mw.
IW-£≥ t]mbn-‚ v XmgvhiØv hcp∂ hn[-Øn¬ thWw
B‚n\ GI ss]∏v D]-tbm-Kn®v Db-c-Øn¬ Dd-∏n-t°-≠-Xm-Wv. CXn-
\mbn B‚n\ amkv‰n¬ GI ¢mºp-Iƒ GI ss]∏v Dd-∏n-°mw. eq∏v
B‚n-\-bn¬ \n∂v tdUn-tbm-bn-te°v dn_¨ tI_nƒ D]-tbm-Kn®v
IW-£≥ sImSp-°mw.
B‚n\bpsS s]mkn-k-j≥ hyXymkw hcpØn IqSp-X¬tÃ-
j-\p-I-fn¬ hy‡-ambn e`n-°p-∂ -Zn-i-bn¬ B‚n\ Dd-∏n-°p-I.
ae-bmf at\m-ca, k¨ Sn.-hn. _n ]n- F¬ XpS-ßnb am≤ya
tdUntbm {]t£-]Ww Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xns‚ Hcp-°-߃ Ahkm\-
L-´Ønem-Wv. 2008 XpS-°-tØmsS Ch-cn¬ Nne-cpsS tÃj-\p-
IfpsS {]h¿Ø\w Bcw-`n-°pw.
kz¥w F^v.Fw tdUntbm kt‰-j-\p-I-fpsS {]Nm-c-W-Øn-
\mbn Xß-fpsS tÃj≥am{Xw e`n-°-Ø-°-hn-[-Øn¬ tÃj≥ tem-
°p- sNbvX(a‰v tÃj-\p-Iƒ Syq¨ sNbvXv e`n-°mØ hn[-Øn¬
tem°v sNb-X) F^v.-Fw. tdUn-tbm-Iƒ kuP-\y-ambn t{imXm-
°ƒ°v \¬Im≥ Ch-cnse Hcp {]apJ Iº\n Xøm-sd-Sp-°p-∂-Xmbn
clky tI{µßfn¬ \n∂v Ce-Ivt{Sm-WnIvkv tlm_o k¿Iyq-´n\v
hnhcw e`n®p. Cu kvIq∏v hmb-\-°m-cp-ambn ]¶p-sh-°p∂-Xn¬
BÀm-Z-ap-≠v. ssN\-bn¬\n∂v Cd-°p-a-Xn-sNbvX UnPn-‰¬ F^v.-
Fw.- td-UntbmIƒ Ct∏mƒXs∂ 30 cq] apX¬ hne°v Fd-Wm-Ip-
fØv e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ C°mcyw Nncn®v Xt≈≠ Imcy-an-√t√m!

ssUt]mƒ B‚n\
ssUt]mƒ B‚n\ am{Xw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂h
- ¿ B‚n\ km[m-
cW ^n‰p-sN-øp∂ slmdn-tkm-≠¬ s]mkn-j-\n¬ \n∂pw hyXy-
ÿ-ambn sh¿´n-°¬ s]mfm-cn-‰n-bn¬ ^n‰p sNbvXp t\m°q. hfsc
hnZp-c-amb tÃj-\p-Iƒ \nß-fpsS tdUn-tbm-bn¬ e`n-°p-∂-Xp-Im-
Wmw. (F.M _qÃ-dp-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn°Ww.) sh¿´n°¬ s]mfm-cn-‰n-
bn¬ 10 apX¬ 20 Un{Kn-hsc A¬∏m¬∏w Sn¬‰v sNbvXv ssUt∏mƒ
^n‰v sNøp∂Xv dnk-]vj≥ tImfn-‰n-Iq´pw
FM ^o¬Uv kvs{SMvXv ao‰¿
hnZqc FM tÃj-\p-Iƒ Syq¨ sNøp-∂-Xn\v dxr am¿°v hfsc
klm-b-amb Hcp k¿Iyq-´mWv C\n sImSp-°p-∂-Xv. CXnse ao‰-
dmbn A\-temKv aƒ´n ao‰¿ 250 ssat{Im Bºn-b¿ ske-£-\n-en´v FM Loop Antenna
D]-tbm-Kn°mw
 22 23

ssUt]m-fns‚ \ofw =2.929 % x 95% =2.782 meter

tdUntbm amt¶m
FM tdUntbm
\µ-Ip-am¿
ae-bmf at\m-c-a-bpsS fm tdUntbm Nm\¬ tdUntbm amt¶m
91.9 saKm-sl-Uvkn¬ tImgn-t°mSv, IÆq¿, Xr»q¿, F∂nhnSßfn¬
{]t£]Ww Bcw`n®p. tÃj\n¬\n∂v 50 Intem-ao-‰¿ Np‰-f-hn¬
CXns‚ {]t£-]Ww e`n°pw {^n©v Gcn-bm-bn¬ \n∂v Cu FM
Nm\¬ hy‡-ambn e`n-°p-∂-Xn-\p≈ B‚o-\m-bpsS \n¿ΩmW hnh-
c-߃ C\n -hn-h-cn-°p-∂p.
hnZpc{]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ FM tÃj-\p-Iƒ hy‡-am-bn- e-`-n°p-
∂-Xn\v {]tXy-I-ambn Xøm-dm-°p∂ B‚o\-Iƒ hfsc {][m\ ]¶p-
h-ln-°p-∂p. GXv tÃjs‚bmtWm B‚o\ \ap°v \n¿Ωn-t°-≠Xv
B tÃ-js‚ {^oIz≥kn Adn-™n-cn-°Ww. AXn\v tijw Xmsg
sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ t^m¿ape A\p-k-cn®v B‚o\m ssUt]m-fns‚
\ofw I≠p-]n-Sn-°mw.
300(-tIm¨Ã‚ v) ssUt]mƒ \ofw ao‰-dn¬
=
F ({^o-Iz≥kn)
ChnsS e`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv ^pƒthhv ssUt]mƒ seMvXv BWv.
F∂m¬ FM e`n°phm≥ lmhv thhv ssUt]mƒ BsW-¶nepw
aXn.
At∏mƒ
lm^v thhv ssUt]m-fns‚ \ofw = 2.782 = 1.391 meter
ssUt]mƒ B°n FSp-°p-∂-Xn\v Syq_n\p≈n¬ aW¬
\nd®v hf-s®-Sp-°m-hp∂XmWv. ssUt]mƒ hf-s®-Sp-°p-∂Xv XΩn-
ep≈ AIew 3 As√-¶n¬ 4 C©v aXn-bmhpw. ssUt]m-fns‚ a
eoUv `qan-bp-ambn hb¿sIm≠v _‘n-°-Ww. b eoUv tdUn-tbm-
bpsS sSen-kvtIm-∏n°v B‚n-\m-bn¬ sImSp-°p-I. ssUt]mƒ 10
meter Db-c-Øn¬ shbv°p-∂Xv hy‡-X-D-≠m-hm≥ klm-bn-°pw.
AXp-t]mse Ub-d-£≥Xn-cn®v SyqWnwKv hyXym-k-s∏-Sp-Øm-hp-∂-
Xm-Wv. CXvt]mse Xs∂ \ap°v tdUntbm amt¶m B‚n-\-bpsS
ssUt]mƒ \n¿Ωn-°mw.
300 .
=3.26 meter
91.9 MHz
3.26 x 95% ˛ 3.1 meter

Ct∏mƒ In´p∂Xv Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ thhv seMvXv Bbn-cn-°pw.

AXns‚ 95% Bbn-cn°pw. ^nkn-°¬ seMvXv AYhm ssUt]m-
fns‚ bYm¿∞-Øn-ep≈ \ofw
DZm-lcWw sIm®n fm kt‰-j≥
{^oIz≥kn =102.4 #nk tÃj≥
Ce-Iv{Sn-°¬ thhv seMvXv =300 = 2.929 M
102.4 MHz
 28 25

Wv. c≠m-asØ am¿§-Øn¬ {]t£-]Ww sNtø≠ HmUntbm

{^oIz≥kn-bpsS Bπn-‰yq-Un-ep-≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃°-\pkrXambn
am‰w Icn-b¿ {^oIz≥kn-bpsS {^oIz≥kn-bn-ep-≠m-Ip-∂p. CØcw
tamUp-te-js\ {^oIz≥kn tamUn-te-j≥ AYhm FM F∂p-hn-fn-
°p-∂p.
FM {Sm≥kvan-j≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-tºmƒ G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ knKn-
\¬ Sp t\mbvkv tdtjym (SNR) km[y-am-Wv F∂-Xn-\m¬ a‰v i_vZ-
ß-sfm∂pw CS-bn¬ IS-°msX hfsc sXfn™ iw_vZw e`n-°pw
F∂-XmWv G‰hpw henb {]tXy-IX.
sSen-hn-j≥ ]nIvN¿ sSen-ImÃv sNøp-hm≥ Bπn-‰yqUv tamUp-
te-j\pw i_vZw {]t£-]n-°m≥ {^oIz≥kn tamUp-te-j-\p-am-Wv
D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂-sX-∂p-IqSn Hm¿°p-a-t√m.
bqtdm- ∏ nepw Ata- c n- ° - b nepw C¥y- b nepw FM t{_mUv
]m¿´v enÃv
Imkvddv _m≥Uv 88 MHZ to108 MHZ -B-Wv. tr-1 c 2570/2n918 c1 - 56 pf
Ãocntbm FM B‚n\ d1-d2 in 60 c2,c3,c4,1kp
r1-r5 220 em-250 ssat{Im-Bºv ao‰¿
r1- 270
r2 -47 k
r3-1k5 - r4 180 r.vr1 4k7 {]osk‰v
FM. Booster
hfsc ho°mb FM kn·-ep-Iƒ Hcp sNdnb ssl{^o-
Iz≥kn {]o Bwπn-^-b¿ D]-tbm-Kn®v _qÃv sNbvXm¬ am{Xsa
hy‡-ambn \ap°v {ihn-°m≥ km[yamIq. CXn\v D]-tbm-Kn-°m-
hp∂ hfsc efn-X-amS k¿Iyq-´mWv ChnsS sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂Xv
Cu k¿Iyq-´ns‚ Pcb te Hu´pw H∏w \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv. sk¬^v
I¨kv{SIv‰¿ am¿°v hfsc {]tbm-P\ {]Z-am-bn-cn°pw
 26 27

tImbn¬ L2.22 tKPv C≥kp-te-‰Uv tIm∏¿ hb¿ D]-tbm-

Kn®v 3 Np‰p-Iƒ 5 mm Ub-ao-‰-¿ B‚n\ C≥ ]p´n\pw Hu´v ]p´n\pw
A\p-tbm-Py-amb tkm°-‰p-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-I. _qÃ-dn-\p≈ ]h¿
ksπ \√ hÆw ^n¬‰¿ sNbvX sdKp-te-‰Uv dc Bbn-cn-°p-∂Xv
DØ-a-am-bn-cn-°pw. 12 thmƒ´v UPS _m‰-dnbpw D]-tbm-Kn°mw.
(k¿Iyq-´v)
hnj-a-Xbpw CØcw {]t£-]-W-Øn¬ IqSpw. AXn-\m¬
HmUntbm {^oIz≥kn t\cn´p {]t£-]-W-Ø\v D]-tbm-Kn-°msX
AXn¬ \n∂pw Db¿∂ Hcp {^oIz≥kn-bp-ambn Ie¿Øn {]t£-
]Ww sNøp-I-bm-Wv ]Xnhv.
Cßs\ Ie¿Øm≥ As√-¶n¬ s]mXn-bm-\mbn D]-tbm-
Kn-°p∂ {^oIz≥knsb Imcn-b¿ {^oIz≥kn (carrier frequency) As√-
¶n¬ tdUntbm {^oIz≥kn (rf) F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. Hcp tdUn-tbm-
]m¿´v enÃv tÃ-js‚ {^oIz≥kn Cu Icn-b¿ {^oIz≥kn Bbn-cn-°pw.
c1 5pf ,c2, 12 pf c,3,12pf Icn-b¿ {^oIz≥kn°v Bπn-‰yqUv (amplitude) {^oIz≥kn
(freequenct) F∂nh at‰-sXmcp {^oIz≥kn-°p-ap-≈-Xp-t]mseXs∂
c4.01 D≠m-bn-cn°pw. {]t£-]Ww sNtø≠ HmUn-tbm-{^o-Iz≥kn-bpsS
vci,vc2 22pf trimmer Bwπn-‰yq-Unt\m {^oIz≥kn-°p-≈Xp t]mse Xs∂ D≠m-bn-cn°pw.
ri 33k {]t£-]Ww sNtø≠ HmUntbm {^oIz≥kn-bpsS Bπn-‰yq-Unt\m
{^oIz≥knt°m A\p-kr-X-ambn Imcn-b¿ {^oIz≥kn°v am‰w hcp-
r2 330 r Øns°m≠mWv Cu Ie¿Ø¬ AYhm s]mXnb¬ \S-°p-∂-Xv.
r3 Cu {]{In-bsb tamUp-te-j≥ F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. CXv c≠v Xc-Ø-
ep-≠v. (1)
1k5
(1) Bπn-‰yqUv tamUp-te-j≥ (A.M) (2) {^oIz≥kn tamUp-te-j≥
L1 tImbn¬ 4Np-‰p-Iƒ 22 sws C≥kp-te-‰Uv tIm∏¿ hb¿
(F.M) {]t£]Ww sNtø≠ HmUntbm {^oIz≥kn-bpsS Bwπn-
D]-tbm-Kn®v 5 mm Ub-ao-‰¿ (sP¬ t]\-bpsS hÆ-ap≈ do^n-√ns‚
‰yqUn¬ D≠m-Ip∂ am‰-߃°-\p-krX-ambn Imcn-b¿ {^oIz≥kn-
]pdsa Np‰n-sb-Sp-°mw.)
bpsS Bπn-‰yq-Unepw am‰-ß-fp-≠m-Ip∂ Xc-Øn-ep≈ tamUp-te-
F¿Øv sskUn¬ \n∂v H∂m-asØ Np‰ns‚ apIƒ `mKØv js\ bmWv Bπn-‰yqUv tamUp-te-j≥ AYhm (A.M) F∂p hnfn-°p-
A¬∏w C≥kp-te-j≥ If™v AhnsS \n∂pw Sm∏nßv FSp°mw ∂-Xv. Ct∏mƒ k¿∆ km[m-c-W-amb tamUp-te-j≥ am¿§w CXm-
 32
FM Receivers
Frequency modulation is used in radio broadcast in the bandwidth
range from 88 MHz til 108 MHz. This range is being marked as “FM” on the
band scales of the radio receivers, and the devices that are able to receive
such signals are called the FM receivers.
Radio broadcast transmitters are using the amplitude modulation
on LW, MW and SW bandwidths. According to international treaties, each
of the transmitters has a 9 kHz wide broadcasting channel, therefore mak-
ing maximum frequency of the information being transferred fNFmax=4.5
kHz, according to the characteristics of the AM signal. To put it more simple,
the highest frequency of the sound that can be heard from the loudspeaker
of an AM receiver is 4.5 kHz, all above it will be simply truncated in the
circuitry. Considering the speech itself, this isn’t so important since the
most important components are located below these 4.5 kHz (during the
telephone transfer, all the components above 3.2 kHz are being cut, and
nobody is complaining). Things stand different, however, for the transfer of
music. Music has much more sound components, with their frequencies
spreading up to 15 kHz, so truncating them above 4.5 kHz does deteriorate
the transmission quality.
The radio-broadcast FM transmitter has a 250 kHz wide channel on
its disposal, therefore allowing for the maximum frequency of the informa-
tion (acc. to the characteristics of the FM signal) to be fNFmax=15 kHz.
That means that music is being fully transferred and its quality is signifi-
cantly better than in the case of the AM transfer. The FM transfer has some
other advantages, perhaps the most significant of them being the possibility
of eliminating various disturbances that are manifesting themselves as snap-
ping, squeaking etc. The main disadvantage, however, is not the result of
the frequency modulation itself, but rather of the fact that this method is
being used on high frequencies, and that high-frequency electromagnetic
waves behave themself as light, spreading themselves in straight line, not
reflecting from the ionosphere etc. This is why obtaining this kind of radio-
link requires optical visibility between the transmission and reception an-
tennas, which is not the case for the links obtained on frequencies which
29
A¬∏w Nne-th-dp-sa-¶nepw FM tÃj-\n¬ \n∂pw Ipd-®p-
IqSn AI∂ ÿe-ß-fn¬t∏mepw FM ]cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-
Xn\v km[y-am-Ip∂ Hcp B‚n-\-bm-WnXv. IqSmsX FM Ãocntbm
kzoI-c-W-Øn\v th≠n Unssk≥ sNø-s∏-´n-cn-°p∂ Cu B‚n\
`mhn-bnse kwKo-Xm-kzm-Z-\-Øn\v Hcp klmbn Bbncn-°pw. ]co-
£-Ws - a∂ \nebv°v CXv \n¿Ωn-®m¬ \nß-fpsS ÿe-Øn-\S- ptØm
Aev∏w AI-etbm D≈ Ãocntbm FM tÃj≥ kzoI-cn-°m≥ Ign-
t™-°mw.
FSpØp ]d-tb≠ as‰mcp {]tXy-IX Cu B‚n\ GsX-
¶nepw Hcp {]tXyI FM kvt‰j≥ am{Xw kzoI-cn-°m≥ kwhn-[m\w
sNø-s∏-´n-´p-≈-X√ F∂-Xm-Wv. FM _m‚nse 88 MHz apX¬ 108 MHz
hscbp≈ ]q¿Æ- a mb {^oIz≥kn- I ƒ kzoI- c n- ° m≥ th≠n
Unssk≥ sNbvX-Xn-\m¬ FM _m‚nse GXv tÃj≥ kzoI-cn-
°m\pw CXp aXn-bmIpw FM, B‚n-\-I-fnepw TV B‚n-\-I-fnepap]-
tbm-Kn-°p∂ Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg¬ Cu B‚n\ \n¿Ωn-°p-∂X - n\v Bh-
iy-an√. (C-Øcw IpgepIƒ hf-bv°p-∂-Xn\pw apdn-°p-∂-Xn\psa√mw
_p≤n-ap-´p≈ tPmen-bm-W-t√m.?) ]I-c-ambn ]e-I-°-jW-Øn¬
kv{IqsN-bvXp-d-∏n-®n-´p≈ I´n-bp≈ Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬ BWv
Fen-sa‚p-I-fmbn {]h¿Øn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv. Cu Fen-sa‚p-Isf XΩn¬
_‘n-∏-°m≥ 18 tKPv Aeq-an-\nbw Iºnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.
\n¿ΩmWw
H≥]-XcbSn \ofhpw c≠n©p hoXnbpw H-cn©p I\-hp-ap≈
aq∂p ]e-I-°-j-W-ß-fn¬ thWw Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬ Dd-∏n-
°m≥ (]-eI °jvW-ß-fpsS hen∏w tI´v A¤p-X-s∏-tS-≠, -C-
X¬∏w henb B‚n\ Xs∂-bm-Wv. HmSn´ hoSp-I-fn¬ HmSp ]mIm≥
th≠n Igp-t°m-en¬ Xd-°p∂ ]´nI As√-¶n¬ ]´n-tbm¬ CXn\p
th≠n D]-tbm-Kn-°mw. GsX-¶nepw ]mgv XSn-bpsS ]´nI Bbmepw
aXn. CuSp \n¬°-W-sa-¶n¬ \√ XSn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-Itbm s]bn‚p
sNbvXv kwc-£n-°pItbm thW-sa∂p am{Xw.
 30 31

Aeq- a n- \ nbw t^mbn¬ Ac C©p hoXnbpw 54 C©v fpsS CSbv°pw Iºn H∂n\p aosX H∂mbn t{Imkv sNøp-∂p≠v
\ofhpap≈Xv Bdp IjWw thWw. Hmtcm ]´n-Ib - nepw c≠p-IjWw Cu t{Imkn-ßn¬ Iºn XΩn¬ kv]¿in-°msX t\m°-Ww. AXp-
hoX-amWv Dd-∏n-t°-≠-Xv. ]´n-I-bpsS HØ-a-≤y-Øn¬ Hmtcm C©v t]mse Xs∂ Fen-sa‚p-Iƒ Dd-∏n-®n-cn-°p∂ Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg-enepw
AI-e-Øn¬ Ch Aeq-an-\nbw As√-¶n¬ {_mkv kv{Iq D]-tbm- Iºn kv]¿in-°-cp-Xv.
Kn®v Dd-∏n-°pI. At∏mƒ Hcp-]´- n-Ib
- nse c≠v Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬
Cu B‚n-\-bn¬ \n∂pw FM tdUn-tbm-bn-te°p≈ IW-
IjW-߃ XΩn¬ 2 C©v AI-e-߃ D≠m-bn-cn-°pw. 54 C©p
£≥ eoUn\v Hcp 300 dn_¨ tI_nƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°-Ww. TV B‚n-
\of-ap≈ t^mbn-ep-Iƒ°v tijw ]´n-I-bpsS c≠-‰Øpw aq∂v C©v
\-bn¬ \n∂pw TV bnte°v IWIvSp sNøp∂ AtX tI_nƒ Xs∂.
hoXw shdpsX InS-°pw. Cßs\ aqs∂Æw Xøm-dm-°p-I.
CXv B‚n-\-bpsS U t]mse hf® `mKØv hf™ `mK-Øp-\n∂pw
]Xn-\m-dSn \of-ap≈ Hcp Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg¬ FSpØv CXn¬ ]{¥-≠n©v AIsebmbn (A-s√-¶n¬ aq∂m-asØ Fen-sa‚n¬
Xøm-dm°n sh®n-cn-°p∂ aq∂v Fen-sa‚p-Ifpw U ¢mºv D]-tbm-Kn®v \n∂pw 28 C©v AI-e-Øn¬ thWw IWIvSv sNøm≥. tI_n-fns‚
Dd-∏n-°p-I. Hc-‰-Ømbn BZysØ Fen-sa‚ v Dd-∏n® tijw B Fen- at‰ A{Kw tdUn-tbm-bpsS FM B‚n\m sS¿Ωn\-en¬ \¬Ip-I.
sa‚nse Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬ \n∂pw IrXyw 64 C©v AI-e-
]m¿´v enÃv
Øn¬ c≠m-asØ Fen-sa‚nse Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬ hc-Ø-°-
hn[w c≠m-aØ - Xpw ¢mºp-]t- bm-Kn®v Dd-∏n-°p-I. CXp t]mse Xs∂ (]-´n-I-I-jvW-߃ ) H∂Xc ASn \ofw, c≠n©v hoXn. -3 FÆw
c≠pw aq∂pw Fen-sa‚p-Iƒ XΩn¬ IrXyw 64 C©v AIew kq£n- Aeq-an-\nbw hb¿ Aeq-an-\nbw Ipg¬ k{Iq-Iƒ XpS-ßn-bh.
®p-sIm-≠v aq∂m-asØ Fen-sa‚pw ¢mºw sNøpI. (Aeqan\nbw t^mbn¬ ]gb I∏mkn‰dpIfn¬ \n∂v e`n°pw)
XpS¿∂v aq∂v Fen-sa‚p-Ifpw XΩn¬ XΩn¬ Aeq-an-\nbw
Iºn-sIm≠v C\n ]d-bp-∂X- p-t]mse _‘n-∏n-°W
- w. BZysØ Fen-
sa‚n¬ c≠n-©-I-e-Øn¬ c≠v Aeq-an-\nbw t^mbn¬ IjW-߃
Dd-∏n-®n-´p-≠t√m? CXn¬ H-sc-Æ-Øns‚ A{K-Øn¬ D≈ kv{Iq
A¬∏-ambn Ab-®n´v AXn¬ 18 tKPv Aeq-an-\nbw Iºn-bpsS Hc‰w
Np‰n-bn´v B kv{Iq ho≠pw Dd-∏n-°p-I. Nn{X-Øn¬ ImWp-∂-Xp-
t]mse Aeq-an-\nbw Iºn c≠m-asØ Fen-sa‚nse heXp hi-
Øp≈ t^mbn-enepw XpS¿∂v aq∂m-asØ Fen-sa‚nse CS-Xp-h-i-
Øp≈ t^mbn-enepw _‘n-∏n-°p-I. _m°n Iºn 40 C©p \of-
Øn¬ U BIr-Xn-bn¬ hf®v aq∂m-asØ Fen-sa‚ns‚ Iºn IWIvSp
sNømØ t^mbnen¬ IW-IvSp-sN-øp-I. XpS¿∂v 2,1 F∂ Fen-
sa‚nse Iºn IWIvSp sNømØ t^mbn-ep-I-fn¬ IqSn IW-
IvSpsNbvXp Iºn-bpsS IW-£≥ Ah-km-\n-∏n-°mw. Ct∏mƒ 1, 2
F∂o Fen-sa‚p-I-fpsS CSbv°pw c≠v aq∂v F∂o Fen-sa‚p-I-
 36
FM Receiver with one Transistor and Audio Amplifier
We have made this receiver on the experimental plate, and it was
playing for days in our lab. Its electronic diagram is given on Pic.3.46.
Regretfully we had to disassemble it, since we needed the plate for one of
the devices described later in this book. This, too, is a reaction-type receiver,
where the BF256 transistor, coil L and capacitors C, C* and C2 form the
Hartley oscillator. Its frequency is being adjusted by means of the variable
capacitor C to be equal to the frequency of the station that we wish to listen
to. The LF signal is being taken from the R1 resistor, and led into the audio
amplifier.
* The coil L is self-supporting (doesn’t have the body), made of 5
quirks of CuL wire, its diameter being from 0.8 to 1 mm. It is spooled on
some cylindrical object (pencil, pen etc., the best thing is the round part of
a 9 mm drill), in one layer, quirks put tight to each other, as shown in the
left, framed part of the picture. When the coil is finished, it is taken off the
cylinder and stretched a little, so that the quirks do not touch each other. Its
final length should be about 10 mm. The mid coil leg, which is to be connected
33
are less than 40 MHz. In practical terms, it is possible to receive the SW
signal from anywhere on Earth, whilst the range of an UHF link is limited to
the horizon. Or, as Hamlet would say: “The quality or the range, that is the
question!”
Can we have it both, somehow? Yes we can, and it is already
being done, over the satellite links, using the same equipment as for the TV
signal receipt and an audio amplifier connected to the audio output of the
satellite receiver. For now, in the earthly conditions, those that are inter-
ested in the worldwide news will make and use the AM receivers, and mu-
sic lovers will stick to the FM’s. And what can those interested in both do?
Well, they make AM-FM receivers :)
The direct-type (TRF) FM receivers have never been produced, the
industry started right away with the superheterodynes,In amateur life, how-
ever, the direct FM receivers do exist, having very simple electronic dia-
grams and being easy to manufacture. These receivers have very strong
positive feedback, making the intermittent oscillations in it, and are there-
fore being called the super-reaction receivers.
The Simplest FM Receiver
On Pic.3.43 you can se the electronic circuit of an extremely simple
direct FM receiver. The T2 transistor together with the R1 resistor, the coil
L the variable capacitor C and internal capacitances of the T1 transistor,
comprises the so-called Kolpitz oscillator. The resonance frequency of this
oscillator is being set by C to correspond to the one of the station that we
wish to hear (meaning it has to be altered between 88 and 108 MHz). The
signal, i.e. the information being used in the transmitter to perform the
modulation, is extracted on the R1 resistor, and being led from it to the
high-resistance headphones, over the coupling capacitor C1.
 34
* The capacitance of the variable capacitor should be able to change
from a couple of pF (Cmin) to app. 20 pF. During the testing off this device,
we were using the capacitor from Pic.3.8. The legs marked as FO and G
were used, the G leg being connected to the ground. When all the trimmers
from the circuit on the Pic.3.8 are set to minimum capacitance, the
capacitance between the FO and G legs should be adjustable between 7
and 27 pF.
* The coil L has 4 quirks of lacquer-isolated copper wire (CuL),
bended to have a 4 mm internal diameter. The practical realization of this
coil is explained in text connected with Pic.4.9. During the setup of the
bandwidth, the inductance of the coil can be altered by changing the distance
between the quirks. If the coil is stretched the inductance decreases, and
vice versa. If this cannot give the desired results, new coil must be made.
* The telescopic antenna taken from a disused device can be used.
If you can’t find one, you obtain very good results with a piece of isolated
copper wire, about 60 cm long (the optimum length to be found
experimentally).
35
The Simplest FM Receiver with Audio Amplifier
The radio-broadcast FM transmitters operate with output power
that is much smaller than that of the AM transmitters. That is why the LF
signal coming from the device on Pic.3.43 is rather small, urging the use of
very sensitive headphones. They are much more expensive than the
“ordinary” ones, making it better to use the cheap headphones in connection
with audio amplifier. One such solution where TDA7050 IC is used is given
on the Pic.3.44. The R3 resistor and capacitors C5 and C6 are to be added
only if the operation of the device is unstable. There optimum values are to
be found experimentally, starting with those shown in the picture.
For loudspeaker reproduction any of the previously described
amplifiers can be used, e.g. that from Pic.3.21 (which we have been using,
very successfully), or one of the devices described in P.E.4 and P.E.5.
Since in these amplifiers a battery with voltage bigger than 3 V is used,
using of R3 and C5 is obligatory. The R3 is counted from the formula where
UBAT is battery voltage, and 0.235 mA is the current through R1, that
supplies T1 and T2. E.g. if UBAT=9 V, it is then and the nearest existing
resistor is used.
Capacitors C5 and C6 comprise, together with R3, a pass-filter for
very low frequencies, which is used to separate the HF and LF parts of the
receiver.
The battery itself acts as a short-circuit for the AC currents. But
when it ages its resistance increases and there is no more short-circuit.
That is why C3 and C4 are added, to accomplish it.
 40 37

to the left end of the C3 capacitor, is made by taking off couple of millimetres
the oscillator, accomplish the reception of AM stations from all the bandwidths
of the lacquer from the wire, approximately in the middle of the coil. This
from 70 kHz till 200 MHz.
place is then tinned and a piece of thin wire is soldered to it. The other end
of this wire is soldered onto the PCB, on its place, to be connected to the
Superheterodyne FM Receivers
left end of C2.
The FM receivers being described in chapter 3.15 are the amateur
* For the variable capacitor C the one from the Pic.3.8 (legs FO
solutions. These are extremely simple devices, that cannot perform the and G, G goes to Gnd). If you are using some other capacitor, that has
noiseless tuning, automatic oscillator frequency regulation and other features bigger capacitance, and you cannot achieve the reception of the full FM
that ensure very high quality of the reproduction, being expected from an bandwidth (88 til 108 MHz), try changing the value of the C*. Its capacitance
UHF FM receiver. The true solution is the superheterodyne FM receiver,
is to be determined experimentally, usually being about a dozen pF.
whose block-diagram is given on Pic.4.6.Station signals are taken from the
dipole antenna and led through the appropriate cable into the input circuit
(UK). Inside it, the signal selection is performed, of station whose frequency
is fS, this signal is then amplified in the HF amplifier and led into the mixer.
As in the case of earlier described AM receiver, the inter-frequency signal is
obtained at the mixer output, whose carrier frequency is fm=10.7 MHz (this
is the standard value, used in all radio-broadcast FM receivers). The IF
signal is being amplified in the IF amplifier and led on the amplitude limiter
(Ogr.). In this stage the signal whose amplitude exceeds certain level is
being cut off, accomplishing with this the elimination of the parasite amplitude
modulation, which is performed by various noise sources during the
transmission (atmospheric charges, various electrical devices etc.), which
significantly improves the signal quality. The signal then goes to the FM * HFC is the high-frequency choke. Together with C2, it makes a
signal detector, where the information being modulated in the transmitter is filter that prevents the HF current to flow through the R1, simultaneously
extrapolated from the signal, followed by the LF part of the receiver. With allowing for DC and LF current to go through. The muffler is, in fact, a coil
AFC the circuit that performs the automatic frequency regulation of the that has 16 quirks of 0.6 mm CuL wire, spooled on a round part of a 3 mm
local oscillator is labelled drill.

* This receiver works well even without the external antenna. It can,
of course, be connected to it, as shown in dashed line. Instead of antenna,
a 50 mm piece of wire can also be used.

FM Receiver with (just) one Transistor

On the left side of the Pic.3.46 you can see the diagram of another
very simple FM receiver, that has only one transistor as the active element.
That is, as one can see, the HF part of the receiver from Pic.3.45, where
 38 39

the reproduction is being accomplished over the high-resistance headphones.

But, as previously noticed, they are pretty expensive, therefore making it
better to use the “regular” headphones and a simple amplifier, as shown on
the right side of the Pic.3.46.

The Fully (not exactly 100%) Superheterodyne

AM Receiver No.1
Its electrical diagram is given on Pic.4.4. It is easily being noticed
that this is the receiver from Pic.4.2 with inter-frequency (IF) amplifier with
ZN415E added. By adding ZN415 IC multiple enhancements are performed.
Thanks to its huge input resistance, the MFT’s oscillatory circuit is not choked,
resulting in better selectivity. The sensitivity of the device is extremely
increased since this IC has big amplification and the AAR (automatic
amplification regulation) is also accomplished, making the usage of this device
easier and more comfortable.* It is very important to obtain the necessary
value of the DC voltage in pin 6 of the ZN415 for its proper operation. Acc. to
the table on Pic.3.36 it has to be about 1.3 V, and its setting is done via the
TP1 trimmer. The receiver is set to some weaker station, the sound volume
is made very low with potentiometer P, and the slider of the TP1 is carefully
moved until the best reception is made. If that doesn’t work, one should try
changing the value of R5 resistor; this is to be done also if the supply voltage
being used is other than 12 V. In case of voltage on the pin being much
bigger than 1.3 V, and cannot be reduced on the trimmer, short-circuit one of
the diodes.* The voltage stabilizer with 78L06 isn’t needed if the receiver is
supplied from the 6 V battery.* The receiver from Pic.4.2 needs input circuit
to be 100% complete. That can be an independent input circuit from Pic.4.3-
i, or input circuit and the HF amplifier that are described in the Appendix
(Pic.5.10). If the former circuit is used, station tuning is being accomplished
with 2 knobs, as explained in the previous chapter.
Fully (not exactly 100%) Superheterodyne AM
Receiver No.2
All the receivers we made with NE612 IC were tested in our lab,
except the one from the previous project, since we didn’t have ZN415 “with
us”. We found, however, a ZN414 IC, so we tested the receiver from Pic.4.5
with it. The receiver was working great, from the amateur’s point of view. He
played us for long time, until we didn’t require the board to test one of the
receivers from previous projects afterwards, when we regretfully had to
disassemble it. * The diagram is very similar to that on Pic.4.4, so most of
the things said about that receivers stands for this one, too.* DC voltage
setting on pin 1 of ZN414 is done with the trimmer TP. Its slider is put in mid
position, the receiver is tuned to some weaker station close to the upper
bound of the bandwidth. While making the reproduction very quiet (slider of
P as low as possible), the trimmer slider is moved until reaching optimum
reception. After that the trimmer is disconnected, its resistance measured
and the ordinary resistor of similar value is put into circuit. * The device
operates nicely with the outside antenna made of a piece of wire measuring
only half metres in length.* The reception would certainly become better if
an input circuit would be added, which we spoke about in the previous
project.* The receivers from pics. 4.4 and 4.5 can, with appropriate coils in
 44 41

capacitance of Cs should be reduced (to 15 pF, 10 pF etc.), or it should be

short-circuited. You can also try compressing or stretching the L1 coil, etc.
The setup of the oscillatory circuit is completed when with C=Cmax some
station that operates on app. 88 MHz can be heard, and with C=Cmin the
one that works on 108 MHz. The input circuit setup (it is connected between
pins 13 and 14), is performed by tuning the receiver to some mid-range
station (about 98 MHz). Then, the best possible reception is searched, by
changing capacitances C13 and C12 and inductance L2.
 42 43

FM Receiver with TDA7000 made with LM386 from Pic.3.19 is utilized (the components left from the
potentiometer are omitted).* L1 and L2 are the self-bearing coils (without
The face that FM receivers operate on pretty high frequencies makes the core). They have few quirks and are made of relatively thick wire, therefore
their practical realization somewhat difficult, but most of the problems, as in they don’t need a body of any kind, that is why they are called “self-bearing”.
many other amateur builds, originates from building the coils, except the Their appearance is shown on Pic.4.9, and the calculus for them is done
self-bearing, small-inductance coils (without the coil body), which are easy acc. to the table from Pic.3.5. They both have 6 quirks of the CuL wire, 0.6
to make, especially if there aren’t many of them in the device and if no mm in diameter, being spooled on the flat part of the 3 mm drill. In order to
special instruments are required for setting up their proper inductance value. be able to solder the coil onto the PCB, the couple of mm of isolation has
The coils used in this FM receiver are just like this, and there are only two to be removed from the wire ends with sharp knife, and they have to be
of them, making the practical realization much easier.The basic data about tinned afterwards. There must be a small gap between the adjacent quirks.
the famous Philips’ IC used in this project, TDA7000, are given in the following The inductance of the coil is set by its shrinking (the inductance increases)
table. or stretching (the inductance decreases). Stretching can be nicely done by
inserting the screwdriver between the quirks and then turning it along the
Electronic diagram of the HF part of the device (from antenna to the LF coil. * The TDA7000 also contains the mute circuit (for noiseless tuning). It
output) built with TDA7000 is shown on Pic.4.7. As one can see, it is a is being active when the S2 switch is open. Pocket-type receivers usually
simple device, made with relatively small number of components. The IC do not have S2 and R1 elements.* The part of the receiver that requires
contains all the stages of the superheterodine receiver: the mixer, the biggest care during build is the oscillatory circuit of the local oscillator,
oscillator, the IF amplifier, the amplitude limiter, the FM detector and few which is connected between the pins 5 and 6. When changing the
others. More about them will be told in the next project which contains the capacitance of C, its resonance frequency must change from 88 MHz
description for a receiver with TDA7088T IC, which is the improved version of (C=Cmax) till 108 MHz (C=Cmin). If that cannot be accomplished (not all
TDA7000.The station signal is from the (telescopic) antenna led to the input the stations can be heard) some experimenting is required with capacitances
circuit that consists of L2, C13, C12 and C14. It is a parallel oscillatory of Cp and Cs. For start, you should omit the Cp. If the problem persists,
circuit damped with R3 resistor, which has the reception bandwidth from 88
MHz till 108 MHz (it admits all the UHF signals on the pin 13, and weakens
te signals outside the reception bandwidth). Inside the IC the signals are led
into the mixer, where they are being given new carrier frequencies. The IF
amplifier then follows, amplifying only one of those signals, the one whose
frequency is equal to the inter-frequency, followed by the limiter, the FM
detector, mute circuit and LF pre-amplifier. The output from the last stage is
on the pin 2 (R2 is the collector load of the last transistor in the LF pre-
amplifier). The oscillatory circuit of the local oscillator (L1, Cp, Cs, C and
C5) is connected between pins 5 and 6.Pic.4.8-a shows the PCB of the
device from Pic.4.7, while Pic.4.8-b contains the component layout (on the
PCB). The complete device can be seen on Pic.4.8-c. The variable capacitor
from Pic.3.8 is used as the only variable capacitor here since the input
circuit is aperiodic, the legs marked with FO and G. This capacitor serves
us to tune the receiver to stations. In the LF part of the receiver, the amplifier
 48 45

Terminology FM Receiver with TDA7088T IC

y Gain: amplification of the antenna (measured in dB)
y dB: hey - if you don’t know this you are in the wrong article - but
divide it by 3 for small numbers and this gives you the multiplcation
factor for the signal
y Attenuation: loss of the antenna or other component (measured in
dB)
y Polar Pattern: a “map” of the antenna’s sensitivity, as viewed from
above. Polar patterns given here should be used as reference guides
- the area enclosed by the line corresponds to a geographic area
around the antenna. The size of that area differs depending on
antenna gain, the height of the antenna, and the geography of the
terrain.
The receiver described in the last project has two IC’s, one variable
capacitor, two small coils and fairly small few other components, so it can
be put into some small box, by carefully placing the components. Further
miniaturization can be accomplished by using the SMD components. These
are the resistors, capacitors, transistors, IC’s and other components, whose
dimensions are significantly smaller than these of “classical” components.
They are mounted on the copper side of the PCB, therefore it isn’t necessary
to drill the holes on the board. TDA7088T is also an SMD component. Its
drawing is shown on Pic.4.10.This IC is the successor of the famous
TDA7000, i.e. it is an improved model of TDA7000, that allows to implement
both monophonic and stereophonic FM receiver.

y Beamwidth: angle of directions for which the antenna is most

sensitive

y Adjacent channel / frequencies: FM frequencies occur on odd 200

kHz multiples, starting at 88.1 MHz and ending at 107.9 MHz. An
adjacent channel (or frequency) is one 200 kHz away.

Omnidirectional Antennas
Those listeners that find themselves in the middle of a metropolitan
area, or very near to several nearby cities up to 30 or 40 miles away can
benefit mostly from an omnidirectional antenna. This type of antenna will be
of no help, however, if you are trying to receive a more distant, low power, or
translator station. For these type of stations, a good directional antenna will
be needed. The electronic diagram of the HF part of the monophonic FM receiver
Omnidirectional antennas come in two types: The “S” curve type made with TDA7088T IC is given on Pic.4.11. The IC contains all the parts
and the “turnstile” type, shown below, along with their polar patterns. In the of the classic superheterodyne receiver: the local oscillator, IF amplifier
case of the omnidirectional antennas, the very name implies “from all and FM detector, but also some other circuits that extend the possibilities
directions eqaully”. The two antenna types have roughly circular polar and improve the features of this IC.As far as practical use is concerned, the
most significant novelty is the auto-tuning circuitry. No variable capacitor is
 46 47
necessary for tuning, as it was in all the previous projects, the BB910 varicap
diode is used instead. Its capacitance is being changed by varying the DC
voltage supplied to its anode over the 5k6 resistor. This is how the tuning is
performed: When the user press and releases the pushbutton marked with
“RUN”, the positive voltage impulse is released to the S(et) input of the
SEARCH TUNING circuit. The 100 nF capacitor then starts chargingl and
the voltage on the pin 16 increases. This voltage is then transferred, over the
5k6, to the anode of the BB910, causing its capacitance to decrease, which
increases the frequency of the local oscillator (VCO). The VCO voltage is
led into the mixer (MIXER) which also receives, over pin 11, the signals of all
the other FM stations. The mixer outputs the FM signals whose frequencies
are equal to the differences of the oscillator and the original station frequency.
The only signal that can reach the demodulator (FM detector) is the one
whose carrier frequency is equal to the inter-frequency, i.e. fm=73 kHz
(selectivity is being accomplished by two active filters whose components
are the capacitors connected to pins 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10). Therefore, the
oscillator frequency increases until it gets the condition fO-fS=73 kHz is
accomplished. When this happens, the charging of the capacitor is halted
by the command that is sent into the SEARCH TUNING circuit by two
detectors (diode-blocks) located in the MUTE circuit. The AFC (Automatic FM Antennas
Frequency Control) circuit now gets its role and prevents the voltage on pin
16 to be changed, until the RUN button is pushed again (this voltage can This article relies heavily on the four part article:
vary from 0 V til 1.8 V during the tuning). When the RESET button is pushed,
the 100 nF capacitor is discharged, the voltage on pin 16 drops down to “What Kind of FM Antenna is Best for You?”, by Michael J. Salvatti,
zero, and the receiver is set to the low end of the reception bandwidth, i.e. appearing in Audio Magazine January through April 1978
88 MHz.Let us get back to the mixer. On its output, the 73 kHz FM signal
is obtained, and it is modulated by the programme of the first station that is Although that article series is excellent, and contains a lot of very
found after the RUN button is pushed. This signal then passes the active detailed information, it is now becoming somewhat dated, with many
filters, gets amplified in the IF amplifier (IF LIMITER) and passed onto the manufacturers mentioned going out of business, and others changing their
input of the demodulator. By connecting the demodulator exit, over the LOOP product lines extensively and discontinuing specific models mentioned.
FILTER, the adder (+) and resistor, to the VCO, the so-called FFL (Frequency Those who are curious can find the original article in libraries.
Feedback Loop) circuit is accomplished, reducing the deviations of the signal
This article is meant for FM listeners who are dissatisfied with the
being received from ±75 kHz to ±15 kHz.The LF (AF) signal is led from the
performance of the folded dipole antenna that came packaged with their
demodulator, over the LOOP FILTER stage, the invertor (-1) and MUTE circuit
receiver. Almost without exception, you will need to install an outdoor
onto the pin 2. The detectors (diode-blocks) control the operation of the
MUTE circuit, preventing the LF (AF) signal to reach the output pin (2) until antenna. This article describes your options.
the tuning on the station that creates the signal in the antenna that is strong
enough for quality reception is obtained.
 52 49

Simple FM Loop Antenna patterns. Neither type has gain (over a standard dipole), in fact, both types
have a slight loss. This can be an advantage in areas where a lot of strong
Introduction stations are available. If the antenna had too much gain, the received signals
might overload your receiver, especially if it is older. The effect of placing
Not everybody can afford elaborate aerials. Nor does everyone has the antenna higher than you could place a folded dipole will give you an
the space for large aerial arrays. So how about an aerial which is small, effective gain, and is the main benefit from this type of antenna.
inexpensive and, more importantly, actually performs well?For years I have
been singing the praises of a simple aerial called an “FM Loop”. I often
recommend this little antenna to newcomers to the hobby since they are
very simple to construct, cost next to nothing and, more importantly, perform
very well considering their simplicity. How well? A single 33 inch square
(84cm) turn of coax typically has around 5.5 to 6dB gain on its own, which
will compare very favourably to many 5 element yagis! 33 inches (84cm) is
a quarter wave for the FM broadcast band but you could easily adapt the
sizes to suit other bands. The loop is wideband and therefore suitable for
the whole of the FM broadcast band and you can use it horizontally (coax
feed point at the bottom) or vertically (coax feed point at the side).That’s
right - it would often produce PI codes and PS names on my receiver’s
display, but the loop was just fixed to the wall! So why aren’t more of us
using these aerials? I don’t know! But I decided to put one to the test while
out hilltopping one night. The resulting log was impressive to say conditions “S” Curve (folded dipole) Antenna and its Polar Pattern
were as good as “flat” and the loop itself was only mounted around 8 feet
above the ground, resting on a tree branch!The reason this article has been
published is because the aforementioned log attracted a lot of interest and
members wanted to know how to construct the FM loop to try out for
themselves.The history bitThe FM loop is simply a single element cubical
quad antenna. I have seen it described in other articles as “an excellent
antenna”. Perhaps it would be simpler to compare its properties with those
of the medium wave loop. It is of a slightly smaller size at band 2 frequencies
but has the same figure-of-eight polar response and so receives both “front
and back” (180 degrees apart) with side nulls 90 degrees in between. The
side nulls are actually very deep. You can make this loop more directional Turnstile Antenna and its Polar Pattern
by adding appropriately sized and positioned “reflector” and “director” loops
as with a yagi though am only covering details of a single element loop for High Gain Directional Antennas
this article. As with all aerials, the best results will be achieved if it is
mounted clear of objects, though this little gem actually still performs pretty A high gain directional antenna is needed for weak distant stations.
well in confined spaces, indoors, and even leaning against a wall or stood Not only does it add gain, but its beamwidth can serve to reject other stations
 50
on the same or adjacent frequencies - coming from directions outside the
beamwidth. It can also reject sources of noise the same way. Noise can
include reflections from nearby buildings or mountains, automobile ignition,
large electrical installations or motors, or harmonics of CB and other types
of communications.
Directional antennas come in two basic types - Yagi and Log
Periodic, and hybrids are possible. Yagi’s are recognized by elements that
extend the entire width of the antenna, while log periodics are recognized
by elements that alternate between sides of the antenna. Yagi’s tend to
have higher gain and narrower beamwidths, while Log Periodics tend to
have more uniform gain over the FM band and wider beamwidths. A
generalization that applies to both types of antennas is that the larger they
are (and the more elements they), the more gain and narrower beamwidth
they will have. The reference above tends to favor log periodics, but I have
found that large Yagi’s are an absolute necessity for really weak or distant
stations (300 miles is possible but rare).
Polar Pattern for Yagi and Log Periodic Antennas
Using TV Antennas
Extreme caution is advised here, as FM reception from TV antennas
is unpredictable at best. It requires the antenna manufacturer to extend the
gain of the low VHF band (channels 2-6) from 88 to 108 MHz, which almost
doubles the range. This is no small feat, and definitely involves compromising
the performance for the low VHF TV channels - something that the antenna
manufacturer may be unwilling to do. The majority of TV antennas simply
roll off in gain through the FM band. Some have traps to eliminate FM
reception, because FM can interfere with TV channel 6. These antennas
may even have “break-off” elements to enable FM reception, so the user
can make a choice.
MANDATORY SAFETY RULES!
1. Mount it so there is no possibility it could fall on power lines, or
power lines on it.
51
2. Always use lightning arrestors. Even if you only get 2 inches of
rainfall a year, it only takes one strike to destroy your equipment
and/or kill you. Lightning arrestors will actually help you by bleeding
off static electricity charges.
3. Strength and stability - mount it no higher than you can mount it
securely! If not, the first high winds it encounters will turn it or blow
it down.
If you have carefully observed those safety rules - the rule for
performance is: “The higher the better, within your budget and zoning limits.”
In practice, though, a ten foot mast on top of your house will give satisfactory
results. FM is line of sight, but there is usually enough reflection in the
atmosphere to help you. Mid-afternoon is usually the worst time for distant
FM, and that is the time where raw height will help the most. Every mile
added to the line of sight comes at the expense of several feet of height,
however. It may not be necessary to have line of sight, just line of sight to a
region where the signal is more receivable.
In cases where you are trying to receive a very weak station in a
metropolitan environment, you may be able to see the tower. Although it is
usually best to aim straight at the tower, there may be cases where it is
necessary to aim the antenna to reject interfering signals. both Yagis and
Log Periodics are least sensitive to signals broadside to them. This is
intuitive, because the receiving elements present the smallest surface area
on the sides of the antenna. It may be necessary to broadside your antenna
to an interfering station, even if you are aiming way off of the desired signal.
In rare cases, it is better to aim the antenna at a building or mountain to
pick up the reflection of a station instead of the station itself. This happens
when the building is relatively near and the station is several miles away. If
you aim at the station, the reflection from the building causes multipath. If
you aim at the building, you get the reflection, and the station - miles away
- is rejected, eliminating the multipath.
 56
COMMON FM RADIO
RECEPTION PROBLEMS
Hissing
If your radio hisses it could be because it is receiving a weak signal.
This happens because radio receivers need reasonably strong
signals to decode the stereo component of an FM signal. A weak signal can
be caused if you are too far from a transmitter as well as large buildings or
hills blocking the signal path.
A good quality VHF Band 2 outdoor antenna correctly positioned to
pick up the best signal will usually always improve FM reception. If necessary,
a VHF Band 2 amplifier can be fitted to the antenna to boost a weak signal
as well.
If the radio is portable with no provision for plugging in an external
aerial, listeners should try adjusting the position of the radio’s own antenna
to improve the reception. Alternatively, moving the receiver to somewhere
else in the STAR 104.5FM: HOW TO FIX YOUR FM RADIO RECEPTION
DIFFICULTIES room may help particularly as FM reception can vary a great
deal over short distances. Radio reception is often better near windows or
upstairs rather than downstairs.
Distorted “S” Sounds on FM Radio
This phenomenon is known as “Multi-path Distortion.” Multi-path
distortion is characterised by sibilance which is the distortion of ’s’ and ‘z’
sounds used in speech to ‘shhhhh’ sounds. It is caused by the transmitted
53
up on the ground. Because of it’s characteristics it is not easily detuned
by being close to nearby objects.The construction bitThis aerial uses
Bodgitt & Scarper technology. It is so simple even I knocked one up in a
matter of minutes. You don’t need to rely on my design, however, you may
wish to make the construction a lot more sturdy, but the purpose of this
article is to show how you can achieve good results with the simplest of
constructional effort. If you are going to use the loop externally for an
extended length of time you would need to give it more strength. I constructed
the loop quickly to use in mobile situations where I just throw the loop up
into a tree or hang it on a branch. I will get round to constructing something
more solid one day - perhaps! This is what I used ...* Square wooden
dowelling around 2cm thick (around half an inch). Enough for four x 84cm
lengths = 336cm total (or 4 x 33 inch lengths = 132 inches total). half an
inch square).* At least 15 metres (50 feet) of good quality 75 ohm coax
cable* Screw terminal blocks* Sticky tape - duct / gaffer variety Alternatively,
you could construct the loop out of plumbers copper pipe instead of coax
and some 90 degree corner joints. Make sure you insulate the copper
though with thick tape though if you intend to hang the loop on tree branches.
Any physical contact *may* degrade performance.The receiving element
itself is a 33 inch 84cm square loop of the coax, so you will need to construct
a suitably sized wooden frame, say 10mm (half an inch) less each side of
the wooden dowelling around which you will wrap the coax - this is to make
allowances for the coax which will then be the correct size. The coax needs
to have a feed point half way along the bottom of the frame so cut coax to
a 336cm (11 feet) length and wrap this around the frame ensuring the inner
core and outer (braid) are connected together, each end going into separate
connections on a small electrical screw terminal block. The remainder of
the coax will be used for the downlead - you can vary the length accordingly.
Connect the two ends of the loop to either side of the coax downlead via the
terminal block, either way around, it doesn’t matter.The impedance of the
FM Loop is 75 ohms. There has been much debate about this but this is
stated in ARRL and RSGB information. Also, recent computer modelling
has given the impedance as 75 ohms at resonance too. The loop should
be positioned broadside to the transmitter for best pick-up, while the nulls
can be found endways on. The loop also seems to have other quirky
attributes, exhibiting a slightly unidirectional pattern at times, but these
quirks can be of great use.So, in conclusion, this is aerial is very easy to
 54
construct. It is very efficient and seriously outperforms my FM whip with
several extra dB of signal. As I have said, this loop has a big advantage in
that it works well indoors and doesn’t seem to mind too much where it is
located, making it an ideal aerial for beginners or those with no room or
availability for roof mounted antennas. It doesn’t look like much af a DX
aerial but I have been very surprised by its performance and it has become
an essential part of my mobile DX setup. Used indoors at home I have been
able to eliminate Lincs FM on 102.2 and leave Galaxy from Birmingham at
noise-free listenable strength - something none of my other yagis or rooftop
beams have ever been able to achieve.
FM Dipole for 88-108 MHz
A simple dipole antenna can be used for improved reception of FM broadcast
signals. A dipole is basically a length of conductor (wire) split into two portions
and signal is taken off at the split. It has a nominal 3 dB gain over an
isotropic source and is directional, tending to favor signals coming broadside
to the wire. The dipole is customarily an electrical half wavelength of wire at
the frequency of interest, since the impedance under this condition is
55
theoretically 72 ohms resistive and is a good match to a 50-75 ohm source
or load generally presented by interfacing equipment such as receivers and
transmitters designed to work into this range of impedances.
The length of a half wave dipole in feet is calculated as 468 divided by the
frequency in MHz or in inches as 5606/F mhz. This takes “end effect” into
consideration, and also the fact that the dipole elements are of finite
thickness, and works out as pretty close in practice. Therefore, a dipole for
98 MHz which is band center of the FM broadcast band, works out to 4.78
feet or 57.3 inches. The dipole would then consist of two lengths of wire
each 2.39 feet or 28.65 inches long, arranged as shown in the figure.
Coaxial cable can be used to connect to the antenna as shown,
but for best results, a balun should be used to prevent feedline radiation or
pickup, which tends to distort the pattern. For 88-108 MHz this can be
made by winding the coaxial feedline through a toroidal core or around a
ferrite rod. The idea is to insert a series impedance to shield currents on
the outside of the outer conductor, effectively decoupling it from the antenna.
The current inside the line does not see this, as the inner and outer
conductors are carrying equal and opposite currents and produce no external
magnetic field, so no loss is experienced. The ferrite can be almost anything
that yields a high impedance at the operating frequency. For 88 MHz to 108
MHz, this can be a small toroid or rod with 3 to 4 turns of the cable. See
Figure. We used a ferroxcube 768T188-4C4 material specified for 1 to 20
MHz, wound with 3 turns of RG 174/U miniature coax. The measured loss
was 0.3 dB including two connectors in the test setup, and the impedance
across the toroid effectively in series with the outer surface of the shield
was 1100 ohms shunted by -1.2 pf as read on a Boonton RX meter. This is
over 10 times the feedline impedance and should be adequate.
The antenna should be mounted high and in the clear for very best
results (30 feet away from anything else) and oriented facing favored direction
of reception.
 60
Interference
Car radios should be relatively immune to ignition and other electrical
interference from the vehicle, but failure of the vehicle’s electronic suppression
equipment can cause crackles and interference or:
• Rhythmic ticking varying with engine speed
• Whining varying in pitch with engine speed
• Regular crackling associated with a car heater or the windscreen
wipers/washers
In most cases, a reputable auto electrician can fix this sort of
interference.
Car Antennas
Car radio antennas are always located externally and are usually a
telescopic rod, although there are a number of cars fitted with heated rear
window antennas or stubby helical wound antennas. To get the best from a
car radio:
• The antennas should be as high as possible, preferably on the roof and
away from the engine
• Telescopic antennas should be fully extended
• The antenna should not be folded back onto the roof and kept well clear
of the bodywork
• Antennas should be of the correct length - around 80 cm is ideal.
Antennas much shorter or longer than this may provide inferior results.
57
signal traveling to the listener’s radio receiver by more than one path. This
is usually caused by the signal being reflected off hills or tall buildings. The
reflected signal arrives at the receiving antenna a moment later than the
direct signal because it has traveled further. The reflected and direct signals
then interfere with each other causing the distortion.
The best way to minimise multi-path distortion is to use a directional
rooftop FM antenna which will only pick up signals coming directly from the
transmitter and reject signals that arrive at the back or side of the antenna.
It is also sometimes possible to mount the antenna so that a building screens
it from the reflections but not from the wanted signal. If multi-path distortion
is affecting a portable FM radio, try moving it to a different position in the
room.
Adjacent FM Channels
Adjacent channel interference is caused by an FM station which is
close in frequency to the station being listened to. It can sound like a
twittering noise in the background. This problem is usually only apparent
on FM stereo but if the interfering station is very close in frequency, ie. only
50 or 100 kHz away, the effect may also be heard in mono.
GETTING THE BEST FM RADIO RECEPTION
AT HOME
• Make sure the antenna is suitable for receiving FM radio and is pointing
in the direction of the radio transmitter at Somersby in Gosford.
• Check that the antenna cable and connections are in good condition.
 58
• If possible swap another radio for the affected one. If the radio reception
improves, there is likely to be an equipment problem with the first
radio - check the antenna.
• Sometimes the TV antenna is used for both the TV and FM radio. If
this is the case, remove the TV connection leaving only the direct
cable between STAR 104.5FM:
HOW TO FIX YOUR FM RADIO RECEPTION
DIFFICULTIES
the antenna and radio.
Listeners should also note that FM radio signals travel in almost straight
lines and are unable to travel over or penetrate large obstructions. This
usually means that parts of a coverage area may have a weak signal
particularly in hilly terrain or highly built up urban areas.
FM Dipole Antenna
The FM dipole antenna is economical and relatively simple to install,
whilst offering a considerable increase in reception quality. An FM dipole
antenna is built from TV ribbon cable, which is often supplied with hi-fi tuners
or can be purchased from an electronics store.
The length of the dipole antenna should be approximately 1.5m long and is
constructed by connecting the ribbon cable to the radio receiver. The dipole
antenna can be erected by attaching the cable to a wall with the 1.5m
section of the cable positioned horizontally where the best signal is found.
This antenna can be rotated to find the best position to further optimise
reception.
59
External FM Antenna
The best quality FM radio receiver system consists of an FM
antenna, permanently erected externally. As FM radio signals occupy the
same frequency band as some VHF television signals an FM antenna is
very much like a VHF television antenna. A VHF television antenna designed
to receive Band 2 TV channels may be used to improve FM radio reception.
A professional antenna installer can split the cable from the TV
antenna and then run separate cables to the TV and FM receivers. If a
splitter device is used, the signal strength is reduced. In some cases,
particularly in low signal strength areas, an amplifier may also be needed.
An amplifier boosts the signal and ensures that adequate signal strengths
are supplied to both the radio and the television set.
GETTING THE BEST
FROM YOUR CAR RADIO
The metal bodywork of a vehicle prevents signals reaching the radio,
so a quality external antenna is needed for good reception.
FM radio reception can be difficult when traveling in built-up areas
or in undulating terrain. Multi-path distortion or a weak signals may be
experienced. STAR 104.5FM: HOW TO FIX YOUR FM RADIO RECEPTION
DIFFICULTIES
However, FM radio generally gives good results with quality sound
and the option for stereo reception.
 64 61
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW)

90.4 0.05 Maharashtra Pune Radio FTII (Film & Television Instiute of India)
90.4 0.05 Pondicherry Madagadipet NILA FM (Sri Manakula Vidyanagar
Engineering College)
90.4 0.05 Punjab Ludhiana Guru Nanak Girls’ College FM Radio Station
90.4 0.05 Rajasthan Banasthali Radio Banasthali (Banasthali Vidyapheet
University)
90.4 0.05 Rajasthan Jaipur FM Radio 7 (India International Institute of
Management, IIIM)
90.4 0.05 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Anna FM @ 90.4 (Anna University)
90.4 0.05 Tamil Nadu Dindigul Pasumai FM
90.4 0.05 Tamil Nadu Erode (Perundurai) Kongu Engineering College (Kongu FM)
90.4 0.05 Tamil Nadu Erode (Thiruchengode) Mugil FM (Erode Sengunthar Engineering
College)
90.4 0.05 Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli Holy Cross College
90.4 0.2 Tamil Nadu Yercaud (Salem) All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
Akashvani)
90.4 0.05 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow City Montessori School (CMS)
90.8 0.05 Maharashtra Pune Vidyavani (University of Pune) FM provides high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. FM broadcast
90.8 0.05 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Loyola FM (Loyola College, Chennai) band is from 87.5 to 108.0 MHz. VHF band extends from 30 MHz to 300
91.1 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Radio City MHz. Thus FM belongs to VHF. The property of the High frequency signals
91.1 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Radio City is that they propagate only in line of sight i.e., upto 50 to 100 Km .And these
91.1 Delhi Delhi Radio City signals never reflects or refracts. But in the ionosphere these signals re-
91.1 Gujarat Ahmedabad Radio City
flects back to earth.
91.1 Gujarat Surat Radio City
91.1 Gujarat Vadodara Radio City Dxing = D(Distant)+ X(Unknown)
91.1 Karnataka Benguluru
[Bangalore] Radio City DX communication is communication over great distances using
91.1 Maharashtra Ahmednagar Radio City the ionosphere to refract the transmitted radio beam. The beam returns to
91.1 20 Maharashtra Mumbai the Earth’s surface, and may then be reflected back into the ionosphere for
[Bombay] Radio City a second bounce. Ionospheric refraction is generally only feasible for
91.1 Maharashtra Nagpur Radio City frequencies below about 50 MHz, and is highly dependent upon atmospheric
91.1 Maharashtra Solapur Radio City
conditions, the time of day, and the eleven-year sunspot cycle. It is also
91.1 Rajasthan Jaipur Radio City
91.1 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Radio City
affected by solar storms and some other solar events, which can alter the
91.1 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Radio City
Earth’s ionosphere by ejecting a shower of charged particles.The angle of
91.1 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Radio City refraction places a minimum on the distance at which the refracted beam
91.9 Goa Panaji Radio Indigo will first return to Earth. This distance increases with frequency.
91.9 Haryana Hissar Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
According to Dxing theory, an FM/TV signal from 700 to 1500 miles
91.9 Haryana Karnal Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
can be received.
 62 63
A good DXing Pre-amplifier can be used. SFM - Hyderabad - 93.5 MHz
You can use any type of antenna like telescopic antenna, It is better SFM - Jaipur - 93.5 MHz
to use, dipole antenna or Yagi antenna. Length of the dipole depends on SFM - Bhubaneshwar - 93.5 MHz
frequency. I am an Electronics Eng student, The circuits for dxing, booster,
SFM - Tirupati - 93.5 MHz
signal amp., were assembled by myself. All are available in the market.
SFM - Lucknow - 93.5 MHz
The antenna for reception is designed by myself.
SFM - Bhopal - 93.5 MHz
for eg. in yagi antenna, the dimensios as as follows:
SFM - Kozhikode - 93.5 MHz
The first director is 120 / F if F = 88 MHZ then 120 / 88 = 1,36 Meters. SFM - Indore - 93.5 MHz
1 director 1 120 / frequency SFM - Vijayawada - 93.5 MHz
A interval betwen 1 et 2 60 / frequency SFM - Varanasi - 93.5 MHz
2 director 2 125 / frequency SFM - Rajahmundry - 93.5 MHz
B interval betwen 2 et 3 45 / frequency SFM - Trivandrum - 93.5 MHz
3 director 3 130 / frequency
SFM - Kanpur - 93.5 MHz
C interval betwen 3 et 4 30 / frequency
4 director 4 138 / frequency
D interval betwen 4 et 5 30 / frequency
FM Radio Stations in India
5 Dipôle 143 / frequency Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW)
E interval betwen 5 et 6 48 / frequency 90.4 0.05 Tamil Nadu Erode Kongu Arts and Science College
6 reflector 150 / frequency 90.4 0.05 Delhi New Delhi DU 90.4 FM (Delhi University)
90.4 0.05 Delhi New Delhi Radio Jamia (Jamia Millia Islamia Uiversity)
Suryan FM - Chennai - 93.5 MHz 90.4 0.02 Goa Mapusa Voice of Xavier’s (VOX, St Xavier’s Colege
Suryan FM - Coimbatore - 93.5 MHz of Arts, Science & Commerce)
90.4 Gujarat Ahmedabad Micavaani (Mudra Institute of
Suryan FM - Tirunelveli - 93.5 MHz Communications)
90.4 0.05 Gujarat Vallabh
Suryan FM - Madurai - 93.5 MHz
Vidyanagar Vallabh Vidyanagar Campus Radio (Sardar
Suryan FM - Tuticorin - 93.5 MHz Patel University)
90.4 0.05 Karnataka Dharwad FM90.4 (Samudaya Banuli Kendra,
Suryan FM - Pondicherry - 93.5 MHz
University of Agricultural Sciences)
Suryan FM - Trichy - 93.5 MHz 90.4 0.05 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
[Trivandrum] DC FM (D.C. Kizhakkemuri Foundation /
SFM - Vishakapatinam - 93.5 MHz
DCSMAT Media School)
SFM - Bangalore - 93.5 MHz 90.4 0.05 Maharashtra Baramati, Pune Vasundhara Vahini (Vidya Pratishthan
Institute of Information Technology, VIIT)
 68 65
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW) (MHz) Power (kW)

95 Rajasthan Jaipur Radio Tadka 95 FM 91.9 Karnataka Benguluru

95 West Bengal Kolkata II [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) [Bangalore] Radio Indigo
*95.8 10 Gujarat Rajkot All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 91.9 Kerala Kozhikode
Bharati) [Calicut] Radio Mango 91.9 FM (Malayala
96 Assam Guwahati [Gauhati], Kamrup District All India Radio Manorama)
(AIR / Akashvani) 91.9 Punjab Jalandhar Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
96 Assam Guwahati [Gauhati], Kamrup District All India Radio 91.9 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Aahaa FM
(AIR / Akashvani) 91.9 10 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Gyan Vani
96.7 10 Gujarat Ahmedabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 91.9 Uttar Pradesh Agra Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
Bharati) 91.9 Uttar Pradesh Bareilly Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
96.9 0.05 Delhi New Delhi IIMC Radio (Indian Institute of Mass 91.9 Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
Communication, IIMC) 91.9 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi [Benares] Radio Mantra 91.9 FM
97 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR Kolkata B /Akashvani) 91.9 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] ZFriends FM (Ananda Bazaar Patrika group)
98.3 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Radio Mirchi 92.7 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada Radio Mirchi 92.7 Andhra Pradesh Tirupati Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Bihar Patna Radio Mirchi 92.7 Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Chhattisgarh Raipur Radio Mirchi 92.7 Andhra Pradesh Vishakhapatnam Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Delhi Delhi Radio Mirchi 92.7 Assam Guwahati [Gauhati] Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Goa Panaji Radio Mirchi 92.7 Chandigarh Chandigarh Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Gujarat Ahmedabad Radio Mirchi 92.7 Delhi Delhi Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Gujarat Rajkot Radio Mirchi 92.7 Goa Panaji Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Gujarat Surat Radio Mirchi 92.7 Gujarat Rajkot Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Gujarat Vadodara [Baroda] Radio Mirchi 92.7 Gujarat Surat Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Karnataka Benguluru 92.7 Gujarat Vadodara [Baroda] Big 92.7 FM
[Bangalore] Radio Mirchi 92.7 Haryana Hissar Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Karnataka Mangalore Radio Mirchi 92.7 Jammu & Kashmir Jammu Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram 92.7 Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar Big 92.7 FM
[Trivandrum] Radio Mirchi 92.7 Jharkhand Jamshedpur Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Radio Mirchi 92.7 Jharkhand Ranchi Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Madhya Pradesh Indore Radio Mirchi 92.7 Karnataka Benguluru
98.3 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Radio Mirchi [Bangalore] Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Maharshtra Kolhapur Radio Mirchi 92.7 Karnataka Mangalore Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay] Radio Mirchi 92.7 Karnataka Mysore Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Maharashtra Nagpur Radio Mirchi 92.7 Kerala Thiruvananthapuram
98.3 Maharshtra Nasik Radio Mirchi [Trivandrum] Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Maharashtra Pune [Poona] Radio Mirchi 92.7 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Punjab Jalandhar Radio Mirchi 92.7 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Rajasthan Jaipur Radio Mirchi 92.7 Madhya Pradesh Indore Big 92.7 FM
98.3 Rajasthan Rajkot Radio Mirchi 92.7 Maharashtra Mumbai
98.3 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Radio Mirchi [Bombay] Big 92.7 FM
 66 67
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW) (MHz) Power (kW)

92.7 Maharashtra Solapur [Sholapur] Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Tamil Nadu Madurai Suryan FM
92.7 Orissa Bhubaneswar Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli Kal Radio Ltd (S FM)
92.7 Orissa Rourkela Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Suryan FM
92.7 Pondicherry Pondicherry Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin
92.7 Punjab Amritsar Big 92.7 FM [Thoothukudi] Suryan FM
92.7 Punjab Jalandhar Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur South Asia FM (S FM)
92.7 Punjab Patiala Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow South Asia FM (S FM)
92.7 Rajasthan Ajmer Big 92.7 FM 93.5 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi [Benares] South Asia FM (S FM)
92.7 Rajasthan Bikaner Big 92.7 FM 93.5 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Red FM
92.7 Rajasthan Jodhpur Big 92.7 FM 93.9 10 Gujarat Vadodara [Baroda] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani /
92.7 Rajasthan Udaipur Big 92.7 FM Vividh Bharati)
92.7 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Big 92.7 FM 94.3 Chandigarh Chandigarh MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
92.7 Uttar Pradesh Agra Big 92.7 FM 94.3 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
92.7 Uttar Pradesh Aligarh Big 92.7 FM 94.3 Chhattisgarh Raipur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
92.7 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad 94.3 Delhi Delhi Radio One
92.7 Uttar Pradesh Bareilly Big 92.7 FM 94.3 Gujurat Ahmedabad MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
92.7 Uttar Pradesh Jhansi 94.3 Gujurat Surat MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
92.7 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur Big 92.7 FM 94.3 Karnataka Benguluru
92.7 West Bengal Asansol Big 92.7 FM [Bangalore] Radio One
92.7 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Big 92.7 FM 94.3 Kannur Thrissur Club FM 94.3 (Mathrubhumi)
92.7 West Bengal Siliguri High 92.7 FM (Sun Infomedia Pvt. Ltd.) 94.3 Kerala Thrissur Club FM 94.3 (Mathrubhumi)
93.5 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad South Asia FM (S FM) 94.3 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Andhra Pradesh Rajahmundry Sun Networks (S FM) 94.3 Madhya Pradesh Gwalior MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Andhra Pradesh Tirupati Kal Radio Ltd. (S FM) 94.3 Madhya Pradesh Indore MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada Kal Radio Ltd. (S FM) 94.3 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam South Asia FM (S FM) 94.3 Maharashtra Kolhapur Radio Tomato
93.5 Delhi Delhi Red FM 94.3 20 Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay] Radio One (formerly Go 92.5)
93.5 Karnataka Benguluru 94.3 Maharashtra Nagpur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
[Bangalore] South Asia FM (S FM) 94.3 Punjab Amritsar MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Karnataka Mangalore Kal Radio Ltd. (S FM) 94.3 Punjab Jallandhar MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Kerala Kozhikode [Calicut] South Asia FM (S FM) 94.3 Rajasthan Ajmer MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Kerala Thrissur Kal Radio Ltd. (S FM) 94.3 Rajasthan Jaipur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal South Asia FM (S FM) 94.3 Rajasthan Jodhpur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Madhya Pradesh Indore Sun TV Network (S FM) 94.3 Rajasthan Kota MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay] Red FM 94.3 Rajasthan Udaipur MY FM (Bhaskar Group)
93.5 Orissa Bhubaneshwar South Asia FM (S FM) 94.3 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Radio One
93.5 Pondicherry Pondicherry South Asia FM (Kal FM / S FM) 94.3 West Bengal Siliguri Radio Misty FM (Sun Infomedia Pvt. Ltd.)
93.5 Rajasthan Jaipur South Asia FM (S FM) *94.6 Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay] Win 94.6
93.5 20 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Suryan FM 95 Delhi Delhi HIT 95 FM
93.5 10 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Suryan FM 95 Kerala Thrissur Best 95 FM
 72 69
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW) Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW)
101.9 10 Kerala Thiruvanathapuram
98.3 Tamil Nadu Madurai Radio Mirchi
[Trivandrum] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
98.3 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur Radio Mirchi
Bharati)
98.3 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Radio Mirchi
101.9 6 Mizoram Lungleh All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
98.3 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi Radio Mirchi
101.9 3 Orissa Bolangir All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
98.3 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Radio Mirchi
101.9 6 Uttar Pradesh Faizabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.1 6 Andhra Pradesh Kothagudem All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102 10 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow Vizak /
100.1 3 Karnataka Benguluru
Akashvani)
[Bangalore] All India Radio (AIR Classical
102 6 Madhya Pradesh Shahdol All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Music Channel / Akashvani / Amrutha
102.1 3 Jharkhand Hazaribagh All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Varshini)
102.1 6 Karnataka Raichur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.1 6 Maharashtra Ahmednagar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.1 6 Rajasthan Jodhpur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
100.1 1 Uttar Pradesh Gorakhpur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Bharati)
Bharati)
102.1 10 Tamil Nadu Tiruchirapalli All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
100.2 6 Assam Haflong,North Cachar
Akashvani)
Hills District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.1 10 Uttaranachal Mussoorie
100.2 10 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
[Musoorie] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.2 6 Madhya Pradesh Shivpuri All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.2 1 Andhra Pradesh Vijayawada All India Radio (AIR / FM Rainbow
100.2 6 Punjab Patiala All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Krishnaveni)
100.2 10-May West Bengal Kolkata II [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR FM Gold / Akashvani)
102.2 6 Chhattisgarh Chindwara All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.3 10 Karnataka Mangalore,Dakshina
102.2 6 Gujarat Godhra All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Kannada District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.2 10 Jammu & Kashmir Kathua All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.3 6 Puducherri
102.2 6 Karnataka Hassan All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
[Pondicherry] Karaikal All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.2 6 West Bengal Murshidabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.3 6 Rajasthan Jaipur B All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
102.3 6 Bihar Purnea All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Bharati)
102.3 3 Daman & Diu Daman All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.3 10 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
102.3 6 Haryana Hissar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Bharati)
102.3 3 Karnataka Karwar,Uttara Kannada District All India Radio (AIR /
100.3 6 West Bengal Asansol All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Akashvani)
100.4 Karnataka Benguluru
102.3 6 Kerala Kochi A [Cochin] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
[Bangalore] AIR Music Service
102.3 6 Madhya Pradesh Guna All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.4 Madhya Pradesh Mandla All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.3 10 Tamil Nadu Chennai II [Madras] All India Radio (AIR FM Gold / Akashvani)
100.4 6 Uttar Pradesh Bareilly All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.3 10 West Bengal Kurseong All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
100.5 3 Jammu & Kashmir Jammu All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Akashvani)
100.5 10 Karnataka Hospet All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.4 6 Andhra Pradesh Kurnool All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.5 6 Maharashtra Dhule All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.4 10 Gujarat Rajkot All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
100.5 10 Tamil Nadu Kodaikanal All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
Bharati)
Akashvani)
102.4 6 Maharashtra Akola All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.6 10 Karnataka Mysore All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
102.4 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR Kolkata I / Akashvani)
100.6 6 Maharashtra Nagpur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
102.5 6 Bihar Patna All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Bharati)
Bharati)
 70 71
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW) (MHz) Power (kW)

100.6 6 Orissa Berhampur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.3 10 Karnataka Benguluru
100.6 6 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi [Benares] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh [Bangalore] All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
Bharati) Akashvani)
100.7 10 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow / 101.3 6 Madhya Pradesh Balaghat All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Akashvani) 101.3 6 Maharashtra Osmanabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.7 6 Chhatisgarh Raigarh All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.3 6 Orissa Cuttack All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
100.7 6 Jammu & Kashmir Poonch All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Akashvani) 101.3 10 Puducherri
100.7 10 Maharashtra Mumbai II [Pondicherry] Pondicherry All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
[Bombay] All India Radio (AIR FM Gold / Akashvani) 101.3 6 Rajasthan Banswara All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.7 6 Mizoram Aizawl All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.3 6 Uttar Pradesh Aligarh All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
100.7 6 Rajasthan Churu All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) Akashvani)
100.8 10 Assam Guwahati [Gauhati], 101.4 6 Haryana Kurukshetra
Kamrup District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh [Kurushetra] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Bharati) 101.4 6 Kerala Devikulam All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.8 6 Jharkhand Jamshedpur, 101.4 6 Maharashtra Nasik All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
East Singhbhum District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 101.4 20 Tamil Nadu Chennai I [Madras] All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
Bharati) Akashvani)
100.9 6 Nagaland Mukokchung All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.4 10-Mar West Bengal Siliguri All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
100.9 10 Andaman & Nicobar Islands Port Blair All India Radio (AIR / Bharati)
Akashvani / Vividh Bharati) 101.5 6 Andhra Pradesh Markapur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.9 1 Himachal Pradesh Simla [Shimla] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 101.5 6 Kerala Kannur [Cannanore] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Bharati) 101.5 6 Rajasthan Sawai Madhopur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
100.9 Tamil Nadu Yercaud (Salem) All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.6 10 Chhatisgarh Raipur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
101 6 Jammu & Kashmir Bhaderwah All India Radio (AIR / 101.6 6 Madhya Pradesh Indore All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Akashvani) Bharati)
101 6 Maharashtra Pune [Poona] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 101.6 10 Tripura Agartala All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Bharati) Bharati)
101 5 Orissa Deogarh All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 101.7 6 Andhra Pradesh Anantapur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Bharati) 101.7 6 Jharkhand Chaibasa [Chaibassa],
101 10 Tamil Nadu Nagercoil,Kanniyakumari West Singhbhum District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.7 1 Maharashtra Aurangabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
101 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 101.7 1 Rajasthan Udaipur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Bharati) Bharati)
101.1 6 Gujarat Surat All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 101.8 6 Himachal Pradesh Hamirpur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Bharati) 101.8 6 Karnataka Bijapur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
101.1 6 Maharashtra Nanded All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.8 10 Rajasthan Jaisalmer All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
101.1 6 Meghalaya Jowai All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 101.9 10 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Twin
101.1 6 Punjab Bathinda All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Cities FM Rainbow)
101.2 6 Madhya Pradesh Khandwa,East Nimar
101.9 10 Jammu & Kashmir Rajouri All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
 76 73
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW)
(MHz) Power (kW)

106.4 Haryana Karnal Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films & Media Ltd) 102.5 6 Himachal Pradesh Kullu All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Jharkhand Ranchi Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films & Media Ltd) 102.5 10 Tamil Nadu Dharmapuri All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films 102.6 10 Delhi Delhi I All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
& Media Ltd) Akashvani)
106.4 Maharashtra Dhule Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films & Media Ltd) 102.6 10 Jammu & Kashmir Srinagar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
106.4 Pondicherry Pondicherry Hello FM (Malar Publications) Bharati)
106.4 Punjab Patiala Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films & Media Ltd) 102.6 6 Karnataka Chitradurga All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Tamil Nadu Chennai Hello FM (Malar Publications) 102.6 5 Madhya Pradesh Sagar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore Hello FM (Malar Publications) 102.6 6 Orissa Rourkela All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Tamil Nadu Madurai Hello FM (Malar Publications) 102.7 6 Assam Nagaon All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Tamil Nadu Tirunelveli Hello FM (Malar Publications) 102.7 10 Kerala Manjery All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.4 Tamil Nadu Tuticorin 102.7 6 Maharashtra Kolhapur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
[Thoothukudi] Hello FM (Malar Publications) 102.7 6 Maharashtra Yeotmal [Yavatmal] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
106.6 10 Madhya Pradesh Indore Gyan Vani 102.7 10 Punjab Jalandhar All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
107 10 West Bengal Kolkata I [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow / Akashvani)
Akashvani) 102.7 6 Rajasthan Obra All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.1 10 Maharashtra Mumbai I 102.8 6 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
[Bombay] All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow / Bharati)
Akashvani) 102.8 Chhattisgarh Saraipalli All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.2 10 Himachal Pradesh Kasauli All India Radio (AIR National Channel / 102.9 10 Karnataka Bangalore II All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Akashvani) Bharati)
107.2 10 Karnataka Bengalaru 102.9 10 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
[Bangalore] Gyan Vani Bharati)
107.4 10 Uttar Pradesh Allahabad Gyan Vani 102.9 6 Maharashtra Beed All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.5 10-Mar Andhra Pradesh Tirupati II All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 102.9 5 Orissa Baripada All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.5 10 Kerala Kochi B [Cochin] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / FM 102.9 6 Rajasthan Chittorgarh All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Rainbow) 103 6 Jharkhand Daltonganj,
107.8 10 Assam Guwahati [Gauhati] Gyan Vani Palamau District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.8 10 Gujarat Rajkot Gyan Vani 103 10 Karnataka Dharwad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.8 0.05 Karnataka Bengalaru 103 6 Maharashtra Chandrapur
[Bangalore] Radio Active (RA, Jain Group of [Chanderpur] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
Institutions) 103 10 Nagaland Kohima All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
107.8 10 Maharashtra Nagpur Gyan Vani 103 10 Tamil Nadu Coimbatore All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
107.8 0.05 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] MOP FM (MOP Vaishnav College) Akashvani)
107.8 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Power 107.8 FM 103 6 Uttar Pradesh Jhansi All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
103 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR Kolkata A /
Akashvani)
103.1 10 Arunachal Pradesh Itanagar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
103.1 6 Chandigarh Chandigarh All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
Bharati)
 74 75
Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station Frequency Transmitter State / Location Station
(MHz) Power (kW) (MHz) Power (kW)

103.1 6 Karnataka Madikeri,Kodagu 104 Orissa Bhubaneswar Cokelate 104 FM

District All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104 Orissa Rourkela Cokelate 104 FM
103.1 6 Madhya Pradesh Betul All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104 10 Uttar Pradesh Kanpur Gyan Vani
103.1 6 Maharashtra Satara All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104 West Bengal Kolkata Fever 104 FM (HT Media Ltd / Virgin)
103.1 6 Rajasthan Alwar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104 West Bengal Kolkata II [Calcutta] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani)
103.1 3 West Bengal Shanti Nikethan All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104.2 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Gyan Vani
103.2 6 Andhra Pradesh Nizamabad All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104.2 10 Tamil Nadu Chennai [Madras] Gyan Vani
103.2 10 Andhra Pradesh Tirupati I All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104.5 10 Jammu & Kashmir Jammu B All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh
103.2 6 Chhattisgarh Bilaspur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) Bharati)
103.2 6 Rajastham Jhalawar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104.8 Delhi Delhi Radio Today (Radio Meow FM)
103.2 6 Tripura Kailashahar All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104.8 10 Maharashtra Aurangabad Gyan Vani
103.3 6 Assam Dhubri All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 104.8 Maharashtra Mumbai Radio Today (Radio Meow FM)
103.3 6 Jharkhand Ranchi All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 104.8 Tamil Nadu Chennai Muthoot Group
Bharati) 104.8 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Radio Today (Radio Meow FM)
103.3 1 Tamil Nadu Madurai All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Gyan Vani
103.4 10 Assam Jorhat All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.2 10 Karnataka Mysore Gyan Vani
103.4 6 Bihar Sasaram All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.4 6 Goa Panaji All India Radio (AIR FM Rainbow /
103.4 10 Himachal Pradesh Dharamsala All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) Akashvani)
103.4 3 Orissa Puri All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.4 10 Gujarat Ahmedabad Gyan Vani
103.5 10 Andhra Pradesh Warangal 105.4 10 Meghalaya Shillong Gyan Vani
[Waranagal] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.4 10 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Gyan Vani
103.5 1 Haryana Rohtak All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 105.6 10 Andhra Pradesh Hyderabad Gyan Vani
Bharati) 105.6 10 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Visakha FM
103.5 6 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 105.6 10 Bihar Patna Gyan Vani
Bharati) 105.6 10 Chhattisgarh Raipur Gyan Vani
103.5 6 Manipur Churachandpur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.6 10 Delhi Delhi Gyan Vani
103.5 10 Manipur Imphal All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.6 10 Goa Patna Gyan Vani
103.5 6 Rajasthan Mount Abu All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.6 10 Karnataka Benguluru
103.6 10 Kerala Kozhikode [Calicut] All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh [Bangalore] Gyan Vani
Bharati) 105.6 10 Madhya Pradesh Bhopal Gyan Vani
103.6 10 Meghalaya Shillong All India Radio (AIR / FM Rainbow) 105.6 10 Madhya Pradesh Jabalpur Gyan Vani
103.7 1 Karnataka Gulbarga All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani / Vividh 105.6 10 Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay] Gyan Vani
Bharati) 105.6 10 Rajasthan Jaipur Gyan Vani
103.7 6 Rajasthan Nagaur All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.6 10 Uttar Pradesh Lucknow Gyan Vani
103.7 6 Tripura Belonia All India Radio (AIR / Akashvani) 105.6 10 Uttar Pradesh Varanasi [Benares] Gyan Vani
104 Delhi Delhi Fever 104 FM (HT Media Ltd / Virgin) 106.2 West Bengal Kolkata [Calcutta] Amar 106.2
104 Haryana Hissar Radio Tarang 106.4 10 Andhra Pradesh Visakhapatnam Gyan Vani
104 Karnataka Benguluru 106.4 Bihar Muzaffarpur Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films & Media ltd)
[Bangalore] Fever 104 FM (HT Media Ltd / Virgin) 106.4 5 Delhi Delhi II All India Radio (AIR FM Gold / Akashvani)
104 Maharashtra Mumbai [Bombay] Fever 104 FM (HT Media Ltd / Virgin) 106.4 Haryana Hissar Radio Dhamaal 24 (BAG Films & Media Ltd)