IV.

Gnathostomes- jawed vertebrates

 Additional duplicated Hox genes
 Enlarged forebrain for enhanced senses of smell and vision
 LATERAL LINE SYSTEM: row of microscopic organs sensitive
to vibrations in the surrounding water.
 Axial skeleton, shoulder girdle, and paired appendages were
mineralized
 Ordovician period, 470 million years ago
 PLACODERMS: earliest armored vertbrates (“ Plate-skinned”)
 ANCANTHODIANS
 Devonian period evolved in fresh and salt water
 Closely related to osteichthyans ( ray-finned and lob-finned
fishes)
Chondrichthyans (Sharks, Rays, etc.)
o Cartilage composed skeleton
o <Structure see figure>
o Trunk and caudal (tail) fin propel sharks forward
o Dorsal fins- stabilizer
o Paired pectoral (fore) and pelvic (hind) fins provide lift hen
sharks swim
o Continual swimming ensures water flow into the shark’s
mouth and out the gills, where gas exchange occurs.
o When resting, they use muscles and pharynx to pump water
over the gills.
o Largest sharks and rays are suspension feeders. – consume
plankton
o SPIRAL VAVE= within shark’s intestine, a corkscrew-
shape ridge that increase surface area and prolong the
passage of food through the digestive tract
o Sharks have sharp vision, but cannot distinguish color
o Nostrils function only for olfaction (smelling), not for
breathing
o The skin of their head can detect electric fields generated by
muscle contractions of a nearby prey
o REPRODUCTION:
- OVIPAROUS: