CHAPTER 1 : RATE OF

REACTION
 Rate of reaction is a measurement of the speed of a reaction.Rate of the
reaction can be defined as change in volume of gas against time or reducation
of a reactant's mass against time.
 Rate of reaction is inversely propotional to time of reaction.When a
reaction takes place , the amount of reactant will decrease while the amount
of product will increase.Average rate of reaction is the average rate of
reaction over an interval of time.
 Instantaneous rate of reaction is the rate of rection that happens at any
given time.Instantaneous rate of reaction is the rate of rection that happens
at any given time.
 Instantaneous rate of reaction can be obtained from the gradient of the
tangent on the graph of the change in amount of reactant or product against
time.The steeper the gradient, the higher the rate of reaction.
 There are five factors affecting the rate of reaction, which are reaction,
which are reactant size,concentration,temperature presence of a catalyst and
pressure. The smaller the size of reactant, the larger the total exposed
surface area.Therefore,the rate of reaction becomes higher.
                                    Table 10.4 Factors affecting the rate of reaction

 The more concerntrated a reactant the more perticles there are per unit
volume.Therefore, the rate of reaction becomes higher.As the temperature of
a reaction rises , particles will have more kinetic energy.Therefore, the rate
of reaction becomes higher.

 A catalyst will increase the rate of reaction.A catalyst will increase the
rate of reaction.A catalyst will not change chemically or in amount at the end
of a reaction.A catalyst only changes the rate of reaction but not the amount
of product formed.
   Pressure affects the rate of a reaction of a reactant in gaseous
form.The increase in pressure will increase the rate of a rection.Knowledge of
the factors affecting the rate of reaction is applied in daily life and in
industrial processes such as the Haber Process and the Contact Process.
 Collision theory is used to explain the factors that influence the rate of
reaction.Effective collision is the collision between particles that can produce a
chemical reaction.To produce a reaction,the particles must collide with the
correct orientation and have activation energy(minimum energy).
 Activation energy is the minimum energy needed for a reactant's partocles
to react.An energy profile diagram is a diagram that shows the energy change
that occurs during a chemical reaction.Collision frequency is the number of
collision that occur in one second.
 An increase in collision frequency will increase the effective collision
frequency.With this, the rate of reaction becomes higher.Collision frequency
will increase with the smaller reactant size,more concerntrated solution,higher
temperatures or higher pressures.
Effective collision frequency that achieves activation energy will increase
the rate of reaction. A catalyst provides an alternative route for reactions
with lower activation energy.