EE425 Power System Analysis

_______________________________________Lec1
Course EE-425

Irtaza M. Syed
MASc, MCSE, MCSD, CCNA

A. Prof
Electrical Department
HITEC University

Contact Info
Office: R # 22
Email: syed@hitecuni.edu.pk
HITEC University

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Irtaza Syed Power System Analysis
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Lec1/EE425
Course Structure
- Lectures
- Quiz (4-6) 20%
- Session Exams (2) 30%
- Final Exam 50%
Course Outline
- Mathematics & PSA Fundamentals (2 Wks)
- 3Ф Sys, PPEC, 1LD & PU Sys (2 Wks)
- Transformer Modeling (1 Wk) - Power Flow Study (2 Wks)
- Symmetrical Faults, Types & Components(3 Wks)
- Unsymmetrical Faults (2Wks) - Power System Control(2 Wks)
- Stability(2 Wks)
Books
- Power System Analysis, Hadi Saadat
- Power System A & D, J Duncan etc
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Sinusoidal

In Time-domain
v(t) = A cos(ωt+θ)= A cos(2πƒt+θ)
A=Amplitude, ƒ= Frequency (ƒ= 1/T, ƒT= 1), θ =Phase angle &
ω = Angular frequency

In Frequency-domain
V(jω) = A<θ = Aejθ
Phasor is a complex number in polar or exponential form with
Magnitude (A)
Phase angle (θ)
do not explicitly include the frequency (ω), since it has to be the
same for all phasors, used within a context.
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Sinusoidal
As
v(t) = Aej(ωt+θ)
v(t) = A ejωt e jθ
& as in Phasor domain
V = A e jθ = A<θ
Therefore
v(t) = V ejωt

Phasor, why?
Time domain signal gets phase-shifted when phase angle varies,
Easier to deal with complex exponential signal, instead cosine f’n
We take real part of the solution only and discard imaginary part
Approach is logical and correct for linear circuits
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers
RAT
Three sides, base, perpendicular & hypotenuse
One of the angle is 90o
Sine θ=P/H, Cos θ=B/H, Tan θ=P/B
Pythagorean's theorem:
or
Radian
1 rad = 57.32o & Circle = 6.28 rad (360o/57.32o)
6.28 rad = 2 (3.14) rad & 2(3.14) rad = 2π rad

Operator’s
(Imaginary, j) j= √-1 , j2= -1 , j3= -j , j4= 1 , j5= √-1=j & -j=1/j or j=1/-j
(Phase shift, a) a = 120o , a2 = 240o , a3 = 360o = 0o
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers
locate a point on a plane
Three representations are
Rectangular
R. Coordinates are in the form (x, y) i-e x ± jy
x & y are horizontal & vertical distances from origin
Polar
P. Coordinates are in the form (r<θ)
r =√(x2+y2) is distance from origin to pt & angle θ=tan-1y/x
x=r Cosθ, y=r Sinθ
Exponential
E. Coordinates are in the form (rejθ)
r =√(x2+y2) is distance from origin to pt & θ is angle
e = 2.71828183, e0 = 1, d/dx ex = ex , ej±θ = Cosθ ± jSinθ (Euler’s Identity)
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers
Euler’s Identity relates complex exponential f’n to trigonometric f’n
ejθ = Cosθ + jSinθ
Cosθ = Real & Sinθ = Imaginary parts
|ejθ|= |Cosθ + jSinθ| = √(Cosθ2 + Sinθ2)
As Cosθ2 + Sinθ2 =1
 |ejθ| = √1 =1
In general Aejθ = Acosθ + jAsinθ = A<θ,

Generalizing this eqn to time-varying signals of arbitrary magnitude:

Ae±j(ωt+θ) = Acos(ωt+θ) + jAsin(ωt+θ)

Complex conjugates are

z* = x-jy, z* = A<- θ, & z* = Ae-jθ
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers
 Aejθ is known as Phasor, complex number with magnitude & angle
 ω is usually omitted, since f is same for all signal in consideration
 Phasor simplify steady-state circuit analysis
 ejθ = cosθ + j sinθ
 cosθ = Re{ejθ} & sinθ = Im{ejθ}
 Aej(ωt+θ) = Aejωtejθ
 Sum of (a + jb) & (c + jd) is [(a+c) + j(b+d)]
 Diff of (a + jb) & (-c - jd) is [(a-c) + j(b-d)]
 Multiplication of A<α =Aejα & B<β =Bejβ is AB ej(α+β) = AB<α+β
 Division of A<α =Aejα by B<β = Bejβ is (A/B) ej(α-β) =(A/B)<α-β
 Conjugation does not change magnitude but angle
 Conventional sinusoids are represented by Acos(ωt+θ)
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers (Addition)
A = a + jb
B = c + jd Re(A + B) = a +c = Re(A) +Re(B)
A+B =(a + c)+ j(b + d) Im(A + B) = b+d = Im(A) +Im(B)
Imaginary
B
b+d A+B
A
b
B
d
Real
a c a +c
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers (Subtraction)
A = a + jb
B = c + jd
d Imaginary
B A  B =(a  c)+ j(b  d)

A Re(A  B) = a  c = Re(A)  Re(B)

b Im(A  B) = b  d = Im(A)  Im(B)

a c
Real
c a
B

bd
A B 10
Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers (Multiplication)
 j A b
A = a + jb = | A| e =|A| A 2 2 A  tan  a 
1
| A|= a  b  
B = c + jd = |B| e
 j B
=|B| B
d
2 2 B  tan  c 
1
|B|= c d  
Multiplication in Rectangular Form

AB = (a + jb)(c+ jd) = ac + jad + jbc + j2bd = ac + jad + jbc  bd

= (ac  bd)+ j(ad+bc)
Multiplication in Polar Form
 j A  j B j A j B j (A B )
AB = ( |A| e )( |B| e ) = | A| |B|e e = | A| |B|e

Multiplication in Polar Form is easier than in Rectangular form

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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers (Division)
b
 j A
=|A| A 2 2 A  tan  a 
1
A = a + jb = | A| e | A|= a  b  
d
B = c + jd = |B| e  j  =|B| B |B|= c d
B
2 2 B  tan  c 
1
 
Division in Rectangular Form

A (a + jb)  (a + jb)(c+ jd)  (a + jb)(c jd)  (ac bd) j(bcad)

*

=
B (c+ jd) (c+ jd)(c+ jd) * (c + j d)(c  jd) 2 2
(c  d )

(ac bd) j(bcad)

 
2 2 2 2
(c  d ) (c  d )
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Complex Numbers (Division)
b
A = a + jb = | A| e  j  =|A| A 2 2 A  tan  a 
1
A
| A|= a  b  

d
 j B
=|B| B 2 2 B  tan  c 
1
B = c + jd = |B| e |B|= c d  

Division in Polar Form

A  j
= = ( | A| e ) = | A| e j (
A
A B )
B  j B |B|
( |B| e )

Division in Polar Form is easier than in Rectangular form

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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Resistor
If i(t)= Acos(ωt+θ) flows through R then

v(t)= R i(t)

v(t)= R Acos(ωt+θ)

I and V are in phase thru R therefore θv = θi

Now relationship b/w Phasor V & I

let Acos(ωt+θ) = Aejθ = I

then V=RI

in other words θv = θi or θ = 0

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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Inductor
If i(t)= Acos(ωt+θ) then

v(t)= L d/dt (i(t)) = L d/dt (Acos(ωt+θ))

i(t)= LA [- ω sin(ωt+θ)] = - ωL Acos(ωt+θ-90)

Now relationship b/w Phasor V & I

let Acos(ωt+θ) = Aejθ = I

Then V = - ωL Aej(θ – 90) = - ωL Aejθ e-j90 = - ωL Aejθ (-j) = j ωLI

& V/I = jωL  XL = jωL = j2πƒ L

finally V= I XL = I jωL

Notes: I & V phase difference, e-j90 = -j 15

Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Capacitor
If v(t)= Acos(ωt+θ) then

i(t)= C d/dt (v(t)) = C d/dt (Acos(ωt+θ))

i(t)= CA [- ω sin(ωt+θ)] = - ωC Acos(ωt+θ-90)

Now relationship b/w Phasor V & I

let Acos(ωt+θ) = Aejθ = V

Then I = - ωC Aej(θ – 90) = - ωC Aejθ e-j90 = - ωC Aejθ (-j) = j ωCV

& V/I = 1/jωC  Xc = 1 / jωC = 1/j2πƒC

finally V= I Xc = I 1/jωC

Notes: I & V phase difference, e-j90 = -j 16

Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
R, L & C (Time & Phasor Domains)
RESISTOR INDUCTOR CAPACITOR

T.D Symbol

i(t) Acos(ωt+θ) 1/L ʃ v dt C d/dt (v(t))

Z(t) R XL XC

v(t) R Acos(ωt+θ) L d/dt (i(t)) 1/C ʃ i dt

P.D Symbol

I(jω) Aejθ Aejθ Aej(θ – 90)

Z(jω) R jωL 1 / jωC

V(jω) RI jωLI I 1/jωC

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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
R, L & C (Time & Phasor Domains)
R Time-Domain Phasor ( Complex or Frequency) Domain
Imaginary
 v (t ) 
R V
V  RI
i (t) v (t )  R i (t ) Vm
i (t )  I m cos(t  i )   Im I
V
v (t )  R I m cos(t  i ) I v  i
V  RI Real
L j L Imaginary

  V  j L I
v (t )  V  V
I
Im
i (t) v
I Vm

i (t )  I m cos(t  i ) V  j L I i
v (t )  L di (t ) Real
dt
v (t )  LI m sin(t  i ) Imaginary

C 1 j C V
I I
V 
i Vm j C
 
v (t )  V  Im v
i (t ) C dv (t )
i (t) dt Real
I
v (t ) V m cos(t  v ) V 
I
i (t )   CV m sin(t  v ) j C
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
_______________________________________
Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Opposition
In general Z (or Y) are complex numbers
Z = R + j X or Y = G + j B
Z= Impedance, R = Resistance, X = Reactance [Unit Ω ]
G=1/R (Conductance), B=1/X (Susceptance)
Y=1/Z (Admittance) [Unit S]

Ohm’s law
In general
I = V/Z (where Z = R, jX or R+jX)
I = YV (where Y = G, jB or G+jB)

KCL
Algebraic sum of currents entering & leaving the node equals zero
Ƹ IEntering + Ƹ ILeaving = 0 or Ƹ IEntering = Ƹ ILeaving
for the figure shown  I1 + I4 = I2 + I3
In terms of Z  V1 / Z1 + V4 / Z4 = V2 / Z2 + V3 / Z3
In terms of Y  V1Y1 + V4Y4 = V2Y2 + V3Y3 19
Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Z&Y

If
Z=3Ω
Find Y ?
If
Z = j4 Ω
Find Y ?

If
Z=3+j4Ω
Find Y ?
If
Z = 0.33 + j 0.44 Ω
Find Y ?

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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Z  Z R || Z C
Example 1:
R  (1 / jC )
Find the impedance, if 
ω = 377 rad/s, C = 1nF, R = 1MΩ
R  (1 / jC )
R

1  jCR
106

+ +
1  j (377)(10 9 )(106 )
+
R C Z 106
– – – 
1  j 0.377
 9.36 105 (0.36) 

At ω= 377 the circuit has capacitive impedance /reactance

and phase is negative
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Example 2: Z EQ1  Z R 2 || Z C
Find impedance (Z ) if R2 (1 / jC )

ω = 104 rad/s, C = 10uF, R2  (1 / jC )
R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 50Ω, L = 10mH R2

1  jCR2
R1 R1
50

L L 1  j (10 4 )(10 10 6 )(50)
50

1  j5
ZEQ1
R2 C  1.92  j 9.62
 9.81(1.37) 
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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Example 2: Contd;
Z EQ  Z R1  Z L  Z EQ1
 R1  jL  9.81(1.37)
 100  j (10 4 )(10 2 )  1.92  j9.62
R1
 101.92  j90.38
L  136.20.723 
ZEQ

ZEQ1
At ω= 104 the circuit has inductive impedance /reactance
and phase is positive)

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HITEC UNIVERSITY
Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Identities
cos t  sin(t  90 )
, sin t  cos(t  90 ) 

 cos t  cos(t  180 )


,  sin t  sin(t  180 )
sin( )   sin  cos( )  cos 
,

cos(t   )  cos t cos   sin t sin 

sin(t   )  sin t cos   cos t sin 

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Irtaza Syed BASICS
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Lec1/EE425
Mathematics
Re part = A cos(ωt+θ) = Aejθ = A< θ
Im part = A sin(ωt+θ) = A cos(ωt+θ-90o) = Aej(θ-90) = A<(θ-90o)
 A sin(ωt+θ) = Aej(θ-90) = Aejθ e-j90

As e-jθ = Cosθ – jSinθ, therefore

 A sin(ωt+θ) = Aejθ (Cos90o – jSin90o)

 A sin(ωt+θ) = Aejθ ( –j )

A sin(ωt+θ) = –j Aejθ

Note: ωt is implicit
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 Impedance
• Example 4: find the equivalent impedance (ZEQ)
• ω = 104 rads/s, C = 10uF, R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 50Ω, L = 10mH

Z EQ1  Z R 2 || Z C
R2 (1 / jC )
R1 
R2  (1 / jC )
R2
L 
ZEQ 1  jCR2
50

1  j (10 4 )(10 10 6 )(50)
R2 C 50

1  j5
 1.92  j 9.62
 9.81(1.37) 

ECEN 301 Discussion #13 – Phasors 27

 Impedance
• Example 4: find the equivalent impedance (ZEQ)
• ω = 104 rads/s, C = 10uF, R1 = 100Ω, R2 = 50Ω, L = 10mH

R1 Z EQ  Z R1  Z L  Z EQ1

L
 R1  jL  9.81(1.37)
 100  j (10 4 )(10  2 )  1.92  j 9.62
ZEQ
 101.92  j 90.38
ZEQ1
 136.20.723 

NB: at this frequency (ω) the circuit has an inductive

impedance (reactance or phase is positive)
Z EQ1  9.81(1.37) 
ECEN 301 Discussion #13 – Phasors 28