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Lecture 6 - Induction Motors
Lecture 6 - Induction Motors
Induction Motors
Lecture 6
9 September 2003
3-Phase Induction Motors
Introduction
• 3-phase induction motors
are simple, rugged, low-
cost, and easy to
maintain.
• They run at essentially
constant speed from
zero-to-full load.
• Therefore, they are the
motors most frequently
encountered in industry.
Lecture Outline
• Induction Motor Components
• Operating Principle
• Synchronous Speed and Slip
• Active Power Flow
• Torque/Speed Curves
• Starting & Braking Induction Motors
• Abnormal Operating Conditions
• Standard Classifications of Induction Motors
Induction Motor Components
A 3-phase induction motor has two main parts:
• A stator – consisting of a steel frame that supports a hollow,
cylindrical core of stacked laminations. Slots on the internal
circumference of the stator house the stator winding.
• A rotor – also composed of punched laminations, with rotor slots for
the rotor winding.
Induction Motor Components
There are two-types of rotor windings:
• Squirrel-cage windings, which produce a
squirrel-cage induction motor (most common)
• Conventional 3-phase windings made of
insulated wire, which produce a wound-rotor
induction motor (special characteristics)
Induction Motor Components
Squirrel cage rotor consists
of copper bars, slightly
longer than the rotor,
which are pushed into the
slots.
The ends are welded to
copper end rings, so that
all the bars are short
circuited.
In small motors, the bars
and end-rings are die-
cast in aluminium to form
an integral block.
Induction Motor Components
A wound rotor has a 3-phase winding, similar to the stator
winding.
The rotor winding terminals are connected to three slip
rings which turn with the rotor. The slip rings/brushes
allow external resistors to be connected in series with
the winding.
The external resistors are mainly used during start-up –
under normal running conditions the windings short-
circuited externally.
Induction Motor: Operating principle
Operation of 3-phase induction motors is based upon the application of
Faraday’s Law and the Lorentz Force on a conductor.
The difference between the synchronous speed and rotor speed can be
NsN speed, known as the slip.
expressed as a percentage of synchronous
s=
Ns
s = slip, Ns = synchronous speed (rpm), N = rotor speed (rpm)
• At full load, the slip for large motors rarely exceeds 0.5%. For small
motors at full load, it rarely exceeds 5%.
fR = sf
s = slip
Induction Motors: Active Power Flow
Efficiency – by definition, is the ratio
of output / input power:
= P L / P e
Pjr = sP r
Rotor copper losses:
P m =(1s)P r
Mechanical power:
Tm = 30P r
Ns
Motor torque:
Induction Motors: Torque/Speed Curve
Induction Motors: Torque/Speed Curve
Induction Motors: Torque/Speed Curve
Induction Motors: Torque/Speed Curve
Rule of Thumb 1:
The heat dissipated in the rotor during start-up
(from zero to rated speed) is equal to the final
kinetic energy stored in all the revolving parts.
Assumes motor is not loaded mechanically (apart from inertia)
Braking an Induction Motor
Sometimes an induction motor (and its load) needs to be stopped
suddenly. This can be achieved by interchanging the phase
sequence, so that the field is rotating backwards relative to the
rotor. This is known as plugging.
During plugging, the motor absorbs kinetic energy from the still-
rotating load and dissipates it as heat in the rotor. However, the
motor also continues to receive electrical power from the supply,
which is also dissipated as heat in the rotor.
Rule of Thumb 2:
The heat dissipated in the rotor during plugging (from rated to zero
speed) is equal to three times the kinetic energy stored in all the
revolving parts.
1. Mechanical overload
2. Supply voltage changes
3. Frequency variation
Abnormal Operating Conditions
4. Single phasing
Standardisation of Induction Motors
The frames of all industrial motors under 500hp
have standardised dimensions.
Therefore, motors (of the same frame size) can
be interchanged without changing the
mounting holes, the shaft height or the shaft
coupling.
The standards also establish limiting values for
electrical, mechanical and thermal
characteristics (such as starting torque,
locked-rotor current, overload capacity and
temperature rise).
Classifications According to
Operating Environment
1. Drip-proof motors
2. Splash proof motors
3. Totally enclosed,
non-ventilated
motors
4. Totally enclosed,
fan-cooled motors
5. Explosion-proof Explosion proof motor
motors
Classifications According to
Electrical/Mechanical Properties