WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Wake Vortex Encounter Gust Size

and Magnitude Flight Data

A P Brown
Flight Research Laboratory,
NRC Aerospace

presented to
WakeNet3-Europe 2nd Major Workshop
Developments in wake Turbulence Safety
Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Presentation

– Flight data (NRC program)

– Context of gust size/rise/fall-lengths and
magnitudes (gust peak speeds)
– Example of flight data
– Continuous turbulence
– Rise/fall analysis
– Discrete (turbulent trailing vortex cores)

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

CONTEXT – Proceeding to a definition of an acceptable WVE:

– Requires design & certification of structure, aeroservoelasticity, systems,

aerodynamics; in turn

– Requires definition of WVE gust magnitudes and rise-lengths, for

the formulation of design standards:-
– Discrete gusts, and
– Continuous gust spectra

– Combination (superposition)?
– Not presently required for aircraft gust-load certification

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

In which WVE realms:

– Both following realms are desirable:-

– Improvement upon existing landing-approach WT separation

standards, and

– Establishment of enroute WT separation standards

– both involve tWAKE O[40:120] seconds

– wake vortex trailing pair probably have turbulent cores,

may be in significant individual or/and mutual
instability state
– flight data has both dissipative turbulence scale
and intensifying turbulent scales, which are more
likely to be core instability modes

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

EXAMPLE – Trailing pair crossplane-

referenced vortex-induced wind perturbations
30
w c
w a
20
w Z

10
Z
w

0
a
w
c
w

-1 0

100
-2 0

-3 0
-100
0 50 0 1 00 0 1 50 0 2 00 0 2 50 0 3 00 0 350 0 400 0 450 0
d s o -s u m , b a s e d u p o n T A S & ψ
-200 3 0

2 5
-300

2 0
-400

1 5
-60 -40 -20 0 20 40 60

1 0

0
0 5 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 2 5 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 4 5 0 0
d s o - s u m , b a s e d u p o n T A S & ψ
WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010
 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Trailing pair crossplane

Continuous gust spectra
P S D of longitudinal gus tines s , vortex core travers es
3
10

2
10
continuous gus t P S D (ft/s )2 /(rad/ft))
1
10

0
10

-1
10

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10 flight data,8-15 nm wake length, 53-90 s ec age
FAR25,App.F with U =85 fps with σ =85/3.5 fps
-5
σ
10
-2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10
s patial frequency (rad/ft)

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Continuous gust spectra

– FAR 25 for typical weight/dim 50-

70,000 lb transport a/c
2
P S D of lateral gus tines s , vortex core travers es
10

1
continuous gus t P S D (ft/s )2 /(rad/ft)) 10

0
10

-1
10

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10
flight data,8-15 nm wake length, 53-90 s ec age
FAR25,App.F with U =85 fps with σ =85/3.5 fps
-5
σ
10
-2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10
s patial frequency (rad/ft)

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Continuous gust spectra

P S D of vertical gus tines s , vortex core travers es
2
10

1
10

continuous gus t P S D (ft/s )2 /(rad/ft)) 10

0

-1
10

-2
10

-3
10

-4
10

-5
10 flight data,8-15 nm wake length, 53-90 s ec age
FAR25,App.F with U =85 fps with σ =85/3.5 fps
-6
σ
10
-2 -1 0 1
10 10 10 10
s patial frequency (rad/ft)

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Rise and fall magnitudes & lengths

(peaks and troughs counting) of wCZ

25
A380
18
Ris ing gus t
Falling gus t
20 16
Typ M FAR 12.5c /66fps ris e -ra te

14
15

gus t-ris e ma gnitude (m/s )

12
10

10
5
8

0
1.08 1.085 1.09 1.095 1.1 1.105 1.11 1.115 1.12 6
5
x 10
4

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
gus t-ris e length (m)

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Rise and fall magnitudes & lengths

of wCZ normalised
A380
2.5

normalis ed gus t-ris e magnitude, VT/(Γ/b V) 2

1.5

0.5

0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4
0.4
normalis ed gus t-ris e length, s /b GEN
GEN

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

WVE - discrete vortex core

traverses:

Modelling of gust-rise/fall shape

– depends upon extent of
asymptotic VT rise
– examine flight data traverses

30

20

10

VT ()m/s
0

-10

1-cos
-20 Burnham-Hallock
line vortex
s kewed 1-cos
-30
-25 -20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20 25
dis tance (m)

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust
WVESize
Gustand
Magnitudes/Rise-lengths
Magnitude Flight Data
Vortex core traverses:
ΓGEN ≈ 735 m2/s
– Wake age, t = 53 sec
30
– Wake length 7.5 nm, Γ = 630 m2/s
advance to vortex ce ntre – advance/recede tails overlay
re cede from ce ntre
25 5-15m B-H, Γ=682.9464 rC=3.7094 – Superposition of mean + turbulent,
Rankine, Γ=628.5 rC=3.5
peak VT > 20 m/s (66 fps)
20
30 advance to vortex centre
poly fit
wCZ m/s

re cede from ce ntre

15 25 5-15m B-H, Γ=682.9464 rC=3.7094
Rankine, Γ=628.5 rC=3.5
10 20

15

wCZ m/s
5

10
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
1/ 5
rC m 1

-5
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
rC m 1/5

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse #2:

– Wake age, t = 58 sec
30
a dva nce to vorte x c entre
rece de from c entre
– Wake length 8 nm
25
poly fit
5-15m B-H, Γ=626.9098 rC=5.9714
– Γ = O[630] m2/s
Ra nkine , Γ=628.5 rC=3.5 – Sec features away from core edges
20 Ra nkine , Γ=395.955 rC=3.7 30
advance to vortex ce ntre
Ra nkine , Γ=395.955 rC=2.9316 re cede from ce ntre
wCZ m/s

15 5-15m B-H, Γ=626.9098 rC=5.9714

25
Rankine, Γ=628.5 rC=3.5
Rankine, Γ=395.955 rC=3.7
10 20
Rankine, Γ=395.955 rC=2.9316

wCZ m/s
5 15

0 10
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2
r m 1/5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
r m 1/1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse #3:

– Wake age, t = 60 sec
40 advance to vortex ce ntre
– Wake length 8.4 nm
35
rece de from ce ntre
poly fit – Γ = O[620] m2/s
5-15m B-H, Γ=626.5063 rC=2.1544

30 Rankine, Γ=615.93 rC=2.7

– Lower turbulence, B-H models well
Rankine, Γ=431.151 rC=2.7
25 40 a dvanc e to vorte x c entre
rec ede from centre
wCZ m/s

20 35 5-15m B-H, Γ=626.5063 rC=2.1544

Rankine, Γ=615.93 rC=2.7

15 30 Rankine, Γ=431.151 rC=2.7

10 25

wCZ m/s
5 20

0 15
1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8
r m 1/5
10

0
0 5 10 15
1/
r m 1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse #4:

– Wake age, t = 68 sec
– Wake length 9.5 nm
30
advance to vortex ce ntre
– Γ = O[600] m2/s
25
re cede from ce ntre
B-H, for Γ=628.5 rC=4.5
– large VT’ near core edge
Rankine, Γ=628.5 rC=4.5

20 30
advance to vortex ce ntre
re cede from ce ntre
wCZ m/s

15 25 B-H, for Γ=628.5 rC=4.5

Rankine, Γ=628.5 rC=4.5

10 20

wCZ m/s
5 15

0 10
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7
r m 1/5
5

0
0 5 10 15
1/
r m 1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse #5:

– Wake age, t = 74 sec
30
– Wake length 10.4 nm
advanc e to vorte x centre
rec ede from centre
poly fit
– Γ = O[580] m2/s
25 5-15m B-H, Γ=260.9275 rC=1.3153 – Secondary vortex, VT~r1/5 profile
Rankine, Γ=62.8945 rC=0.37074
20 30
adva nce to vortex c entre
rece de from c entre
wCZ m/s

15 25 poly fit
5-15m B-H, Γ=260.9275 rC=1.3153

Ra nkine , Γ=62.8945 rC=0.37074

10 20

wCZ m/s
5 15

0 10
0.7 0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
r m 1/5

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
1/
r m 1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse #6:

– Wake age, t = 76 sec
– Wake length 10.6 nm
25
advance to vortex ce ntre – Γ = O[570] m2/s
re cede from ce ntre

20
poly fit – Secondary vortex
5-15m B-H, Γ=64.3682 rC=0.5

Rankine, Γ=76.2643 rC=0.52773

25
15 advance to vortex ce ntre
wCZ m/s

re cede from ce ntre

poly fit
20
5-15m B-H, Γ=64.3682 rC=0.5
10
Rankine, Γ=76.2643 rC=0.52773

15
5

wCZ m/s
10
0
0.8 0.85 0.9 0.95 1 1.05 1.1 1.15 1.2 1.25
1/
r m 5
5

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3
1/
r m 1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse No.7:

20
a dvanc e to vorte x centre
– Wake age, t = 90 sec
18 poly fit
rec ede from centre
– Wake length, 12.6 nm
16
5-15m B-H, Γ=309.6268 rC=2.3681
– Γ = O[380] m2/s
14 Rankine, Γ=309.6 rC=2.5

12 20
adva nce to vortex c entre
wCZ m/s

10 18 rece de from c entre

5-15m B-H, Γ=309.6268 rC=2.3681
8 16
Ra nkine , Γ=309.6 rC=2.5
6 14

4 12

wCZ m/s
2 10

0 8
0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2 2.2 2.4 2.6
rC m 1/5 6

0
0 5 10 15 20 25
1/
r m 1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Vortex core traverse No.8:

16
a dvanc e to vorte x centre
rec ede from centre
– Wake age, t = 101 sec
14
poly fit
5-15m B-H, Γ=368.4531 rC=6
– Wake length, 14.2 nm
12
Ra nkine, Γ=368.4531 rC=6 – Γ = O[360] m2/s
10 18
wCZ m/s

a dva nc e to vorte x centre

8 16
rec ede from centre
poly fit
14
6 5-15m B-H, Γ=368.4531 rC=6

12 Ra nkine, Γ=368.4531 rC=6

4
10

wCZ m/s
2
8

1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2 2.1
1/ 6
r m 5

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
1/
r m 1

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010

 WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

Conclusions:
– WVE, present & future occur with trailing
vortices likely turbulent, incl. cores
– Have considered WVE gust size & magnitude 8-20nm wake survey flight data,
from the viewpoints of
– Continuous turbulence spectra loading, for helices around & through vortices
– Ώ(vZ) of the order of magnitude of FAR 25 design limit spectra; and
– Rise/fall peaks & troughs analysis (typ. For fatigue loading)
– groupings of gust rise/falls into a number of discrete non-dim rates
– Possibility of normalising by generator
– discrete vortex core traverse size/magnitude profiles
– Examined eight profiles in detail:- for each , mean + turbulent (VT’/VT
O[50-100%) flow superposition evident; peak VT > 66 fps, FAR limit mag.
– Line vortex (Rankine) model, &
– Burnham-Hallock model – generally (7/8 times) under-estimated VT at
core edges – for the good ID, core traverse had low turbulence content;
– Line vortex model captured core edge VT augmentation by sec
vortices, implying non-dissipative in nature, core-stability driven?
– Further examination of existing & future data warranted.
WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010
WVE Gust Size and Magnitude Flight Data

QUESTIONS?

WakeNet, 3 EU, Toulouse, 28th/29th June, 2010