Composite Climate

Guided by : Submitted by:

 Ar. Meenakshi Singh  Aayush Gupta
 Ar. Vinit Deewan  Ankur Pandey
 Anshul A Bansal
 Anusha Sathe
 Ayushi Soni
 Devendra Yadav
 Divya Patidar
 Divya Rathore
 Hanul Mehta
 Namrata Sule
 Composite Climate
 Composite climate usually occur in large land masses near
Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn.
 Cities having composite climate are: New Delhi, Lahore,
Mandalay, Asuncion and Kano.
 Humidity i.e. RH is low varies from 20%-55%.
 Vapor pressure is about 1300-1600 N/m2 .
 Annual rainfall is about 500-1300 mm.
 The sky is dull during the monsoons and clear with dark blue
color in dry season.
 Winds are hot and dusty during dry period and fairly strong
and steady during monsoons.
 Soil is brown and red and changes rapidly with rain.
 The landscape becomes green and fertile and plants grows
quickly.
 Special characteristics:dust and sand-storms may occur.
Termites are common.
 Air temperature, i.e. DBT, in shade is as follows-
Seasons Hot – Dry Warm-Humid Cool-Dry

Day-time 32-430 C 27-320 C Up to 270 C

mean max.
Night time 21-270 C 24-270 C 4-100 C
mean min.
Diurnal mean 11-120 3-60 C 11-220 C
range
 Nature Of Climate

 Composite or monsoon climates are neither consistently hot

and dry, nor warm and humid.
 Their characteristics change from season to season,
alternating between long hot, dry periods to shorter periods
of concentrated rainfall and high humidity, wind, sky and
ground conditions can easily be appreciated by comparing
the descriptions of warm and humid and hot-dry climates.
 Physiological Objectives
 Effective temperatures are much lower than in two warmer
seasons.
 Physical comfort will depend on the prevention of heat loss
from the body, especially at night.
 In the warm seasons the heat dissipation is inadequate.
 During the warm season people get acclimatized to high
temperatures , so their tolerance of cold conditions will be
reduced.
 Design Criteria
 Climates with changing seasons set as difficult task for
designer.
 Solutions suitable for one season may be unsatisfactory for
others.
 Thermal design criteria recommended for hot-dry season of
composite climates.
 Buildings should be designed according to the criteria of
warm and humid climates.
 Form and Planning

 Moderately compact internal planning of houses.

 Courtyard type buildings are very suitable.
 Building should be grouped in such a way as to take

advantage of prevailing breezes during the short period

when air movement is necessary.
 A moderately dense, low rise development is suitable for

these climates, which will ensure protection of :

 out-door spaces,
 mutual shading of external walls,
 shelters from the wind in the cold season,
 shelter from dust and reduction of surfaces exposed to
solar radiation.
 Houses with separate day and night rooms.
 Shading of walls is desirable but not critical, provided that
the roof has a low transmittance value and a good thermal
capacity.
 Thermal loading of roofs in hot-dry and cold seasons is
reduced by outgoing radiation to the clear sky.
 External openings, however, do require shading during the
hot and warm seasons.
 External Spaces
 Large projecting eaves and wide verandahs are needed.
 Shades should be provide to reduce sky glare.
 Louvers and other sun breaks used to protect openings.
 Shading devices should preferably be of low thermal capacity.
 Controlled landscape and enclosure walls are necessary to
provide protection against dust and thermal winds.
 High rainfall makes it easier to maintain vegetation around
buildings, thereby reducing dust.
 A courtyard should be designed in such a way as to allow sun
penetration during winter and provide shading in hot season.
 Deciduous plants can serve a useful purpose.
 Roofs and Walls
 Roofs and external walls should be constructed of solid masonry
or concrete.
 The thermal capacity will be of advantage in both the cold and
hot-dry seasons.
 In the warm humid season the best arrangement is if the
thermal capacity is provided in massive floors, partitions and
ceilings, permitting the outer walls to be used more freely for
large openings.
 Resistance insulation should be placed at the outside surfaces
of external walls or roofs.
 Insulation on the inside would only reduce the beneficial effects
of high thermal capacity walls and roofs.
 Surface Treatment

 Prevention of heat entering through the outer surface of the

walls and roof is a fundamental rule.
 Surfaces exposed to the sun during the hot and warm
seasons should be light coloured or of shiny polished met.
 In some such locations as the labour is cheap roofs are
whitewashed at the beginning of the warm season and
painted black before the cold season arrives.
 Openings
 Orientation of openings is determined by two factors:
1. Towards the breeze prevailing during the warm-humid
seasons, to utilise its cooling effect.
2. Towards the sun during the cold seasons, to utilise the
heating effect of radiation entering through the windows.
 Large openings in opposite walls are suitable.
 The openings with solid shutters used for cross ventilation
should not exceed the area of solid walling on the same
elevation.
 On the adjacent walls the windows should not occupy more
than about 25% of the total area.
 Ventilation and Condition

 Two small openings, one high level and one low level, or
ventilating stacks may provide a solution.
 Occasionally, during transitional period condensation may occur
when two factors coincide:
1. When the relative humidity of the air is high.

2. When the surface of a wall or ceiling is cold enough to cool the

adjacent layer of air below its dew point.
 At the end of the rainy season the moisture content of the air is
high and the night-time temperature drops.
 A more likely period of occurrence is at the beginning of the rainy
season, when the cold night thoroughly cools the structure, and
this is followed by the sudden influx of warm, humid air.
 As there is no danger of frost, the danger of structural
damage is negligible.
 As weather conditions producing condensations are only of a
short durations.
 The best protection in the tropic is use porous and moisture
absorptive materials, which will act as buffers, absorbing the
moisture as condensation occurs and releasing as soon as air
sufficiently dry.
 Traditional Shelter
 Depends upon the relative predominance of hot dry or warm
humid conditions during the course of year.
 A familiar urban solutions for housing in this climate is the
ground floor with massive walls, with large shutter openings,
laid out around a courtyard, and a first floor structure of light
weight material.
 These cool quickly at night, to allow fairly comfortable
sleeping conditions during the hottest part of the year.
Examples-
PEDA Office Complex, Chandigarh
 Architects- Arvind Krishan and Kunal Jain.
 The climate-
• Very hot and dry period.
• Maximum DBT- 440 and minimum DBT- 30
• Maximum relative humidity 90%.
 Design features-
• Eliminate heat gain in the hot dry period.
• Maximize ventilation in the hot humid period.
• Maximize heat gain in the cold period.
• Design with nature.
 The PEDA building is a series of overlapping floors at
different levels with interpenetrating large vertical cut-outs.
 Vertical cut-outs integrated with light wells and solar-
activated naturally ventilating, domical structures.
 Large volume of air cooled during hot period by a wind
tower.
 In cold period air is heated by solar penetration through
roof glazing.
 Adequate distribution of daylight within the entire
working zone minimizing the consumption of electricity.
 Thermal mass of floors slabs moderates diurnal swing.
 Residence for Madhu and Anirudh, Panchkula

 Architects: Anant Mann and Siddhartha Wig.

 The climate-
 Very hot and dry period.
 Maximum DBT:440C and minimum DBT:30C
 Maximum humidity 90%
 Design features-
 Small residential building on to
the south-west.
 Rooms placed around a
courtyard.
 Eliminate heat gain in hot and
dry period.
 Maximize ventilation in hot and
humid period.
 Proper shading and day
lighting.
 Solar chimney for ventilation.
 Insulation on west wall.
 Structure is load bearing with
RCC.
 Materials Used
 Fabric
 Mud and clay
 Raw
 Thatch
 Concrete
 Metal
 Glass
 Plastic
 Foam
 Cement Composite
 Difference between Moderate and
Composite Climate
MODERATE
 This is a climate which is
generally comfortable;
neither too hot, nor too cold,
and where all of us should be
staying! All you need to do is
be shaded and insulated from
direct sun, let in a little
breeze when you feel stuffy
or warm: and shut the
window if it is chilly or wear
some light woolens.
COMPOSITE
 It has a very hot and dry
summer, followed by a humid
season with monsoon rains.
With the departure of the
monsoon it gradually becomes
comfortable in autumn,
followed by a short winter with
the cloudy and wet as well as
sunny periods. Before the
summer returns there is a
comfortable but short spring
season.
Thank You