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Niste Calcule
Niste Calcule
Centrifuges, Sedimenting
Hans Axelsson, Alfa Laval Separation AB, Tumba, Sweden
Bent Madsen, Alfa Laval Separation A/S, Søborg, Denmark
r o2
2. Fundamentals Z ¼
g
ð3Þ
ðT rð1
g dr
dt ¼ ð7Þ
ug o 2 r
0 r2
g r2
T ¼ ln ð8Þ
ug o 2 r1
Figure 1. Bottle swing-out centrifuge where T is the spinning time necessary for all
particles to leave the volume between levels r1
and r2. By rearranging Equation (8) one obtains
1) The flow round the particle is laminar (Rey-
nolds number Re 5 0.4) g r2
ug ¼ ln ð9Þ
2) The settling of a particle is not influenced by T o2 r1
other particles, i.e., the concentration is very
low It is clear that a small settling velocity neces-
sitates a long spinning time, i.e., residence time,
For particle Re > 0.4 alternative equations have and/or a short sedimentation distance at a high
been derived [2], [4]. For high particle concentra- angular velocity. This is also valid for centrifuges
tions, a phenomenon called hindered settling sets with continuous feed and effluent flow. Because of
in, decreasing the settling rate. Equations for cor- mechanical and hydraulic limitations, these re-
rection factors 5 1 for the settling rates uc and ug quirements are in conflict with each other and
in Equations (1) and (4) are summarized in [8]. At can not be met in industrial centrifuges without
20 vol % of particles, the settling rates decrease by compromises. This has led to the development of a
a factor > 2. broad range of machines in which different re-
quirements have been given priority.
Residence Time and Settling Length. A high g
number (Z) is not the only factor that determines
the flow rate at acceptable separation efficiency 2.2. Centrifugal Sedimentation with
through a centrifuge. The residence time in the Continuous Flow
centrifugal force field, i.e., the rotor volume, can
compensate for a small Z. A small settling length, The S Theory. The Generalized S Formula.
i.e., the distance a particle must travel to be cap- The most used quantity to characterize centri-
tured, will also improve the flow rate at acceptable fuges, the S concept, was presented by Ambler
separation efficiency. [33], [34]. It is the calculated equivalent surface
area of a static settling tank with the same theore-
The Bottle Centrifuge. The settling velocity of tical performance. In its derivation he considered
particles that are separated in a centrifuge is often particles with a critical diameter dc that were se-
so small that its measurement is not practical with- parated to 50 %. Today, however, the most widely
out application of centrifugal force. The bottle used definition of the critical particle is that which
(swing-out) centrifuge, shown schematically in is separated to 100 %. This does not influence the
Figure 1, is often a suitable tool for measurement formulas for the S value, but the value for the feed
of the settling velocity. flow rate Q is halved.
The following equations describe the particle S is defined as
motion:
Qtheor ¼ ug S ð10Þ
dr
uc ¼ ð5Þ
dt where ug is the Stokes settling velocity (Eq. 1). S
is given by the general expression
r o2
uc ¼ ug ð6Þ
g V o2 re
S ¼ ð11Þ
se g
4 Centrifuges, Sedimenting
where V is the liquid volume in the bowl, se is the r2 = max. radius of disk,
effective settling distance, and re is the effective r1 = min. radius of disk,
N = number of disk,
distance from the center of rotation. a = half-cone angle of disk
With Equations (1) and (4) the equation for the
critical diameter becomes Decanter [6], [34]
0 11
2
2 p o2 3 1 r2 þ 3 r2 r1 þ 4 r12
@ 18 Z Qtheor se A L1 r22 þ r12 þ L2
dc ¼ g 2 2 4
Rp Rf V o 2 re
0 11
2 L1 = length of cylindrical part,
18 Z Q theor
¼ @ A ð12Þ L2 = length of conical part,
S Rp Rf g r1 = inner radius of liquid,
r2 = inner radius of bowl,
Type Mode of Feed flow Feed solids Solids flow S value, m2 Max. Z de- Consistency
solids dis- rate, L/h content, rate, L/h veloped of solids
charge vol %
Disk solid bowl manual 20 51 0 1000 10 000 firm paste
– 100 000 – 300 000
Solids-ejecting, radial intermittent 20 5 25 5 3000 1000 14 500 thick flow-
– 100 000 – 170 000 ing slurry
Solids-ejecting, axial intermittent 1000 5 15 5 1000 110 000 15 000 thick flow-
– 150 000 – 220 000 ing slurry
Nozzle, pressurized-dis- continuous 1000 4 – 30 4 150 69 000 15 000 thick flow-
charge b – 180 000 5 40 000 – 180 000 ing slurry
Peripheral nozzle continuous 300 2 – 30 4 3000 35 000 11 000 thin slurry
– 310 000 5 140 000 – 180 000
Decanter centrifuge continous 300 5 – 50 5 50 000 400 10 000 thick slurry
with scroll – 200 000 – 25 000 to semisolid
Tubular bowl manual 20 – 7000 51 0 1400 – 4500 31 000 firm paste
Multichamber bowl manual 100 55 0 9000 firm paste
– 20 000
c
Centritech machines intermittent 5 – 100 51 5 15 – 100 very thin
slurry
Inverted solid bowl intermittent 10 – 6000 1 – 30 5 1000 800 20 000 firm paste
with scraper – 20 000
a b c
Low-speed imperforate tubular and basket machines not included. Only for slurry of single cells (see text). Only for
mammalian cells.
controlled by, for example, adjusting the radius of refining of vegetable oil. The split between the
one of the weirs, usually that for the heavy phase. outlet streams is then controlled by counterpres-
Its radius rh (see Fig. 2) is given by sures that can be applied in several ways.
sffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
ffi
2 Rl 2 Rl
rh ¼ ri 1 þ rl ð16Þ
Rh Rh Solid-Bowl Centrifuge. Figure 2 shows a solid-
bowl centrifuge requiring manual cleaning. Heavy
where ri is the radius of the interface, rl the outlet solids are collected at the periphery; the machine
radius of the light liquid phase, and Rl and Rh are must be dismantled and the bowl opened to re-
the densities of the light and heavy liquid phases. move the solids, often by lifting up a collecting
The equation is derived from a pressure balance basket, fitted inside the bowl. The feed enters the
but is a simplification because it neglects pressure bowl in the center through a still-standing pipe.
drops and weir heights. It is adequate for a first The version of bowl shown is suitable for liquid
approximation. It is also applicable to chamber – liquid – solid separation and therefore has two
bowls, tube centrifuges and decanters (Sec- liquid outlets. The light liquid flows through the
tions 3.3, 3.4 and 3.5). disk stack and out of the bowl through a still-
If the objective of the separation is to obtain a standing centripetal pump known as a paring disk.
very clean light phase, the interface should be The heavy liquid passes over a disk near the bowl
placed at a large radius to avoid heavy droplets' hood and is removed through another paring disk.
contaminating the light phase. For obtaining a The paring disk converts the kinetic energy of the
clean heavy phase, the interface should have a rotating liquid, and discharges it under pressure.
small radius. This type of bowl has diameters between 140
Several important applications of liquid – li- and 750 mm. The solids space has a volume of up
quid separations in disk bowls do not involve coa- to 34 L. Further data are listed in Table 1. The
lescence at an interface. The most common exam- principles illustrated in Figure 2 are also applic-
ples are separation of cream from milk and alkali able to other bowl types. Instead of paring disk(s),