A4 Palib.a.1 Nebha

kfln Aofs/)f, efíf j jfSo /rgf
;o]s]t cgdá u|Gy
kflnefiffjt/)f
Gxfkf+u' Bf
>Ln+sf b]zofð
cUudxfkl)*t, bz{g ljzf/b ;flxTo rqÇjQL{
leÍ' a'$bQ dxfgfos dxf:ylj/of kfv]+
;Dkflbt ùkflnefífjt/)fù of
lÓ+u'+u" ;+:s/)fo\ Yoá+u' ;m"of
cg'jfbs
leÍ' zLneb| dxf:ylj/

dl)fd)*k dxfljxf/
k^sá, nlntk'/
2
ljío ;"lr
ljío kÁ NofM
1. cfvM UjM Ajyn]u' 1
2. ln°-e]b 2
3. ljelQÇ j jrg 3
4. ;+!fof zAb¿k 4
5. lqÇof j lqÇofof ¿ke]b 7
6. jt{dfg lqÇof 8
7. wft' e]b 11
8. k'lNn° Osf/fGt zAb 14
9. ctLt lqÇof 14
10. cDx, t'Dx zAb 17
11. eljiot\ lqÇof 20
12. ósf/fGt k'lNn° zAb 20
13. psf/fGt k'lNn° zAb 22
14. æu')fjGt'Æ cflb ljz]í)fkb 25
15. ösf/fGt k'lNn° zAb 26
16. sfnfy{ k|sfzs lgkft 26
17. :qLln°-cfsf/fGt zAb 27
18. ljlw-l§of 28
19. lgkft-kb ( I ) 29
20. :qLln° Osf/fGt zAb 30
21. :qLln° æósf/fGtÆ zAb 31
22. k"j-{ l§of 31
23. psf/fGt - :qLln° zAb 33
24. gk';+ sln° csf/fGt zAb 34
25. æt+'Æ k|ToofGt zAb 35
26. gk';s + Osf/fGt zAb 36
27. (A) d]u' g+ lgkft-kb (II) 37
28. ;+!f-e]b 38
29. ;j{gfd 39
30. ldl>t-l§of 46
31. ;+Vof ljz]í)f kb jf NofM 52
32. l§of-ljz]í)f 56
33. sf/s - JofVof 59
34. l§of - sf/s kb - ;DaGw 61
35. sd{jfRo l§of 62
36. sd{jfRoo\ kl/jt{g h'Ou' s[bGt ‘gfd’ kb M- 65
37. sfl/t cyjf k|/ ] )ffy{ - l§of 67
38. k~rdL cyjf ckfbfg sf/so\ k|oáu h'Ou' ætáÆ k|Too 68
39. kflnefíf+ - g]kfnefífo, zAb-k'rM 71
40. g]kfnefíf+ - kflnefífo, zAb-k'rM 87
gdá a'$fo
kflnefiffjt/)f
Gxfkf+u' Bf
cfvM UjM Ajyn]u'

( ALPHABET )
1’ kflnefiffo\ b''u' UjM cfvM -
c cf O ó p ö P cá
s v u # É
r % h ´ `
^ & * ( )f
t y b w g
k m a e d
o / n j
; x n c+
2’ yg Rjo\ pNn]v ofgftofu'' j)f{dfnfof Gxfkf+u' cfvM RofuMoft ;''ofu''+ lnw+;f

dsf;] yMyFd+ pRrf/)f ofo] Ho""u'ln+ :j/ ‘cyf{t\ k|f)ffIf/’ wfO . afsL s, v lg;]+ c+
ts af cfvM Jo~hg wfO .
:jL :j+uM cfvM :j/of u''xfln dbo]s+ pRrf/)f ofo]] dHo""u'ln+ Jo~hg ‘cyf{t\
afMcfvM’ wfO .
2
Yj Jo~hgof d"n ¿k - æs\Æ,æv\Æ cflb vM. cy]] Rjo]j+ Ajg] yfs''Ou''ln+ :j/ ‘df
cfvM’ æcÆ æcfÆ OToflb há/] ofgf æsÆævÆcflb Rjo]]u' rng h''ofRjg .
3’ æP, cáÆ - Yj lguM cfvM bL#{ cyf{t\ tfMxfsM ofgf pRrf/)f ofgf Ajg]dfM,
t/ lrgf tMu'' cfvMof G©of]g] pu'' cfvM lguM cKjM ofgf x|:j y]+ h''ofRjgL jf
pRrf/)f h''O . uy]] ls ;]þL, Pþ, cáSsdlt, cáþá, oáQ+ .
t/ cy] g+ kfln æP - cáÆ lguM cKjMofgfM tfMxfsM ofgf x] Ajg]dfM . cy] wsf
bL#{ lr+ %''+ to] dfMu'' db'' . df]UuNnfog kfln Aofs/)fo\ hs y''sLoft æP - PM, cá -
cáMÆ wsf Ko+uM cfvno\ efu ynf tMu'' bofRjg . pls+ Yj cg'';f/+ UjM cfvM
‘j)f{dfnf’ kL:j+uM b'' wsf g+ wof tn . cfvM UjM efu yn]]u' af/] cKjM lj:tf/ lgu""u'
;m''of Bfo\ pNn]v h''Oltlg .
ln°-e]b
(GENDER)
4’ æk'l/;á uR%lt .Æ ‘k'?if jgfRjg .’ wofu'' Yj %u"" jfSo vM. yg æk'l/;áÆ
;+!f h'n . æuR%ltÆ l§ofkb h''n .
æk'l/;áÆ wofu'' zAbof d"n cyjf k|s[lt ¿k æk'l/;Æ h''n ‘clGTfdo\ hf]/]ofgf tMu''
æáÆ cyjf æcáÆ wofu'' ljelQÇ bof jMu'' vM.’ æk'l/;Æ wsf wfo]j+ ljelQÇ db''u' d""n-
zAb hs h''n .
5’ kflnefiffo\ bSj gfd-zAboft :j+u" lsl;dof ln°o\ ljefhg ofgftMu'' b'' .
s’ k'lNn°
v’ OTyLln° ‘:qLln°’
u’ gk'+;sln°
s’ k'?iflk+ cyjf k''¿iffsf/ ‘ldh+’ SogLu'' zAb k'lNn° h''O . æk'l/;áÆ ‘ ÷ k'?if’,
æjfg/áÆ ‘ ÷ dfsM’, æ?SváÆ ‘ ÷ l;df’ cflb .
v’ :qLlk+ cyjf :qL:jefj ‘ld;f’ Solgu'' zAb OTyLln° h''O . æjlgtfÆ ‘ ÷
:qL’, ælduLÆ ‘ ÷ d[ugL’, æntfÆ ‘ ÷ nx/f’ cflb .
u’ :qL cyjf k'?ifefj SogL dv''u' zAb gk'+;sln° h''O . æmn+Æ ‘ ÷ mn’,
æ¿k+Æ ‘ ÷ ¿k’, æwg+Æ ‘ ÷ wg’ OToflb .
6’ Yj Rjo\ Rj+u' v× æu]xÆ zAb uan]+ k'lNn° h"";f uan]+ gk'+;sln° g+ h"" . cy]
x] k'lNn° - OTyLln° h''Ou'' xfg+ :j+u'ln+ ln°o\ g+ k|oáu h''OUf'' zAb g+ b'' . uy] Njx×oft
3
JoQÇ ofOu'' ækf;f)fÆ zAb k'lNn° vM;f, plsoft x] JoQÇ ofOu'' æl;nfÆ zAb
OTyLln° vM . pls+ yg Sogf tofu'' Rjo\ofu' b;' ;fdfGo nIf)f hs h'n . Yj lgod
G©ofyfo\;+ g+ cy] x] nfu' h'Ou' vM wsf dtL to] dHo"" .
ljelQÇ j jrg
(CASE ENDING AND NUMBER)
7’ æk'l/;Æ - zAb k'lNn° vM . æk'?if ufd] jgfRjg .Æ, æk'?ifoft åx× g+ Rjn .Æ
cflb wfo] dfnLj+ phf]u' zAb G©ofyfo\;+ g+ %u"" ¿k] %\on] dHo"" . uy] uy] cy{ k|sfz
ofo]dfn cy] cy] xLsf o+s] dfM . Yj ¿k xLs]u' cyjf %'^] ofo]u'oft æljelQÇÆ wfO .
kfln efiffo\ æljelQÇÆ Gx]u" ‘7’ b'' -
kflnefiff g]kfnefiff
1’ k&df ljelQ k|ydf ljelQÇ
2’ b'ltof ljelQ låtLof ljelQÇ
3’ tltof ljelQ t[tLof ljelQÇ
4’ rt'þL ljelQ rt'yL{ ljelQÇ
5’ k~rdL ljelQ k~rdL ljelQÇ
6’ %þL ljelQ ifi&L ljelQÇ
7’ ;QdL ljelQ ;KtdL ljelQÇ
t[tLof ljelQÇ e]b vg]b'u' s/)f j k|ydf ljelQÇ vg]b'u' ;Daáwg y''lk+ lgu""
G©ofan]+ Jojxf/] Sogf tMu' b' . j lgu""of gf+ vM-
8’ s/)f ljelQ ÷ s/)f ljelQÇ
9’ cfnkg ljelQ ÷ ;Daáwg ljelQÇ
y''sy+ ljelQÇ u'+u"+ ‘9’, k|sf/of b' wsf g+ wfo] Ho"" .
‘æk&dfÆ wofu''of cy{ ÷ æGxfkf+Æ, æb'ltofÆ wofu'of cy{ ÷ ælgu""u'Æ OToflb ¿k]
;KtdL ljelQÇ ts ¢jMnfs ;Ls] dfM .
8’ %Dxl;t cyjf %u"" j:t''oft wfo] dfnLj+ æPsjrgÆ j %Dx jf %u"" a:t''ln+
cKjM wfo] dfnLj+ æax'jrgÆ %\on] dfM. pls+ %u"" %u"" ljelQÇ æPsjrg j ax'jrgÆ
wsf kfgf Rj+u' ;Ls]dfM .
4
;+!fof zAb¿k
(DECLENSION)
9’ pu' pu'' zAbo\ Psjrg - ax'jrg j k|ydflb ljelQÇ ¿k jf lgod ldnofgf
Sog]u'oft æ;+!f ljelQÇ ¿kÆ wfO . k'lNn° b''Yofu'' bSj zAbt %u"" x] cfsf/+ æ;+!f
ljelQÇ ¿ko\Æ o+s] kÇOdv'' . csf/fGt ‘csf/ cGt b''u'’ zAb %u"" cfsf/+ Osf/fGt ‘
÷ Osf/ cGto\ b''u'’ zAb xfg+ d]u' cfsf/+ y''u' x] ¿k+ cnu cnu ¿k xLsf o+s] Ho"" .
cGto\ ;dfg æsf/fGtÆ zAbxoft g+ u''an]+ u''an]+ ¿ko\ o+s]j+ d]u' cfsf/+ x] o+s] dfnLu''
h''ofRjg . uy] Sjo\ pNn]v h'Oltlgu' æu'?Æ j æeft'Æ zAb y''lk+ zAbt lgu'ln+
sf/fGtof b[li^+ æpsf/fGtÆ ¿ko\ %u" x] vM;f+ y'ldu' ¿k rn] ofo]j+ lgu'ln+, ;dfg
¿k+ rn] h''Odv'' . j v× y'ldu' æ¿k+Æ SogL ltgL .
æk'l/;Æ zAbof cGto\ b''u' æ;Æ cfvno\ Rj+u' :j/ æcÆ vM . pls+ psLoft
æcsf/fGtÆ - zAb wsf wfO . Osf/fGtflbt g+ y'sy+ x] l;o]s] dfM . ‘kfln zAbo\
clGtd cfvM xnGt h'Ou' rng db' .’ k'l/;-zAb k'lNn° csf/fGt-zAb vM . ljelQÇ
j jrg+ o'QÇu' æk'l/;Æ zAbof æ¿kÆ lgDgsy+ h''ofRjg M-
æk'l/;Æ zAbof ¿k
ljelQ Psjrg ax'jrg
1’ k&d M k'l/;á k'l/;f
2’ b'ltof M k'l/;+ k'l/;]
3’ tltof M k'l/;]g k'l/;]le, k'l/;]lx
4’ rt'þL M k'l/;fo,k'l/;:; k'l/;fg+
5’ k~rdL M k'l/;f, k'l/;Dxf, k'l/;:df k'l/;]le, k'l/;]lx
6’ %þL M k'l/;:; k'l/;fg+
7’ ;QdL M k'l/;], k'l/;lDx, k'l/;l:d+ k'l/;];'
8’ s/)f M k'l/;]g k'l/;]le, k'l/;]lx
9’ cfnkg M ‘x]’ k'l/;, ‘x]’ k'l/;f ‘x]’ k'l/;f
kÇ'Ss+ ljlelQÇ lr+of :j¿k yy] vM -
ljs[t ljelQÇ :j¿k
Psjrg ax'jrg
1’ cá cf
2’ c+ P
5
3’ Pg Ple, Plx
4’ cfo, :; cfg+
5’ cf, Dxf, :df Ple, Plx
6’ :; cfg+
7’ P, lDx, l:d+ P;'
8’ Pg Ple, Plx
9’ c, cf cf
‘y'lk+ kfln ljelQÇ k|Tooof d"n wsf larfMofo] dHo" .’ d"n ljelQÇoft ;"qfg's"n
h'Os xLs] dfyfo\ xLsf ljleGg ¿k+ ¿k kl/jt{g bo]sf tMu' Yj ljelQÇ lr+ vM .
y'sLof d"n p@]Zo kf&slkGt y''Os] cMk''Osf lao]u' vM. æk'l/;Æ zAbo\ ljelQÇ há/]
ofo]j+ y''sL b''u' clGtdo\-cfsf/ cKjMofgf nf]k h''O .
g]kfnefiffo\ æk'l/;Æ zAbof zAn ¿k yy] vM-
ljelQÇ Psjrg ax'jrg
1’ k|ydf M k'?if, k'?if+ k'?iflk+, k'?iflk;+
2’ låtLof M k'?ifoft k'?iflkGt
3’ t[tLof M k'?if+ k'?iflk;+
4’ rt'yL{ M k'?ifoft k'?iflkGt
5’ k~rdL M k'?ifofs] k'?iflk+s]
6’ ifi&L M k'?ifofu'' k'?iflklgu'
7’ ;KtdL M k'?ifofs] k'?iflk+s]
8’ s/)f M k'?if+ k'?iflk+;+
9’ ;Daáwg M x] k'?if x] k'?iflk+
Yj k'l/; zAb ln;] HjMnfMu'' zAb-¿k b'u' %'+ zAbt Sjo\ Rjof tof y]+ v M-
a'$ ÷ ;j{!, a'$ rá/ ÷ v''× sfo ÷ Dx
wDd ÷ wd{ ldQ ÷ kf;f kfb ÷ t'lt
;+# ÷ ;+# bf; ÷ Rof] xTy ÷ NxfM
k'Q ÷ sfo\ ‘k'q’ s:;s ÷ Hofk'' n]vs ÷ Rjld
s'df/ ÷ s'df/ ‘drf’ sDdsf/ ÷ Hofld jfl)fh ÷ Af+hf
e"kfn ÷ h''h' uákfn ÷ ;fhjfM b]j ÷ Bf]
dg':; ÷ dg'io /hs ÷ wáaL
6
cEof; 1
g]kfn efiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-
1’ dg':;fg+ 8’ ;+#Dxf 15’ uákfn]g
2’ b]j] 9’ s'df/:; 16’ k'Q]lx
3’ xTy+ 10’ e"kfn]lx 17’ kfb+
4’ kfblDx 11’ jfl)fhfo 18’ bf;]
5’ sfo]g 12’ ldQl:d+ 19’ s:;sf
6’ a'$];' 13’ n]vsfg+ 20’ /hs];'
7’ wDdá 14’ bf;lDx
KffnL efiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-
1’ Bf]ofu'' 8’ wd{o\ 15’ Rjldlk;+
2’ dg""to]s] 9’ ;+#ofu' 16’ Hofk''to]s]
3’ NxftL 10’ sfo\kfv]+ 17’ ;fhjfto]t
4’ t''lt+ 11’ Rof]to]t 18’ a×hf
5’ h'h'lg+u' 12’ v'×' 19’ Hofldofkfv]×
6’ drfoft 13’ kf;flkGt 20’ dg'v×
7’ a'$lk+ 14’ t''tL
k'l/;-zAbln;] HjMnfMu'' xfg+ d]u' zAbtM -

c:; ÷ ;n ;'l/o ÷ ;"o{ cfnás ÷ hM
uá)f ÷ åx× kf;f)f ÷ Njx× d~r ÷ vftf
jfg/ ÷ dfsM nás ÷ ;+;f/ cfsf; ÷ cfsfz
;s')f ÷ k+lÍ,Ó+uM j/fx ÷ mf× dUu ÷ n×
;'gv ÷ lvrf ufd ÷ uf× ;Lx ÷ l;+x
sfs ÷ SjM ?Sv ÷ l;df ldu ÷ rnf
ch ÷ b'u' rGb ÷ rGb|df
cEof; 2
k'l/;:; uá)ff . e"kfnfg+ bLkf .
dg':;fg+ xTyf . kf;f)á ;Lxá .
a'$:; wDdá . d~rl:d+ s'df/á .
7
cfsf;lDx ;s')ff . cfsf;] ;'l/oá .

ufd] dg':;f . bLk:; cfnásá .
c:;fg+ kfbf . ?Sv];' jfg/f .
náslDx ?Svf . e"kfn:; c:;á .
KffnL efiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-
rf]n]lru'' t'lt . l;dfo\ eÇ+uMt .
dfsMto]u' Nxft+ . dg""ofu'' uf× .
l;+xofu'' z/L/ . ;+;f/of åLk .
uf×d] d:t . åx×ofu'' t''lt+ .
cfsf;] rGbdf . a'$ofu'' wd{o\ .
Njx×t] lvrfofu'' . h'h'ofu'' ufdo\ .
vftfo\ dg"" . n×o\ ;nt .
rGb|dfof t]h+ .
‘u'?lk;+ ljBfyL{lkGt Rj] pNNf]v ofgftofu'' zAbt hs dv'', y''sL pNn]v dh""u'
æk'l/;Æ zAb ln;] HjMnfMu'' d]d]u' zAbof g+ zAb-¿k bo]s] lao]u', cy{ wfo]s] lao]u'
ofgf cEof; ofs] lao]dfM . Yj u''¿lklgu'' st{Jo wf;f+ Ho"" .’
lqÇof j lqÇofof ¿ke]b

‘VERBS AND THEIR CONJUGATION’
æuR%ltÆ ‘ ÷ jgfRjg’ Yj lqÇofkb vM . u'u' Rjo\ pNn]v h''O w'+s"u' b'' . lqÇof
dbo]s+ %''+ %u"" jfSo g+ bo]s] mOdv'' . pls+ lqÇofof af/] ;Ls] axMu'' d''Vo v× %'+ elt
yg wfo]] dfMu'' b'' .
10’ k''¿if cfM jgfRj+u' vF;f æjgfRjgÆ, cyjf Yjof+ G©ojM jg] w''+s"u' vM;f
æjgÆ wsf j lnkf ltlg jgLu'' vM;f æjgLÆ jf æjgLltlgÆ wsf Jojxf/ ofOu'
h''ofRjg . pls+ lqÇofkboft -
1’ jQdfg ‘ ÷ cfM h''ofRj+u'’ O{ .
2’ ctLt ‘ ÷ jg] w'+súu"’ O{ .
3’ cgfut ‘ ÷ djMlgu''’ O{ .
11’ kfln efífo\ æk'l/;á uR%lt .Æ wsf wfo] Ho", t/ æcx+ uR%lt, Tj+ uR%lt
.Æ wsf wfo] dHo" . pls %, lh, j dWoo\ HofofODx ;'' wsf ;Ls]t lqÇofkbo\ ljelQÇ
xLsf ldn] ofo]dfM . cy] xLs]u'oft k'l/; ‘ ÷ k'?if’ wfO .
8
k'l/; :jyL b''¶ j vM-

1’ k&dk'l/; ‘j’ ÷ cGo k'?í 3rd person
2’ dlH´dk'l/; ‘%’ ÷ dWod k'?í 2nd person
3’ pQdk'l/; ‘lh’ ÷ pQd k'?í 1st person
æTj+Æ ‘ ÷ %’, æt'Dx]Æ ‘ ÷ l%lk+’ Yj lgu""oft ædlH´dk'l/;Æ wfO . plk+ lgu"" ln;]
;DaGw tof k|of]u h''Ou'' lqÇofoft ædlH´dk'l/;Æ wfO . æcx+Æ ‘ ÷ lh’¶ ædo+, cDx]Æ
‘lhlk+’ lgu""oft æpQd k'l/;Æ wfO . Yj ln;] ;DalGwtu'' lqÇof g+ æpQdk'l/;Æ t'+ h''O .
æ;áÆ ‘ ÷ j’, æc~`áÆ ‘ ÷ d]Dx’, ædg':;áÆ ‘ ÷ dg""’, æuá)fáÆ ‘ ÷ åx×’ cflb j
dlH´d-pQd k'l/; lgu''nL g+ b''dYofu'' sQf{kb bSj+ æk&d k'l/;Æ h''O .
12’ %Dx jf %u"" af]w h''Ou'' lqÇof Psjrg . lgDx, lgu"" cflb lg;]+ sof oSj
af]w h''Ou'' ax''jrg] RjgL . y''sy+ lqÇof g+ af]w h''Ou'' Psjrg j ax'jrg wsf lgyL
b''u' h''ofRjg .
l^Kk)fL M-
lqÇofkboft ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s]j+ sfn cyjf ;do, k''¿if j jrg ln;]] :jfk""
to]dfM . ‘st[{jfRo - sd{jfRo cflb e]bof JofVof lnkf ofo]] .’ ;+!foft ljelQÇ ¿ko\
o+s]j+ Gxfkf+ofu'' d""n ¿koft æzAbÆ wfO, t/ lqÇofoft ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s]j+ lqÇofkbof
Gxfkf+u' d"n cfsf/oft æwft'Æ wfO .
jt{dfg lqÇof
‘PRESENT TENSE’
kr - wft' ÷ y''Ou' lqÇof

y''sLofu'' jt{dfg ‘sfnof st{[jfRo’ ljelQÇ ¿k lgDg sy+ h''OM-
Psjrg
III) k&dk'l/; M krlt ÷ ‘j+ hf’ y''ofRjg .
II) dlH´dk'l/; M krl; ÷ ‘%+ hf’ y'ofRjg .
I.) pQdk'l/; M krfld ÷ ‘lh+ hf’ y''ofRjgf .
9
ax'jrg
III) k&dk'l/; M krlGt ÷ ‘Old;+ hf’ y''ofRjg .
II) dlH´dk'l/; M kry ÷ ‘l%ld;+ hf’ y''ofRjg .
I) pQdk'l/; M krfd ÷ ‘lhld;+ hf’ y''ofRjgf .
yg k|yd k'?í Psjrg æltÆ ax'jrgo\ æclGtÆ wsf %k''rM j dWod k'?if
Psjrg - ax'jrg lgu''nL;+ %;Llg;+ æl; - yÆ wsf %k''rM pQd k'?ifo\ æld - dÆ
%k''rM wsf g+ Kok''gf Rj+u' b'' .
pQd k'?ifo\ hs ækrÆ wft'of clGtd æcÆ- sf/of æcfÆ- sf/ h''O . Yj ækrÆ
wft' y]+ x] ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s] Ho"u
" ' %'+ lqÇof ¿kt Sj] Sogf y]+ vM-
uR%lt ÷ jgfRjg, ef;lt ÷ wofRjg,

ltþlt ÷ bgfRjg, r/lt ÷ rfMlxnfRjg,
lg;Lblt ÷ m]t'gfRjg, wájlt ÷ l;nfRjg, lxofRjg
;olt ÷ BgfRjg, k:;lt ÷ :jofxofRjg
sLnlt ÷ lDxtfRjg, x/lt ÷ o+sfRjg
vfblt ÷ gofRjg, wfjlt ÷ Ajf+o\ jgfRjg
e'~hlt ÷ gofRjg, lnvlt ÷ RjofRjg
j;lt ÷ RjgfRjg, ofrlt ÷ μjgfRjg
cfx/lt ÷ xofRjg, v)flt ÷ Dx''ofRjg
cf?xlt ÷ uofRjg, s;lt ÷ a×' HofgfRjg
ejlt ÷ h''ofRjg,
cEof; 3
a'$á ltþlt . ?Sv] cf?xlGt .
lduf wfjlGt . j/fxá v)flt .
;Lxf ;olGt . ;'gvf e'~hlGt .
k'l/;á uR%lt . c:;á wfjlt .
/hsf wájlGt . chf ;olGt .
s:;sf s;lGt . sDdsf/f cfx/lGt .
n]vsá lnvlt . jfl)fhf lg;LblGt .
10
bf;á r/lt . uákfná e'~hlt .

d~r];' ;olGt . uá)ff vfblGt .
bLk] hfn]lGt . jfg/á ?Sv+ cf?xlt .
kfnL efiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

lvrf× gofRjg . Ron+ o+sfRjg .
dfsMt uofRjg . sd{rf/Llk;+ ‘hf’ y''ofRjg\ .
mf×t Ajf×o\ jgfRjg . b''u't bgfRjg .
a+hfM rfMlxnfRjg . ;fÓjfMof åx×t .
w''Aof+ lxofRjg . Rjld+ dt o+sfRjg .
r]nf RjgfRjg . dg""t vftfo\ BgfRjg .
åx×to\;+ a''× HofgfRjg . l;+xto\;+ d[ut gofRjg .
Hofk''+ ‘ufM’ Dx''ofRjg . RoMt l;dfo\ uofRjg .
dg""of ;n . v''× ufd] rfMlxnfRjg .
sd{rf/Lofu'' uf× . ;fÓjfM g+ åx× xofRjg .
l^Kk)fL -
Yj cEof;o\ k|oáu ofgf tofu'' bSj lqÇofkb k|ydk'?ifo\ b''Yofgf Rj+u' b'' .
ædWodk'?ifÆ lqÇofkb dWoo\ Psjrg lqÇofkb wfSj æTj+Æ ‘%’ stf{ gfk+ j ax'jrg
wfSj æt'Dx]Æ ‘l%lk+’ gfk+ k|oáu ofo] Ho"" . t/ æTj+, t'Dx]Æ stf{ kb+ d]d]u' kb stf{
h''ofRjg wfM;f cy] k|of]u ofo]dHo"" . æpQdk'?ifÆ lqÇofkb dWoo\ g+ Psjrg æcx+Æ
‘lh’ stf{ gfk+ j ax'jrg æcDx], do+Æ ‘lhlk+’ gfk+ k|oáu ofo]Ho"" . pls+ cltl/St d]u'
kb gfk+ k|of]u ofo]dHo"" . y'sy+ lgu"u' j :j+u"u' k'l/; lgu'nL ‘Tj+, t'Dx], cx+, cDx],
do+’ hs NjM NjMsy+ jrg :jof k|of]uh''O . efiffo\ k|oáu h'Ou' t'Dx oáu j cDx oáu+
No+ bgLu' gfdkb bSj ‘k|yo\ ljelQÇlg;]+’ k|ydk'?ifo\ k|oáu h''O wsf g+ ;Ls]dfM .
cEof; - 4
dg':;f ;'l/o+ k:;lGt . Tj+ ;Lx+ k:;l; .
uá)ff kf;f)á ltþlGt . e"kfnf c:;] cf?xlGt .
jfl)fhá ufd] r/lt . b]jf cfsf;]g uR%lGt .
11
;s')fá ?Sv] lg;Lblt . c:;f bLk];' wfjlGt .

a'$á wDd+ ef;lt . Tj+ kfb]lx r/l; .
cx+ bLk+ cfx/fld . t'Dx] xTy]lx x/y .
do+ uá)á x/fd . do+ nás] j;fd .
;+#á ufd+ uR%lt .
1’ ;n Njx×to\ RjgfRjg . 2’ b''u't ufdo\ rfMlxnfRjg . 3’ l%ld;+ rGb|dfo\
:jofRjg . 4’ rGb|df cfsf;o\ n''ofRjg . 5’ dg"t vftfo\ BgfRjg . 6’ åx×t l;+x
vgf Ajf×o\ jgfRjg . 7’ lh ;+;f/o\ Rj+Rjgf . 8’ %+ dt xofRjg . lhlk+ åLko\
Rj+Rjgf . 10’ h'h'+ l;+x :jofRjg . 11’ b]jtf cfsfzo\ jgfRjg . 12’ dfsM mf× gfk+ 1
lDxtfRjg . 13’ lhld;+ dg""to\u' Dx :jofRjgf . 14’ %+ l;dfo\ eÇ+uM :jofRjg .
wft' e]b
13’ gfdkb ljelQÇof ¿k, ln° j sf/fGt :jof kfgf jgL . cy] x] lqÇof¿ko\ g+
ljelQÇof g+ pu' pu'' wft'e]b ljefhg sy+ kfO . wft' ljefhg af/o\ JofVof ofgfRjg]u'
cfM cj:yf dv'lg . pls+ Gxfkf Sogf jofu' wft' ljefhg dof;] Rjo\ pNn]v ofgfu'
wft' ljefhg afx]s cKjMofgf Jojxf/o\ jOu'' d]u' lgu" ljefhg hs yg Sog] Togf .
r'/flbul)fs wft' ljefhgo\ b'YofMu' wft' ¿kof ljelQÇ ¿k lgyL ofgf o+sm ] ' . uy]
lsM- kfng jf /Iff ofo]u' cy{ b''u' kfn wft'of - ækfn], kfnoÆ wofu' Yj lgu" ¿k vM .
kfn]
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&d M kfn]lt ÷ ‘/Iff ofgfRjg’ kfn]lGt ÷ ‘/Iff ofgfRjg ’
dlH´d M kfn]l; ÷ ‘/Iff ofgfRjg’ kfn]y ÷ ‘/Iff ofgfRjg’
pQd M kfn]ld ÷ ‘/Iff ofgfRjg’ kfn]d ÷ ‘/Iff ofgfRjg’
kfnolt
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&d M kfnolt kfnolGt
dlH´d M kfnol; kfnoy
pQd M kfnofld kfnofd
1
gfk+ wofu' cy{ kfln efífo\ t[tLo ljelQÇ+ k|s^ h'O .
12
Yjy]+ t'+ ljelSt ¿ko\ o+s] k''Çu' %'+ %'+ lqÇofkbt y'sy+ vM-
hfn]lt ÷ RofsfRjg lrGt]lt ÷ lrGtg ofgfRjg
df/]lt ÷ :ofgfRjg k"h]lt ÷ k"hf ofgfRjg
rá/]lt ÷ v''ofRjg kLn]lt ÷ ‘/f]u+’ kL*f laofRjg
b];]lt ÷ b]zgf ofgfRjg pb]lt ÷ ‘rGb|df’n''of jofRjg
&k]lt ÷ tofRjg pÖ]lt ÷ AjofRjg
cánás]lt ÷ :jofRjg %fb]lt ÷ Tjk''ofRjg
14’ y'lsof x] d]u' ¿k Rjo\ pNn]v h"sy+ ljefhg dh";] Sjo\ Sogfy]+ h"jgf
Rj+u'b'M-
lj-k"j{ æsLÆ wft'
Psjrg ax'jrg
k= M ljlSs)fflt ÷ ‘ldofRjg’ ljlSs)flGt ÷ ‘ldofRjg’
d= M ljlSs)ffl; ÷ ‘ldofRjg’ ljlSs)ffy ÷ ‘ldofRjg’
p= M ljlSs)ffld ÷ ‘ldofRjgf’ ljlSs)ffd ÷ ‘ldofRjgf’
yy] x] d]u' %'+ ljelSt ¿ktM-

ls)fflt ÷ GofgfRjg ld)fflt ÷ ngfRjg
jg]tflt ÷ l;ofRjg lhgflt ÷ TofgfRjg
u)xflt ÷ HjgfRjg pUu)xflt ÷ ;o]sfRjg
;')fflt ÷ GogfRjg cálrgflt ÷ ‘:jf×’ YjofRjg
cEof; 5
1’ k'Qá wDd+ pUu)xflt . 2’ ldQf ;Lx] cánás]lGt . 3’ rá/f c:;] u)xlGt . 4’
dg':;f ;s')á ls)flGt . 5’ uákfná uá)á ljlSs)fflt . 6’ a'$á wDd+ b];]lt . 7’ ;Lxá
ldu] df/]lt . 8’ jfl)fh:; k'Qf ch] ljlSs)flGt . 9’ do+ jfl)fhDxf d~r] ls)ffd .
10’ n]vsá ldQ]g dUu+ uR%lt . 11’ bf;f ldQfg+ ;'gv] x/lGt . 12’ sfsf cfsf;]
pÖ]lGt . 13’ cx+ a'$+ k"h]ld . 14’ Tj+ bLk+ hfn]lx . 15’ do+ wDd+ jg]tfd . 16’ bf;á
13
dUu] ;'gv+ cánás]lt . 17’ t'Dx] a'$:; wDd+ ;')ffy . 18’ rá/f dg':;fg+ c:;] rá/]lGt
. 19’ k'l/;á xTy]g bLk+ u)xflt . 20’ rGbá kAatf pb]lt .
kflnefiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

1’ v'×' åx× o+sfRjg . 2’ Rjldof sfo+ ;n GofGffRjg . 3’ Hofk'of sfo\lk;+ wd{
;o]sfRjg . 4’ Aofkf/Lt;]+ b]jf ldofRjg . 5’ Hofk'+ ‘ls;fg’ åx×t GofgfRjg . 6’
kf;fof sfo\ ufdo\ AjgfRjg . 7’ h'h'+ åLk /Iff ofgfRjg . 8’ lhld;+ Aofkf/Lof sfo\
vgfRjgf . 9’ dfsMt;]+ eÇ+uMto\t kL*f laofRjg . 10’ dg"ofu' NxfM ;f] . 11’ v'×t' ;]+
nf]e+ b''u't v'of o+sfRjg. 12’ Rof]t;]+ drfnot go]u' xofRjg . 13’ eÇL;+ a'$of wd{
GogfRjgf . 14’ l%ld;+ ;+#oft k"hf ofgfRjg . 15’ drf+ kf;fofDx lvrf xofRjg .
16’ v'×to\;+ n]× dg""t :ofgfRjg . 17’ drft ufdo\ lDxtfRjg . 18’ sd{rf/Lt;]+ b]jf
RofsfRjg . 19’ ;nt ufd+ Ajf×o\ jgfRjg . 20’ l;+xt;]+ d[ut :ofgfRjg .
cEof; 6
vfnL Yff;o\ lqÇofkb tof ld+ ofo]u' M-
sfsf ÒÒÒ. n]vsf Ò Ò . ldQf ÒÒ Ò .
j/fxf ÒÒÒ. ;'gvá Ò Ò . jfl)fhá Ò Ò .
uá)ff ÒÒÒ . c:;f Ò Ò . /hsá ÒÒÒ .
bf;á ÒÒÒ . kl)*tf ÒÒ . k'Qá Ò ÒÒ .
y'lk+ lqÇofkboft gfdkb tof ld+ ofo]u' M-

ÒÒÒltþlGt . ÒÒÒ v)flGt . ÒÒÒ cf?xlt .
ÒÒ lg;LblGt . ÒÒÒ e'~hlGt . Ò ÒÒ krlt .
ÒÒÒ ;olt . ÒÒ Ò wfjlt . Ò ÒÒ r/lt .
vfnLu' yf;o\ sd{kb tof ld+ ofo]u' M-

k'l/;á Ò ÒÒ uR%lt . ;Lxf Ò ÒÒ df/]lGt .
bf;f Ò Ò Ò cfx/lGt . k'Qá ÒÒÒ pUu)xflt .
rá/á Ò Ò Ò x/lt . j/fxá Ò ÒÒ v)flt .
jfl)fhá ÒÒ ljlSs)fflt . s'df/á ÒÒ cánás]lt .
14
k'lNn° Osf/fGt zAb

15’ k'lNn° Osf/fGt clUu zAbof ljelQÇ¿k
Psjrg ax'jrg
k=M clUu ‘ ÷ ld’ cUuL, cUuoá
b'=M clUu+ cUuL, cUuoá
t[M clUugf cUuLle, cUuLlx
rM clUugá, clUu:; cUuLg+
k+M clUugf, clUuDxf, clUu:df cUuLle, cUuLlx
%=M clUugá, clUu:; cUuLg+
;=M clUulDx, clUul:d+ clUu;', cUuL;'
s=M clUugf cUuLle, cUuLlx
cf=M ‘x]’ clUu ‘x]’ cUuL, cUuoá
yy] x] ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s] axMu'' d]u' zAbtM-
Ol; ÷ Clif jLlx ÷ jf ‘wfg’ bLlk ÷ lrt'jf
clx ÷ ;k{ `flt ÷ yMlylt uxklt ÷ u[xklt
d'lg ÷ leIf' klt ÷ :jfdL, eft pklw ÷ ;fu/
lul/ ÷ kxf* cl/ ÷ zq' hnlglw ÷ ;d'b|
e"klt ÷ h'h' cl; ÷ t/jf/ ;f/ly ÷ ;f/yL
dl)f ÷ dl)f s'lR% ÷ KjfM ‘k]^’ /fl; ÷ ayf+, oSj, å+
d'lþ ÷ Dx" lglw ÷ wg clwklt ÷ clwklt
slk ÷ dfsM kfl)f ÷ NxfM cltly ÷ kfxf× ‘cfuGt's’
slj ÷ kl)*t ‘slj’ Joflw ÷ /áu clTy ÷ t'tf+
/lj ÷ ;"o{
ctLt lqÇof
‘PAST TENSE’
16’ kr wft'oft ctLt sflns ‘ st[{sf/s lqÇofo\’ yy] ¿k bo]s]kÇ' .
ulR% ÷ jg l%lGb ÷ kfn, TjfMyn
oflr ÷ kÇf]g el~h ÷ tf]y'n
kxl/ ÷ bfn cf?lx ÷ un, yfxf×jg
ul)x ÷ sfn uld ÷ jg
15
blb ÷ lan rl/ ÷ rfM©o'jg

xl/ ÷ o+sn lg;Llb ÷ m]t'n
vflb ÷ gn ;lo ÷ Bg
wflj ÷ Ajf×o\jg lsl)f ÷ ‘Woaf+’ Goft
sl/ ÷ oft *l; ÷ ‘;k{+’ Goft
ljlSsl)f ÷ ldn celj ÷ h'n
OToflb m''s+ x] kr-wft'of ¿ky]+ bo]s]u' wsf ;Ls]dfM . jt{dfg sfnof pbfx/)fo\
Sogf jofu' æltþltÆ wofu' ¿koft %v] tof d]u' bSj ¿koft e"tsfno\ yúu' kr-
wft'of ¿ko\]+ x] o+s] Ho" . æcfx/ltÆ cflb :j/ Gxfkf× b'u' lqÇofkbo\ ctLt sflns
lqÇofo\ cfud :j¿ko\ jOu' æcÆ há*] ofo]dfMu' cfjZostf db' . uy] æklrÆ wft'of
lqÇofkbo\ æc ¥ klr ÷ cklrÆ wsf jof Rj+u' b' .
cEof; 7
1’ d'lg wDd+ cefl; . 2’ uxktoá jLlx+ ldl)f+;' . 3’ clx clwkltgá xTy+ *l; .
4’ slj kfl)fgf dl)f+ ul)x . 5’ bLkoá lul/lDx rl/+;' .6’ cl/ cl;gf uá)f+ kxl/ . 7’
sjoá bLklDx lglw+ vl)f+;' . 8’ t'Dx] cl;gf uá)f+ kxl/ . 9’ d'goá clwkltg+ ufd+
ulR%+;' . 10’ slk clxgá s'lR%+ kxl/ . 11’ uxklt:; s'df/á pblw+ culR% . 12’
clwklt sjLg+ d)foá cblb . 13’ skoá xTy]lx ?Sv] cf?lx+;' . 14’ e"kltgá c:;á dUu]
wflj . 15’ rá/f clwkltgá lglw+ xl/+;' .
kflnefiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

1’ lrt'jfto\;+ d[uto\t gn . 2’ d'lglk+ kSj]+ ufdo\ laHoft . 3’ ;k{to\;+ dg"to\t
Goft . 4’ u[xkltofu' jf zq'to\;+ o+sn. 5’ kl)*tlg+u' dfl)fs Aofkfl/to\;+ sfn . 6’
kf;f+ cltlyoft ;n %Dx lan . 7’ Cliflk+ clwkltlg+u' ufdo\ rfMlxn . 8’ d'lglk;+
ufdo\ dg"to\t wd{ sgf laHoft . 9’ u[xklt+ zq'ofu' NxfF TjfM Nxfgf lan . 10’
:jfld+ kfxf×lk+t jf lan . 11’ h'h'+ v'×t
' o\u' t/jf/t sfn . 12’ sf] l;df+ cfsfzo\ yfxf×
jg . 13’ l;o\ Rjo\ dfsMto\;+ lrt'jfoft bfn . 14’ Hofk''of sfo\g+ jf å+ bfn . 15’
h'h'of Nxfto\ t/jf/ b' . ‘clTy jf ejlt’
16
17’ e"tsflns r'/flbul)fs wft'of ¿k yy] vM-

Psjrg ax'jrg
k&d M kfn]l;, kfnlo ÷ ‘kfng jf /Iffoft’ kfn];'+, kfnlo+;'
dlHÓd M kfnoá kfnloTy
pQd M kfnlo+, kfn]l;+ kfnloDx, kfnloDxf
yy] x] d]u' lqÇofkb g+M-

df/]l; ÷ :oft cfg]l; ÷ xn kft]l; ÷ s't'sn
hfn]l; ÷ Rofsn lrGt]l; ÷ aLrfM oft &k]l; ÷ tn
b];]l; ÷ b]zgf oft kLn]l; ÷ kL*f lan g]l; ÷ o+sn
rá/]l; ÷ v'of sfn sy]l; ÷ wfn k"h]l; ÷ k"hf oft
k|ydk'?ifo\
Psjrg ax'jrg
s/ ÷ wft'kfv]+ csfl; ‘ ÷ oft’ cs+;'
bf ÷ wft'kfv]+ cbfl; ‘ ÷ lan’ cb+;'
&f ÷ wft'kfv]+ cþfl; ‘ ÷ RjgfRjg’ cþ+;'
ud' ÷ wft'kfv]+ cudfl; ‘ ÷ jg’ cud+;'
y'hfu' lqÇofkb bo]s] Ho""u' h''ofRjg .
cEof; 8
1’ d'goá d~r];' lg;Llb+;' . 2’ cx+ bLklDx crl/+ . 3’ rá/f uxkltgá lglw+ rá/];'+ .
4’ do+ e"kltgá cl;+ cánásloDx . 5’ Tj+ cltlygá cfxf/+ bbá . 6’ clwklt jfl)fhDxf
d)foá lsl)f . 7’ klt s:;s+ jLlx+ oflr . 8’ O;oá sjLg+ wDd+ b];];'+ . 9’ skoá
lul/Dxf ?Sv+ wflj+;' . 10’ jfl)fhf pblw+ ulR%+;' . 11’ do+ dUu]g ufd+ ulR%Dx . 12’
bLlk slk+ df/]l; . 13’ t'Dx] kltgá bLk] ul)xTy . 14’ cx+ a'$:; kfb] k"hl] ;+ . 15’ sjoá
skLg+ cfxf/+ blb+;' . 16’ c/oá c;L cfg];+' . 17’ clx slkgá kfl)f+ *l; . 18’ do+
lul/Dxf rGb+ k:;fd . 19’ t'Dx] d'gLg+ cfxf/+ blbTy . 20’ e"klt lgwoá kfn]l; .
17
kflnefiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u'M-

1’ Rof]g+ t/jf/+ zq'oft kfn . 2’ lhld;+ u[xkltoft cfxf/ laof. 3’ j+ kSj]+
dfsM %Dx xn . 4’ Aofkf/Lt n× kfv]+ ufdo\ jg . 5’ eÇ+uMt l;df+ cfsfzo\ Ajofjg
. 6’ v''× h''h'ofu' dfl)fs v''of o+sn . 7’ lh+ Cliflk+t cfxf/ laof . 8’ kl)*tof
sfo\lk;+ leIf''ofs] wd{ Gog . 9’ lh+ n×o\ lrt'jf %Dx vgf . 10’ l;+x+ Njx×to\ d[u :oft
. 11’ Old;+ åLko\ kSj]+ vg . 12’ drf ;d'bo\ jg . 13’ lvrft ufdo\ Ajf×o\ jg . 14’
Aofkf/L+ clwkltofs] ;n %Dx Goft . 15’ kfxf×g+ Dx''lrgf dfl)fs %uM xn . 16’ dfsg+
;k{of Dxo\ Hjg ‘ul)x’ . 17’ u[xklt vftfo\ Bg . 18’ drf+ Nxft+ dfsMoft bfn . 19’
lh+ h''h'ofu' t/jf/ vgf . 20’ kl)*tlk;+ cfxf/ ;]jg oft .
cDx, t'Dx zAb

‘PERSONAL PRONOUN ’
18’ G©ofan]+ Joaxf/o\ cKjM %\o+ dfMu'' d]u' k'lNn° zAb Sog] G©ojM æcDx,
t'DxÆ zAb zAb lgu" g+ u'sy+ ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s]u' wofu' v× Sogf Rjgf . Yj zAb
lgu" ln° e]b dbo]s ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s] Ho" . u'ls+ ofgf y'lsoft æcln°Æ zAb wsf
wfO . ælhÆ wofu' zAb k'lNn°, :qLln°, gk'+;sln° :j+u'ln;+ g+ pTy]+ h''ofRjg . ld;f,
ldh+, gk'+;s G©ofDxl;t g+ ælhÆ zAb %o\M;f+ g+ %'+ m/s h''Odv'' .
cln° cDx zAb

Psjrg ax'jrg
k=M cx+ ‘ ÷ lh’ do+, cDx] ‘ ÷ lhlk+’
b'=M d+, dd+ ‘ ÷ lht’ cDxfs+, cDx] ‘ ÷ lhldt’
t=M dof, d] ‘ ÷ lh+’ cDx]le, cDx]lx,gá ‘ ÷ lhld;+’
r=M dd, døx+, dd+, d] ‘ ÷ lht’ cDx+, cDxfs+, gá ‘ ÷ lhldt’
k=M dof ‘ ÷ lhs]’ cDx]le, cDx]lx ‘ ÷ lhlds]’
%=M dd, døx+, dd+, d] ‘ ÷ lhu'’ cDx+, cDxfs+, gá ‘ ÷ lhldu'’
;=M dlo ‘ ÷ lhs]’ cDx];' ‘ ÷ lhlds]’
s=M dof ‘ ÷ lh+’ cDx]le, cDx]lx ‘ ÷ lhld;+’
18
cln° t'Dx zAb ‘ ÷ %’

Psjrg ax'jrg
k=M Tj+, t'j+ ‘ ÷ %’ t'Dx] ‘ ÷ l%lk+’
b'=M t+, tj+, t'j+ ‘ ÷ %Gt’ t'Dxfs+, t'Dx], já ‘ ÷ l%ldt’
t=M Tjof, tof, t] ‘ ÷ %+’ t'Dx]le, t'Dx]lx, já‘ ÷ l%ld;+’
r=M tj, t'øx+, t] ‘ ÷ %Gt’ t'Dx+, t'Dxfs+, já ‘ ÷ l%ldt’
k=M tof ‘ ÷ %+s]’ t'Dx]le, t'Dx]lx ‘ ÷ l%lds]’
%=M tj, t'øx+, t] ‘ ÷ %+u'’ t'Dx+, t'Dxfs+, já ‘ ÷ l%ldu'’
;=M Tjlo, tlo ‘ ÷ %+s]’ t'Dx];' ‘ ÷ l%lds]’
s=M Tjof, tof ‘ ÷ %+’ t'Dx]le, t'Dx]lx ‘ ÷ l%ld;+’
l^Kk)fL -
I) cDx, t'Dx lgu"" zAbo\ cfnkg db'' .
II) d], t], já, gá wofu' zAb jfSoof G©of]g] %\o+ dHo"" .
cEof; 9
1’ cx+ døx+ k'Q:; c:;+ cblb . 2’ Tj+ cDxfs+ ufd+ uR%l; . 3’ do+ tj xTy]
k:;fd . 4’ dd k'Qf lul/+ cf?lx+;' . 5’ t'Dxfs+ ;'gvf dUu] ;lo+;' . 6’ cDx+ ldQf
rá/+ cl;gf kxl/+;' . 7’ t'Dx+ bf;f c/Lg+ c:;] xl/+;' . 8’ rá/á dd k'Q:; d)foá
rá/]l; . 9’ O;oá døx+ u]x] g jl;+;' . 10’ slj tj k'Qfg+ wDd+ b];]l; . 11’ cDx];'
sáwá glTy . 12’ t'Dx] jfl)fh:; ch] lsl)fTy . 13’ do+ e"kltgá ldu] ljlSsl)fDx .
14’ uxkltgá k'Qá d+ kxl/ . 15’ clwkltgá bf;f dd uá)á kxl/+;' . 16’ cx+ t'Dxfs+
ljlx++ g ul)x+ . 17’ bLlk lduDxf g wflj . 18’ t'Dx] cxoá g df/]y . 19’ do+ cltyLg+
cfxf/+ krfd . 20’ skoá d+ cfxf/+ oflr+;' .
1’ lh+ lhu' dfl)fs Aofkf/Loft ldof . 2’ lhld;+ lhld bf]x×t Rof]to\t laof . 3’
l%ld;+ lhs] t/jf/ %k' Gofgf sfn . 4’ %+ dfsMto\t Nxft+ bfo]dt] . 5’ clwklt+
kj{t+ l;+x %Dx xn . 6’ leIf'+ l%ldt wd{ b]zgf ofgf laHoft . 7’ lhld;+ ;k{oft g;f
19
laof . 8’ u[xkltof Rof]to\;+ lhldu' jf o+sn . 9’ l%lk+ ;d'b|o\ dj+ . 10’ lhu' NxftL
dfl)fs db' . 11’ kl)*tof sfo+ lvrfoft sly+ bfn . 12’ lhld sfo\lk;+ Clifofs]
‘cfvM’ ;o]sn . 13’ %+Dx dfsM l;df+ s't'+jn . 14’ lhDx lvrf lhgfk+ %]×o\ jg . 15’
lhDx sfo\of t'tL ;k{+ Goft . 16’ lrt'jf+ bf]x× %Dx :oft . 17’ lhld;+ h'h'of t/jf/
d:jof . 18’ lh d[u lnSs djgf . 19’ lhld kf;flk;+ l;+xto\t :jn . 20’ %+
kl)*tofs] eÇ+uM %Dx Gofgf sfn .
l^Kk)fL -
I) æ:ofo] dt]Æ wofu' yf;o\ ædt]Æ wofu''oft o\ wsf j, d]u' yf;o\ ‘dt] wofu''
oft’ ægÆ wofu'' g+ k|of]u ofo] dHo"" .
II) d[ut lnSs wfo] dfnLa+ ldu-zAb låtLof ax''jrg ljelQÇ %\on]dfM .
vfnLu'' yf;o\ cDx, t'Dx zAb ldNf] h"sy+ tof hfo]s]u'M-
ÒÒÒÒÒ kry . ÒÒÒ e'l~hTy .

ÒÒÒ ljlSsl)fDx . ÒÒÒ lg;Lblt .
ÒÒÒÒ cbfl; . ÒÒÒ ;')ffld .
ÒÒÒÒÒ ;')ffy . ÒÒÒ e'~hfld .
ÒÒÒÒ lg;LlbDx . ÒÒÒ ;')ffd .
ÒÒÒÒÒ ;ol; . ÒÒÒ jg]tfl; .
vfnLu'' yf;o\ kfo\l%u' lqÇofkb %\on]u' M-

1’ cx+ Ò ÒÒ . 2’ do+ ÒÒÒ . 3’ cDx] ÒÒÒ .
4’ t'Dx] Ò ÒÒ . 5’ Tj+ ÒÒÒ . 6’ t'j+ ÒÒÒ .
7’ t'Dx] Ò ÒÒ . 8’ cx+ ÒÒÒ . 9’ do+ ÒÒÒ .
vfnLu' yf;o\ e"tsfnof lqÇofkb hfos]u' M-

uxktoá jLlx+ ÒÒÒ . c/oá c;oá ÒÒ Ò .
;f/ly ufd+ Ò Ò Ò . Joflw dg':;+ ÒÒ Ò .
bLkoá jfg/] Ò Ò Ò . ;f/ly c:;+ ÒÒ Ò .
20
s'df/á d~r] Ò ÒÒ . sjoá wDd+ Ò Ò Ò .

jfg/á lul/+ Ò Ò Ò . bLlk clx+ Ò Ò ÒÒ .
cl/ uxklt+ Ò Ò Ò . clwklt cl;gf ÒÒÒ .
jfl)fhá d)foá ÒÒÒ . Ol; ufd] Ò Ò ÒÒ .
d'goá cábg+ Ò Ò Ò . klt ?SvDxf Ò Ò Ò .
eljiot\ lqÇof
(FUTURE TENSE)
19’ kr-wft'oft eljiot\ sfno\ yy] ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s] dfM-
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&d M klr:;lt ÷ ‘hf’ y''O klr:;lGt
dlHÓd M klr:;l; klr:;y
pQd M klr:;fld klr:;fd
jt{dfg lqofkbof laro\ O:; %u" zAb ld+ ofgf to]j+ cyjf yk] ofgf to]j+ Yj
eljiot\-lqÇofkb ag] h"jgLu' vM w}u' v× n'd+s]j+ cMk';] RjgLu' h'ofRjg .
jt{dfgo\ Sogf jo] w'+u' m's+ lqÇofkb yg g+ k|oáu ofgf Sog]u' h'ofRj+u' b' .
ulR%:;lt ÷ jgL jl;:;lt ÷ RjgL
uld:;lt ÷ jgL eflo:;lt ÷ UofO
elj:;lt ÷ Hf'O nle:;lt ÷ k|fKt h'O
kl:;:;lt ÷ :JfO sl/:;lt ÷ ofO
hflg:;lt ÷ ;Lls hLlj:;lt ÷ DjfO
blb:;lt ÷ aL cf¿lx:;lt ÷ uO
b:;lt ÷ aL kxl/:;lt ÷ bfO
OToflb .
ósf/fGt k'lNn° zAb

20’ ósf/fGt-k'lNn° zAbof ljelQÇ ¿k yy] h''OM_
kSvL-zAb ‘ ÷ eÇ+uM’
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&o\ M kSvL kSvL, klSvgá
b'ltof M klSvg+, klSv+ kSvL, klSvgá
tltof M klSvgf kSvLle, kSvLlx
21
rt'þL M klSvgá, klSv:; kSvLg+

k~rdL M klSvgf, klSvðf, klSv:df kSvLle, kSvLlx
%þL M klSvgá, klSv:; kSvLg+
;QdL M klSvlg, klSvlð, klSvl:d+ kSvL;'
s/)f M kSvLgf kSvLle, kSvLlx
cfnkg M ‘x]’ klSv kSvL, klSvgá
Yjy]+ hfMu'' d]u' %'+ zAbtM-
xTyL ÷ lsl; s/L ÷ lsl;
;fdL ÷ dflns anL ÷ anjfg\, zlQÇjfg\
;;L ÷ rGb|df u)fL ÷ ;d""x b''Dx
dfnL ÷ dfnL ‘au}+rf y''jf’ %QL ÷ s';f b''Dx
;'vL ÷ ;'lvDx, lg/f]uL kfksf/L ÷ kfk ofODx
l;vL ÷ Dxo\vf, ld bL#hLjL ÷ cfkfM cfo' b''Dx
bf&L ÷ ;k{, wjf b''Dx wDdjfbL ÷ wd{b]zgf ofODx
eáuL ÷ ;k{, ;DklQ b'ð ;L#ofoL ÷ l%^ájg]t]
s'þL ÷ s'i^Dx ;]þL ÷ ;fx"
bGtL ÷ lsl;, jf b''Dx ;f/yL 2 ÷ ;f/yL
dGtL ÷ dGqL b)*L ÷ sly b''Dx
cEof; 10
1’ dGtL xlTyg+ cf?lx:;lt . 2’ do+ ;]lþgá u]x+ uld:;fd . 3’ Tj+ ;fldgá k'Q:;
slk+ blb:;lt . 4’ ul)fgá ;'lvgá elj:;lGt . 5’ cðfs+ ;fldgá bL#hLjLgá g ejlGt
. 6’ kfksf/L olþgf eálu+ df/]:;lt . 7’ dd k'Qf ;]lþgá ufd] jl;:;lGt . 8’ l;vL
%lQðf eflo:;lt . 9’ ;f/yL c:;] ufdðf xl/:;lGt . 10’ t'ð] dfnLlx ;l;g+
cánás]:;y . 11’ anL bfl&gá sfo+ l%lGb:;lt . 12’ cðfs+ dlGtgá asfo]tá celj+;' .
13’ s'þL ;f/lygá kfb+ olþgf kxl/:;lt . 14’ ;]lþgá dfsfo]tá k'l/;] kl:;:;lGt . 15’
do+ u]x] cábg+ ‘eft’ e'l~h:;fd .
2
ug+ æOÆ sf/fGt h"";f+ ug+ æóÆ sf/fGt g+ h" .
22

1’ eÇL dflns d+qLlk+yfo\ jgL . 2’ ;]+& %Dx oSj cfo' b''Dx h''O . 3’ kfkofOlk+
;'vL h''Odv' . 4’ bGt b'Dx+ sf]l(oft bfO . 5’ dlGq+ dflnsofs] Dx]vf %Dx sfO . 6’
:ff/ly+ dlGqofs] ;nt Gofgf sfO . 7’ lhDx Dx]vft kxf*o\ hLljsf ofgf RjgL . 8’
;k{to\;+ zlQÇjfglkGt GofO . 9’ dflnsof sfo\lk;+ ;fx'lg+ l;+xto\t :jO . 10’ eÇL;+
cfuGt'sofs] d[u %Dx Gofo] . 11’ lsl;+ t''lt+ dg" %Dx :oft . 12’ % ;fx' h''Odv' .
13’ h'h'of sfo\lk;+ dGqLlk+ gfk+ gO . 14’ dfsM l;df+ s't'+ jgL dv' . eÇL;+ lsl;
;f/lyofyfo\ o+s] dv' .
Sjo\ Sogf tofu' vflnu' jfSo e"t j eljiot\-lqÇofkb+ k"j+s]u'M-
1’ d©o+ bf;á xlTyðf + + + + + + + + . 7’ cx+ kfl)fgf cl;+ + + + + + + + + .
2’ tj kSvL t?lð + + + + + + + + . 8’ Tj+ cl;gf cl/+ + + + + + + + + .
3’ l;Gw'lð jfg/f + + + + + + + + + + . 9’ blGtgá pR%'+ + + + + + + + + + + + .
4’ kfksf/L m/;'gf s'lþ+ + + + + . 10’ b)*L d©o+ afx'+ + + + + + + + + + .
5’ ;';' kfl)fgf klSv+ + + + + + + + . 11’ t'©o+ aGwjá ufd] + + + + + + + + + .
6’ cfvjá ?Sv+ + + + + + + + + + + + + . 12’ anL cðfs+ s]t'+ + + + + + + + + .
psf/fGt k'lNn° zAb

21’ u? ÷ u'?
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M u? u¿, u/já
b'ltof M u?+ u¿, u/já
t=k+=s M u?gf u¿le, u¿lx
r= %= M u?gá, u?:; u¿g+
;QdL M u?lð, u?l:d+ u¿;'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ u? ‘x]’ u¿, u/já
Yjy]+ ¿k r+ ofo]u' zAbtM-

leSv' ÷ leÍ' ;Q' ÷ zq' aGw' ÷ yMlylt
pR%' ÷ t' t? ÷ l;df k;' ÷ kz'
m/;' ÷ kf afx' ÷ nKkf stR%' ÷ rDrf, rt+rf
23
cfv' ÷ %'×' j]n' ÷ k× l;Gw' ÷ ;d'b|

;';' ÷ drf, afns ;]t' ÷ tfm' s]t' ÷ Ó)*f
22’ u'ln+ psf/fGt zAb u? - zAby]+ dh'';] pls+ d]u' ¿k sfMjgLu' h''ofRjg .
k'lNn° zAb
æeft'Æ ÷ bfh'lshf
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&d M eftf eft/á
b'ltof M eft/+ eft/], eft/á
t=k+=s= M eft/f eft/]le, eft/]lx, eft"le, eft"lx
r= %= M eft', eft'gá, eft':; eft/fg+, eftfg+, eft"g+
;KtdL M eftl/ eft/];', eft";' , eft';'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ eft, eftf ‘x]’ eft/á
Ajf wofu' cy{ b''u' lkt' zAb eft' zAby]+ VfM .
23’ gQ'-zAbof ¿k Yj :jof g+ kfMu' h'ofRjgM-

gQ' ÷ %o\
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M gQf gQf/á
b'ltof M gQf/+ gQf/] , gQf/á
t=k+=s= M gQf/f gQf/]le, gQf/]lx
r= %= M gQ', gQ'gá, gQ':; gQf/fg+, gQfg+
;KtdL M gQl/ gQf/];'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ gQ, gQf ‘x]’ gQf/á
gQ' - zAby]+ hfMu' d]u' %'+ zAbtM-

;Ty' ÷ a'$, cg'zf;g ofODx g]t' ÷ gfos, o+sLDx
sQ' ÷ ofloDx, stf{ jQ' ÷ wfODx
eQ' ÷ :jfdL, k''¿if ‘efMt’ h]t' ÷ TofODx
uGt' ÷ jgLDx bft' ÷ aLDx
;át' ÷ GogLDx ljg]t' ÷ lzlÍt h''ODx,ljgLt h''ODx
24
l^Kk)fLM-
gfk+ wofu' cy{ b'u' ;x, ;l$+ lgkft lgu"gfk t[tLof ljelQÇ to]dfM . Yj lgu" kb
cKjM ofgf ;DaGw to]u' kbof lnpg] hs to]dfM . æk'l/;]g ;l$+Æ OTofbL ¿k+ .
há/ ofo]u' cy{o\ to]u' j cfvMof ;Qfo\ kfln efiffo\ r, clk wofu' lgkft to]
Ho" . clk zAbo\ cKjM ofgf csf/ nf]k h''of lk hs afls vg] b' . cyjf wfo]u'
yf;o\ jf lgkft to]dfM.
cEof; - 11
1’ aGwjá ;';"lx ;l$+ cðfs+ u]x+ cfuld:;lGt . 2’ ;Q' m/;'gf tj t/já
l%lGb:;lt . 3’ u? d©o+ ;';"g+ pR%já cblb . 4 leSvjá gQf/fg+ wDd+ b];]:;lGt . 5’
Tj+ aGw'gf l;Gw'+ uld:;l; . 6’ c:;f r uá)ff r ufd] rl/:;lGt . 7’ t'ð] k;já jf
kSvL jf o\ df/]y . 8’ do+ g]Qf/]lx ;x ;Tyf/+ k"h:] ;fd . 9’ eftf j]ng ' f klSv+
df/]:;lt . 10’ cðfs+ lkt/á ;Q"g+ s]tjá cfxl/+;' . 11’ h]tf bftf/+ afx'gf kxl/ . 12’
;Tyf cðfs+ g]tf elj . 13’ do+ lkt/f ;l$+ j]njá cfxl/:;fd . 14’ cxoá cfvjá
e'~hlGt . 15’ dd ;Qjá ;]t'lð lg;Llb+;' . 16’ cðfs+ eft/á r lkt/á r l;Gw'+
ulR%+;' . 17’ cx+ dd eft/f l;lvgá ljlSsl)f:;fld . 18’ ;';já s^R%'gf cábg+
cfxl/+;' . 19’ ufd+ uGtf t¿;' s]tjá kl:;:;lt . 20’ ;]t'+ sQf ufdðf j]njá cfxl/
.
1’ lh+ lhu' kf+ k×o\ Wog] . 2’ u'?lk+;+ TofDx]l;t :jO . 3’ Old;+ lsl;oft t'o\
o+sn . 4’ wd{ GogLlk+ leIf'lk+yfo\ jgL . 5’ lrt'jft j l;+xt ufdo\ RjgL dv' . 6’ lh
lhld lsjg]tfk+ cg'zf;g ofODx]l;yfo\ jgf . 7’ lhld Ajflk+ j bfh'lshflk+ g+ Jofkf/Lt
vM . 8’ lhld yMlyltlk;+ Dx]vft j eÇ+uM GofgfsfO . 9’ dfsM j d[u kxf*o\
RjgfRjg . 10’ j+ lhld %o\of Ajxno\ bfn . 11’ zq'to\;+ eÇL gfosof eÇ)*f o+sL .
12’ tfm" bo]sLlk;+ ufd+ k× sof xn . 13’ %'+t ;k{t vgf UofM . 14’ lh+ lhld
yMlyltlk+t hf laO . 15’ go]u' laODx;]+ rt+rf+ hf xn . 16’ lhld Ajfof kz't kxf*o\
Rj+Rjg . 17’ lhld ‘a=j=’ %o\ g+ j Ajfof kz't kxf*o\ Rj+Rjg . 18’ u''¿of sfo+
;n h"";f+ bf]x× h";f+ Gofgf sfn . 19’ lhld sfo+ jf lshf+ d:to\ nfuL dfsM %Dx xO .
20’ eÇL;+ gfos gfk+ a'$ k""hf ofo] .
l^Kk)fL-
25
24’ Rjo\ pNn]v h'O w'+s"u' psf/fGt k'lNn° zAb ln;] HjM dnfMu' jGt', dGt'
k|Too lgu" cGt h''of Rj+u' kbt cKjM ofgf ljz]if)fty]+ RjgLu' u')fgfd of %u"" c+z
vM¶ u'lsof ljelQÇ¿k Sjo\ Sogfy]+ h''OM-
æu')fjGt'Æ cflb ljz]í)fkb

u')fjGt' ÷ u')fjfg\
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df Mu')fjf u')fjGtá, u')fjGtf
b'ltof Mu')fjGt+ u')fjGt]
t= s= Mu')fjtf, u')fjGt]g u')fjGt]le, u')fjGt]lx
r= %= Mu')fjtá, u')fjGt:; u')fjt+, u')fjGtfg+
k+= Mu')fjtf, u')fjGtðf, u')fjGt:df u')fjGt]le, u')fjGt]lx
;+= Mu')fjlt, u')fjGt], u')fjGtlð, u')fjGtl:d+ u')fjGt];'
cf= M‘x]’ u')fj+, u')fj, u')fjf ‘x]’u')fjGtá, u')fjGtf
gk'+;s ln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k=M u')fj+, u')fjGt+ u')fjGtf, u')fjGtflg
b'=M u')fj+, u')fjGt+ u')fjGtf, u')fjGtflg
d]]u' ¿k k'lNn°y]+ x] vM.
:qLln°
:qLln°o\ jGt'of jtL, jGtL j dGt'of dtL, dGtL h"jgL . uy] - u')fjtL,
u')fjGtL¶ l;/LdtL, l;/LdGtL . Yjof ¿k :qLln° s'df/L zAby]+ vM . Yj ¿k k[i& ====
u'nL b'M-
;LnjGt' ÷ zLnjfg\ k~`jGt' ÷ k|!fjfg\
wgjGt' ÷ wgjfg\ k'~`jGt' ÷ k')ojfg\
s'njGt' ÷ s'njfg\ o;jGt' ÷ sLlt{jfg\
lxdjGt' ÷ lxdfno eujGt' ÷ efUo b'Dx
anjGt' ÷ anjfg\ mnjGt' ÷ mn b'Dx
rSv'dGt' ÷ ldvf b'Dx lx/LdGt' ÷ nHhf b'Dx
a'l$dGt' ÷ a'l$dfg\ aGw'dGt' ÷ yMlylt b'Dx
;ltdGt' ÷ :d[ltdfg\ efg'dGt' ÷ t]h b'Dx, ;"o{
cflb jGt' dGt' cGt b'u' zAbt u')fjGt'y]+ vM.
26
ösf/fGt k'lNn° zAb

26 ljb" ÷ kl)*t
Psjrg ax'jrg
k= cf= M ljb" ljb", ljb'gá
b'= M ljb'+ ljb", ljb'gá
t=k+=s=M ljb'gf ljb"le, ljb"lx
r= %= M ljb'gá, ljb':; ljb"g+
;=M ljb'lð, ljb'l:d+ ljb";'
lj~`" ÷ kl)*t st~`" ÷ s[t! Dx:o""Dx
jb~`" ÷ jrg :o""Dx, kl/Tofu ofODx ke" ÷ clwklt
;Aa~`" ÷ ;j{! j]bu" ÷ j]b :o"Dx
dQ~`" ÷ dfqf :o"Dx
cflb zAbt Rjo\ Rj+u'y]+ vM .
sfnfy{ k|sfzs lgkft

26 ‘O{ SogLu' lgkft kb’
sbf ÷ u''an] ;'j] ÷ sGx] tbf ÷ pan]
xLYj ÷ lDxuM ;bf ÷ G©ofan]+ kftá ÷ ;''y Gxfkfg+
obf ÷ u''an] ;fo+ ÷ ;+Wof Ono\ Psbf ÷ %u" ;doo\
k"/f ÷ Gxfkf Obflg ÷ cfM, clxn] kR%f ÷ lnkf
cHh ÷ cfh
cEof; - 12
1’ eujf cHh ;átf/fg+ wDd+ b];]:;lt . 2’ leSvjá tbf eujtá kfb] jlGb+;' . 3’
rSv'dGtá ;bf efg'dGt+ k:;lGt . 4’ tbf anjGtf c/L j]n"lx kxl/+;' . 5’ sbf t'ð]
wgjGt+ kl:;:;y < 6’ ;'j] do+ ;LnjGt+ leSv'+ jlGb:;fd . 7’ eujGtá ;Aa~`'gá
ejlGt . 8’ ljb'gá Obflg s'njtá u]x+ ulR%+;' . 9’ lxdjlt ;Lxf r Ol;gL r ;bf
j;lGt . 10’ k'~`jtá gQf aGw'o\ elj . 11’ s'njt+ eft/á wgjGtá g elj+;' . 12’
cx+ lxdjGtlð mnjGt] ¿Sv] kl:;+ . 13’ k'/f do+ aGw"lx ;x lxdjGt+ ulR%ð . 14’
xLoá ;fo+ a'l$dGtá o;jt+ ufd+ ulR%+;' . 15’ lj~`'gá kR%f ke'gá u]x] jl;:;lGt . 16’
o;jt+ eft/á anjGtá ejlGt . 17’ cðfs+ lkt/á ;ltdGtá celj+;' . 18’ k'~`jGtá
27
Psbf d)foá nelGt . 19’ a'l$dGtá cðfs+ ;Tyf/+ jGblGt . 20’ anjtá gQf kftá
dd uá)f+ ul)x .
1’ ldvf b'Dx]l;g+ ;''y Gxfkfg+ zLnjfglk+t :jO . 2’ wg b'lg+ sfo\d:t G©ofan]+
k|!f b'lk+ h''Odv' . 3’ yMlylt b'Dx zq' vgf UofOdv' . 4’ u')f b'lg+ bfh'lshflk;+ pa+
a'$of kfnL ef]k'n ‘gd:sf/ oft’. 5’ l%ld %o\lk+ cfM a'l$ b''lk+ dv't . 6’ a'l$ b''Dx+
sGxo\ s'njfglk+t wd{ b]zgf ofO . 7’ wg b'lk+ sfo\lk+ gfk+ lxdfnoo\ jgL . 8’
eujfg\ a'$ zLnjfglg+ j a'l$ b''lg+ u''¿ h'n . 9’ gfdLlk+ lhldu' ufdo\ u''a+ jO < 10’
anjflg+ d:t lnkf u')fjfglk+ h''O . 11’ %Gx' kl)*tof bfh'+ u'')fjfgDx]l;t bfn . 12’
Gxfkf lh+ clwkltlg+ %]+ af; ofo] w'g . 13’ lDxuM n×o\ lsl;t j ;ntM Rj+Rjg . 14’
s'njfgDx]:of+ lxdfno+ lsl; %Dx j d[u %Dx Gofgfsfn . 15’ wgLDx]:of+ lxdfno+
lsl; %Dx j d[u %Dx Gofgfsfn . 16’ yf}+ ;''y Gxfkfg+ wgLto\ sfo\lk+ lxdfnoo\ jg .
17’ lhld ‘ax'jrg’ %o\lk;+ zLnjfg af}lk+t gd:sf/ ofM. 18’ k')ojfglg+ sfo\lk+
yMlylt b'lk+ h''ofRjg 19’ a'$of wd{ GogLlk+ G©ofan]+ ;'vLlk+ h''O . 20’ an b'lg+ Rof]t;]+
lDxuM ;+WofsfO{lt lhDx ;nto\t o+sn .
l^Kk)fL-
csf/fGt k'lNn° /fh-zAb j cQ-zAbof ¿k k'l/; zAby]+ dh";] d]u' lsl;d+ h"jgL
. y'u' zAb lgu"of ljelQÇ¿k j cfsf/fGt j cf]sf/fGt k'lNn° uá zAbof ljelQÇ¿kt
lgu"u' efuof ;m'tL pNn]v h''Oltlg . ;f cflb cfsf/fGt k'lNn° zAbof j k''df, a|Ðf
cflb k|yd Psjrgo\ cfsf/fGty]+ RjgLu' csf/fGt zAbof ljelQÇ¿kt :j+u"u' efuof
;m'tL jO .
:qLln°-cfsf/fGt zAb
27’ cfsf/fGt :qLln° jlgtf ‘:qL’ zAbof ljelQÇ¿k ‘:qLln°o\ csf/fGt zAb db'’ .
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M jlgtf jlgtf, jlgtfoá
b'ltof M jlgt+ jlgtf, jlgtfoá
t=k+=s=M jlgtfo jlgtfle, jlgtflx
r= %= M jlgtfo jlgtfg+
;= M jlgtfo+, jlgtfo jlgtf;'
cf=M ‘x]’ jlgt] ‘x]’ jlgtf, jlgtfoá
28
Yjy]+ x] ljelQÇ ¿k h''Ou'' zAb dWoo\ %'+ zAbtM-

u°f ÷ u°f h+#f ÷ Tjfgf bfl/sf ÷ ld;fdrf
gfjf ÷ b'°f, hxfh jfrf ÷ jrg el/of ÷ snfM
lb;f ÷ lbzf d~h";f ÷ afs; b]jtf ÷ Bf]
;]gf ÷ ;]gf gf;f ÷ Gxfo\ k"hf ÷ k"hf
;fnf ÷ zfnf ‘xn’ t'nf ÷ tfNh' j;'wf ÷ hdLg
;ef ÷ ;ef ef;f ÷ efíf u'xf ÷ u'mf
kl/;f ÷ mÁh ‘kl/íb\’ dfnf ÷ dfM v'bf ÷ go] lkTofOu'
syf ÷ v× jnjf ÷ df×;n lg@f ÷ Bg]u'
uLjf ÷ uMkM ntf ÷ nx/f ;Sv/f ÷ ;fvM,Njx×FUjrf
lh©jf ÷ Do]× s~`f ÷ sGof ;fvf ÷ sRrf
l;nf ÷ Njx× jflnsf ÷ lm ufyf ÷ ufyf
ljl;vf ÷ ;*s, n× jfn'sf ÷ lm ;'/f ÷ dB, P]nf
k~`f ÷ k|!f
ædf×Æ wofu' cy{ b'u' cDdf zAbof ¿k jlgtf zAby]+ h";f+ ;Daf]wgof Psjrgo\
æ‘x]’ cDd, cDdfÆ wsf h"jgL .
ljlw-l§of
‘IMPERATIVE MOOD)
k~rdL-ljelQÇ
28’ sfn :j+u'nL b'YofMu' lqÇof Sjo\ Sogf tofu' b' . d]lk+t ‘Hof ofo]t’ c¦x]
ofo]u' Hof SogLu' lqÇofoft ljlw-l§of wfO . cf!f cy{o\ x''×, y' cflb vM . ljz]if ¿k+
wfo]dfn wfM;f Yj lqÇof dWod k''¿ifo\ hs %\on]u' h'O . jg]df, jo]df, Djfo]o\ cflb
lqÇof ;'+ %Dxl;s] k|fy{gf ofo]u' h"u'ln+ cyjf OR%f j cfzf JoQÇ ofOu'ln+ y'lsoft
cfzLjf{b wfO . kflnefífo\ Yj lgu'ln+ cy{ %u" x] sy+of lqÇof+ JoQÇ ofO . plsof
ljz]if sfn bO dv' cyjf jt{dfg sfny]+ h'O .
kr wft' ÷ y'Ou'
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&d M krt' krGt'
dlHÓd M kr, krflx kry
pQd M krfld krfd
29
Sjo\ pNNf]v ofgf tofu' %'+ lqÇof kbto\t g+ Rjo\ Rj+u' kr wft'of lqÇofy]+ ¿k
bo]s] Ho" .
hot' ÷ Tofo]o\ yk]t' ÷ to]df ejt' ÷ h''Odf
/Svt' ÷ /Íf ofo]df uR%t' ÷ jg]df xát' ÷ h''Odf
ef;t' ÷ wfo]df lkjt' ÷ Tjg]df ;')fft' ÷ Gog]df
lgkft-kb ( I )
(PARTICALS)
29’ lgkft wofu' ln°, ljelQÇ j jrg lxnL dv'u' %u" x] cfsf/+ RjgLu' kb vM .
t/ u'u' g+ lgkft-kb gfd-ljelQÇof ljleGg cy{oft g+ JoQÇ ofo] m' . uy] ls- x]
‘x], co\’ lgkft-kb ;Daáwg ljelQÇ kbo\ hs k|oáu h'O . x]Tyf ‘ ÷ Sjo\’, pkl/ ‘ ÷
Rjo\’, cwá ‘ ÷ tMno\’ j alx ‘ ÷ lkg]’ OToflb lgkft-kb j 26 u"u' §df+z ;+Vofo\
Sogf jofu' sfnfy{ k|sfz ofOu'' lgkft kb ;KtdL ljelQÇof k|oáu h'O . ;o+ ‘ ÷
:jo+’ lgkft k|yo\ j t[tLof ljelQÇ; k|oáu h'O .
tyf ÷ cy] olb ÷ olb kg ÷ y]+hfu' ‘g+’
oyf ÷ uy] cfd ÷ vM c$f ÷ lgZro g+
ofj ÷ u''an] tSs Pj+ ÷ yy] k'g ÷ xfg+
tfj ÷ pan] tSs cy ÷ cn], lnkf cGt/f ÷ aLro\
;r] ÷ cy] h";f cyjf ÷ cyjf ;lgs+ ÷ la:tf/+
tTy ÷ cg ltl/o+ ÷ Aoyf+ pkl/ ÷ Rjo\
;dGtf ÷ hMvM x]þf ÷ Sjo\, s'g] cGtá ÷ b'g]
sTy ÷ ug, u''yfo\ alx ÷ lkg] oTy ÷ ug, u'yfo\
Otá ÷ yg+ ‘ ÷ lkg]’ olx+ ÷ yg s'tá ÷ ug+ ‘lg;]+’
tlx+ ÷ cg ttá ÷ cg+ ‘lg;]+’ Ow ÷ yg
lvKk+ ÷ ofsg+
cEof; - 13
1’ jlgtfoá gfjflx u°f;' uR%lGt . 2’ Tj+ ;fnfo+ s~`fg+ cábg+ krflx . 3’ ;r]
t'Dx] gxflo:;y, cxlDk gxflo:;fld . 4’ ofj tj s~`f cfuld:;lt tfj Ow ltþflx .
5’ n+sfo e"kltgá ;]gfoá tTy hoGt' . 6’ b]jtf j;'wfo+ dg':;] /SvGt' . 7’ t'Dx]
30
s~`fo xTy] dfn+ &k]y . 8’ ;fnfo %fof a;'wfo+ clTy . 9’ rá/f Otá d~h";foá u'x+
xl/+;' . 10’ cy s~`foá uáw+ ;Sv/flx kxl/+;' . 11’ Tj+ ttá sTy uR%l; < 12’ oTy
k~`jGtá j;lGt, tTy cx+ uld:;fld . 13’ xlTy ufdDxf alx t?gá ;fvf l%lGb . 14’
;r] t'Dx] tbf kl/;fo sy]:;y, cxlDk sy]:;fld . 15’ jlgtfg+ d)foá d+h";fo cGtá
&k]y . 16’ do+ ufd:; ;dGtf u'xf;' j;fd . 17’ cDxfs+ cDo\ ;'j] bánfo ufd+
uld:;lt . 18’ t'Dx] kl/;fo ;l$+ dd sy+ ;')ffy . 20’ bfl/sf s~`fo gf;fo+ ;Sv/+
lvlk .
1’ v'+ afs; u'mfo\ o+sn . 2’ l%ld df×lk gfk+ sGxo\ ufdo\ x''× . 3’ ld;fof
bfh'lshf lDxuM hxfh+ jg . 4’ G©ofan]+ lhu' k"hf !fg b'lk+t h''Oo\ . 5’ l%ld;+ yf}+
sGofof Nxfto\ :jf×dfM %dfM tofAo' . 6’ uy] l%ld Ajf× wfOu' vM cy] of . 7’ u'a+
mf}h jgL pa+ lh g+ jg] . 8’ olb dflnsof snft+ ;efo\ efif)f lan wfM;f lhld;+ j
Gog] . 9’ ld;f+ afs;+ tfNh' xof psL ;fvM Sjo\ . 10’ drfof afs;o\ dflgst b'
‘;lGt’ . 11’ sGoflk+;+ ;'y Gxfkg+ ulNNf+ lm xn . 12’ h'h'of lsl;to\;+ ufdo\ Rj+u'
l;dfsRrft tf]y'n . 13’ n+sfo\ Njx×, rfuM j kSj]+t b' . 14’ c+ h'h' mf}h gfk+ u°fo\
hxfh+ jg . 15’ nx/fof lsrM a×o\ b' . 16’ Bf]lk;+ lhld sfo\lk+t j %o\lk+t cf/Iff
ofo]o\ . 17’ lhld ;]gf+ ufd+ lkg] Tofsf sfo\ mo]o\ . 18’ eÇL;+ eÇLs] Do]× ‘b'u'ln+’ v×
Nxfo] mt . 19’ lh+ ;efo\ ld;fdrfofu' efif)f Gogf . 20’ lhld df× cjZo yf}+
;+WofsfO{tL jO .
30’ :qLln° Osf/fGt zAb

e"ld ÷ hdLg
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M e"ld e"dL, e"ldoá
b'ltof M e"ld+ e"dL, e"ldoá
t=s=k+ M e"ldof e"dLle, e"dLlx
r= %= M e"ldof e"dLg+
;QdL M e"ldo+, e"ldof e"dL;'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ e"ld ‘x]’ e"dL, e"ldoá
cy] x] Sjo\ Rj+u' zAb g+ o+s] ax h"M-
/lQ ÷ axgL dlt ÷ k|!f gfln ÷ s'ln ‘kfyL’
vlGt ÷ ;x ofo]u' c^lj ÷ h+un c+u'ln ÷ klt+
31
;lt ÷ r]tgf, :d[lt o'jlt ÷ Nof;L b'Gb'le ÷ lv+, wf

;lGt ÷ zflGt klQ ÷ yn;]gf w"ln ÷ w"
bál)f ÷ *'°f j'lþ ÷ jíf{ kLlt ÷ k|Llt
lslQ ÷ sLlt{ ‘gfdL’ /+l; ÷ /lZd j'l*\( ÷ pGglt, clej[l$
c;lg ÷ jh|, ljh"ln, r^Øf° j'l$ ÷ pGglt, clej[l$
31’ :qLln° æósf/fGtÆ zAb

s'df/L ÷ sGof
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M s'df/L s'df/L, s'dfl/oá
b'ltof M s'dfl/+ s'df/L, s'dfl/oá
t=k+=s= M s'dfl/of s'df/Lle, s'df/Llx
r= %= M s'dfl/of s'df/Lg+
;QdL M s'dfl/o+, s'dfl/of s'df/L;'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ s'dfl/ ‘x]’ s'df/L, s'dfl/oá
yy] x] ljelQÇ ¿ko\ o+s] Ho"u' d]u' zAbt M-
lsGg/L ÷ cK;/f wgjtL ÷ wgjfg :qL ;vL ÷ ld;fkf;f
t¿)fL ÷ Nof;L s'Ss'^L ÷ vf bf;L ÷ Ejflt+
gf/L ÷ ld;f káSv/)fL ÷ k'v" sfsL ÷ df× SjM
sbnL ÷ s]/fdf /flhgL ÷ /fgL ufjL ÷ ;f
b]jL ÷ b]jL, /fhs'df/L dft'o+s]tL ÷ dn] lduL ÷ d[ugL, dfrnf
v'l; ÷ v'l;,u+uf afÐ)fL ÷ a|ð'gL OTyL ÷ :qL, ld;f
elugL ÷ ttfs]x]+ xlTygL ÷ df×lsl; jfkL ÷ bxM
jfg/L ÷ dfsFgL ;LxL ÷ l;+lxgL
k"j{-l§of
32’ wft'of lnpg] Tjf, Tjfg j t'g k|Too tof k"j{sflns l§of bo]sL . sTjf
‘ofgf’, uGTjf ‘jgf’ cflb Tjf cGt h'ofRj+u' l§ofoft d"nl§ofof G©ojM RjgLu'ln+
k"j{l§of wfO . yg Rjo\ Sogftofu' k"j{l§of+ hs jfSo ;Dk")f{ ofo] mOdv' . ua+ ts
d"n-l§of clGtdo\ bOdv' . sTjf cflboft k"j{l§of wsf gf× tF;f+ uan]+ uan]+
l§ofkbo\ b'dYofs';] lgkft kbo\ b'Yofsf tFu' vg] b' .
uGTjf ÷ jgf cfuGTjf ÷ jof wfljTjf ÷ Ajfo\jgf
32
gxfTjf ÷ dáNx'of lg;LlbTjf ÷ mo\t'gf nleTjf ÷ sof, k|fKtofgf

klrTjf ÷ y'of pþlxTjf ÷ bgf vflbTjf ÷ gof
;loTjf ÷ Bgf e'l~hTjf ÷ ‘hf’ gof &Tjf ÷ bgf
Tjf k|Too cGt h'Ou' bSj k"j{-l§ofo\ klrTjfg ;loTjfg cflb zAbo\y]+ Tjfg
wofu' k|Too tof g+ ¿k bo]s] Ho" wofu' ;Ls] axFh" . yg+ Rjo\ pNn]v h'O w'+s"u' k"j{-
l§of ln;] HjM dnfFu' d]u' sy+of k"j{l§of g+ b' . uy] ls -
n$f ÷ k|fKtofgf cfuDd ÷ jof cf?©o ÷ yxf×jgf
n$fg ÷ k|fKtofgf cfbfo ÷ xof sft'g ÷ ofgf
lgSvDd ÷ lkxf×jgf cá?©o ÷ Sjxf×jof
cEof; - 14
g]kfnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' -
1’ afÐ)fL s'dfl/of ;l$+ kftá glbo+ gxfTjf u]x+ culd . 2’ gfl/oá cábg+ klrTjf
e'l~hTjf s'Ss'^Lg+lk cb+;' . 3’ ;'j] b]ljof s'dfl/oá ;vLlx ;x jflk+ uGTjf
gxflo:;lGt . 4’ /flhgL kl/;fo ;x bLkf lgSvDd gfjfo uld:;lt . 5’ jfg/L OlTyoá
kl:;Tjf t?+ cf?©o lg;Llb . 6’ t?)fLoá xTy]lx t¿g+ ;fvf cfbfo l%lG+b+;' . 7’ t'Dx]
k'g jflk+ tl/Tjf3 c^lj+ klj;y . 8’ bLkoá c^jL;' &Tjf lduL df/]Tjf vfblGt . 9’
o'jtLg+ lkt/á ;fo+ c^ljof cfuDd e'l~hTjf ;lo:;lGt . 10’ xlTygL káSv/l)f+ cá?©o
gxfTjf sblnoá vflb:;lt . 11’ ;LxL ch+ df/]Tjf ;';"g+ b:;lt . 12’ dd dft'nflg
k'Q:; b'Gb'le+ cfg]:;lt . 13’ ;s'l)foá dlxo+ rl/Tjf ;';"g+ cfxf/+ kl/o];lGt ‘váHg'’ .
14’ sfsL t?gá ;fvf;' lg;LlbTjf jLlx+ e'l~+h;' . 15’ ufljoá e"ldo+ ;loTjf ufd]
rl/Tjf c^lj+ ulR+%;' .
kflnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' -
1’ l;+lxgL+ lðuM df×rnf %ð :ofgf gn . 2’ a|ð'gL g+ u°f kf/ofgf ‘glb+
tl/Tjf’ h+un+ cK;/f %ð xn 3’ c+ lnkf Nof;]ðl;of bfh'+ u°fo\ dáNx'of %]+o\ jgf
gn . 4’ dfsFgL l;dfo\ uof Nxflt+ srf %srf Hjg . 5’ Nof;]lk+ bx+ jgf dáNx'of
lðtf ofsg+ ufdo\ jn . 6’ l%ld;+ *'°f+ u°f kf/ofgf ufd+ ‘a=j=’ vft sof lx+ . 7’
Nof;]+ aÁoft hf y'of ld;fkf;flk+ gfk+ cg k'v'nL ‘bxn]’ jg . 8’ lhld bfh'lshflk;+
yÁ ;'y] h°no\ jgf o\ rnf %ð :oft . 9’ lhlk+ k'v'nL dáNx'of ufdo\ jgf ‘hf’ y'of
gof Bg] . 10’ lhld ‘P=j=’ ttfs]+x]+lk+ cg+ *'°fo\ Rjgf u°fo\ jg . 11’ s'df/Llk;+
3
jflk+ tl/Tjf ÷ bx kf/ ofgf
33
ofsg+ :jf×dfM %dfM xof Báof uFkto\ Sjvfo]sn . 12’ ;fx"of ;ft j åx×t ;+WofsfótL
h°n+ lkxf×jof bxno\ nM Tjgf ufdo\ b'xf× jn . 13’ b]jL kl/íb\ gfk+ h'h'of k'v'nL jgf
dáNx'n . 14’ :qLof ttf+ Wod] %uM Gofgfxof ld;fkf;f %ð]l;t lan . 15’ l;+xt
lsl;to]t j o\ lsl;to]t :ofgf gof h°no\ Rj+Rjg .
33’ psf/fGt - :qLln° zAb

dft' ÷ df×
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&dfM dftf dft/á
b'ltofM dft/+ dft/], dft/á
t=k+=s=M dft/f, dft'of dft"le, dft"lx, dft/]le, dft/]lx
r= %=M dft'of, dft', dft':; dft/fg+, dftfg+, dft"g+
;KtdL M dftl/, dft'of, dft'j+ dft/];', dft";'
cfnkgM ‘x]’ dft, dftf ‘x]’ dft/á
wLt' ÷ ‘D©ofo\’, b'lxt' ÷ ‘D©ofo\’ zAbt dft' zAby]+ vM .
34’ dft' zAb ln;] HjM dnfFu' w]g' zAbof ¿k -
w]g' ÷ ;f
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M w]g' w]g", w]g'oá
b'ltof M w]g'+ w]g", w]g'oá
t=k=s= M w]g'of w]g"le, w]g"lx
r= %= M w]g'of w]g"g+
;QdL M w]g'o+, w]g'of w]g";'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ w]g' ‘x]’ w]g", w]g'oá
Yjy]+ hfFu' d]u' zAbt -

ofu' ÷ ofu' s)*' ÷ rf;''Ou' sf;' ÷ ufM
b@' ÷ rf;'s} /Hh' ÷ lvkM ;:;' ÷ ;;Fdf×
ljHh' ÷ s/]G^, lah"nL wft' ÷ wft' sg]? ÷ df×lsl;
34
cEof; - 15
1’ bfl;of dftf w]g'+ /Hh'of alGwTjf Ow cfg]l; . 2’ d©o+ dft'o+s]tL kftá ofu'+
klrTjf wLt/fg+ blb:;lt . 3’ s)f]?oá c^jL;' rl/Tjf tTy sf;";' klt+;' . 4’
wgjltof ;:;' cHh Ow cfuDd leSv'+ jlGb:;lt . 5’ /flhlgof wLt/á xLoá ljxf/+
uGTjf ;Tyf/+ dfnflx k"h];'+ . 6’ s~`fg+ lkt/á ;bf wLt/fg+ j'l$+ OR%lGt . 7’ s'tá Tj+
w]g'oá lsl)f:;l; < 8’ sTy tj elulgoá gxfloTjf klrTjf e'l~+h;' < 9’ s'df/f glbof
r jflkof r cGt/f sLln+;' . 10’ gfl/of wLt/á u]x:; cGtá d~r];' ;olGt . 11’
wLt'of h®fo+ b@' clTy . 12’ Nof;] dfnf cfbfo ;fo+ ;:;'of u]x+ uld:;lt . 13’ cDxfs+
dft/fg+ ufljoá ;AaTy rl/Tjf /lQo+ cfuld:;lGt . 14’ wgjlGtof gQf/á dUu] ltl/o+
wfljTjf c^lj+ kljl;+;' . 15’ c;lg ?Sv:; pkl/ kltTjf ;fvf el~hTjf ?Sv+ df/]l; .
1’ sGofof dfd+ Nof;]ðl;t :jf×dfM %dfM lan . 2’ ld;f+ Gxfkg+ ;fto]t lvkt+
lrgf h°uno\ o+sn . 3’ Nof;]of bfh'lshflk;+ b]zo\ ;seg+ rfFlxnf jof g;f gn .
4’ l%ld ‘P=j=’ df×of s]x]+ ug Rj+Rjg < 5’ lhld ‘P=j=’ s]x]+of D©ofo\lk+ u°fo\ dáNx'of
Hofo\ jg . 6’ Olk+ u'a+ *'°f+ jOu' < + *'+°faf^ cfpg]%g\ < 7’ /fgLof dn]h' lðuM yg
jof s]/fo\ :jn . 8’ wgjtLof D©ofo\lk+ bxno\ dáNx'of uf×of lar+ jg . 9’ lhld
‘a=j=’ ;;Fdn]h'+ ofp y'of ld;fkf;flk+ gfk+ Tjg . 10’ ;;Fdf×of ;ft kSj]+of laro\
‘pv]+ y'v]+’ h'ofRjg . 11’ l%ld df×lk+ g+ D©ofo\lk+ g+ u'a+ ljxf/o\ jgf wd{ Go+ jgLu' <
12’ %+ lsl; ug+ xofu' < 13’ lhld ‘a=j=’ ;ft h°no\ rfFlxnf ufno\ Sjaft . 14’ g×
Gofgf kxf*o\ dnM h'gf lsl; %ð l;t . 15’ ttfof NxftL rf;'s} b' .
35’ gk';
+ sln° csf/fGt zAb
lrQ ÷ dg
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M lrQ+ lrQf, lrQflg
b'ltof M lrQ+ lrQ], lrQflg
t=s= M lrQ]g lrQ]le, lrQ]lx
r=%= M lrQ:; lrQfg+
k~rdL M lrQf, lrQDxf, lrQ:df lrQ]le, lrQ]lx
;QdL M lrQ], lrQlð, lrQl:d+ lrQ];'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ lrQ ‘x]’ lrQf, lrQflg
35
Yjy]+ hfFu' d]u' g+ %'+ zAbt -

cfo'w ÷ z:qc:q, xltof/ b'Sv ÷ b'Fv ;Ln ÷ zLn
cnft ÷ ld+y" kfk ÷ kfk k))f ÷ xM
;át ÷ Gxfo\k+, >át ;';fg ÷ d;fg kL& ÷ d]r
jTy ÷ j:q c)* ÷ v]+ wg ÷ wg
k'Km ÷ :jf× pbs ÷ nM bfg ÷ bfg
`f)f ÷ !fg, a'l$ k'~` ÷ k')o ¿k ÷ ¿k
s"n ÷ lsgf/ r]lto ÷ r}To ;'v ÷ ;'v
xbo ÷ xbo, d'^' an ÷ zlQÇ nárg ÷ ldvf
s'n ÷ hxfg, kl/jf/ #f)f ÷ Gxfo\ lt)f ÷ #f×o\
d"n ÷ xf, d" jbg ÷ VjfM jg ÷ h°n
mn ÷ mn, ljkfs kb'd ÷ kn]:jf× gog ÷ ldvf
gu/ ÷ gu/, zx/ vL/ ÷ b'? rLj/ ÷ rLj/
c/~` ÷ h°n cdt ÷ cd[t ;'j))f ÷ n'×
k'sfo]t ÷ lm %Q ÷ s';f ;ákf)f ÷ :jfxfg]
dg zAbof ¿k, y'u' ¿k :jof+ elt kfFu'h'of yg pNn]v dh"lg .
36’ æt+'Æ k|ToofGt zAb

klrt'+ ÷ y'Ot cfxl/t'+ ÷ xo]t sQ'+ ÷ ofo]t
n$'+ ÷ k|fKtofo]t sft'+ ÷ ofo]t nlet'+ ÷ k|fKtofo]t
uGt'+ ÷ jg]t eáQ'+ ÷ go]t kft'+ ÷ Tjg]t
e'l~ht'+ ÷ go]t lkljt'+ ÷ Tjg]t xl/t'+ ÷ o+s]t
cflb y'lk+ zAbt lgkft-kbo\ b'YofFu' zAbt vM .
cEof; - 16
1’ wgjGtá eft/fg+ wg+ bft'+ g OR%lGt . 2’ bfg+ bTjf ;Ln+ /lSvTjf ;Uu]
lgAalQt'+ ;SsálGt4 3’ s'df/L cnft+ cfxl/Tjf eQ+ klrt'+ clUu+ hfn]:;lt . 4’ gfl/oá
gu/f lgSvDd pbs+ kft'+ jflkof s"n+ ulR+%;' . 5’ gQf/á c/~`f mnflg cflx/Tjf
4
æ;SsáltÆ
36
vflbt'+ cf/le+;' 5 . 6’ ;Lnjf Ol; wDd+ b];]t'+ kL&] lg;Llb . 7’ rá/á cfo'w]g kxl/Tjf
dd lkt'gá c+u'ln+ l%lGb . 8’ o'jltoá kb'dflg cálrlgt'+ glb+ uGTjf s"+ lg;Llb+;' . 9’
do+ %Qflg cfbfo ;';fg+ uGTjf k'Kmflg cálrlg:;fd . 10’ s~`f jTy+ cfg]t'+ cfk)f+
uld:;lt . 11’ t'Dx] jg+ uGTjf ufjLg+ bft'+ k))fflg cfx/y . 12’ do+ nárg]lx ¿kflg
kl:;Tjf ;'v+ b'Sv+ r nefd . 13’ Tj+ ;át]g ;'l)ft'+ #f)f]g #flot'+ r ;Ssál; . 14’
s'Ss'l^of c)*flg ‘:jf×’ ?Sv:; d"+ ;lGt . 15’ ljb'gá cdt+ nleTjf d/)ff g efolGt .
16’ dg':;f lrQ]g lrGt]Tjf k'~`flg sl/:;lGt . 17’ t'Dx] wDd+ ;át'+ ljxf/+ uGTjf
k'sfo]t] lg;Lby . 18’ wgjGtá ;'j))f+ bTjf `f)f+ n$'+ g ;SsálGt . 19’ bf/sá %Q+
ul)xt'+ ;ákf)f+ cf?lx . 20’ dd elugL k'~`+ nlet'+ ;Ln+ /lSv:;lt .
1’ d:t mn go]t l;df Sjo\ jg . 2’ Nof;] :jf× Yjof d's + t
] l;dfo\ un . 3’ lh
s';f j n× %kfM g+ sofxo]t %]+\o\ jgf . 4’ s'df/L+ ld+ Rofs]t ld+ %s" lx+ wfn . 5’
ÓLlk+ ldvf+ ¿k :jo]m'lk+ vM . 6’ l%ld;+ Gxf;+ af; ;LsL Gxfo]kg+ GogL . 7’ afv×
Gog]t jgf Olk+ lm å×o\ m]t'n . 8’ dg"to];+ Woaf laof !fg sfo] mOdv' . 9’ wgjfg+
yFu' ‘cQgá’ wg Ogf D©ofo\lk+t j sfo\lk+t lan . 10’ Nof;]lk+ v';L dáNx'Ot zx/+ lkg]
jg . 11’ Nof;]lk+ v';L dáNx'of zx/o\ jn . 12’ zq'+ xltof/+ kfnf lhld ;;Fdf×of NxfM
TjfFynf lan . 13’ Olk+ au}+rfo\ jgf d:to\t :jf× j mn sofxn . 14’ j ;fto\t
gs]t #f×o\ j l;df xM sof xo]t h°no\ jg . 15’ ldh+ d:t j ld;f d:to\;+ r}To
k"hfofo]t k'v'ln+ kn]:jf× sof xn . 16’ lhld bfh'lshflk+ j ttfs]x]+lk+ bxno\ dáNx'of
go]t j Bg]t %]+o\ jn . 17’ drf lrt'jf %ð vgf au}+rfof aLr+ Ajf×o\ jgf v'l; kf/
h'n . 18’ l%ld;+ bfg+ j zLn+ k')o k|fKtofgf sf . 19’ lhld ‘P=j=’ dn]of ;ft
d;fgo\ #f×o\ gof nM Tjg]t bxno\ jg . 20’ Nof;]to\;+ yM ttfs]x]+lk+t :jf×dfM bo]s]t
:jf× xn .
37’ gk';+s Osf/fGt zAb

clþ ÷ Sj]+
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M clþ cþL, cþLlg
b'ltof M clþ+ cþL, cþLlg
tltof M clþgf cþLle, cþLlx
5
cf/le ÷ z'?oft
37
afls clþ zAbof ¿k m'Ss k'lNn° clUu zAby]+ h'O . Yj ln;] ldn]h"u' %'+
zAbt Sjo\ b' -
jfl/ ÷ nM clRr ÷ ldHjfnf clSv ÷ ldvf
;lTy ÷ vDkf blw ÷ wÁ ;lKk ÷ ¤o"
psf/fGt zAb
rSv' ÷ ldvf
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M rSv' rSv", rSv"lg
b'ltof M rSv'+ rSv", rSv"lg
tltof M rSv'gf rSv"le, rSv"lx
afsL d]u' ¿k k'lNn° zAby]+ vM .
cfo' ÷ cfo' cDa' ÷ nM, hn wg' ÷ wg'í

ht' ÷ ÓÁ lx°' ÷ lx+ ltk' ÷ ðM,l;;f
dw' ÷ sl:t bf? ÷ bfp/f c:;' ÷ cf×;'
OToflb zAbt rSv' zAby]+ vM .
39’ (A) d]u' g+ lgkft-kb (II)
jf ÷ cyjf r ÷ g+, j sy+ ÷ uy]

;ls+ ÷ %sá gfgf ÷ cg]s, cnuu' k'/tá ÷ G©oág]
s:df ÷ %fo\ ljgf ÷ afx]s lsdTy+ ÷ %' ofo]t
t:df ÷ pls+
cEof; - 17
1’ do+ ufljof vL/+, vL/Dxf blw+, blwDxf ;lK+k+ r nefd . 2’ dftf wLt'of
cSvL;' c:;"lg lb:jf t:;f ‘jsL’ jbg+ jfl/gf wálj . 3’ s:df Tj+ cHh jflk+ uGTjf
k'g glb+ uGt'+ OR%l; < 4’ sy+ tj eft/á glbof kb'dflg cálrlgTjf cfxl/:;lGt < 5’
c$f t] wg"lg cfbfo jg+ kljl;Tjf ldu] df/]Tjf cfg]:;lGt . 6’ cDxfs+ lkt/á tbf
38
jgDxf dw'+ cfxl/Tjf blwgf ;x e'l~+h;' . 7’ do+ ;'j] t'Dx]le ljgf6 c/~`+ uGTjf
bf¿lg el~h:;fd . 8’ s'df/f ;L#+ wfljTjf jflko+ sLlnTjf ;lgs+ u]xflg culd+;' .
9’ t'Dx] vL/+ lkljt'+ OR%y, cyjf blw+ e'l~ht'+ < 10’ ofj d©o+ lktf gxflo:;lt tfj
cx+ Ow ltþfld . 11’ oyf e"klt cf)ffk]lt, tyf Tj+ s/álx . 12’ cfd, cx+ e"kltgá
jrg+ cltSsldt'+ g ;Ssáld .

1’ l%ld b'? Tjg]oá ls, wÁ go]oá < 2’ lh+ Gxfkf+ ofp Tjgf sl:tln;] wÁ go] .
3’ k;no\ jgf ofsg+ wÁ sof lx+ . 4’ ;d'b|o\ dáNx'of jof cfM xfg+ %fo\ cg jg]u' <
5’ lhld ‘a=j=’ bfh'lk++;+ uy] h+un+ sl:t d'+sn 7 wsf %+ :o"nf < 6’ % v';L kf/h'of
‘lnxf×’ djtNn] lh v'l;of ;Lyo\ Rj+Rjg] . 7’ lhld ‘P=j=’ dfh' kf;f dbo]s zx/o\
jgf ttf gfk+ jn . 8’ ;fx"+ h'h'of kfln Yo+s 8 Sj%'gf h'h'oft 9 gd:sf/ oft . 9’
%+u' ;n ofsg+ Ajf×o\ jg] m'nf < 10’ vM, j lgZro g+ ofsg+ Ajf×o\ jgL . 11’ ufdo\
Rj+lk+ dg"to];+ af)f Hjgf h+uno\ jgf lsl; %ð :ofgf jofu' bGt TjfFyn . 12’ %+ð
Ajf %fo\ mL Bág] tL;s+ h'ofRj+u' <
;+!f-e]b
(CLASSIFICATION OF NOUNS)
39’ (B) ;+!f-kb wofu' 1’ gfdgfd, 2’ ;j{gfd, 3’ ;df;gfd, 4’ tl$tgfd j 5’
s[bGtgfd wsf yy] GofyL b' .
2’ ;j{gfd wofu' t+ ‘ ÷ j’, Od ‘ ÷ Yj’, o ‘ ÷ s]xL, ;'+’, ;Aa ‘ ÷ m'Ss+’,
Ot/ ‘ ÷ csá{’, cDx ‘ ÷ d’ j t'Dx ‘ ÷ %’ cflb vM .
3’ ;df;gfd wofu' lgu" kb jf j :jof+ cKjM kbt Hj/]ofgf bo]s] Ho"u' gfd
cyjf ;+!f vM . gLn'Kkn ‘ ÷ jrúu' kn]:jf×’, /fhk'Qá ‘ ÷ /fhk'q’, j ;'/f;'/g/á/u ‘
÷ Bá, c;'/, dg", ;k{’ cflb vM .
6
æljgfÆ lgkft-kb gfk+ t[tLof ljelQÇ RjgL .
7
æwsfÆ wofu' zAboft kflnefífo\ æOltÆ zAb to]u' .
8
;KtdL ax'jrgo\ o+s]dfM .
9
sd{ ljeQÇL to]dfM .
39
4’ tl$tgfd wofu' ;+!fof ;Qfo\ RjgLu' vM . uy] - jof sfo\ cflb cy{o\ %'+
k|Too %u" yk]h'of bofjOu' ;+!f vM . ;d)f zAbof lnpg] k'q cy{ JoQÇofo]t )f]/
wofu' k|Too Hj/]h'of ;fd)f]/ wsf ag]h'O . u'lsof cy{ >d)fof k'q h"jgL .
5’ lstsgfd cyjf s[bGtgfd wofu' wft'of lnpg] k|Too ldn]h'of bofjOu' ;+!f
vM . lao]u' cy{ y'Olsu' bf wft'of lnpg] )f\j' k|Too ldn] h'of xfg+ j k|Toooft cs
cfb]z ofgf bfos ;+!f ag] h'O . y'ls+ aLð wofu' cy{ JoQÇ h'O .
1’ Rjo\ pNn]v h"u' ;+!f Ko+u'ln+ cnUuu' ?Sv ‘ ÷ l;df’, dg':; ‘ ÷ dg"’, c:;
‘ ÷ ;n’, e"ld ‘ ÷ hdLg’ j lrQ ‘ ÷ dg’ cflb zAboft gfdgfd wsf wfó .
;fl/k'Q, cfgGb cflb JolQÇjfrs ;+!f g+ y'sL x] b'YofM .
;j{gfd
(PRONOUNS)
40’ Yj ljleGg ln° b'lk+ k|To]s JolQÇlk+ j a:t'to]u' ;Qfo\ Rj+jOu' zAb vM .
Yj ;j{gfd uan] gfdof u')foft k|s^ofo]u' ¿ko\ G©oág] Rj+jO, can] y'ls+
ljz]í)fofsá ¿k g+ sfM . y'sL Gx]u" ljelQÇ¿ko\ ;Daáwg %u"of cefj h'ofRj+u' b',
cyjf ;j{gfdo\ ;Daáwgof cfjZostf db' .
k'l/;á cHh ufd+ uR%lt, ;á ;'j] cfuld:;lt . ‘ ÷ k'?í yÁ+ ufdo\ jgfRjg, j
sGx] jO .’ wofu' yf;o\ ;á wofu' ;j{gfd vM . j k'l/;á of kln;fo\ cyjf ;Qfo\
jofRj+u' vM . pls+ j k'lNn° vM .
co+ k'l/;á ?Sv+ l%Gblt . ‘ ÷ Yj k'?í+ l;df kfnfRjg .’ yg co+ wofu' ;j{gfd
k'l/;á of ljz]í)f ¿ko\ jofRj+u' vM .
Psf s~`f eQ+ klr¶ ;f t+ e'l~h:;lt . ‘ ÷ %ð sGof+ hf y'n¶ j+ j hf gO .’
yg ;f ;j{gfd s~`f of ;Qfo\ jofRj+u' h'n . s~`f :qLln° zAb h"u'ln+ plsof
;Qfo\ jofRj+u' ;j{gfd g+ :qLln° x] h'Ou' h'ofRjg . Psf ;j{gfd s~`f of ljz]í)f
¿ko\ k|oáu h'ofRj+u' h'n .
co+ bf/sá mnflg cálrlgTjf, tflg eft/fg+ cbfl; . ‘ ÷ Yj drf+ mnt vfgf,
d'+sf j ‘mnt’ bfh'lshflkGt lan .’ yg tflg ;j{gfd mnflg of ;Qfo\ jofRj+u' vM
. mn zAb gk'+;s ln°o\ h"u'ln+ tflg ;j{gfd g+ gk'+;s ln°t'+ h'OdfFu' h'n .
41’ ;j{gfd æoÆ zAbof :j+u" ln°o\ k|oáu h'ofRj+u' ¿k Sjo\ Sogfy]+ vM -
40
k'lNn° zAb
o ÷ ;'+
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M oá o]
b'ltof M o+ o]
t= s= M o]g o]le, o]lx
r= %= M o:; o];+, o];fg+
k~rdL M oðf, o:df o]le, o]lx
;QdL M olDx, ol:+d o];'
:qLln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M of of, ofoá
b'ltof M o+ of, ofoá
t=s=k= M ofo ofle, oflx
r= %= M o:;f, ofo of;+, of;fg+
;QdL M o:;+, ofo+ of;'
gk'+;sln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M o+ o], oflg
b'ltof M o+ o], oflg
t= s= M o]g o]le, o]lx
No+b'u' ¿k k'lNn°y]+ vM .
Yj o zAby]+ hfFu' d]u' %'+ zAbt -
;Aa ÷ m'Ss+ s ‘d'n-ls+’ ÷ ;'
c~` ÷ d]u', d]ð Ps ÷ %u"
Ot/ ÷ d]ð ‘lgðl;u' laro\’ ck/ ÷ d]u', lnkf klZrdkfv]
c~`t/ ÷ %u" lsl;d+ peo ÷ lgð
k/ ÷ lnkf, d]u' st/ ÷ ;' ‘lgðl;u' by'O’
std ÷ ;' ‘mÁhof by'O’
42’ Yj zAbdWo] c~`, c~`t/, Ot/, %u" zAbof :qLln°o\ rt'yL{, íi&L-
Psjrgo\ - cl~`:;f, c~`tl/:;f, Otl/:;f, Pls:;f j ;KtdL Psjrgo\- cl~`:;+,
41
c~`tl/:;+, Otl/:;+, Pls:;+ ¿ky]+ k'Aa, k/, ck/ wofu' zAbof k'lNn°o\ k~rdL
Psjrgo\ _ k'Aaf, k/f, ck/f cn] ;KtdL Psjrgo\ k'Aa], k/], ck/] ¿kt g+ vg] b' .
43’ ;j{gfdof k|oáu

;j{gfd j ljz]í)f wsf lgu" lsl;d+ k|oáuofo] Ho" .
c~`á ‘ ÷ d]ð, d]u'’ Yj zAb hs tof jfSo bo]s]u' cj:yfo\ Yj d]u' zAbof
ljz]í)f dv' . d]u' zAbof ;Qfo\ jFu' hs vM . yg Yj c~` zAb+ SogLð ;' wsf
;Ldb', t/ k'lNn°o\ af×nfs k|oáu h'ofRj+u'ln+ Yj zAb ;'+ k'?íif cyjf k'ln°o\ b'YofFu'
d]ð %ð ;äjof cyjf b|Aoof ;Qfo\ jofRj+u' wsf :ki^ h'ofRj+u' b' .
c~`á k'l/;á ‘ ÷ d]ð k'?í’ wsf wfo]an] c~`á wofu' zAb k'l/;áof ljz]í)f
¿ko\ SogfRj+u' b' .
c~`] k'l/;f ‘ ÷ d]lk+ dg"t’ wsf wfo]an] yg k'l/;f ax'jrg h"u'ln+ plsof
ljz]í)f c~` zAb g+ ax'jrgo\ k|oáu ofo]dfFu' h'n .
Ot/f jlgtf ‘ ÷ d]ð :qL’ Ot/foá jlgtfoá ‘ ÷ d]lk+ :qLlk+’ jlgtf- zAb
:qLln°o\ h"u'ln+ plsof ;Qfo\ jofRj+u' Ot/ zAb g+ :qLln°o\ x] h'O .
o+ mn+ ‘ ÷ d]u' mn’, oflg mnflg ‘ ÷ d]d]u' mnt’
mn_ zAb gk';+sln° h"u'ln+ o-zAb g+ gk';+s x] h'n . y'sy+ ;j{gfdt %'lsof
;Qfo\ jOu' vM, pu' ;+!fof x] ln°, ljelQÇ j jrgo\ ;dfg ¿k+ k|oáu ofo]dfM wofu'
v× s'/f ;Ls] axM h" .
cEof; - 18
g]kfnefío\ cg'jfb ofo]u' -
1’ ;Aa];+ gQf/á k~`fjGtá g ejlGt . 2’ ;Aaf OlTyoá jflko+ gxfTjf kb'dflg
lknlGwTjf cfulR+%;' . 3’ jfl)fhá ;Aa+ wg+ ofrsfg+ bTjf c~`+ /þ+ culd . 4’ dftf
peof;lDk wLt/fg+ jTyflg lsl)fTjf blb:;lt . 5’ sá glbof r jflkof r cGt/f w]g+'
x/lt < 6’ s:; k'Qá blSv)f+ lb;+ uGTjf jLlx+ cfxl/:;lt < 7’ o] kfkflg s/álGt, t]
lg/o] lgAaltTjf b'Sv+ nle:;lGt . 8’ sf;+ wLt/á jgDxf bf¿lg cfxl/Tjf cábg+
klr:;lGt < 9’ st/]g dUu]g ;á k'l/;á gu/+ uGTjf e)*flg lsl)f < 10’ Ot/f bfl/sf
jlgtfo xTyf k'Kmflg ux]Tjf r]lto+ k"h]l; . 11’ k/];+ wg+ w~`+ jf ul)xt'+ df lrGt]y .
12’ ck/á cl~`:;+ jflko+ gxfTjf k'Aafo lb;fo gu/+ kfljl; .
42
kflnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' _

1’ %]+, uNnL j au}rf g+ :jo]t ;sn]+ zx/o\ b'xf× jg . 2’ ufdo\ Rj+lk+ 10 m'Ss
ld;fto\ D©ofo\drft n× kfv]+ r}Toofyfo\ jg . 3’ d]ð sGof+ kn]:jf× xof d]ð]l;t lan .
4’ ;'gf+ lht b'? ;f+ wÁ ;f+ xof laO < 5’ ;'gf+ v'l; ;Lyo\ Rjgf blÍ)f lbzfo\ :jO < 6’
m'Ss wlgto\ sfo\lk+ G©ofan]+ wgjfg\ h'Odv' . 7’ ;'of ‘a=j=’ %o]lk;+ ;fto\t yg xof
go]to\t #f×o\ Ao"u' < 8’ sGx] zx/o\ Rj+lk+ m'Ss Nof;]lk+ lkxf× jof h°no\ rfF©o"jgL .
9’ d]ð ld;f drf n]+o\ lrt'jf vgf au}rf by'+ Ajf×o\ jg . 10’ bfg laof k')o d'+s"lk+
:ju{o\ hGd h'+O . 11’ ;'+ %ð dg"v+ v'ln+ kn]:jf×t xn, d]ð dg"v+ j dLt k;no\ o+sn .
12’ lhld ‘P=j=’ lshfof sfo+ :jf× j mn vfgf d'+s]t d]u' l;dfof sRrf Tjy'n .
k'lNn° zAb
t ÷ j
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M ;á t]
b'ltof M t+ t]
t= s= M t]g t]le, t]lx
r= %= M t:; t];+, t];fg+
k~rdLM tðf, t:df t]le, t]lx
;QdL M tlDx, tl:+d t];'
:qLln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M ;f tf, tfoá
b'ltof M t+ tf, tfoá
t=s=k= M tfo tfle, tflx
r= %= M t:;f, tfo tf;+, tf;fg+
;QdL M t:;+, tfo+ tf;'
gk'+;sln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M t+ t], tflg
b'ltof M t+ t], tflt
d]u' zAb m'Ss k'lNn° y]+ vM .
10
æufd]Æ wsf k|oáu ofo]j+ Rj+lk+ wOu' cy{ AoQÇ h'O .
43
45’ Pt zAb g+ t zAb y]+ vM .

Pt ÷ x'× ‘k'?í’
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M P;á Pt]
b'ltof M Pt+ Pt]
k&df M P;f Ptf, Ptfoá
b'ltof M Pt+ Ptf, Ptfoá
k&df M Pt+ Pt], Ptflg
b'ltof M Pt+ Pt], Ptflg
y'hfu' lsl;d+ ;Ls] dfM .
k'lNn°, :qLln° j gk'+;s ln°of t zAb k|ydf Psjrgo\ afx]s d]u' m'Ss
ljelQÇ ¿ko\ g+ g], gf, gfoá¶ g+, gflg OToflb gsf/ o'QÇu' kb bo]s] Ho" . låtLof-
t[tLof Pt zAbo\ hs Pt+-Pt] cflb kb ljBdfg h'O .
46’ k'lNn° zAb

Od ÷ Yj
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M co+ Od]
b'ltof M Od+ Od]
t= s= M Oldgf¶ cg]g Od]le, Od]lx¶ Ple, Plx
r= %= M Od:;, c:; Od];+,Od];fg+,P;+, P;fg+
k~rdL M Odðf, Od:df¶ c:df Od]le, Od]lx, Ple, Plx
;QdL M OdlDx, Odl:+d¶ cl:+d Od];'¶ P;'
:qLln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M co+ Odf, Odfoá
b'ltof M Od+ Odf, Odfoá
tltof M Odfo Odfle, Odflx
r= %= M Old:;f, Odfo¶ c:;f, c:;fo Odf;+, Odf;fg+
44
k~rdL M Odfo Odfle, Odflx

;QdL M Old:;+, Odfo+¶ c:;+ Odf;'
gk'+;sln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&o\ M Ob+, Od+ Od], Odflg
b'ltof M Ob+, Od+ Od], Odflg
tltof M Oldgf, cg]g
d]u' k'lNn° y]+ vM .
cEof; - 19
1’ co+ ;Lxá tDxf jgðf lgSvDd Odl:+d dUu] Ps+ OlT+y df/]l; . 2’ ;á tf;+
o'jtLg+ tflg jTyflg ljlSsl)fTjf d"n+ nle:;lt . 3’ Old:;f wLt/á c:df jgðf Odflg
mnflg cfxl/+;', c~`f gfl/oá tflg vflbt'+ ul)+x;' . 4’ Odf ;Aaf o'jltoá t+ ljxf/+
uGTjf wDd+ ;'Tjf a'$+ jlGb:;lGt . 5’ Od] dg':;f oflg k'~`flg jf kfkflg jf s/álGt,
tflg t] cg'uR%lGt . 6’ t:;f s~`fo dftf blSv)ffo lb;fo Od+ ufd+ cfuGTjf Ow
lr/+ jl;:;lt . 7’ t:; gQf Od:; eft/f ;l$+ gu/+ uGTjf tflg e)*flg lsl)f:;lt .
8’ tf gfl/oá Ptf;+ ;Aaf;+ s'df/Lg+ xTy];' kb'dflg &k];'+ . 9’ t:;f /flhlgof tf
bfl;oá Od]lx ?Sv]lx Odflg k'Kmflg cálrlgTjf Odf dfnf sl/+;' . 10’ s];+ ;á Od+ wg+
bTjf ;'v+ nle:;lt < 11’ oá dUu] uR%lt, t:; k'Qá ;'/+ lkljTjf PTy ;olt . 12’ s]
t+ v]Q+ uGTjf lt)f+ cfxl/Tjf Odf;+ ufjLg+ bTjf vL/+ nlet'+ uR%lGt <

1’ ;'+ %ð dg"v+ d;fgo\ jgf j :jf× Yjof yg xn . 2’ Yj l;+lxgLg+ j h°n+ lkg]
jof Yj yf;o\ ;f %ð :oft . 3’ y'ð ld;fof eft+ k;n+ Yj sfkM xof jof %o\lkGt
lan . 4’ %Gt g+ lht g+ j:t' sofxo]t ;' o]× jgL < 5’ sGx] jof bfh'lshflk;+ j
h°no\ jgf sl:t j mn d'+sL . 6’ jof ‘:qL=ln+=’ ttfs]x]+lk+ y'lk+ ;fto\t #f×o\
sofxo]t x'× a'×ó jg . 7’ lh+ Yj kn]:jf× j :jf× x'× ufdo\ Rj+ð ld;f %ðl;s] sofxof .
8’ yÁ+ Yj zx/o\ ;sn Nof;]lk+ x'× v';L jgf cg dáNx'O . 9’ Old;+ Yj Aofkf/Lto\t
;ft ldof pu' Woaf+ sfkM g+ :jf×dfM g+ s';f g+ Gofgfsfn . 10’ Old;+ pu' rLh x'×
45
k;no\ Rj+ð k;Nof %ð]l;t aLt sof xn . 11’ lðuM;'gf+ Yj h°no\ l;+x %ð :ofFu'
< 12’ :jf×df v'of sof uNnL Ajf×o\ j+ð ld;f ;' <
cEof; - 20
c:;, Od], Od+, Odl:+d, s:;, tl:+d, tf;+, ;Aa], ;á, oá, o], t], Odflg, Pt],
;Aa];+, t:;f Yj jrgt kfo]l% h'Os tof Sjo\ laoftofu' vfnL jfSoo\ ldn] ofo]u' .
1’ + + + + + + + eftf jg+ uGTjf ;Lx+ ljlHÓ .
2’ cDxfs+ lkt/á + + + + + + + + u]x+ lsl)f+;' .
3’ + + + + + + + + k'l/;f mnflg cálrlgTjf ljSs)flGt .
4’ + + + + + + + + ?Sv] k'Kmflg g ;lGt, k))fflg ;lGt .
5’ + + + + + + + + wfljTjf kltTjf pþfl; .
6’ + + + + + + + + k'Qf + + + + + + + + + uá)f+ kxl/+;' <
7’ o'jtLg+ dft/á + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + jTyflg cb+;' .
8’ + + + + + + + + + + + + jg] ;Lxf g ;lGt, JoU#f j;lGt .
9’ + + + + + + + + + + + + ljxf/+ uGTjf wDd+ ;'l)f:;lGt .
10’ + + + + + + k'~`+ sl/:;lt + + + + + + + ;Uu] lgAalQ:;lt .
11’ kL&];' lg;Llb+;' + + + + + + + + + + gu/] cfk)f+ culd+;' .
12’ sá + + + + + + + + + cfo'wflg cfxl/ <
13’ + + + + + + + + + + kb'dflg cálrlgt'+ glb+ uld:;lGt .
14’ + + + + + + + k'Qf dl/:;lGt .
15’ s'df/L jTy+ lsl)fTjf + + + + + + + + eft'gá cbfl; .
Sjo\ laoftofu' jfSoo\ vflnu' yf;o\ ldn]h"u' k"j{-l§of %u" jf lgu" hfo]s]u' M_
klrTjf, e'l~hTjf, ;loTjf, uGTjf, cfuGTjf, ;'Tjf ‘;'g]/’, cfxl/Tjf, bTjf,
cálrlgTjf, /lSvTjf, sTjf, vflbTjf, df/]Tjf, lsl)fTjf, gxfTjf
1’ t:; k'Qá eQ+ =================== ;loTjf sLln .
2’ ;Aaf OlTyoá =============== e'l~hTjf ;lo:;lGt .
3’ cx+ ufd+ =============== mnflg cfg]:;fld .
4’ s'df/L d~r] ================ pþlxTjf eQ+ e'l~h .
5’ s'dfl/of dftf jflko+ ================= e'l~h:;lt .
6’ tf OlTyoá glbo+ kb'dflg ================ gu/] ljSsl)f+;' .
7’ tf;+ dft/á c^lj+ ============= bf¿lg ============= cfxl/:;lGt .
8’ t'©o+ lktf ljxf/+ ========= wDd+ ============= cfuld:;lt .
46
9’ Psá ;Lxá ufd+ ============= dg':;+ =========== cudfl; .

10’ t'Dx] mnflg ========= gu/+ ============= ljlSs)ffy .
11’ bfg+ ============ ;Ln+ ============= k'~`+ nelGt .
12’ k'~`flg ============= ;Uu] lgAaQlGt .
13’ JoU#á ldu+ ================ ;lo .
14’ Od] dg':;f cfk)f+ ========== jTyflg ============== cfuld+;' .
ldl>t-l§of
(PRESENT PARTICIPLE)
47’ uR%Gtá ÷
jgfRjRj+, jgLð
uR%dfgá ÷
krGtá ÷
‘hf’ y'ofRjRj+, y'Oð
krdfgá ÷
cflboft g]kfnefífo\ ldl>t-l§of wfO . kfnLefífo\ lstskb ‘s[bGt’ wfO .
lstskb ;+!fof %u" efu vM wofu' v× ;+!f ljefuo\ pNn]v h'O w'+s"u' b' . pls+
uR%Gt cflb ;+!f ‘gfd’ kby]+ m'Ss ljeQÇL o+s] m' . ;j{gfdy]+ y'sL g+ :j+u" ln°t b' .
k'lNn° zAb
uR%Gt ÷ jgLð
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M uR%+, uR%Gtá uR%Gtá, uR%Gtf
b'ltof M uR%Gt+ uR%Gt]
t= s= M uR%tf, uR%Gt]g uR%Gt]le, uR%Gt]lx
r= %= M uR%tá, uR%Gt:; uR%t+, uR%Gtfg+
k~rdL M uR%tf, uR%GtDxf, uR%Gt:df uR%Gt]le, uR%Gt]lx
;QdL M uR%lt, uR%Gt], uR%Gtlð, uR%Gtl:+d uR%Gt];'
cfnkg M ‘x]’ uR%+, uR%, uR%f ‘x]’ uR%Gtá, uR%Gtf
:qLln°o\ uR%GtL wsf ósf/fGt zAb h'O _
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&df M uR%GtL uR%GtL, uR%lGtoá
b'ltof M uR%lGt+ uR%GtL, uR%lGtoá
47
tltof M uR%lGtof uR%GtLle, uR%GtLlx

rt'TyL M uR%lGtof uR%GtLg+
d]u' ¿kt s'df/L zAb y]+ vM .
gk';+sln°
Psjrg ax'jrg
k&o\ M uR%+ uR%Gtf, uR%Gtflg
b'ltof M uR%Gt+ uR%Gt], uR%Gtflg
tltof M uR%tf, uR%Gt]g uR%Gt]le, uR%Gt]lx
d]u' afsL k'lNn° zAby]+ vM .
48’ k'lNn°o\ k|yd Psjrg uR%Gt zAbof jgfRjRj+, jgLð wofu' lgu'ln+ cy{o\
k|oáu h", j yy] vM -
uR%Gtá uá)f+ x/lt . ‘ ÷ jgfRj+ð åx× o+sfRjg’
;á ufd+ uR%Gtá /áblt . ‘ ÷ j ufdo\ jgfRjRj+ VjofRjg’
uR%+ k'l/;á /áblt . wfo]an] uR%+ zAb k'l/;áof ljz]í)f h'n .
m'Ss ldl>t-l§of lstskboft y'sy+ ljz]í)f ¿ko\ %\on] axM h"u' ;Ls]dfM .
gf/L eQ+ krGtL x;lt . ‘ ÷ :qL+ hf y'y'+ lGxnfRjg .’ yy] wfo]ano\ y'y'+
‘y'ofRjRj+’ cy{ b'u' krGtL wofu' zAb :qLln°o\ to]dfM¶ t/ g]kfnefífo\ jj+, y'y'+
wofu' zAbof ln° e]b db' .
uR%Gt zAby]+ ljeQÇL o+s]Ho"u' d]u' ldl>t-l§of M-
s/áGt ÷ ofOð bbGt ÷ aLð krGt ÷ y'Oð
wfjGt ÷ Ajf×o\jgLð e'~hGt ÷ gOð ljlSs)fGt ÷ dLð
gxfoGt ÷ dáNx'Oð r/Gt ÷ rfFlxnLð lkjGt ÷ TjgLð
ljx/Gt ÷ af; RjgLð ;oGt ÷ BgLð ;')fGt ÷ GogLð
cflx)*Gt ÷ rfFlxnLð k:;Gt ÷ :jOð x;Gt ÷ lGxnLð
lg;LbGt ÷ mo]t'Oð x/Gt ÷ o+sLð sL)fGt ÷ GofOð
ltþGt ÷ Rj+RjgLð, bgLð /ábGt ÷ VjOð
y'lk+ m'Ss+ uR%Gt ¿ky]+ ln° :j+u'nL g+ k|oáuofgf ¿ko\ o+s] m' . :qLln°
krGtL, s/áGtL cflb zAb ósf/fGt h'O . Yj bSj zAbof uR%dfg, krdfg,
ltþdfg, /ábdfg, e'~hdfg, bbdfg cflb y'sy+ dfg k|Too Hj/]h"u' ¿kt g+ b' . Yj
48
dfg k|Too cGt h'Ou' zAb k'lNn°o\ k'l/; zAby]+ uR%dfgá - uR%dfgf cflb :qLln°
jlgtf zAby]+ uR%dfgf - uR%dfgf, uR%dfgfoá cflb j gk';+s ln°o\ uR%dfg+ -
uR%dfgf, uR%dfgflg cflb ¿ko\ lrQ zAby]+ g+ ljeQÇL o+s]t m' . æGtÆ cGt h";f+
ædfgÆ cGt h";f+ cy{ %'+ dkfM .
49’ Yj lstskb d]u' ;+!fln;] to]m' . uy] M-
k'lNn°
ltþ+ uá)fá ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×’
ltþGtf uá)ff ‘ ÷ bgfRj+lk+ åx×t’
ltþGt+ uá)f+ ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×oft’
ltþtf uá)f]g ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×g+’
ltþGt]lx uá)f]lx ‘ ÷ bgfRj+lk+ åx×t];+’
ltþtá uá)f:; ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×oft cyjf åx×of’
ltþtf uá)ff ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×of kfv]+’
ltþt+ uá)ffg+ ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×to\u'’
ltþlt uá)f] ‘ ÷ bgfRj+ð åx×of nflu’
:qLln°
lg;LbGtL gf/L ‘ ÷ m]t'gfRj+ð ld;f’
lg;LblG+t gfl/+ ‘ ÷ m]t'gfRj+ð ld;foft’
lg;LblGtof gfl/of ‘ ÷ m]t'gfRj+ð ld;f+’
lg;LbGtLg+ gf/Lg+ ‘ ÷ m]t'gfRj+ð ld;fto]t jf ld;fto]u'’
lg;LbGtLo+ gf/Lo+ ‘ ÷ m]t'gfRj+ð ld;fof nfuL’
gk'+;sln°
ljx/Gt+ s'n+ ‘ ÷ af;Rj+ð hft’
ljx/Gtflg s'nflg ‘ ÷ af;RjgLlk+ hftlk+’
ljx/tf s'n]g ‘ ÷ af;RjgLu' hft+’
ljx/tá s'n:; ‘ ÷ af;RjgLu' hftoft’
No+u' ljeQÇL j jrgo\ g+ y'sy+ x] y'Os]dfM .
cEof; - 21
1’ ufd+ uR%Gtá bf/sá Ps+ uá)f+ lb:jf eflo . 2’ bfl/sf /ábGtL cDdfo ;lGts+
uGTjf kL&] lg;Llb . 3’ jfl)fhf e)*flg ljlSs)fGtf glbo+ gxfoGt] dg':;] kl:+;;' . 4’
49
s~`foá x;dfgf gxfolGtoá uR%lGt+ jlgt+ cSsál;+;' . 5’ k'l/;á x;Gtá ?Sv+

cf¿lxTjf mnflg vfbGtá ;fvfo+ lg;Llb . 6’ eujf ;fjlTyo+ ljx/Gtá b]jfg+ dg':;fg+
r wDd+ b];]l; . 7’ ;f ;olGt+ OlT+y pþfk]Tjf x;dfgf tDxf &fgf ckulR% . 8’ t'Dx]
e"ldo+ ;odfg+ Od+ bf/s+ d~r] &k]y . 9’ ;Lx+ lb:jf efloTjf wfjdfgf t] lduf cl:+d
jg] cfjf^];' klt+;' . 10’ Odl:+d ufd] j;Gtfg+ k'l/;fg+ Psá jg+ uR%Gtá Psfo+ sf;'o+
klt . 11’ lg;LblGtof gfl/of k'Qá /ábdfgá t:;f ;lGts+ uld:;lt . 12’ ofrsf eQ+
krlGt+ OlT+y cfxf/+ ofrGtf tTy lg;Llb+;' . 13’ jgDxf bf¿lg cfx/GtL s~`f pbs+
lkjdfgf Psl:+d kf;f)f] lg;Llb . 14’ jfl)fhf e)*flg ls)fGtf ljlSs)fGtf r ufd];'
gu/];' r cflx)*lGt .
1’ v';L j+ð Roá mn gg+ l;dfof Sjo\ Rj+Rjg . 2’ VjofRj+ð drfoft a'of dfd+
b'? Tjg]t lan . 3’ lhld;+ v'l; ;Lyo\ rfFlxnf Rjgfan] v';L dáNx'ofRj+lk+ dg"t vgf .
4’ d[u ‘%ð’ cg Rj+Rjgflk+ lhlk+ vgf Ajf×o\jgf ufno\ s't'+ jg . 5’ h°n+ lkg] jFð
l;+x+ a'×ó #f×o\ gofRj+ð ;f vg . 6’ Yj h°n+ l;+ xOð sGof+ x'× bx; nM Tjg . 7’ Yj
ufdo\ af;ofOð dg" %ð]l;g+ x'× kxf*o\ Ajf×o\ jgfRj+ð l;+x vg . 8’ lhld afa'lk+ j
bfh''lshflk+ ;fdfg Do"Do"+ j GofGof+ ufdo\ rflxn . 9’ pv'Gx' kxf*o\ Rjo\ Rj+Rjgfan]
lh+ u'mfo\ BgfRj+ð l;+x vgf . 10’ drf G©o' G©o' Ajf×o\ jof lhyfo\ jn . 11’ Wodo\
%uM HjgfjFð ls;fg l;df j a'× :j:j+ Yj Njx×to\ m]t'n . 12’ eujfg\ a'$+ >fj:tL
gu/o\ cfkfn+ lb+ af;ofgf y'u' gu/o\ dg"to]t wd{b]zgf ofgf laHoft . 13’ jof ttf
jof ‘:qL=’ bfh'lk+t hf y'y'+ d]ro\ m]t'gfRjg . 14’ málu+to]t bfg aLð ;fx"+ yFu'
m'Ss wg ‘bfg’ lan .
50’ ;+!f ljz]í)f ‘kb’
dxGt ÷ tFw+, tFuá, tDdf kSs ÷ kfs]h"u'
v'@s ÷ rLw+, rLlwsM afn,bx/ ÷ drfð
bL# ÷ tfFxfsM tg' ÷ ;fNn';]Rj+u'
/:; ÷ rLxfsM ;dLk ÷ gfk+Rj+u',;lQu'
pRr ÷ tFhf,tFfw+,tFlfwsM ljTyt ÷ tAofu'
gLr ÷ rLhf,k'Sof{, rLw+ ;]t ÷ t'o'u'
dlHÓd ÷ dWod gLn ÷ j×r'u'
ax' ÷ oSj /Q ÷ ©ofp×u'
cKks ÷ eltrf sfn ÷ xfs'u'
cfd ÷ slru' kLt ÷ ðf;'u'
50
uDeL/ ÷ uDeL/u', tFhf dxNns ÷ a"(f

pQfg ÷ tFhf dh"u' - uDeL/ db'u' b"/ ÷ tfkf
v/ ÷ Sjfr';]Rj+u',%fFu' :jefj b'Aa))f ÷ af×dnfu'
d'b' ÷ gfo"u' ;'j))f ÷ af×nfu', n'×
;'¿k ÷ af×nfð #g ÷ x'n, Vjft"u'
lj¿k ÷ af×dnfð
;]tá uá)fá ‘ ÷ t'o'ð åx×’ wsf wfo]an] ;]tá wofu'ln+ åx×of ljlzi^tf SogftFu'
h'n . ‘d]u' %u" kb dbo]s uá)fá cyjf åx× hs wfo]ano\ t'oð ' åx×, ©ofp×ð åx×,
Nxá+ð åx× cflb ljz]í)f db'u' ;fwf/)f åx× %ð wsf hs cy{ %\on]u' h'O . t'o'ð åx×
cyjf ©ofp×ð åx× wsf wfo]an] t'o';] Rj+ð åx×, ©ofp×;] Rj+ð åx× wsf hs cy{ jgL .
y'lk+ åx×t lgð afx]s d]lk+ åx×to]u' af/o\ yg %'+ rrf{ ofo]dfFu' db' .’ pls+ ;]tá wofu'
kb uá)fá wofu' kbof ljz]í)f h'n . ljz]ítf SogLu' cyjf %u'ln+ d]u'oft kfsf
SogLu'oft ljz]í)f wfO . ljz]ítf Sog] axFð uá)fáoft ljz]io wfO .
51’ g]kfnefífo\ ljz]í)f ljz]io ln;]+ x] jrg jgL t/ ljz]io zAb sy+ bOan]
ljz]í)f ljeQÇL RjgLdv' ljz]í)f x] ljz]ioy]+ h'of RjgLan] hs jrg, ljelQÇ j
ln°o\ jgL . kflnefífo\ ljz]í)f kb ljz]io kbof ln° jrg j ljelQÇy]+ h'Ou' h'ofjg
. ;]tá uá)fá wofu' yf;o\ ;]tá wofu' ljz]í)fkb+ uá)fá wofu' ljz]iokbo\ b'u' k'lNn°
k|ydf ljelQÇ Psjrgof ¿k sofRj+u' b' .
ljz]io kb uá)ff wsf ax'jrg ¿ko\ Rj+;f ljz]í)f g+ t'u"u' wsf k|ydf ax'jrgo\
RjgL . ljz]iokb :qLln° h";f ljz]í)f g+ pu' ln°o\ x] RjgL . uy]+ - t'u"u' ufjL ‘ ÷
t'o"ð ;f’ . ljz]io gk'+;s ln° h";f ljz]í)f+ g+ pu' ln° sfO . uy] - ;]t+ jTy+ ‘ ÷
t'o'u' n×’ .
52’ uR%Gt - krGt - uR%dfg cflb cGt-dfg k|Too cGt h'ofRj+u' lstskbt
j ljz]í)f-kbt :j+u" ln°o\ b'Yof w}u' v× ;Ls]dfM . k|foofgf ;j{gfd j ;+Vofgfd d]u'
kbof ljz]í)f h'O .
53’ d©o+ uá)fá ‘ ÷ lhð åx×’, a|fÐ)f:; k'Qá ‘ ÷ a|fÐ)fof sfo\’ wsf wfo]an]
åx× j sfo\ d]lklgu' åx×kfv]+ j sfo\kfv]+ cnUu h"u'ln+ pu' d©o+, a|fÐ)f:; wofu' kb
lgu" qÇdfg';f/+ uá)fá, k'Qá wofu' kb lgu"of ljz]í)f h'n . y'sy+ leGgflws/)f
RjgLan] ljz]í)f ljz]iokbof ln°, ljelQÇ j jrgof ¿k sfOdv' .
51
cEof; - 22
Sjo\ laoftofu' jfSo g]kfnefífo\ cg'jfb ofgf ljz]í)f kbo\ lr+ to]u' M-
1’ t'u"u' ufljoá v]Q] cflxl)*Tjf ax'+ lt)f+ vflb+;' . 2’ d©o+ dftf gLnflg
pKknflg cfg]Tjf r]lto+ k"h]l; . 3’ do+ ;'j] /Qflg kb'dflg el~ht'+ t+ jflk+ uld:;fd .
4’ t'u"u' r /Qf r uá)ff lt)f+ vflbt'+ c^ljo+ cflx)*lGt . 5’ ;á gLr+ kL&+ cfg]Tjf
e"ldo+ &k]Tjf tTy lg;Llb . 6’ t'©o+ lktf dxGt+ ?Sv+ l%lGbTjf kft]l; . 7’ cl:d+
ljxf/] dxGt+ r]lto+ clTy . 8’ bf;á bL#fo /Hh'of /Q+ uflj+ ?Sv] alGw . 9’ tl:d+ jg]
axjá pRrf ?Svf ;lGt . 10’ k~`jtá k'l/;:; afnf wLtf kSsflg mnflg cfxl/Tjf
cKksfg+ bf/sfg+ cbfl; . 11’ t:;f dxlNnsfo OlTyof gQf pQfg] hn] gxfolt . 12’
anjGtf sfnf uá)ff pRr];' lu/L;' rl/Tjf ax"lg k))fflg vfblGt . 13’ dfngL gf/L
/:;]g dUu]g v'@s+ ufd+ uR%lt . 14’ afnf s~`f d'b'gf xTy]g t'u"u'lg kb'dflg
u)xflt . 15’ ax'Gg+ 11 afnfg+ k'Qf t:;f glbof uDeL/] hn] kltTjf dl/:;lGt . 16’ dd
eft/fg+ dlHÓdá pRr] kL&] lg;LlbTjf mnflg vfblt .
l^Kk)fL-
dfnL-cflb ósf/fGt kb :qLln° ljz]í)f ¿k h'of jOan] OgL-k|Too xof
dfsfo]tL-;fldgL cflb h'O . dxNns-cflb kb :qLln° h'Oan] dxlNnsf, v'l@sf cflb
h'O .
1’ t'o'ð j ©ofp×ð åx× #f×o\ gg+ rLs"u' a'×ó bgfRjg . 2’ xfs'ð ;f+ x'× bx;
oSj nM Tjg . 3’ cfkfn+ sGoft ©ofp×u' sfkMof j;M k'gf j dxfgu/o\ tFw+u' k;no\
jg . 4’ x'× a"(Lð ld;fof bSj sfo\lk+ anjfg\lk+ cyjf wgjfg\lk+ dv' . 5’ ÓL d:to\
G©ofan]+ slru' mn go] oáM . 6’ j c!fgL ld;f tAofu' v';L jgf cg tFhfu' nvo\
s't'+jg . 7’ lhlk+ tfkfu' n× rLw+u' ufdo\ jof cg tFw+u' zfnfo\ Rjgf . 8’ cfkfn+
ld;fto];+ tFdfu' l;df+ kfs]h"u mn xof k;no\ Aofkf/L'to]t ldn . 9’ drf+ rLdfu'
l;dfo\ uof psL Rj+u' t'o'u' :jf× Yjof d'+sn . 10’ aNnfð dg'v+ j rLw+u' auLrfo\
tFdfu' g+ rLdfu' g+ l;dft kfnflan . 11’ xfs"lk+ åx×t tFhfu' kxf*o\ lnSs %fFu'
hdLgo\ BgL . 12’ cfkfn+ dg"t tFw+u' ;d'b| kf/ofgf Yj bz{gLo #fto\ jofRjg . 13’
Yj ljzfn gu/o\ tFvfu' %]+t, tAofu' tfFxfsFu', n× j oSj auLrft b' . 14’ drfof
Soft"u' NxfM x'× b]jfof Hjfnf+ k't ‘*©oá’ . 15’ bf;+ x'× tfFxfsFu' v'l;of ;Lyo\ b'u'
rLs"u' a'× oSj #f×o\ xn .
11
ax'g-+ ax'Gg+ wsf %lþ ax'jrg lgyL b' .
52
54’ ;+Vof ljz]í)f kb jf NofM

(NUMERALS)
Ps 1 å]lt+;lt, alQ+;lt 32
lå 2 t]lQ+;lt 33
lt 3 rt'lQ+;lt 34
rt' 4 k~rlt+;lt 35
k~r 5 %lQ+;lt 36
% 6 ;Qlt+;lt 37
;Q 7 cþlt+;lt 38
cþ 8 Ps"grQfnL;lt 39
gj 9 rQfnL;lt 40
b; 10 å]rQfnL;lt, lårQfnL;lt 42
Psfb; 11 Ps"gk~`f;lt 49
åfb; 12 k~`f;lt, k))ff;lt 50
t]n;, t]/ 13 å]k~`f;lt, å]k))ff;lt,
r'@;, rt'@; 14 låk~`f;lt, låk))ff;lt 52
k))f/;, k~rb; 15 Ps"g;lþ 59
;án; 16 ;lþ 60
;Q/;, ;Qb; 17 å];lþ, åf;lþ, lå;lþ 62
cþf/;, cþfb; 18 Ps"g;Qlt 69
Ps"gjL;lt 19 ;Qlt 70
jL;lt 20 å];Qlt, lå;Qlt, åf;Qlt 72
PsjL;lt 21 Ps"gf;Llt 79
å]jL;lt, afjL;lt 22 c;Llt 80
t]jL;lt 23 Psf;Llt 81
rt'jL;lt 24 å]c;Llt, åf;Llt, låof;Llt 82
k~rjL;lt 25 Ps"ggj'lt 89
%AaL;lt 26 gj'lt 90
;QjL;lt 27 å]gj'lt, åfgj'lt, lågj'lt 92
cþjL;lt 28 Ps"g;t+ 99
Ps"glt+;lt 29 ;t+ 100
lt+;lt 30 gj;t+ 900
Pslt+;lt 31 ;x:;+ 1,000
53
b;;x:;+, gx't+ 10,000 b;sál^ 1000,000,000

;t;x:;+, nSv+ 100,000 ;tsál^ 10000,000,000
b;nSv+ 1000,000
sál^ 10,000,000
55’ y'lk+ ;+Vofjfrs zAbt u'ln+ :j+u" ln°o\ g+ k|oáu h";f u'ln+ u'ln+ yFu' x] ln°
h'ofRjg . y'lk+ zAb dWo] Ps-lt-rt' wofu' zAboft ln° :j+u'ln+ g+ yL yL ofgf ¿ko\
o+s] Ho"u'h'of ;j{gfdof ¿k laof tFu' vM . %u" zAboft ;+Vofo\ %\on]u' avto\ %u"
j:t' cyjf %ð ;äjof af/o\ hs %\on] Ho"u' h'of m'Ss ljeQÇL Psjrg ¿k+ hs
RjgL . %'+ %u" ldn]dh"u', ;xfotf db'u' wofu' cy{o\ jOan] ax'jrgo\ g+ Rj+jM . pu'
%u" zAboft ln° :j+u'nLg+ ;j{gfd o-zAb y]+ ¿ko\ o+s]dfM .
d"n lå zAb j k~r lg;]+ cþf/; zAb+ ljleGg ln°o\ ljleGg tl/sf+ yFu' k|efj
dSo+ . oBlk y'lk+ zAbt m'Ss ln°o\ k|oáu h" . xfg+ y'ldu' jrg m'Ss ax'jrg hs
h'O . ;j{gfdo\ b'Yofsf Sogf tFu' lå zAb :j+u" ln°o\ g+ ;dfg ¿k+ o+s] Ho" .
56’ lå zAb ÷ lgð

ax'jrg
k&df M å], b'j] k~rdL M åLle, åLlx
b'ltof M å], b'j] %þL M låGg+
tltof M åLle, åLlx ;QdL M åL;'
rt'TyL M låGg+
57’ lt zAb ÷ :jð
k'lNn° OlTyln° gk'+;sln°
ax'jrg ax'jrg ax'jrg
k&df M toá lt:;á tLl)f
b'ltof M toá lt:;á tLl)f
tltof M tLle, tLlx tLle, tLlx tLle, tLlx
r=%= M lt))f+, lt))fGg+ lt:;Gg+ lt))f+, lt))fGg+
k~rdL M tLle, tLlx tLle, tLlx tLle, tLlx
;QdL M tL;' tL;' tL;'
54
58’ rt' zAb ‘ ÷ Koð’

k'lNn° OlTyln° gk'+;sln°
ax'jrg ax'jrg ax'jrg
k&df M rQf/á, rt'/á rt:;á rQfl/
b'ltof M rQf/á, rt'/á rt:;á rQfl/
t=k+= M rt"le, rt"lx rt"le, rt"lx rt"le, rt"lx
r=%= M rt'Gg+ rt:;Gg+ rt'Gg+
;QdL M rt';' t';' rt';'
59’ k~r zAb ‘ ÷ Gofð’
ax'jrg
k&dfM k~r r=%=M k~rGg+
b'ltofM k~r ;QdLM k~r;'
t=k=M k~rle, k~rlx
cflb Yj :j+u" ln°o\ g+ yy] x] vM .
60’ %-zAb lg;]+ cþf/;-zAb tSsof zAbto]u' ¿k k~r zAb y]+ h'O . k|ydf-
låtLof ljelQÇ lgu'nL k~r-% cflb lsl;d+ cfsf/fGt Rj+jOu' j afsL blgu' d]u'
ljeQÇL g+ d"n zAbo\ %'+ cGt/ bM jOdv' . ‘k~r]lx, k~r];'’ cflb cfsf/o\ jOdv'
wofu' y'lsof dtna vM . Yj ;+Vof zAbto]u' ljz]ítf vM . pls+ k~r zAb lg;]+
Rjo]dfFu' zAbto]t ;j{gfd wfOdv' .
61’ Ps"gjL;lt zAb lg;]+ cþgj'lt zAb tSsof zAbt :qLln° Psjrgo\ hs
h'O . Osf/fGt h'ofRj+u' y'lk+ zAbto]u' ¿k e"ld zAbof Psjrgo\ y]+ h'O .
Ps"g;t lg;]+ nSv tSsof zAbt gk'+;s Psjrgo\ RjgL . sál^ zAb :qLln°
PsjrgfGt h'O .
62’ jL;lt zAb lg;]+ Rjo\of zAbt cnu cnu b'u' efu cy{o\ k|oáu h'Oan]
ax'jrgo\ g+ Rj+jO . uy]+ ls M-
å] jL;ltoá ÷ gLu' efu lgyL
tLl)f ;tflg ÷ ;lR%u" efu :jyL
rQfl/ ;x:;flg ÷ ål%u" efu KoyL
55
cEof; - 23
1’ rQf/á k'l/;f rt"lx m/;"lx rQfl/ ?Svflg l%lGb:;lGt . 2’ tf lt:;á OlTyoá
Od]lx tLlx dUu]lx t+ c^lj+ uGTjf lt:;Gg+ s~`fg+ tLl)f mnflg cb+;' . 3’ Pls:;+
;fnfo+ ;t+ k'l/;f, k~`f;f OlTyoá r lg;Llb:;lGt . 4’ do+ Otá gjlx lbj;]lx 12
k~rlx s'df/]lx ;l$+ kf^ggu/+ uld:;fd . 5’ k~r bf;f b;Gg+ c:;fg+ ax'+ lt)f+
cKks+ pbs+ r cfxl/+;' . 6’ jL;lt k'l/;f b;lx uá)f]lx rQfl/ v]Qflg s;lGt . 7’
jfl)fhá ¿lkofg+ 13 åLlx ;t]lx cþ c:;] lsl)fTjf rt'Gg+ wgjGtfg+ ljlSsl)f . 8’ tf;+
%Gg+ jlgtfg+ % eft/á dxGt+ kAat+ cf¿lxTjf % skoá cfg];'+ . 9’ tf;+ dftf b;
cDaflg lsl)fTjf rt:;Gg+ wLt/fg+ blb:;lt . 10’ Obflg nßfo+ k~rrQfnL;;t;x:;+
dg':;f j;lGt . 11’ t'Dx] Otá åLlx j:;]lx sf&d)*'+ uGTjf gj lbj;] tTy j;Gtf
dxGt] r]lto] kl:;:;y . 12’ bf;á Ps]g xTy]g å] gflns]/] Ot/]g Ps+ kg;mn+ r
cfg]lt .
1’ Koð :qLlk+;+ RofuM c× xof lgð D©ofo\lk+t lan . 2’ sGx] Gofð dg"t h°no\
jgf Gofk' kf+ lÓdf l;df kfnL . 3’ :jð s'df/Llk;+ :j+u" bx; jgf :jLmá :jf×
sofxn . 4’ Yj zfnfo\ Gof;M dg"t j :j;M :qLlk+ b' . 5’ Yj zx/o\ GofåM dg"t
åFl% ;ft j Gof;M vf %]+o\ b' . 6’ sGoflklg Gofð]of bfh'lshf Gx]ð]l;g+ x"× h°no\
jgf Rofð d[ut :oft . 7’ ÓLlk+ u'b× j Rofnf+ sf&df)*Á+; af;ofgf . 8’ aÁð+ n×
:jof Gofgf xof :jð D©ofo\lk+t lan . 9’ dg"t lÓð]l;g+ åx×t gLð xof GofkL a'×
hát]oft . 10’ lsl; VjLð gu/+ lkxf×jn, plsdWo] :jLlgð h°no\ b'xf×jg . 11’ lh+
Gofgflk+ ;nt lÓ+lgð dWo] 14 %ð dg"oft ldof . 12’ Roá+g+ g}+Sof lÓ+lguM xof
plsdWo] lÓuM %ð ld;foft ldof . 13’ Aofkf/Lt :jðl;g+ :j;n+ ;n :jð
Gofgfsfn . 14’ %u" s/á*+ dofs dg"t g]kfno\ b' .
Sjo\ laoftofu' jfSoo\ vfln yf;o\ ;+Vofjfrs zAb hfo]s]u' M-
1’ Ò Ò Ò ufljoá v]Q] cflx)*lGt . 2’ do+ ufd+ uR%Gtf c^ljo+ Ò Ò Ò
ldu] kl:;ð . 3’ b; k'l/;f Ò Ò Ò cDa] vflb+;' . 4’ Odl:+d ufd] Ò Ò Ò u]xf
;lGt . 5’ tl:+d ufd] Ò Ò Ò dg':;f j;lGt . 6’ do+ Otá Ò Ò Ò lbj;]lx gu/+
12
u'Gx'+ ‘ u'Gx' lb+ lnkf’ wofu' cy{ vM .
13
¿lko ÷ bf× . ¿lkofg+ åLlx ;t]lx ÷ bf× lg;n+ ;df; ofgf æåLlx ?lko ;t]lxÆ %\on]Ho" .
14
yhfFu' yf;o\ kfln+ cg'jfb ofo]u' avto\ %þL jf ;QdL to]dfM .
56
uld:;fd . 7’ cDxfs+ eft/á Ò Ò Ò df;]lx ufd+ cfuld:;lGt . 8’ s'df/L Ò Ò

Ò kb'dflg cfxl/Tjf Ò Ò Ò bf/sfg+ cbfl; . 9’ Ò Ò Ò bf;f Ò Ò Ò
gflns]/] lsl)f+;' . 10’ dft/á Ò Ò Ò mnflg cfg]Tjf Ò Ò Ò wLt/fg+ cb+;' . 11’
eujf Ò Ò Ò j:;flg ;fjlTyo+ jl; . 12’ Ò Ò Ò klSvgá ?Sv:; ;fvf;'
lg;Llb+;' . 13’ d©o+ Ò Ò Ò eft/á ;lGt . 14’ do+ dUu] uR%Gtf Ò Ò Ò c:;]
r Ò Ò Ò /y] r Ò Ò Ò OlTyoá r Ò Ò Ò uá)f] r kl:;ð . 15’ t:;f
OlTyof Ò Ò Ò k'Qf Ò Ò Ò wLt/á Ò Ò Ò eft/á r ;lGt .
63’ §d-;+Vof
k&d ÷ Gxfkf×ð, Gxfkf×u' b;d ÷ lÓdð,lÓu"u'
b'ltof ÷ lgdð,lgu"u' Psfb;d ÷ lÓ+%dð,lÓ+%u"u'
tltof ÷ :jdð,:j+u"u' jL;ltd ÷ gLdð,gLu"u'
rt'Ty ÷ Kodð,Ko+u"u' lt+;ltd ÷ :jLdð,:jLu"u'
k~rd ÷ Gofdð,Gofu"u' rQfnL;ltd ÷ kLdð,kLu"u
%þ ÷ v'dð,v'u"u' ;Qltd ÷ Gxo]dð,Gxo]u"u'
;Qd ÷ Gx]dð,Gx]u"u' c;Lltd ÷ ro]dð,ro]u"u
cþd ÷ Rofdð,Rofu"u' gj'ltd ÷ u'Odð,u'Ou"u
gjd ÷ u'dð,u'+u"u' ;td ÷ ;lR%dð,;lR%u"u'
y'hfu' §d;+Vof zAboft tl$tkb wfO . y'lk+ ln° :j+u'ln;+ k|oáu h'O . k''ln° j
gk';
+ sln°o\ csf/fGt+ j :qLln° k&df-låltof cflb %'+ kbt cfsf/fGt j rt'TyL-k~rdL
cflb %'+ kbt Osf/fGto\ RjgLu' h'ofRjg .
64’ l§of-ljz]í)f
bf/sá ;'v+ ;olt . ‘ ÷ drf ofp×s Bgf Rj+Rjg .’ wfo]an] ;'v+ wofu' kb+
Bg]uo
' f ljz]ítf SogfRj+u' h'n . pls+ ;'v+ cyjf ofp×s wofu' zAb l§of-ljz]í)f vM .
l§of-ljz]í)f m'Ss gk'+;sln° b'ltof ljelQÇ Psjrgo\ h'O wsf kfln
Jofs/)fo\ SogftFu' b' . u'u'+ lgkftkb g+ l§of-ljz]í)f ¿k+ Rj+ . lvKk+ ‘ ÷ ofsg+’,
;lgs+ ‘ ÷ la:tf/+’ wofu' y'hfu' zAbt gk'+;sln° Psjrgy]+ vg] bF;f+ lgkft kbt
vM .
57
;x;f ‘ ÷ ofsg+’, kR%tá ‘ ÷ No"No"’, k'/tá ‘ ÷ G©oág]’, kR%f ‘ ÷ lnkf,

lnpg]’, lj;'+ ‘ ÷ afof’ wofu' y'lk+ lgkft kb g+ l§ofln;]+ RjgLu' h'of Sjo\ laoftofu'
Psjrg ¿k db';f+ l§of-ljz]í)f wfo]dfM .
;fw's+ ÷ lys h'Os, af×nfs ;lgs+ ÷ la:tf/+ ;L#+ ÷ ofsg+
lj;'+ ÷ cnu h'of, afof b'Sv+ ÷ b'Fv lj;d+ ÷ c;dfg+
Pswf ÷ %u" lsl;d+ cle)x+ ÷ G©ofan]+ Pj+ ÷ yy]
låSvQ'+ ÷ lgSjM ;d+ ÷ ;dfg
cEof; - 24
1’ uR%Gt];' b;;' k'l/;];' ;Qdá jfl)fhá xált . 2’ t:; ;Qdf wLtf cþdfo Ps+
jTy+ cbfl; . 3’ rt:;Gg+ o'jtLg+ tltofo eftf k~r c:;] cfg]l; . 4’ d©o+ lktf
;Qltd] j:;] k~rd] df;] sfndsfl; . 5’ do+ Otá %þ] j:;] rt"lx k'l/;]lx ;l$+ b'lto+
gu/+ uld:;fd . 6’ cþdá P*\j*\gfdá e"klt t:; k&d:; eft'gá /Hh+ bTjf ;Lxf;gf
ckulR% . 7’ %þá k/Ssdafx' e"klt k'Aa] nßfo+ hoj$gk'/] /Hh+ sl/ . 8’ Old:;f
kf&;fnfo c;Lltof l;:;];' k~rjL;ltdá xLoá uDeL/] pbs] klt . 9’ cDxfs+ lkt/á
Otá k~rd] j:;] ax"lx dg':;]lx kf^g+ uld:;lGt . 10’ åL;' kf&;fnf;' k&dfo lt;t+
l;:;f pUu)xlGt . 11’ låGg+ wgjGtfg+ b'ltoá lt+;ltoá ofrsfg+ bfg+ cbfl; . 12’
gxfoGtL;' k~r;' gf/L;' tltofo eQf wgjf xált . 13’ eQ+ krGtLg+ lt:;Gg+ OlTyg+
b'ltof gxflot'+ uld:;lt . 14’ eujf k&d+ j:;+ af/f)fl;o+ Ol;ktgf/fd] ljxl/ . 15’
tbf ;á k~rGg+ leSv"g+ ax'Gg+ dg':;fg+ b]jfg+ r k&d+ wDd+ b];]l; .
1’ Aofkfl/t lÓð dWo] 15 Rofðl;g+ /Tg Gofgfsfn . 2’ Kodð wgjfg+ ylg+
:jGx' Tjfn+ ;lR%ð málu+to]t bfg laO . 3’ kf&zfnf :j+u" dWo] Gxfkf×ofu'nL Rof;M
ljBfyL{lk+ b' . 4’ lhld ‘P=j=’ Kodð lshf o]×of Gofk'u' n×o\ v'vfu"u' %]+o\ Rj+Rjg . 5’
lhlk+ lgu"u' jí{o\ :j+u"u' dlxgfo\ Gx]g"u' lbgo\ zx/o\ jg] . 6’ jof lÓdð sfo\ v'u"u'
dlxgfo\ 25 ut] yg jO . 7’ ld;ft Gx]ð dWo] v'dð ld;f+ ©ofp×u' n× j Gofdð ld;f+
j×r'u' n× lmO . 8’ Gx]dð P*\j*{ h'h' sfo\ Gofdð háh{+ /fHoofgf :jb× G©oá 16
15
íli^ jf ;KtdL ljeQÇL o+sn ls ædWo]Æ wofu' cy{ jO .
16
æj:;fg+ pkl/Æ wsf to]u' .
58
k/nás h'n . 9’ cg+lnkf jof Gxfkf×ð sfo\ Rofdð P*\j*{ gfd+ h'h' h'n . 10’ lh+
y'lk+ ;nt Rofð dWo] lgdð lg;n+ sfo] . 11’ Yj kf&zfnfo\ ro]ð ljBfyL{lk+ dWo]
lgdð ‘JolQÇ’ lðuM l;t . 12’ lhð v'dð lshf Kodð gfk+ lÓGx' v'g' yg jO .
13’ jof :jdð lshfof lgdð D©ofo\ð Yj kf&zfnfo\ cfvM AjgL . 14’ dxf/fgLof
Gxfkf+ofð s]x]+ ylg+ :jnf lnkf n'lDagL bz{gofo]t jgL . 15’ b'þufldl)f h'h'+ 17 gLKob×
tSs n+sfof cg'/fwk'/o\ /fHo oft .
cEof; - 25
1’ Od];+ b;Gg+ wgjGtfg+ k~rdá ;'v+ hLjlt . 2’ co+ bLlk ;lgs+ cfuGTjf ;x;f
ufljof pkl/ klt . 3’ cþGg+ s~`fg+ %þf uflj+ bNx+ alGwTjf jflk+ g]l; . 4’ Od] k~r
bf/sf cle)x+ dUu] wfjGtf sLnlGt . 5’ Od];' gj;' l;:;];' k~rdá ;fw's+ pUu)xflt
. 6’ leSv" eujtá ;lGts+ cfuGTjf jlGbTjf PsdGt+ lg;Llb+;' . 7’ ;á ;]lþ wg+ k~rwf
ljelhTjf k~rGg+ wLt/fg+ cbfl; . 8’ t:; %þfo wLt'of k'Qá låSvQ'+ Od+ gu/+
cfulR% . 9’ k&d+ t] c:;/y+ ;d+ cfsl*\+(;', b'lto+ ;L#+ wflj+;' . 10’ dd cþGg+
eft/fg+ rt'Tyá b'Sv+ j;lt . 11’ sy+ t] rQf/á jfl)fhf tTy j;Gtf e)*flg
ljlSs)flGt . 12’ ;á wLt/+ Pj+ jTjf ;x;f c~`+ &fg+ ulR% .

1’ Olk+ lÓð d:t G©ofan]+ Yj yf;o\ lðtfRjgL . 2’ y'lk+ lÓð ls;fglk+ dWo]
Koð+l;g+ ;'v+ hLljsf ofgfRjg . 3’ h'h' lgSjM zx/+ lkxf× jof Yj bx; dáNx'n . 4’
;nto];+ kfnfs /y ;f;f+ ofsg+ Ajf×o\ jgL . 5’ y'lk+ leÍ'lk+ Gxo\ð dWo] :jdðl;g+
af×nfs zLn kfngdof . 6’ Olk+ lÓ+lgð Aofkf/Lt a'$ofyfo jgf wd{ v× Gog]t %v]
lnSs m]t'n . 7’ v'× %ð cfsfÓsf+ jof lhu' s';f sof Ajfo\jg . 8’ lhld ‘P=j=’
kf;fof Gofð sfo\lk+ dWo] :jdðl;g+ b'Fvl;of cfvM AjgfRjg . 9’ Olk+ lj:tf/+ v'l;
;Lyo\ jgf, cg rfFlxnf cnu cnu lnxf×jn . 10’ jof v'dð lshfof lgdð
D©ofo\g+ ofsg+ ;o]sL . 11’ ls;fg+ åx×oft GofSs lrgf o+sf cg a'×ó kfo\sn ‘a'×
Hoft’ . 12’ h'h'+ /fHo Ko+u" efuofgf ‘rt'wf’ Koð sfo\lk+t Ogflan .
17
æb'þufldl)f e"kltÆ wsf to]u'
59
65’ sf/s - JofVof

k'l/;á ?Sv+ l%Gblt . ‘ ÷ k'?í+ l;df kfnfRjg .’ wfo]an] k'l/;á wofu' TjfFNxfo]u'
l§of cyjf Hof ofOð h'of stf{ ‘sQ'’ h'n . ?Sv+ wofu' kfo]sf RjgLu' h'of sd{
‘sDd’ h'n . l%Gblt wofu' k'?íof l§of h'n .
y'lk+ stf{-sdf{lbto]t sf/s wfO . sf/sof cy{ vM - l§of bo]sLð sf/st
dWo] k|wfg stf{sf/s vM . ck|wfg sf/s hs sd{sf/s, s/)fsf/s,
;Dk|bfgsf/s, ckfbfgsf/s j cfwf/sf/s wsf GofyL b' .
yg l§of bo]sLð stf{sf/s vM . Yj k|ydf ljeQÇL cyjf t[tLof ljeQÇL Rjg]m'
. stf{ k|ydf ljeQÇL RjgLan] olsoft pQÇstf{ wfO . stf{ t[tLof ljeQÇL RjgLan]
plsoft cg'QÇstf{ wfO .
ofsf RjgLð sd{sf/s h'O . Yj låtLof ljeQÇL j k|yo\ ljeQÇL RjgL . sd{
låtLof ljelQÇof ¿ko\ RjgwfF;f wfF;f cg'QÇ wsf j k|ydfof ¿ko\ RjgwfF;f pQÇ
wfO .
u'lsof ;xfotf+ stf{+ %'+ l§of ofO, ou' ;xfotf ofOu' sf/soft s/)fsf/s wfO
. uy] - ;á m/;'gf l%Gblt . ‘ ÷ j+ kf+ kfnfRjg .’ wofu' yf;o\ stf{+ l§of ;Dk")f{
ofo]t %'+ %u" j:t'of ;xfotf sofRj+u' b' . j vM - m/;'gf ‘kf’ . y'sLoft x]
s/)fsf/s wfO .
;'oft+ %'+ laOan] ;'+ %ðl;g+ mofRjgfL cyjf OR%f ofgfRjgL . j sofRj+ð jf
OR%fofgf Rj+ð ;Dk|bfgsf/s h'n . uy] - leSv"g+ rLj/flg b]lGt . ‘ ÷ leÍ'lk+t rLj/
bfg laofRjg .’ wofu' yf;o\ aLu' mOlk+ jf sfOlk+ leÍ'lk+ vM . pls+ leSv"g+ wofu'
;Dk|bfgsf/s h'n . y'sLoft rt'TyL ljeQÇL to]dfM .
%'+ %u" j:t'+ d]u' j:t' gfk TjFtLu' Hof h'O, j %'+ vgf Uofo]u' ofO pu' j:t'
cyjf AolQÇ ckfbfgsf/so\ h'O . uy+ - mn+ ?SvDxf ktlt . ‘ ÷ mn l;df+ s't'+
jgfRjg .’ wofu' yf;o\ TjFtLu' Hof h'ofRj+u' b' . bf/sf ;LxDxf efolGt . ‘ ÷ drf
l;+xvgf UofgfRjg .’ yg UofOu' Hof vM . yhfu'oft k~rdL ljelQÇ wfO .
stf{ j sd{ ug Hof ofO, pu' yf;o\ gfk+ ;DaGw bOu' sf/soft cfwf/sf/s
wfO . dg':;á e"ldo+ ltþlt . ‘ ÷ dg" hdLgo\ bgf Rj+Rjg .’ y'u' jfSoo\ e"ldo+ wofu'
jrg+ dg"t Rjg]t cfwf/ lan . pls+ y'sLoft cfwf/sf/s wfOu' vM . y'sLoftt
;KtdL ljeQÇL to]dfM .
60
k'l/;á ufdf lgSvldTjf c^ljo+ &Tjf xTy]lx m/;'+ cfbfo ?Sv+ l%Gblt . ‘ ÷
k'?í+ ufd+ lkg]jgf h°no\ Rjgf Nxft+ kf Hjgf l;df kfnfRjg .’ wofu' jfSoo\ -
k'l/;á wofu' stf{sf/s vM .
m/;'+, ?Sv+ wofu' sd{sf/s vM .
xTy]lx wofu' s/)fsf/s vM .
ufdf wofu' ckfbfgsf/s vM .
c^ljo+ wofu' cfwf/sf/s vM .
;á leSv" u]x] lg;Lbfk]Tjf t];+ rLj/flg bTjf u]xf lgSvldTjf /y]g gu/+ cudfl;
. ‘ ÷ j;kán leÍ'lk+ %]+o\ m]t'sf j;kánlk+t rLj/ laof %]+o\g+ lkxf× jgf /y+ zx/o\
jg .’ wofu' jfSoo\ -
;á stf{sf/s vM .
leSv"¶ rLj/flg¶ gu/+ sd{sf/s vM .
/y]g s/)fsf/s vM .
t];+ ;Dk|bfgsf/s vM .
u]xf ckfbfgsf/s vM .
u]x] cfwf/sf/s vM .
afls blgu' kb k"j{ l§of j d"n l§of vM .
cEof; - 26
Yj jfSoo\ stf{, sd{ j lqÇof Sogflb;× M-
1’ d©o+ eftf jflk+ uR%Gtá Ps:; ?Sv:; d"n] lg;Llb . 2’ ;Lxá wfljTjf ldu+
df/]l; . 3’ dftf bf/sfg+ eQ+ cbfl; . 4’ co+ k'l/;á Ps+ jTy+ ofrlt . 5’ lktf kftá
u]xf lgSvldTjf jg+ cudfl; . 6’ ;'j] do+ gu/+ uGTjf e)*flg lsl)f:;fd . 7’ jfl)fhf
e)*flg ljlSs)fGtf ufd] cflx)*lGt . 8’ Nof;] dfnf lknlGwTjf x;GtL e'~hlt . 9’ t]
uá)f] cfg]Tjf glbo+ gxfk]lGt . 10’ klSvgá ?Svfg+ ;fvf;' lg;LlbTjf /jlGt . 11’
xlTygá t¿g+ ;fvf el~hTjf vflb+;' . 12’ s'df/L k'Kmflg cálrlgt'+ ?Sv+ cf?lx . 13’
bf/sf dUu] wfjGtf sLln+;' . 14’ tbf Psá k'l/;á cfuGTjf t] kxl/ . 15’ bf/sf
/ábGtf uGTjf t];+ lkt"g+ sy];'+ .
Sjo\ laoftofu' jfSoo\ sQf{ kb tof hfo]s]u' -
1’ Ò Ò Ò ?Sv+ cf?lxTjf mnflg cálrgflt .
2’ dUu] uR%Gtá Ò Ò Ò wfjGt] bf/s] cánás]l; .
61
3’ Ò Ò Ò xlTy df/]Tjf vfblGt .

4’ Ò Ò Ò t:;f dft'of ;lGts] /ábGtL cþfl; .
5’ Ò Ò Ò cfk)f];' lg;LlbTjf e)*flg ljlSsl)f:;lGt .
6’ Ò Ò Ò cfk)fDxf jTyflg lsl)fTjf cfg]y .
7’ Ò Ò Ò gxfloTjf cfuGTjf eQ+ e'l~h:;fld .
8’ Ò Ò Ò ;'j] lbjf bf¿lg cfxl/t'+ c^lj+ uld:;fd .
9’ Ò Ò Ò u]x+ uGTjf eQ+ krflx .
10’ cDxfs+ Ò Ò Ò tTy sDd+ s/áGtf j;lGt .
11’ Ò Ò Ò k'Kmflg cálrlgTjf ljxf/+ uld:;lGt .
12’ t'©o+ Ò Ò Ò bf/s+ xTy]g cfbfo x;GtL cþfl; .
l§of - sf/s kb - ;DaGw

66’ u'u' jfSoo\ stf{ Psjrg h'O¶ pu' jfSoof l§of g+ Psjrg x] h'O .
sQf{kb ax'jrg h";f l§of g+ ax'jrg x] h'O . y'lk+ jfSo lgu'nLg+ sd{kb Psjrgo\
cyjf ax'jrgo\ tF;f+ %'+ afwf dh" .
67’ stf{ln;] ;DaGw b'u' ljz]í)fkb btwfF;f j sQf{kbln;] ln°, ljelQÇ j
jrgo\ ;dfg h'OdfM . sd{kbof ljz]í)f h'n wfF;f j sd{kbo\ ln°-ljelQÇ-jrgln;]
;dfg h'OdfM . l§of-ljz]í)f k|foofgf gk'+;sln° Psjrg h'O . j lgkftkb g+ h'Om'
. ‘51,52,53 gDa/ g+ :jo] axMh" .’
pbfx/)f - ‘1’ k'l/;á ?Sv+ l%Gblt . wofu' jfSoo\ stf{kb g+ l§ofkb g+ Psjrg
vM . sQf{kb ax'jrg k'l/;f h";f, l§of g+ l%GblGt wsf ax'jrg h'O, t/ k'l/;á
?Sv] l%Gblt . cyjf k'l/;f ?Sv+ l%GblGt . wsf sd{ Psjrg cyjf ax'jrg tF;f+
Ho" .
‘2’ anjf k'l/;á dxGt+ ?Sv+ m/;'gf ;lgs+ l%Gblt . wofu' jfSoo\ anjf wofu'
kb k'l/;of ljz]í)fkb h"u'ln+ k'lNn°, Psjrg j k|yd ljeQÇL b'u' vg]b' . dxGt+
wofu' jrg ?Sv+ cyjf l;dfof ljz]í)fkb h"u'ln+ sd{kb y]t'+ ln°, jrg j ljelQÇ g+
;dfg ¿k+ Rj+Rjg . ;lgs+ wofu' l§of+ ofOu' lsl;d SogLu' h'of plsoft l§of-
ljz]í)f wfO . m/;'gf ‘kf×’ wofu' zAb l§of bo]s]t ;xoáu h"u' j:t' SogfRj+u' h'of
plsoft l§of-lj:tf/ wfO .
‘cEof;-22, :jo]j+ ljz]í)fkb stf{-sd{of ln°-ljelQÇ-jrg cflb k|oáu h'ofRj+u'
:ki^ h'O .’
68’ %u" stf{kbo\ cyjf sd{kbo\ ljz]í)fkb lgu":j+u" g+ to] m' .
62
uy]- wgjf anjf k~`jf k'l/;á dxGt+ b:;gLo+ u]x+ ls)fflt . wofu' jfSoo\
k'l/;á wofu' zAbo\ ljz]í)fkb :j+u" j u]x+ wofu' sd{kbo\ ljz]í)f lgu" b' .
cEof; - 27
Sjo\ laoftofu' jfSoo\ sQf{-sdf{lb ljz]í)fkb %u" jf %u'ln+ cKjM tof jfSo
N©oo]u' -
1’ k'l/;á ?Sv+ l%Gblt . 2’ uá)ff lt)f+ vfblGt .
3’ e"klt gu/+ dfk]lt . 18 4’ klSvgá ?Sv] lg;LblGt .
5’ lktf jg+ uld:;lt . 6’ s:;sf v]Qflg sl;+;' .
7’ leSvjá wDd+ b];];'+ . 8’ do+ eQk'/+ uld:;fd .
9’ jlgtfoá kb'dflg cfx/lGt . 10’ eft'gá k'Qá pUu)xflt .
11’ wLt/á glbo+ gxfolGt . 12’ eftf pøofg+ uR%lt .
13’ ;Lxf jg] ldu] df/]lGt . 14’ s~`foá r]lto+ jGblGt .
‘;]t-/Qflb u')fgfd j Ps-lå cflb ;+Vofgfd, ;j{gfd, §d;+Vof zAb, ldl>t-
l§ofkb j %þL ljeQÇL b'u' kbt g+ ljz]í)fof ¿ko\ jfSoo\ %\on] Ho" wsf ;Ls]dfM .’
æufd+ lkg] a'×ó åx× b' ‘Rj+Rjg’ .Æ wofu' jfSoo\ d"nkb :j+u"oft l§ofkb lj:tf/
wfO . ‘l§of ljz]í)f j l§of lj:tf/ %'+ elt hs kfM . j lnkf hs pNn]v h'O .’
pls+ jfSo tfxfsM ofo]an] s/)f-cjlw-cfwf/ ljelQÇ+ o'QÇu' jrg g+ tof Rjo]
;o]s]dfM .
sd{jfRo l§of
(PASSIVE VOICE)
69’ stf{+ %'+ Hof ofFu' wsf Sog ls plsoft st{{[jfRo wfO . psL stf{ k|yd
ljeQÇL h'O¶ sd{ låtLof ljeQÇL h'O .
sd{jfRoo\ jfSo bo]s]an] stf{ låtLof ljeQÇL Rjgf sd{ k|yd ljeQÇL RjgL . l§of+
yFu' k'?í j jrgof ¿k k|yd ljelQÇ sd{ cg';f/+ sfO .
sd{ k|wfg h'of, sd{ cfjZos h'ofRjgLu' jfSooft sd{jfRo wfO . pls+ pu'nL
sd{ k|yd ljeQÇL RjgL¶ stf{ t[tLof ljeQÇL RjgL . uy]- bf;á cábg+ krlt . ‘ ÷ bf;+
hf y'ofRjg .’ wofu' st{j
[ fRo jfSooft sd{jfRoo\ xLs]an] bf;]g cábgá kRrlt . ‘ ÷
gás/of kfv]+ hf y'Ou' h'ofRjg .’ y'u' lsl;d+ RjgL . y'sL bf;]g, cg'Ststf{ vM .
18
÷ bo]sfRjg
63
cábgá, pStsd{ vM . j k|yd ljeQÇL RjgL . kRrlt wofu' sd{jfRo k|yd k'?í-
Psjrgof l§of vM . sd{jfRoo\ sd{kb k|wfg h'Ou'ln+ sd{kb Psjrg cyjf ax'jrg
h'n wfF;f l§of+ g+ sd{kbofy]+ jrgof ¿k sfMjgL . uy]+ - bf;]lx cábgá kRrlt . st{[kb
ax'jrgo\ Rj+;f+ yg l§of+ joft jf:tf dof;] sd{kb :jof Psjrg+ x] Rj+u' h'n .
70’ jt{dfg sfno\ kr wft'of ¿k yy] h'O -
Psjrg ax'jrg
k= k'= M ‘;á cábgá’ kRrlt . ‘t] cábgf’ kRrlGt .
d= k'= M ‘Tj+ cábgá’ kRrl; . ‘t'Dx] cábgf’ kRry .
p= k'= M ‘cx+ cábgá’ kRrfld . ‘do+ cábgf’ kRrfd .
cy{
Psjrg ax'jrg
k= k'= M ‘j++ hfoft’ y'Ou' h'ofRjg . ‘Olk++ hfto]t’ y'Ou' h'ofRjg .
d= k'= M ‘%+ hfoft’ y'Ou' h'ofRjg . ‘l%ld;+ hfto]t’ y'Ou' h'ofRjg .
p= k'= M ‘lh+ hfoft’ y'Ou' h'ofRjg . ‘lhld;+ hfto\t’ y'Ou' h'ofRjg .
l^Kk)fL -
yg ;á cábgá cflb sd{kbt vM . y'lk+ l§ofkb v'u"oft g+ bf;of kfv]+, bf;lklg
kfv]+, % kfv]+, ÓL kfv]+, l%ld kfv]+ cyjf d]u' g+ y'hfu' kbt stf{of ¿ko\ k|oáu
ofo]m' . stf{ Psjrg h";f+, ax'jrg h";f+, k&d k'l/;flb G©ofu' k'l/;o\ Rj+;f+ g+ yg
l§of af/o\ jf:tf dof;] sd{of jrg, k'?í cg';f/+ j x] ¿ko\ RjgL .
71’ sd{jfRo l§of ag] h'Ou' wft'of j ljelQÇof laro\ æoÆ k|Too %u" Hj/]
h'ofltlg h'O . pu' æoÆ k|Too há/] ofo]an] cKjMofgf plsof G©oág] æóÆ sf/fGt g+
Rj+jO .
Yj æoÆ k|Too+ G©ofan]+ wft'of cGto\ b'u' Ao~hgof ¿k sfO . uy]+ - kr ¥ o ¥
lt, kr wft'of cGto\ b'u' csf/ nák h'of wfTjGt r, o, ln;] ldn] h'O w'g]j+ plsof
¿k kRolt h'Oan] æoÆ sf/oft ærÆ sf/ cfb]z ofgf kRrlt h'O . y'sy+ æoÆ, ærÆ
cfb]z dh'Oan] kr wft'of lnpg] ósf/ cfud h'of krLolt cflb ¿k g+ k|oáu ofo]
Ho"u' h'ofRjg .
72’ æoÆ k|Tooof ¿k %'+ dkfs';] bo]s]u' sd{jfRo kbt dWo] %'+ kbto\u' pbfx/)f
yy] b' -
æoÆ k"j{ æx/Æ wft'
64
Psjrg ax'jrg
1’ ‘rá/]g’ ‘;á’ kx/Lolt . ‘rá/]g’ ‘t]’ kx/LolGt .
2’ ‘rá/]g’ ‘Tj+’ kx/Lol; . ‘rá/]g’ ‘t'Dx]’ kx/Loy .
3’ ‘rá/]g’ ‘cx+’ kx/Lofld . ‘rá/]g’ ‘do+’ kx/Lofd .
cy{
1’ ‘v'×of kfv]’+ ‘j’ bfo]u' h'ofRjg . ‘v'×to\ kfv]+’ ‘Olk+’ bfo]u' h'ofRjg’ .
2’ ‘v'× kfv]+’ ‘%’ bfo]u' h'ofRjg . ‘v'×to\ kfv]+’ ‘l%lk+’ bfo]u' h'ofRjg .
3’ ‘v'× kfv]’+ ‘lh’ bfo]u' h'ofRjgf . ‘v'×to\ kfv]+’ ‘lhlk+’ bfo]u' h'ofRjgf .
s/Lolt ÷ ofo]u' h'ofRjg ljlSs)fLolt ÷ dLu' h'ofRjg
s;Lolt ÷ a'× Hof ofo]u' h'ofRjg e'~hLolt ÷ go]u' h'ofRjg
u)xLolt ÷ sfo]u' h'ofRjg aGwLolt ÷ rLu' h'ofRjg
x/Lolt ÷ o+s]u' h'ofRjg bLolt ÷ aLu' h'ofRjg
cfx/Lolt ÷ xo]u' h'ofRjg df/Lolt ÷ :ofo]u' h'ofRjg
ls)fLolt ÷ Gofo]u' h'ofRjg ef;Lolt ÷ wfo]u' h'ofRjg
wájLolt ÷ xLu' h'ofRjg /SvLolt ÷ /Ífofo]u' h'ofRjg
b];Lolt ÷ b]zgfofo]u' h'ofRjg jGbLolt ÷ jGbgfofo]u' h'ofRjg
cfs*\(Lolt ÷ ;fn]u' h'ofRjg
y'lk+ m'Ss kx/Lolt y]+ rn]ofo]u' ¿kt vM -
cEof; - 28
1’ s~`fo cábgá krLolt . 2’ uá)ff bf;]lx kx/LolGt . 3’ Tj+ asfo]tf k'l/;]g
cfs*\(Lol; . 4’ do+ cðfs+ c/Llx df/Lofd . 5’ t] lduf tfo bfl;of aGwLolGt . 6’
Oldgf j*\(lsgf Odl:d+ ufd] ax"lg u]xflg s/LolGt . 7’ t'ð] tl:d+ ufd] dg':;]lx
aGwLoy . 8’ cðfs+ e)*flg t];+ bf;]lx ufd+ x/LolGt . 9’ cþlx jfl)fh]lx rQf/á
c:;f gu/+ cfx/LolGt . 10’ do+ cðfs+ wLt/]lx gQf/]lx r jGbLofd . 11’ t+ dxGt+
v]Q+ k~rlx s:;%'+ s;Lolt . 12’ jlgtfo ax"lg jTyflg t:;+ káSv/l)fo+ wájLolGt .
13’ ;]lþgf ax'Gg+ ofrsfg+ bfg+ bLolt . 14’ tl:d+ cf/fd] j;Gt]lx leSv"lx ;Ln+
/SvLolt . 15’ %lx leSv"lx k~r;tfg+ dg':;fg+ wDdf] b];Lolt . 16’ k~`f;fo
dg':;]lx tðf cfk)ff ax"lg e)*flg ls)fLolGt . 17’ b;lx jlgtflx cDafg+ lå;t+
ljlSs)fLolt . 18’ bfl;of kSsá cábgá uxkltgf e'~hLolt .
65

1’ df×of kfv]+ sfo\oft Nxft+ sfo]u' h'ofRjg . 2’ a'$of kfv]+ Bálk+t j dg"to\t
wd{b]zgf ofgflaHofo]u' h'ofRjg . 3’ bf;lklg kfv]+ tfxfsMu' lvkt+ ;ft lro]u'
h'ofRjg . 4’ Yj %]+o\ Rofð l;sMldto\ kfv]+ bo]s]u' h'ofRjg . 5’ pu' h°no\ lgð
lrt'jfto\ kfv]+ u'ð ;ft :ofo]u' h'ofRjg . 6’ anafglk+ dg"to\ kfv]+ %Gt a'×ó ;fnf
sfo]u' h'ofRjg . 7’ lgð wgjfg\lk++lg kfv]+ lgð xfs"lk+ ;nt Gofo]u' h'ofRjgg . 8’
l%ld;+ Koð dg"to\ kfv]+ bfo]s]u' h'ofRjg . 9’ Olk+ lgð a+hfto\ kfv]+ Yj ufdo\
;fdfg dLu' h'ofRjg . 10’ drfoft jof df×of kfv]+ a}Bof yfo\ Ajgfo+s]u' h'ofRjg .
11’ Yj ljxf/o\ leÍ'lklg kfv]+ Yj ufdo\ dg"to\t wd{b]zgf ofo]u' h'ofRjg . 12’ bf;Lof
kfv]+ y'Ou' hf jof sfo\lk+ j bfh'lshflklg kfv]+ go]u' h'ofRjg . 13’ j :qLof kfv]+ Yj
v';L ©ofp×u' j:q xLu' h'ofRjg . 14’ tFlwsMlk+ :qLlk++ v'ð]l;of kfv]+ :j;MuM c× dLu'
h'ofRjg . 15’ Yj a'×ó m'Ss #f×o\ Rofð åx×t j Koð ;fto\ kfv]+ go]u' h'ofRjg . 16’
a'$oft y'u' åLko\ oSjl;of kfv]+ jGbgf ofo]u' h'ofRjg . 17’ lÓ+lgð ls;fglk+ j
Rofð uá?to\ kfv]+ lgs" a'×ó Hofofo]u' h'ofRjg . 18’ n×o\ jgfRj+ð dg"of sfo\oft
anjfg\lk+ dg"to\ kfv]+ bfo]u' h'ofRjg .
73’ sd{jfRoo\ kl/jt{g h'Ou' s[bGt ‘gfd’ kb M-

sd{jfRoo\ l§ofhs b'u' dv', gfd kb g+ b' . chfu'oft s[bGtkb wfO . chfu'
sd{jfRoo\ kl/jt{g h"jgLu' lsl;d lgu"u' efuo\ pNn]v h'Oltlg . yg pbfx/)fof nfuL
%'+ zAbt laoftofu' b' .
e'Q ÷ gFu' bþ ÷ GofFu' kSs ÷ y"u'
vflbt ÷ gFu' j'Q ÷ wfFu' x^ ÷ o+s"u'
jlGbt ÷ jGbgf ofFu' cfx^ ÷ xFu' k"lht ÷ k"hfofFu'
gLt ÷ o+s"u' leGg ÷ tFHofFu' kx^ ÷ bfFu'
;'Q ÷ Go+u' `ft ÷ :o"u' lbGg ÷ Ao"u'
l%Gg ÷ Wo+u'
Rjo\ pNn]v h"u' m'Ss kbt ctLtfy{ vM . jt{dfgfy{o\ sd{jfRo l;$ h'Ou' y'sy+ b' .
e'l~hodfg ÷ gofRj+u' cfxl/odfg÷ xofRj+u'
lgodfg ÷ o+sfRj+u' kxl/odfg ÷ bfofRj+u'
j'Rrdfg ÷ wofRj+u' kRrdfg ÷ y'ofRj+u'
jlGbodfg ÷ jGbgf ofgfRj+u' bLodfg ÷ laofRj+u'
sd{jfRoo\ lqsfno\ g+ k|sfz h'Ou' s[bGtkbt M-
66
jlGbtAa ÷ jGbgfofo]dfFu' klrtAa ÷ y'o]dfFu'

bftAa ÷ lao]dfFu' b];]tAa ÷ b]zgfofo]dfFu'
sftAa ÷ ofo]dfFu' xl/tAa ÷ o+s]dfFu'
e'l~htAa ÷ go]dfFu' l%lGbtAa ÷ TjfFyn]dfFu', TjfFNxfo]dfFu'
cEof; - 29
1’ s~`fo klrt+ eQ+ ;'gv]g e'Q+ xált . 2’ k'l/;]g l%lGbodfgá ?Svá u]x:; pkl/
klt:;lt . 3’ jlgtfo e'l~hodfgá cfxf/á ofrs:; lk bftAaá . 4’ k'Ql] x wLt/]lx r
dft/á lkt/á r jlGbtf k"lhtf r xálGt . 5’ ;Aa]lx a'$á jlGbtAaá k"ht] Aaá r xált . 6’
rá/]lx x^f c:;f ;fld%'+ k'g cfx^f xálGt . 7’ ;f/lygf kxl/odfgá c:;á ;L#+ wfjlt .
8’ t'Dx]lx bfgflg bftAaflg, ;Lnflg /lSvtAaflg, k'~`flg sftAaflg ‘xálGt’ . 9’ dof
bLodfg+ e'l~ht'+ ax" ofrsf cfutf . 10’ jlgtf wáljtAaflg jTyflg cfbfo glb+ utf
‘xált’ . 11’ o'jltoá dft'of j'Q+ sy+ ;'Tjf s~`fo gLodfgflg k'Kmflg g ul)x+;' . 12’
cDx]lx lbGgflg jTyflg leSv"lx gLtflg xálGt . 13’ xLoá clxgf bþá afná j]Hh:; ;lGts+
gLtá xált . 14’ leSv"lx wDdá b];t
] Aaá dg':;]lx ;'l)ftAaá r xált .
kflnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-
1’ drf+ gFu' mn d]lkGt aLdHo" . 2’ Koð ls;fgto\;+ Old åx×t gfk+ a'×ó Hof
ofo]dfM . 3’ zq'+ bfFð dg" ofo] m"u' %'+ dvgf a'×ó oyf+ la:o'+jg . 4’ wgafg\
Aofkf/Llk;+ laofRj+u' bfg sfo]t oSj málu+t jn . 5’ l%ld df×-aÁlk+ l%ld;+ jGbgf
ofo]axFlk+ j k"hf ofo]oáUolk+ vM . 6’ u'?+ wfFu' v× Goá+lk+ lziolkGt wfo]dfFu' %'+ db' .
7’ Aofkf/Lto\;+ o+s"lk+ ;nt lðuM Do"u'h'n . 8’ bf;+ bfFð åx× a'× Ajf×o\jg . 9’ ÓL;+
zLn kfng ofo]dfM]{, bfglao]dfM, wd{ Gog]dfM . 10’ ÓL kf;flk;+ oSj t'u"u' n× lxo]dfM
. 11’ au}rfo\ Wog]dfFu' cfkfn+ l;df x'× dg"to\;+ WogLu'h'ofRjg . 12’ Old;+ Wo+u' l;df
lsl;to\ kfv]+ ;fnLu' h'ofRjg . 13’ lhld;+ y'ofu' hf a'×ó Rj+lkkGt o+s]dfM . 14’
ufdo\ j+lk+ Aofkf/Lto\t go]u' cfxf/ k|fKt dh'ofRjg .
l^Kk)fL -
a'$]g wDdá b]l;tá . ‘ ÷ a'$+ b]zgf ofgf laHofFu' wd{ .’
Yj ;Dk")f{ jfSoy]+ Rj+;f+, larfFofgf :jo]an] Yj jfSoo\ l§ofkb db'u' vgL .
b]l;tá wofu' l§ofkb dv', gfdkb hs vM . pls+ yg k"djgfRj+u' k"j+s]t ÓL;+ b]l;tá
xált ‘ ÷ b]zgf ofgf laHofOu' h'ofRjg .’ b]l;tá cxál; ‘ ÷ b]zgf ofgf laHofOu' h'n
67
.’ cflb l§ofkb to]dfM, t/ yfo\ yf;o\ Yj l§ofkb dtF;] ctLtsflns s[bGtkb hs

tFu' jfSot g+ vg] b' .
sfl/t cyjf k|]/)ffy{ - l§of

74’ ofsL, y'OsL cflb u'u' l§of+ ;'oft+ Hof ofs]u' ofO pu' l§ofoft sfl/t
cyjf k|]/)ffy{ wfO .
wft' j ljelQÇof aLro\ P-co-cfk]-cfko dWo] %u" %\onf wft'of d"nkbo\ b'u'
‘lrgf tFu' cfvFof k"j{ db'u’' :j/oft j[l$ofgf sfl/t kb bo]s]dfM . s/ált z'$
l§ofkb+ sf/]lt, sf/olt, sf/fk]lt, sf/fkolt wofu' sfl/t kb Ko+u" bo]s] Ho" . pu'
Ko+u'nL g+ ofsL wofu' cy{ JoQÇ h" jO .
d]u' g+ %'+ pbfx/)fof nfuL Sjo\ pNn]v h'ofRj+u' b' M-
kfr]lt ÷ y'Osf Rjg bfk]lt ÷ aLsf Rjg
gxfk]lt ÷ dá Nx'OsfRjg u)xfk]lt ÷ sfo]sfRjg
eáh]lt ÷ gsfRjg cfx/fk]lt ÷ xo]sfRjg
lg;Lbfk]lt ÷ m]t'OsfRjg x/fk]lt ÷ o+s] laofRjg
l%Gbfk]lt ÷ Wo+sfRjg ;ofk]lt ÷ Yo+sfRjg
75’ Yj ;m"tL 13 c+so\ pNn]v b'u' kfn]lt-kfnolt cflb r'/flbul)fs l§ofkb
sf/]lt cflb sfl/t kbto\ ;dfgtf vg] b' . psL P-co lgu" ;+o'QÇ h'ofRj+;f+ tla pu'
+sfl/t kb dv' . pu' kbto\t sfl/t kb bo]s]t cfk], cfko lgu" há/]ofgf ltlg hs
ag] h'O . pbfx/)f M-
rá/fk]lt, rá/fkolt ÷ v'OsfRjg
df/fk]lt, df/fkolt ÷ :ofsfRjg
b];fk]lt, b];fkolt ÷ b]zgf ofsfRjg
kftfk]lt, kftfkolt ÷ ;+s] laofRjg
&kfk]lt, &kfkolt ÷ to]sfRjg
oáhfk]lt, oáhfkolt ÷ oáhgf ofsfRjg
cEof; 30
1’ ;]þL j*\(ls+ u]xflg sf/fk]lt . 2’ dftf bf/s+ káSv/l)f+ g]Tjf gxfk]:;lt . 3’
cDxfs+ lkt/á ljxf/+ uGTjf leSv" eáhfk];'+ . 4’ tf jlgtfoá bfl;oá eQ+ krfk]lGt . 5’
68
kfksfl/gá k'l/;f cQgá bf;]lx 19 ax' ldu] df/fk]lGt . 6’ uxktoá k'l/;]lx bf/s]
u)xfk]lGt . 7’ u? ax" l;:;] wDd+ pUu)xfk]lt . 8’ clwklt bf;]lx pøofg] ax" ?Sv]
l%Gbfk]lt . 9’ cx+ tflx s~`flx cfk)fDxf e)*flg cfx/fk]:;fld . 10’ t'Dx] eft/]lx
skoá ufd+ x/fk]y . 11’ do+ t]lx b;lx s:;s]lx rQfl/ v]Qflg s;fk]:;fd . 12’ dftf
k'Q+ kL&] lg;Lbfk]Tjf 20 eQ+ kfr]t'+ 21 t)*'n] 22 cfx/fk]l; .
g]kfnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' _
1’ kflk+ jof ;xáb/lkGt Ó+uFt :ofs]laofRjg . 2’ wgjfg\lk;++ Old sfo\lkGt bfg
aLsfRjg . 3’ h'h'+ l;sFldto\t tFvfu' GFofvf %\o]+ bo]s] laofRjg . 4’ ;f/yL+
bf;to\t lgð ;n /ylnSs;+ xo]sfRjg . 5’ Olk+ ld;fto];+ D©ofo\lkGt cfuGt'slkGt
hf y'OsfRjg . 6’ l;sFld+ sd{rfl/to\t oSj j:t' bo]s] laofRjg . 7’ clwklt+
dg"to\t h°n+ oSj tFdfu' l;df Wo+s] laofRjg . 8’ Old;+ gLð åx×t j Gofð
dg"to\t a'×ó+ Hof ofs] laofRjg . 9’ lh+ lhld sfo\lkGt hf gsfRjgf . 10’ lhld;+
lhldu' ;fdfg xo]t bf;to\t zx/o\ %\jofRjgf23 11’ Olk+ a'×ó jgf ;fto\t #f×o\
gsfRjg . 12’ clwklt+ leÍ'lkGt ljxf/o\ wd{b]zgf ofsfRjg .
k~rdL cyjf ckfbfg sf/so\ k|oáu h'Ou' ætáÆ k|Too

76’ k|f)fLjfrs kbo\ æofs]Æ wofu' cy{ JoQÇh'Ou' j ck|f)fjfrs kbo\ æ +Æ jOu'
cy{ AoQÇ ofo]t tá k|Too k|oáu h'O . ckfbfgo\ Psjrg, ax'jrg lgu'nL g+ pu'
k|Too %\onL . pu' k|Too+ o'QÇu' kb lgkftkb h'O .
k'l/;tá ÷ k'?íaf^, k'?ílk+ln;] u]xtá ÷ %]\+og+
gu/tá ÷ gu/af^ rá/tá ÷ rá/;+u
dflttá ÷ cfdf;+u clUutá ÷ cfuáaf^
ufdtá ÷ ufdaf^ ;Aatá ÷ m'Ss+;+u
?Svtá ÷ l;dfaf^ lklttá ÷ afa';+u
77’ s[bGt sd{jfrs kb G©oág] x] pNn]v ofo]w'g . s[bGt sQ'{ jfRo g+ b' . psL
dWo] yg %'+ pNn]v ofo] .
ut ÷ j+ð gxft ÷ dáNx"ð cfut ÷ jFð
19
bf;]lx ÷ bf;of kfv]+ wofu' cy{o\ jo]s]dfM, ofo]t cg'dlt k|fKtofgf sfFð sd{ ljeQÇL jf ttLof ljeQÇL to]dfM .
20
m]t'sf
21
y'Os]t ‘y'lk+ lgu" g+ sfl/tfy{ b'u' kbt vM .’
22
hfls k'=g=
23
k];]lt
69
l&t ÷ Rj+ð dt ÷ ;Lð lgl;Gg ÷ m]t"ð

e"t ÷ h"ð j'Ty ÷ Rj+Rj+ð ;'Q ÷ B+ð
s'$ ÷ AjFAo"ð cált))f ÷ Sjxf×jFð lt))f ÷ kf/h"ð
cf?Nx ÷ uFð
cEof; - 31
1’ xLoá c/~`+ utá k'l/;á clxgf bþá dl/ . 2’ ?Svtá cált))ff kSvL bf/s]g
dfl/tf xálGt . 3’ ufdtá lgSvGtf ‘lkxf× j+ð’ ufljoá v]Q] lt)f+ vflbTjf jflktá hn+
lklj:;lGt . 4’ jfl)fh]lx gu/tá cfx^flg e)*flg Od];' ufd];' dg':;]lx sLtflg . 5’
tfo s~`fo klrtá cábgá c^ljtá cfut]lx t:;f eft/]lx e'Qá xált . 6’ s'tá t'Dx]lx
Odflg jTyflg tflg kb'dflg r sLtflg < 7’ ;f o'jtL] dflttá lklttá r n$+ wg+
ul)xt'+ g OR%lt . 8’ s'$á ;á e"klt tl:d+ gu/] j'Ty] ;Aa] dg':;] ttá gLx/fk]l; 24 .
9’ u]xtá cfutf Psf bfl/sf Ow lgl;Gg+ c~`+ bfl/s+ kxl/ . 10’ tfo kx^f ;f s~`f
t:;f dft'of ;lGts+ uGTjf /álb 25 . 11’ e"klt t]lx j*\(sLlx stflg u]xflg kl:;Tjf
t];+ wg+ bfk]l; . 12’ clUugf b*\(á jfl)fh:; k'Qá bf;]lx j]Hh:; ;lGts+ gLtá xált .
13’ clUutá p@stá rá/tá r dg':;fg+ eo+ pKkHhlt ‘pTkGg h'O’ . 14’ gu/tá
lgSvGtf rá/f dg':;]lx wg+ uxfk]Tjf c^lj+ ulR+%;' .
1’ ðo\vf l;df+ Sjxf× jof kj{to\ jg . 2’ ;k{of kfv]+ Gofð k'?í jof yFlyltlk;++
j}Bofyfo\ o+s"u' h'ofRjfg . 3’ Yj :qLof jof s]x]+lklg kfv]+ k|fKth"u' wg sfo] doM .
4’ ufd+ jFð dg"v+ Yj k;n+ ;fdfg Goft . 5’ dfd+ wfFu' v× tfFð drf ;Lð dg"
lnSs dj+ . 6’ lhld dn]h'of ;fto\;+ h°n+ jof bf;lklg kfv]+ xFu' #f×o\ gO . 7’
BgfRj+ð dg" v+ð u[xklt+ yFsfo\lkGt jofyfo\ jg]dt wfn . 8’ hf y'Oð Nof;] g+
Ajf×o\j+ð rnf %ð v+u' h'ofRjg 26 . 9’ j+ ‘:qL=’ y"u' hf málu+to\t Ao"u'h'ofRjg .
10’ Old;+ kj{to\ bo]s"u' %]+ %ð lsl;of kfv]+ :o+sfAo"u' h'ofRjgf . 11’ t× lkxf× jFð
h'h'of kfv]+ zx/o\ jFlk+ ;sn dg"t :ofFu' h'ofRjg . 12’ lsl;of kfv]+ :o+s"u' srf
a×o\ s't'+ jn, lnkf ;fto\;+ psL Rj+u' xM gFu' h'ofRjg . 13’ j ld;fdrf+ dxf/fgLof
24
Eject
25
/áblt ÷ VjofRjg
26
lbþ ÷ v+u'
70
kfv]+ joft ‘:qL=’ k|fKth"u' 27 :jf×dfM d]ð ld;fdrfoft Ao"u' h'ofRjg . 14’ ;]+&lk;+
GofFð ;n v+' %ð]l;of kfv]+ o+s"u' h'ofRjg .
Sjo\ pNn]v h'ofRj+u' jfSooft sd{jfRoo\ o+s]u' M-
1’ j*\(sL u]xflg s/ált . 2’ c:;á /y+ cfs*\(lt .
3’ bf;f c:;] cfxl/+;' . 4’ xlTy ?Sv+ ufd+ x/lt .
5’ rá/á t'ð] kxl/ . 6’ dg':;á xlTy+ aGwlt .
7’ bf;á c:;+ cfs*\(lt . 8’ gf/L cábg+ klr:;lt .
9’ s:;sá v]Q+ s;lt . 10’ rá/f cðfs+ uá)f] aGwlGt .
¾ ¾ ¾
27
k|fKt h"ð ÷ n$
71
zAb - ;"rLkq
( INDEX )
ln°flb ð;Ls]t toftFu' lr+

k'= ÷ k'lNn° O= ÷ OTyLln° g= ÷ gk'+;sln° 3 ÷ lqln°
k"=lqÇ= ÷ k"j{lqÇof lqÇ=lj= ÷ lqÇof ljz]í)f lg= ÷ lgkft
ln° /lxtu' zAbt j lqÇofkbof %'+ lr+ db' .
kflnefíf+ - g]kfnefífo\, zAb-k'rM

c
csfl; ÷ oft cþfb; ÷ lÓ+Rofu" 3=
cSsá;lt ÷ AjFlaofRjgf cþf/; ÷ lÓ+Rofu" 3=
clSv ÷ ldvf g= cþfl; ÷ Rj+Rjg
culR% ÷ jg clþ ÷ Sj]+ g=
cudfl; ÷ jg c)* ÷ v]+ g=
culd ÷ jg cltSsldt'+ ÷ k'nfjg]t lg=
clUu ÷ ld k'= cltly ÷ kfx'gf ‘cfuGt's’ k'=
clUutá ÷ ld+ lg= cQgá ÷ yFu' k'=
c°'ln ÷ klt+ O= clTy ÷ b'
crl/ ÷ ‘pv]+ y'v]+’rfFlxn cy ÷ cn], cg+lnkf lg=
clRr ÷ ldHjfnf g= cyjf ÷ cyjf, dv';f lg=
ch ÷ b'u' k'= cblb ÷ lan
cHh ÷ yÁ+ lg= cbfl; ÷ lan
c~` ÷ d]u', d]ð 3= c$f ÷ lgZro g+ lg=
c~`t/ ÷ k|s^ dh"u',;'+,%'+ 3= cw/ ÷ Sjo\, tFn] lg=
c^lj ÷ h+un O= clwklt ÷ clwklt, dflns k'=
cþ ÷ Rofu" 3= cg'uR%lt ÷ No"No" jgfRjg
cþlt+;lt ÷ :jLRofu" O= cGt/f ÷ laro\ lg=
cþd ÷ Rofdð 3= cGtá ÷ b'g] lg=
cþjL;lt ÷ gLRofu" 3= ckuR%lt ÷ lrnf jgfRjg
72
ck/ ÷ d]u'{, lnkf,klZrd 3= cfuld ÷ jn

clk ÷ g+ lg= cfuDd ÷ jof k"=lqÇ=
cKks ÷ eltrf 3= cfbfo ÷ xof k"=lqÇ=
celj ÷ h'n cfg]lt ÷ xofRjg
cle)x+ ÷ G©ofan]+ lqÇ=lj= cfg]t'+ ÷ xo]t lg=
cdt ÷ cd[t g= cfg]Tjf ÷ xof k"=lqÇ=
cDa ÷ c× cfg]l; ÷ xn
cDa' ÷ nM, hn g= cfk)f ÷ k;M k'=
cDdf ÷ df× cfd ÷ slru' 3=
cðfs+ ÷ ÓLu', ÓLt cfd ÷ vM lg=
co+ ÷ Yj cfo' ÷ cfo', b× g=
c/~` ÷ h°n g= cfo'w ÷ z:qc:q, xltof/ g=
cl/ ÷ zq' k'= cf/le ÷ z'?oft
cnft ÷ RofgfRj+u' l;+ g= cf?xlt ÷ uofRjg
c;lg ÷ jh|, ljh"ln,g O= cf?lx ÷ un
cl; ÷ tnjf/ k'= cf?lxTjf ÷ uof
c;Llt ÷ ro\u' k'= cf?lx:;lt ÷ uO
c;Lltd ÷ ro\u"u' 3= cf?Nx ÷ uFð 3=
c:; ÷ ;n k'= cf?©o ÷ uof k"=lqÇ=
c:; ÷ jofu', joft cfnás ÷ t]h, hM k'=
c:;f ÷ jofu', joft O= cfjf^ ÷ ufM k'=
c:;' ÷ Vjla g= cfx^ ÷ xFu' 3=
clx ÷ ;k{ k'= cfx/lt ÷ xofRjg
cx+ ÷ lh cfx/fk]lt ÷ sfo]s] %\jofRjg
cf cfxl/ ÷ xn
cfs*\(lt ÷ ;fnfRjg cfxl/t'+ ÷ xo]t lg=
cfs*\(Lolt ÷ ;fn]u' h'ofRjg cfxl/Tjf ÷ xof k"=lqÇ=
cfsf; ÷ cfsfz k'= cfxl/odfg ÷ xofRj+u' 3=
cfv' ÷ %'× k'= cfx/Lolt ÷ xo]u' h'ofRjg
cfuR%lt ÷ jofRjg cfxf/ ÷ go]u'
cfut ÷ jFð 3= cflx)*Gt ÷ rfFlxnLð 3=
cfuGt'+ ÷ jo]t lg= cflx)*lt ÷ rfFlxnfRjg
cfuGTjf ÷ jof k"= lqÇ= cflxl)*Tjf ÷ rfFlxnf k"=lqÇ=
73
O P
OR%lt ÷ OR%f ofgfRjg Ps ÷ ;'+,%'+, %u" 3=
Ot/ ÷ d]ð ‘lgðsá lar]’ 3= Pslt+;lt ÷ :jL%u"
Otá ÷ yg lg;]+ lg= Psbf ÷ %u" ;doo\, %Gx' lg=
OTyL ÷ :qL O= Pswf ÷ %u" lsl;d+ lqÇ=lj=
Obflg ÷ cfM lg= PsdGt+ ÷ %v]lnSs lqÇ=lj=
Ow ÷ yg lg= PsjL;lt ÷ gL%u" O=
Od ÷ Yj 3= Psfb; ÷ lÓ+%u"
Odf ÷ y'lk+, Psfb;d ÷ lÓ%dð+ 3=
Od] ÷ y'lk+ Psf;Llt ÷ ro]%u"
Od];+ ÷ y'ldu', y'ldt k'= Ps"grQfnL;lt ÷ :jLu'+u" O=
Ol; ÷ Clif k'= Ps"glt+;lt ÷ gLu'+u" O=
p Ps"ggj'lt ÷ ro]u'+u" O=
plSvlkTjf ÷ N©jgf k"=lqÇ= Ps"gk~`f;lt ÷ kLu'+u" O=
pUu)xflt ÷ ;o]sfRjg Ps"gjL;lt ÷ lÓ+u'+u" O=
pRr ÷ tFw+u', tFhfu' 3= Ps"g;lþ ÷ g]u'+u" O=
pR%' ÷ t' k'= Ps"g;Qlt ÷ v'Ou'+u" O=
pþxlt ÷ bgfRjg Ps"g;t+ ÷ u'Ou'+u" O=
pþk]Tjf ÷ ygf k"=lqÇ= Ps"gf;Llt ÷ Gx]u'+u" O=
pþlxTjf ÷ bgf k"=lqÇ= Pt ÷ x'×, 3=
pÖ]lt ÷ AjofRjg PTy ÷ yg lg=
pQ/ ÷ pQ/, le+u' Pj ÷ g+ lg=
pQfg ÷ rLhfFu' 3= Pj+ ÷ yy], y'sy+ lg=
pbs ÷ nM g= cá
pblw ÷ ;d'b| k'= cálrgflt ÷ ‘:jf×’ Yjof d'+sfRjg
pb]lt ÷ ‘Bá’ t'Oof jofRjg cálrlgTjf ÷ d'+sf, Yjof k"=lqÇ=
pkl/ ÷ Rjo\ lg= cálrlgt'+ ÷ d'+s]t, Yjo]t lg=
pklw ÷ ;d'b| k'= cáþ ÷ ð't'l;
pKkn ÷ kn] :jf× cát/lt ÷ s'xf×jofRjg
pKkHhlt ÷ hGd h'ofRjg cátl/Tjf ÷ s'xf×jof k"=lqÇ=
pKkfb]lt ÷ bo]sfRjg cált))f ÷ Sjxf×jFð 3=
peo ÷ lgð 3= cábg ÷ hf k'=g=
cá?©o ÷ s'xf×jof k"=lqÇ=
74
cánás]lt ÷ :jofRjg sl;Tjf ÷ a'×Hofofgf k"=lqÇ=

cánás]Gt ÷ :jOð, :j:j+ 3 s;Lolt ÷ a'× Hofo]u'h'n
cánásodfg ÷ :jOð, :j:j+ 3 s:;s ÷ ls;fg, Hofk' k'=
s s:df ÷ %fo\ lg=
s~`f ÷ sGof O= sfs ÷ SjM k'=
s)*' ÷ rf;' s} O= sfsL ÷ dfSjM O=
st ÷ ofFu', ofs"u' 3 sft'g ÷ ofgf k"=lqÇ=
stR%' ÷ rDrf, kGo", wjM k'= sft'+ ÷ ofo]t lg=
st~`" ÷ s[t! h'Ou' k'= sf/olt ÷ ofsL
std ÷ ;' ‘mÁhof laro\’ 3= sf/fk]lt ÷ ofsfRjg
st/ ÷ ;',u'ð ‘lgðof laro\’ 3= sf/]lt ÷ ofsfRjg
sTy ÷ ug lg= sfn ÷ xfs'u' 3=
sTjf ÷ ofgf k"=lqÇ= sf;' ÷ ufM O=
sQ' ÷ ofOð, sQf{ k'= sfnst ÷ nfz, ;Lð 3
sQ'+ ÷ ofo]t lg= sfndsfl; ÷ l;t
sy+ ÷ uy] lg= sfo ÷ z/L/,ð k'=
syf ÷ v× O= sftAa ÷ ofo]dfFu' 3=
sy]lt ÷ wofRjg ls)fflt ÷ GofgfRjg
sy]l; ÷ wfn lsl)f ÷ Goft
sbnL ÷ s]/fdf O= lsl)ft'+ ÷ Gofo]t lg=
sbf ÷ u'n] lg= lsl)fTjf ÷ Gofgf k"=lqÇ=
sg]? ÷ dflsl; O= ls)fLolt ÷ Gofo]u' h'ofRjg
slk ÷ dfsM k'= lslQ ÷ sLlt{ O=
sDd ÷ Hof, sd{ g= lsGg/L ÷ lsGg/L O=
sDdsf/ ÷ Hofld,sd{rf/L k'= lsdTy+ ÷ %' ofo]t lg=
sl/ ÷ oft ls+ ÷ %' lg=
sl/:;lt ÷ ofOltlg sL)fGt ÷ GofOð 3=
s/L ÷ lsl; k'= sLnlt ÷ lðtfRjg
s/Lolt ÷ ofo]u' h'ofRjg sLlnTjf ÷ lðtf k"=lqÇ=
s/ált ÷ ofgfRjg s'Ss'^ ÷ Uj+uM k'=
s/áGt ÷ ofOð, ofof+ 3= s'Ss'^L ÷ vf O=
slj ÷ kl)*t k'= s'lR% ÷ KjfM k'=
s;lt ÷ a'+ HofgfRjg s'þL ÷ s'i&ð k'=
75
s'tá ÷ ug+lg;]+ lg= ulR% ÷ jg

s'$ ÷ AjFAo"ð, t× lkxf×jFð 3= ulR%:;lt ÷ jgLltlg
s'df/ ÷ s'df/, drf k'= u°f ÷ u°f O=
s'df/L ÷ sGof O= u)fL ÷ ;d"x b'ð k'=
s'n ÷ kl/jf/, s'n g= u)xfk]lt ÷ sfo]sfRjg
s'njGt' ÷ s'njfg\ u)xflt ÷ sofRjg,HjgfRjg
s'lx+ ÷ ug lg= ul)x ÷ sfn,Hjg k"=l§=
s"n ÷ hft g= u)xLolt ÷ sfo]u' h'ofRjg
s]t' ÷ Ó)*f k'= ut ÷ j+ð 3=
sá ÷ ;' k'= ‘ls+-zAb’ uGTjf ÷ jgf k"=l§=
sál^ ÷ sál^, s/á* uGt' ÷ jgLð k'=
sáw ÷ qÇáw k'= uGt'+ ÷ jg]t lg=
v uGw ÷ uGw k'=
v)flt ÷ ð'ofRjg uld ÷ jg
vlGt ÷ ;xofo][u', ÍflGt O= uld:;lt ÷ jgLltlg
v/ ÷ Sjfr';], %fFu' :jefj 3= uDeL/ ÷ uDeL/, tFhf 3=
vfblt ÷ gofRjg u? ÷ u'?, cfrfo{ k'=
vfbGt ÷ gOð, gg+ 3 uxklt ÷ u[xklt k'=
vflb ÷ gn ux]Tjf ÷ NofP/, sof k"= l§=
vflbt ÷ gFu' 3= ufyf ÷ ufyf O=
vflbt'+ ÷ go]t lg= ufd ÷ uf× k'=
vflbTjf ÷ gof k"=lqÇ= ufdtá ÷ ufd+ lg=
lvKk+ ÷ ofsg+ lg= ufjL ÷ ;f O=
vL/ ÷ b'? g= lul/ ÷ kxf* k'=
v'bf ÷ lkTof O= uLjf ÷ uFkM O=
v'@s ÷ rLw+u' 3= u')fjGt' ÷ u')fjfg 3
v]Q+ ÷ a'× g= u'xf ÷ u'mf O=
u u]x ÷ %]+, k'= g=
uR%lt ÷ jgfRjg u]xtá ÷ %]+g+ lg=
uR%Gt ÷ jgfRjRj+, jgLð 3= uá)f ÷ åx×, uá? k'=
uR%GtL ÷ jgLð O= uáwf ÷ uáh' O=
uR%t' ÷ jg]df uákfn ÷ ;fÓjfM k'=
uR%dfg ÷ jgfRjRj+, jgLð 3=
76
# rá/tá ÷ v'+ kfv]+ lg=

#^ ÷ #M k'= rá/fkolt ÷ v'OsfRjg
#g ÷ Vjft"u' 3= rá/fk]lt ÷ v'OsfRjg
#/)fL ÷ %]+of gls+, u[x)fL O= rá/]lt ÷ v'ofRjg
#f)f ÷ Gxfo\ g= rá/]l; ÷ v'n
#folt ÷ g+t'gfRjg %
#flot'+ ÷ g+t'g]t % ÷ v'u"
r %þ ÷ v'u"u' 3=
r ÷ g+, j lg= %Q ÷ s';f g=
rSs ÷ r§, #Frf g= %lQ ÷ s';f h"ð k'=
rSv' ÷ ldvf g= %lQ+;lt ÷ :jLv'u" O=
rSv'dGt' ÷ ldvfb'ð %AaL;lt ÷ gLv'u" 3
rQfnL;lt ÷ kLu' O= %lj ÷ %\o+u" O=
rQfnL;ltd ÷ kLdð 3= %fof ÷ lsrM O=
rt' ÷ Koð 3= %fb]lt ÷ TjFk'ofRjg
rt'lQ+;lt ÷ :jLKodð O= l%Gblt ÷ TjfFynfRjg
rt'Ty ÷ Kodð 3= l%Gbfk]lt ÷ TjfFyo]sfRjg
rt'@; ÷ lÓ+Ko+u" O= l%lGb ÷ TjfFyn
rt'jL;lt ÷ gLKo+u" O= l%lGbtAa ÷ TjfFyn]dfFu' 3=
rGb ÷ rGb|df k'= l%Gg ÷ TjfFbFu' 3=
r/lt ÷ rflxnfRjg h
r/Gt ÷ rfFlxnLð 3= ht' ÷ ÓÁ g=
rl/ ÷ rfFlxn hot' ÷ Tofo]df
rl/Tjf ÷ rfFlxnf k"= l§= hoj$gk'/ ÷ zx/of gf×
lrQ ÷ dg g= hnlglw ÷ ;d'b| k'=
lrGtf ÷ larfM O= hfgflt ÷ l;ofRjg
lrGt]lt ÷ larfFofgfRjg hflgTjf ÷ ;Lsf k"=l§=
lrGt]l; ÷ larfFoft hflg:;lt ÷ ;Llsltlg
lr/+ ÷ oSj jí{ l§= lj= hfn]lt ÷ RofsfRjg lg=
rLj/ ÷ rLj/ g= hfn]t'+ ÷ Rofs]t
r'@; ÷ lÓ+Ko+u" 3 hfn]l; ÷ Rofsn
r]lto ÷ r}To g= lhgflt ÷ TofsfRjg
rá/ ÷ v'+ k'= lh©jf ÷ Do O=
77
hLjlt ÷ DjfgfRjg tg' ÷ ;fNn';]Rj+u' 3=

hLlj:;lt ÷ DjfO, hLljsfofO t/lt ÷ t/]h'ofRjg
h]t' ÷ TofOð k'= tl/Tjf ÷ t/]h'of, kf/ofgf k"=l§=
h+#f ÷ Tjfgf O= t? ÷ l;df k'=
Ó t?)fL ÷ t?gL, Nofl; O=
Ófk]lt ÷ %\jo]sfRjg tj ÷ %+u', %Gt
Ófk]l; ÷ %\jo]sn t:; ÷ jofu', joft
` t:;f ÷ jofu', joft O=
`f)f ÷ !fg, a'l$ g= t:df ÷ pls+ lg=
`ft ÷ :o"u' 3= tlx+ ÷ cg+ lg;]+ lg=
`flt ÷ !flt k'= t+ ÷ j 3
& tflg ÷ Olk+, j g= ax'=
&Tjf ÷ Rjgf k"=lqÇ= tfj ÷ pan] tSs lg=
&kfkolt ÷ to]sfRjg tfjtf ÷ plnhs lg=
&kfk]lt ÷ to]sfRjg lt ÷ :j+u", :jð 3=
&k]lt ÷ tofRjg ltþGt ÷ bgf Rj+Rj+ð
&k]t' ÷ to]dfM ltþlt ÷ bgfRjg
&k]l; ÷ tn lt)f ÷ #f×o\ g=
l&t ÷ Rj+Rj+ð 3= lt))f ÷ kf/h"ð 3=
* ltk' ÷ ;L g=
*;lt ÷ GofgfRjg ltl/o+ ÷ Aoyf+] lg=
*l; ÷ Goft lt+;lt ÷ :jLu" 3=
*l;Tjf ÷ Gofgf k"= l§= t'Dxfs+ ÷ l%ldu', l%ldt
t t'Dx] ÷ l%ldu', l%ldt
t ÷ j 3= t'©o+ ÷ %+u', %Gt
t)*'n ÷ hfls k'= g= t'nf ÷ t/fh' O=
t)xf ÷ t[i)ff t'n]lt ÷ ngfRjg
tTy ÷ cg lg= t] ÷ %+, %+u', %Gt
tq ÷ cg lg= t]lQ+;lt ÷ :jL:j+u"
tltof ÷ :j+u"u' 3= t]/; ÷ lÓ+:j+u"
ttá ÷ pls+, cg+lg;]+ lg= t]jL;lt ÷ gL:j+u"
tyf ÷ cy], chfu' lg= t]n; ÷ lÓ+:j+u"
tbf ÷ pan] lg= t];+ ÷ Oldu', Oldt
78
Tj+ ÷ % bf;L ÷ bf;L, gás/gL O=

y lbþ ÷ v+u' 3
yk]t' ÷ to]df lbGg ÷ Ao"u' 3
b lbj; ÷ lb+ k'=
blSv)f ÷ hFu' ‘blSv)f’ lbjf ÷ lxgo\ lg=
bþ ÷ GofFu' 3= lb:jf ÷ vgf k"=l§=
b)*L ÷ sly k'= lb;f ÷ lbzf O=
b@' ÷ bfb O= bL# ÷ tfFxfsM 3=
bTjf ÷ laof k"= l§= bL#hLjL ÷ tfxfsM cfo'b'ð k'=
bbGt ÷ aLð 3= bLk ÷ dt k'=
bbflt ÷ laofRjg bLlk ÷ lrt'jf k'=
blb ÷ lan bLolt ÷ aLu' h'ofRjg
blb:;lt ÷ laO bLodfg ÷ aLð 3=
blw ÷ wÁ g= b'Sv ÷ b'Fv g=
bGtL ÷ lsl;, wFjf b''ð k'= b'Sv+ ÷ b'Fv+ lqÇ= lj=
b:;lt ÷ laO b'ltof ÷ lgu"u' 3=
b; ÷ lÓu" b'Gb'le ÷ Wod] afh+ O=
b;sál^ ÷ lÓu" sál^, bz s/á* b'Aa))f ÷ af×dnfu' 3=
b;d ÷ lÓu"u' 3= b"/ ÷ tfkfFu' 3
b;nSv+ ÷ lÓu" nfv b'lxt' ÷ D©ofo\ O=
b;;x:;+ ÷ lÓåM b]lt ÷ laofRjg
bx/ ÷ rLlwð drf 3= b]j ÷ BáM k'=
bln@ ÷ u/La b]jtf ÷ b]jL O=
bf&L ÷ ;k{, wFjf b'ð k'= b]jL ÷ b]jL, dxf/fgL O=
bftAa ÷ lao]dfFu' 3= b];fkolt ÷ b]zgf ofsL
bft' ÷ aLð k'= b];fk]lt ÷ b]zgf ofsL
bft'+ ÷ laOt lg= b]l;t ÷ b]zgfofFu' 3
bfg ÷ bfg g= b];Lolt ÷ b]zgfofo]u' h'ofRjg
bfk]lt ÷ laOsfRjg b];]tAa ÷ b]zgfofo]dfFu' 3=
bf/s ÷ ldh+drf k'= b];]lt ÷ b]zgfofgfRjg
bfl/sf ÷ ld;fdrf O= b];]t'+ ÷ b]zgfofo]t lg=
bf? ÷ l;+ g= b];]l; ÷ b]zgfoft
bf; ÷ gás/, bf; k'= bál)f ÷ *'°f O=
79
bánf ÷ bánf wfjlt ÷ Ajf×o\jgfRjg

ålQ+;lt ÷ :jLlgu" O= wfjGt ÷ Ajf×o\jgLð 3=
åfb; ÷ lÓ+lgu" wflj ÷ Ajf×o\jg
åfgj'lt ÷ u'Olgu" wfljTjf ÷ Ajf×o\jgf k"=lqÇ=
åf;lþ ÷ v'Olgu" wLt' ÷ D©ofo\ O=
åf;Qlt ÷ Gxo]lgu" w"ln ÷ w" O=
åf;Llt ÷ ro\lgu" w]g' ÷ ;f O=
lå ÷ lgu", lgð 3= wájlt ÷ lxofRjg, l;nfRjg
låSvQ'+ ÷ lgSjM lqÇ=lj= wájLolt ÷ xLu' h'ofRjg
lårQfnL;lt ÷ kLlgu" g
lågj'lt ÷ u'Olgu" g ÷ db', dv' lg=
låk~`f;lt ÷ Golgu" gu/ ÷ gu/, zx/ g=
låk))ff;lt ÷ Golgu" gu/tá ÷ gu/+ lg=
låof;Llt ÷ ro\lgu" gQ' ÷ %o\ k'=
lå;lþ ÷ v'Olgu" glTy ÷ db'
lå;Qlt ÷ Gxo\lgu" gbL ÷ v'l; O=
å]c;Llt ÷ ro\lgu" gog ÷ ldvf g=
å]rQfnL;lt ÷ kLlgu" gj ÷ u'+u"
å]lt+;lt ÷ :jLlgu" gjd ÷ u'+u"u' 3=
å]gj'lt ÷ u'Olgu" gj;t+ ÷ u';M
å]k~`f;lt ÷ Golgu" gj'lt ÷ gAa]
å]k))ff;lt ÷ Golgu" gj'ltd ÷ UjLu", UjLdð 3=
å]jL;lt ÷ gLlgu" g;lGt ÷ db' ‘a= j=’
å];lþ ÷ v'Olgu" gxft ÷ dáNx"ð 3=
å];Qlt ÷ Gxo\lgu" gxfTjf ÷ dáNx'of k"=lqÇ=
w gxfk]lt ÷ dáNx'sfRjgf
wg ÷ wg g= gxfoGt ÷ dáNx'Oð-Nx'Nx'+ 3=
wgjtL ÷ ;fx"gL O= gx't+ ÷ lÓåM
wgjGt' ÷ wgjfg\ gfu ÷ gfu, lsl; k'=
wg' ÷ wg'í g= gfd ÷ gf×, gfd b'ð 3
wDd ÷ wd{ k'= gf/L ÷ ld;f, :qL O=
wDdjfbL ÷ wd{b]zs k'= gfjf ÷ b'°f, hxfh O=
wft' ÷ wft' O= gf;f ÷ Gxfo\ O=
80
gfgf ÷ cg]s, gfgf lg= krt' ÷ y'

gfln ÷ s'ln, m+ O= krGt ÷ y'ofRjRj+, y"ð 3=
gflns]/ ÷ g}+Sof k'=g= krlGt ÷ y'Oð O=
g]l; ÷ o+sn krdfg ÷ y'ofRjRj+, y'Oð 3=
g]t' ÷ gfoM, o+slð k'= klr ÷ y'n
lgSvGt ÷ lkxf×jFð 3 klrtAa ÷ y'o]dfFu' 3=
lgSvDd ÷ lkxf×jof k"=lqÇ= klrTjf ÷ y'of k"=lqÇ=
lgSvldTjf ÷ lkxf×jof klrt'+ ÷ y'Ot lg=
lg@f ÷ BgLð O= kRrlt ÷ y'Ou' h'n
lglw ÷ wg#M, vftf k'= kRrdfg ÷ y'Oð 3=
lgAaQlt ÷ pTkGg h'ofRjg kRrfuR%lt ÷ mlxnf jofRjg
lgAalQt'+ ÷ pTkGg h'Ot kR%f ÷ lnkf lg=
lgodfg ÷ o+sLð 3= kR%tá ÷ No"g] lg=
lgl;Gg ÷ m]t"ð 3= k~r ÷ Gofu", Gofð 3=
lg;LbGt ÷ m]t'gfRj+ð 3= k~rb; ÷ lÓ+Gofu"
lg;Lblt ÷ m]t'gfRjg k~rlt+;lt ÷ :jL Gofu"
lg;Lbfk]lt ÷ m]t'OsfRjg k~rd ÷ Gofdð, Gofu" 3=
lg;Lbfk]Tjf ÷ m]t'Osf k"=lqÇ= k~rjL;lt ÷ gLGofu"
lg;Llb ÷ m]t'n k~`f ÷ k|!f O=
lg;LlbTjf ÷ m]t'gf k"=lqÇ= k~`fjGt' ÷ k|!fjfg\
gLr ÷ rLhfM, Sjhft, k's]{ 3= k~`f;lt ÷ Go]u"
gLt ÷ o+s"u' 3= k&d ÷ Gxfkf×, Gxfkf×u' 3=
gLodfg ÷ o+sLð 3 k&lt ÷ AjgfRjg
gLn ÷ j×r'u' 3= k))f ÷ xM,kq, eá+ g=
g]lt ÷ o+sfRjg k))f/; ÷ lÓ+Gofu"
g]Tjf ÷ o+sf k"=lqÇ= k))ff;lt ÷ Go]u" O=
g]t' ÷ o+sLð gfoM kl)*t ÷ kl)*t
k ktlt ÷ s't'+ jofRjg
kSs ÷ kfs]h"u', y"u' 3= klt ÷ s't'+jn, :jfdL, dflns k'=
klSvklt ÷ tofRjg kltTjf ÷ s't'+jof
kSvL ÷ Ó+uM k'= kQ ÷ kfq k'=, jFð 3=
kU#/lt ÷ afFjofRjg klQ ÷ yn;]gf O=
krlt ÷ y'ofRjg kb'd ÷ sdn, kn]:jf× g=
81
kg ÷ h'n;f×, y]+ lg= kft'+ ÷ Tjg]t lg=

kg; ÷ m×l;, m×l;df kftá ÷ ;'yGxfkg+ lg=
kAat ÷ kxf* k'= kfb ÷ kfln k'=
ke" ÷ k|e", clwklt k'= kfk ÷ kfk g=
k/ ÷ lnkf, d]u' 3= kfksf/L ÷ kfkofOð k'=
kl/bxlt ÷ lrq RjofRjg kfln ÷ §d,¢jM
kl/lgAaflo ÷ kl/lgjf)f{ h'n kfn]lt ÷ /Íf jf kfngofgfRjg
kl/o];lt ÷ dfnfRjg kfn]l; ÷ /Ífoft
kl/jQlt ÷ d" k'nfRjg kf;f)f ÷ Njx× k'=
kl/;f ÷ mÁh ‘kl/íb\’ O= lklttá ÷ Ajfofs] lg=
knfolt ÷ la:o"+ jgfRjg lkt' ÷ Ajf k'=
klj;lt ÷ b'xf× jgfRjg lkkfl;t ÷ KofrfFð 3=
kljl;Tjf ÷ b'xf×jof k"= l§= lkjlt ÷ TjgfRjg
k;' ÷ kz' k'= lkjt' ÷ Tj+
k:;lt ÷ :jofRjg lkljt'+ ÷ Tjg]t lg=
k:;Gt ÷ :jOð 3= lkljTjf ÷ Tjgf k"=l§=
kl:;t'+ ÷ :jo]t lg= lkjGt ÷ TjgLð 3=
kl:;:;lt ÷ :jOltlg kLt ÷ ðf;'u' 3=
kx^ ÷ bfFu' 3= kLlt ÷ k|Llt O=
kx/lt ÷ bfofRjhg kLn]lt ÷ kL*flaofRj
kxl/ ÷ bfn kLn]l; ÷ kL*flan
kxl/Tjf ÷ bfof kL& ÷ d]r g=
kxl/olt ÷ bfo]lsu' h'n k'~` ÷ k')o g=
kxl/odfg ÷ bfOð 3= k'~`jGt' ÷ k')ojfg\
kxl/:;lt ÷ bfOltlg k'Q ÷ sfo\, k'q k'=
kfr]lt ÷ y'Ou' h'ofRjg k'g ÷ xfg+ lg=
kfr]t'+ ÷ y'Ot lg= k'Km ÷ :jf×, k''ik g=
kf&;fnf ÷ :s"n O= k'Aa ÷ klxn], k"j{ 3=
kfl)f ÷ NxfM k'= k'/tá ÷ G©oág] lg;]+ lg=
kftfkolt ÷ s'?s] laofRjg k'/f ÷ G©oág], Gxfkf lg=
kftfk]lt ÷ s'?s] laofRjg kft]lt ÷ k'l/; ÷ k'?í k'=
v;fN% k'l/;tá ÷ k'?íofs], ln;] lg=
kft]l; ÷ s's{n k'lng ÷ lm g=
82
k"hf ÷ k"hf O= e~hlt ÷ Tjy'nfRjg

k"lht ÷ k"hfofFu' 3= el~h ÷ Tjy'n
k"h]lt ÷ k"hfofgfRjgf e)* ÷ ;fdfg,j:t' g=
k"h]Tjf ÷ k"hfofgf k"=l§= eQ ÷ hf g=
k"h]l; ÷ k"hfoft eQ' ÷ :jfdL, eft, klt k'=
káSv/)fL ÷ káv/L O= el/of ÷ eft, kTgL O=
m ejlt ÷ h'ofRjg
m/;' ÷ kf k'= ejt' ÷ h'Odf
mn ÷ mn, ljkfs g= elj:;lt ÷ h'Oltlg
mnjGt' ÷ mnjfg\ efh]Tjf ÷ Ogf k"=l§=
a eftf ÷ bfh'lshf k'=
as ÷ AjM efg'dGt' ÷ /lZdb'ð, ;"o{
alQ+;lt ÷ :jLlgu" O efolt ÷ UofgfRjg
aGwlt ÷ lrgfRjg efloTjf ÷ Uofgf
aGw' ÷ yFlylt k'= eflo:;lt ÷ UofO
aGw'dGt' ÷ yFlyltb'ð ef;lt ÷ wofRjg
alGw ÷ lrt ef;f ÷ efíf O=
alGwTjf ÷ lrgf k"=l§= ef;t' ÷ wfo]df
aGwLolt ÷ rLu' h'ofRjg ef;Lolt ÷ wfo]u' h'ofRjg
an ÷ zlQÇ, ;]gf g= leSv' ÷ leÍ' k'=
anjGt' ÷ anjfg\ lelGb ÷ tFHoft
anL ÷ anjfg\, zlQÇjfg\ k'= leGg ÷ tFHofu' 3=
alx ÷ lkg] lg= e'~hlt ÷ gofRjg ‘eáhg’
ax' ÷ oSj, oSAj 3= e'~hGt ÷ gg+, gOð 3=
afn ÷ drf,c!flgð, d"v{ e'l~h ÷ gn
afjL;lt ÷ gLlgu" O= e'l~htAa ÷ go]dfFu' 3=
afx' ÷ AjxM k'= e'l~hTjf ÷ gof k"=lqÇ=
a'$ ÷ ;j{!, a'$ k'= e'l~ht'+ ÷ go]t lg=
a'l$dGt' ÷ a'l$dfg\,a'l$b'ð e'l~hodfg ÷ gofRj+u' 3=
a|fÐ)fL ÷ a|ð'gL O= e'~hLolt ÷ go]u' h'ofRjg
e e"t ÷ h"ð 3=
eujGt' ÷ eujfg\ e'Q ÷ gFu' 3=
elugL ÷ ttfs]x]+ O= e"klt ÷ h'h' k'=
83
e"kfn ÷ h'h' k'= df/]Tjf ÷ :ofgf k"=l§=

e"ld ÷ hdLg O= df/]l; ÷ :oft
eáuL ÷ ;k{, ;DklQ h"ð k'= dfnf ÷ dfM O=
eáh]lt ÷ gsfRjg dfnL ÷ uy', dfnfsf/ k'=
eáQ'+ ÷ go]t lg= df; ÷ dlxgf k'= g=
d ldu ÷ d[u k'=
dUu ÷ n× k'= lduL ÷ d[ugL O=
dlHÓd ÷ dWod 3= ldQ ÷ kf;f k'=
d~r ÷ vft k'= ld)fflt ÷ ngfRjg
d~h";f ÷ afs; O= d'lþ ÷ ð" k'=
dl)f ÷ dfl)fs k'= d'b' ÷ gfo"u' 3=
dt ÷ ;Lð 3= d'lg ÷ ;j{! jf leIf' k'=
dlt ÷ a'l$ O= d"n ÷ xf, d" g=
dQ~`" ÷ dfqfl% :o"ð k'= d]# ÷ jíf{, jf k'=
dw' ÷ sl:t g= o
dgl;s/ált ÷ dg+t'gfRjg o ÷ ;'+, %'+ 3=
dg':; ÷ dg'io, dg" k'= oTy ÷ ug, G©ofyfo\g+ lg=
dGtL ÷ dGqL k'= olTy ÷ t'tf+ k'=
do"/ ÷ ðo\vf k'= otá ÷ u'u' sf/)f+
d©o+ ÷ lht, lhð oyf ÷ uy] lg=
do+ ÷ ÓL ‘cx+ zAb’ obf ÷ uan]+ lg=
d/)f ÷ d/)f olb ÷ olb, cy]h";f lg=
d/lt ÷ l;gfRjg o;jGt' ÷ oz b'ð
dxGt ÷ oSj, tFhf, tfxfsM 3= olx+ ÷ ug lg=
dxNns ÷ a"(f 3= ofu' ÷ ofu', hfpnf O=
df ÷ Djf lg= ofrs ÷ málu+ k'=
dft' ÷ df× O= ofrlt ÷ mágfRjg
dft'nflg ÷ dn] O= oflr ÷ mg
dflttá ÷ df×ofs] lg= ofj ÷ u'an] tSs lg=
df/fkolt ÷ :ofsfRjg ofjtf ÷ u' ln lg
df/fk]lt ÷ :ofsfRjg o'jlt ÷ Nof;], t?)fL O=
df/Lolt ÷ :ofo]u' h'ofRjg oáhfk]lt ÷ oáhgf ofsfRjg,
df/]lt ÷ :ofgfRjg k|aGw ofsfRjg
84
oáhfkolt ÷ oáhgf ofsL nlet'+ ÷ k|fKtofo]t lg=

/ nleTjf ÷ k|fKth'of k"=lqÇ=
/Svlt ÷ /ÍfofO nle:;lt ÷ k|fKth'Oltlg
/Svt' ÷ /Ífofo]df lnvlt ÷ RjofRjg
/lSvTjf ÷ /Ífofgf k"=l§= n]vs ÷ n]vs k'=
/SvLolt ÷ /Ífofo]u' h'ofRjg nás ÷ ;+;f/ k'=
/hs ÷ wáaL k'= nárg ÷ ldvf g=
/Hh ÷ /fHo g= náe ÷ náe k'=
/Hh' ÷ lvkM 3= j
/þ ÷ b]z jrg ÷ jrg g=
/Q ÷ ©ofp×u' 3= jþlt ÷ oáUo h'O
/lQ ÷ axgL O= j*\(sL ÷ l;sld{ k'=
/y ÷ /y k'= jt ÷ lgZro g+ lg=
/jlt ÷ xfnfRjg jQ' ÷ Gj+ jfOð, jStf k'=
/lj ÷ ;"o{ k'= jTy ÷ j:q, sfkM g=
/:; ÷ rLxfsM 3= jTjf ÷ wof k"= l§=
/+l; ÷ /lZd O= jb~`" ÷ jrg :o"ð, k'=
/fl; ÷ mÁh, /f;, oSj k'= jblt ÷ wofRjg
/flhgL ÷ /fgL O= jbg ÷ VjfM g=
?Sv ÷ l;df k'= jg ÷ h°n g=
?Svtá ÷ l;df+ lg= jlgtf ÷ :qL O=
¿k ÷ ¿k g= jlGbt ÷ jGbgf ofFu' 3=
/áblt ÷ VjofRjg jlGbtAa ÷ jGbgfofo]dfFu' 3=
/ábGt ÷ VjOð 3= jlGbodfg ÷ jGbgfofo]dfFu' 3=
n jGbLolt ÷ jGbgfofo]u' h'ofRjg
nSv ÷ nfv j/fx ÷ mf k'=
nßf ÷ nßf j;lt ÷ af;ofgfRjg
ntf ÷ nx/f O= j;Gt ÷ af;+ RjRj+, af;+ RjgLð
n$ ÷ k|fKth"u' j;'wf ÷ hdLg O=
n$f ÷ k|fKth'of k"=lqÇ= j:; ÷ jí{, jf k'= g+
n$fg ÷ k|fKth'of k"=lqÇ= j:;lt ÷ jf jofRjg
n$'+ ÷ k|fKtofo]t lg= jl:; ÷ jf jn
nelt ÷ k|fKth'ofRjg jl;:;lt ÷ jf;+ RjgLltlg
85
jnjf ÷ df ;n O= j'lþ ÷ jíf{, jf O=

jf ÷ cyjf lg= j'l$ ÷ pGglt, clej[l$ O=
jfrf ÷ jrg O= j'Q ÷ wfFu' 3=
jfr]lt ÷ Aj+sfRjg j'Ty ÷ af;+ Rj+ð 3=
jfl)fh ÷ Aofkf/ k'= j]Hh ÷ j}B k'=
jfg/ ÷ dfsM k'= j] ÷ lgZro g+ g=
jfg/L ÷ dfsMgL O= j]bu" ÷ j]b :o"ð k'=
jfkL ÷ bx, k'v" O= j]n' ÷ k× k'=
jfl/ ÷ nM g= JoU# ÷ lrt'jf
jflnsf ÷ lm O= j'l*\( ÷ pGglt, clej[l$ O=
jfn'sf ÷ lm O= Joflw ÷ /áu k'=
ljlSsl)f ÷ ldn ;
ljlSs)fGt ÷ dLð 3= ;ls+ ÷ %sá lg=
ljlSs)fflt ÷ ldofRjg ;s')f ÷ Ó+uM k'=
ljlSs)fLolt ÷ dLu' h'ofRjg ;Ssált ÷ mofRjg
ljHh' ÷ s/]G^, lah"nL O= ;Sv/f ÷ Njx×uá, ;fvM O=
ljHÓlt ÷ ;'ofRjg ;vL ÷ ld;fkf O=
lj~`" ÷ kl)*t k'= ;Uu ÷ :ju{
ljTyt ÷ tAofu' 3= ;r] ÷ olb, cy]h";f lg=
ljwfg ÷ a|Ðf, >[li^stf{ k'= ;lþ ÷ v'Ou"
ljb" ÷ kl)*t k'= ;t+ ÷ ;lR%
ljgf ÷ afx]s lg= ;tsál^ ÷ ;lR%u' sál^
ljg]t'+ ÷ ljgLt ofo]t k'= ;td ÷ ;lR%dð 3=
ljl;vf ÷ n× O= ;t;x:; ÷ nfv g=
lj;'+ ÷ cnu lqÇ=lj= ;lt ÷ :d[lt O=
lj;d+ ÷ c;dfg lqÇ=lj= ;ltdGt' ÷ :d[ltdfg\
ljx/Gt ÷ af;Rj+ð 3= ;Q ÷ Gx]u"
lj¿k ÷ af×dnfu' ¿k 3= ;Qlt ÷ Gxo]u"
ljxf/ ÷ ljxf/ ;Qltd ÷ Gxo\dð 3=
jLlx ÷ wfg k'= ;Qlt+;lt ÷ :jLGx]u"
jL;lt ÷ gLu' ;Qb; ÷ lÓ+Gx]u"
jL;ltd ÷ gLdð 3= ;Qd ÷ Gx]dð 3=
j'Rrdfg ÷ wfOð 3= ;Q/; ÷ lÓ+Gx]u"
86
;QjL;lt ÷ gLGx]u" ;'j))f ÷ af×nfu' j)f{, ;'g 3=

;Q' ÷ zq' k'= ;'j] ÷ sGx] lg=
;Ty' ÷ a'$, cg'zf;s k'= ;')fGt ÷ GogLð 3=
;lTy ÷ vDkf g= ;')fflt ÷ GogfRjg
;bf ÷ lGxy++ lg= ;')fft' ÷ Goá
;lgs+ ÷ la:tf/+ lqÇ=lj= ;'/f ÷ Pnf O=
;lGt ÷ zflGt O= ;';' ÷ drf k'=
;lGt ÷ b' ;';fg ÷ d;fg g=
;Aa ÷ m'Ss 3= ;'¿k ÷ af×nfu' ¿k 3=
;Aa~`" ÷ ;j{! k'= ;L#+ ÷ ofsg+ lqÇ=lj=
;Aatá ÷ m'Ss+ lg= ;L#ofoL ÷ ofsg+ jgLð k'=
;Aabf ÷ G©ofan]+ ;'l/o ÷ ;"o{ k'=
;ef ÷ ;ef O= ;Ln ÷ zLn g=
;dGtf ÷ %rfv]/+ lg= ;LnjGt' ÷ zLnjfg\
;d+ ÷ ;dfg lqÇ=lj= ;Lx ÷ l;+x k'=
;dLk ÷ lnSs 3= ;LxL ÷ l;+xgL O=
;olt ÷ BgfRjg ;'t ÷ GogLð 3=
;oGt ÷ BgLð 3= ;'Q ÷ Bá+ð, sf 3=
;ofk]lt ÷ YogfRjg l;Gw' ÷ ;d'b| k'=
;lo ÷ Bg l;nf ÷ Njx× O=
;loTjf ÷ Bgf k"=lqÇ= l;vL ÷ ðo\vf, ld k'=
;:;' ÷ dfh' O= ;'v ÷ ;'v g=
;;L ÷ rGb|df k'= ;'vL ÷ ;'vL k'=
;lKk ÷ ¤oá g= ;]gf ÷ ;]gf O=
;x:; ÷ bál% ;]t ÷ t'o'u' 3=
;f/ly ÷ ;f/yL k'= ;]t' ÷ tfm' k'=
;f/yL ÷ ;f/yL, /yrn]ofOð k'= ;]þL ÷ ;]+&, ;fx" k'=
;fdL ÷ :jfdL, klt, dflns k'= ;át ÷ Gxfo\k×, g=
;fnf ÷ zfnf, xn O= ;át' ÷ GogLð k'=
;fo+ ÷ ;GWof lg= ;ákf)f ÷ :jfxflg g=
;fvf ÷ zfvf, srf O= ;án; ÷ lÓ+v'u"
;fw's+ ÷ af×nfs lqÇ=lj= ;+# ÷ ;+# k'=
;'gv ÷ lvrf k'= x/lt ÷ o+sfRjg
87
x/Gt ÷ o+sLð 3= xbo ÷ Xbo, d'^' g=

x/fk]lt ÷ o+s] laofRjg xl/ ÷ o+sn
x/Lolt ÷ o+s]u' h'ofRjg xl/tAa ÷ o+s]dfFu' 3=
x;Gt ÷ lGxnLð 3= xl/t'+ ÷ o+s]t lg=
x]þf ÷ Sjo\ lg= lx/LdGt' ÷ nHhfjfg\
x^ ÷ o+s"u' 3= lx°' ÷ lxÉ\ g=
xTy ÷ NxfM k'= lxdjGt' ÷ lxdfno
xlTygL ÷ df lsl; O= xLoá ÷ lðuM lg=
xTyL ÷ lsl; xát' ÷ h'Odf
g]kfnefíf+ - kflnefífo\, zAb-k'rM

c pGglt ÷ j'l$ O=, j'l*\( O=
chfu' ÷ tyf lg= pan] ÷ tbf lg=
cy] ÷ tyf lg= pan] tSs ÷ tfj lg=
cyjf ÷ jf lg=,cy lg= plnhs ÷ tfjtf lg=
cy]h";f ÷ ;r] lg=,olb lg Pnf ÷ ;'/f O=
clwklt ÷ ke" k'=,clwklt k'= Clif ÷ Ol; k'=
cg ÷ tTy lg=, tq lg= s
cg]s ÷ gfgf lg= sd{ ÷ sDd g=
cg'zf;s ÷ ;Ty' k'= sd{rf/L ÷ sDdsf/ k'=
cg+ lg;]+ ÷ tlx+ lg=,ttá lg= sdn ÷ kb'd g
cg+lnkf ÷ cy lg= sGof ÷ s~`f O=, s'df/L O=
clej[l$ ÷ j'l$ O=, j'l*\( O= sGx] ÷ ;'j] lg=
cd[t ÷ cdt g= s/]G^ ÷ ljHh' O=
cn] ÷ cy lg= s/á* ÷ sál^
cnu ÷ lj;'+ lqÇ=lj= sl:t ÷ dw' g=
c;dfg ÷ lj;d+ lqÇ=lj= slru' ÷ cfd 3=
c!flgð ÷ afn sly ÷ b)*L k'=
c× ÷ cDa s[t! h'Ou' ÷ st~`" k'=
cfsfz ÷ cfsf; k'= sfkM ÷ jTy g=
cfrfo{ ÷ u? k'= sfn ÷ ul)x k"=l§=
cfo' ÷ cfo' g= sfo\ ÷ k'Q k'=
cfM ÷ Obflg lg= sfo]s] %\jofRjg ÷ cfx/fk]lt
O sfo]sfRjg ÷ u)xfk]lt
OR%f ofgfRjg ÷ OR%lt sfo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ u)xLolt
Ogf ÷ efh]Tjf k"=l§= ls;fg ÷ s:;s k'=
Olk+ ÷ tflg g= lsGg/L ÷ lsGg/L O=
Oldt ÷ t];+ lsl; ÷ s/L,xTyL,gfu,bGtL k'=
Oldu' ÷ t];+ lsrM ÷ %fof O=
p sLlt{ ÷ lslQ O=
pls+ ÷ ttá lg=, t:df lg= s';f ÷ %Q g=
pQ/ ÷ pQ/ s';f h"ð ÷ %lQ k'=
pTkGg h'ofRjg ÷ lgAaQlt s'?s] laofRjg ÷ kftfkolt,
pTkGg h'Ot ÷ lgAalQt'+ kftfk]lt, kft]lt
89
s's{n ÷ kft]l; VjfM ÷ jbg g=

s'df/ ÷ s'df/ k'= Vjft"u' ÷ #g 3=
s'n ÷ s'n g= Vjla ÷ c:;' g=
s'njfg\ ÷ s'njGt' VjOð ÷ /ábGt 3=
s'ln ÷ gfln O= VjofRjg ÷ /áblt
s't'+ jofRjg ÷ ktlt v'l; ÷ gbL O=
s't'+jn ÷ klt k'= vM ÷ cfd lg=
s't'+jof ÷ kltTjf v'n ÷ rá/]l;
s'xf×jof ÷ cátl/Tjf,cá?©o k"=lqÇ= v'ofRjg ÷ rá/]lt
s'xf×jofRjg ÷ cát/lt v'Olgu" ÷ åf;lþ, lå;lþ, å];lþ
s'i&ð ÷ s'þL k'= v'OsfRjg ÷ rá/fkolt, rá/fk]lt
s]/fdf ÷ sbnL O= v'Ou" ÷ ;lþ
sál^ ÷ sál^ v'Ou'+u" ÷ Ps"g;Qlt O=
Sjfr';] ÷ v/ 3= v'u" ÷ %
Sjhft ÷ gLr 3= v'u"u' ÷ %þ 3=
SjM ÷ sfs k'= u
Sjo\ ÷ cw/ lg=, x]þf lg= uO ÷ cf?lx:;lt
Sjxf×jFð ÷ cált))f 3= u°f ÷ u°f O=
Sj]+ ÷ clþ g= ug ÷ sTy,s'lx+, oTy, olx+ lg=
§d ÷ kfln ug+lg;]+ ÷ s'tá lg=
qÇáw ÷ sáw k'= uGw ÷ uGw k'=
v uof ÷ cf?lxTjf, cf?©o k"=lqÇ=
vDkf ÷ ;lTy g= u/La ÷ bln@
vgf ÷ lb:jf k"=l§= un ÷ cf?lx
vf ÷ s'Ss'^L O= uan]+ ÷ obf lg=
vftf ÷ d~r k'=, lglw k'= uDeL/ ÷ uDeL/ 3=
lvkM ÷ /Hh' 3= uFkM ÷ uLjf O=u')fjfg ÷ u')fjGt' 3
lvrf ÷ ;'gv k'= uFð ÷ cf?Nx 3=
v'+ ÷ rá/ k'= u'an] ÷ sbf lg=
v'+ kfv]+ ÷ rá/tá lg= u'an] tSs ÷ ofj lg=
v+u' ÷ lbþ 3 u';M ÷ gj;t+
v× ÷ syf O= u'ð ‘lgðof laro\’ ÷ st/ 3=
v]+ ÷ c)* g= u'? ÷ u? k'=
90
u[x)fL ÷ #/)fL O= rGb|df ÷ rGb k'=,;;L k'=

u[xklt ÷ uxklt k'= rDrf ÷ stR%' k'=
u'+u" ÷ gj ro\%u" ÷ Psf;Llt
u'+u"u' ÷ gjd 3= ro\lgu" ÷ låof;Llt,å]c;Llt,åf;Llt ro\u' ÷
uá? ÷ uá)f k'= c;Llt k'=
uáh' ÷ uáwf O= ro\u"u' ÷ c;Lltd 3=
ro\u'+u" ÷ Ps"ggj'lt O=
uf× ÷ ufd k'= rf;' s} ÷ s)*' O=
ufd+ ÷ ufdtá lg= rfFlxn ÷ rl/
ufM ÷ cfjf^ k'=, sf;' O= rfFlxn ‘pv]+ y'v]+’ ÷ crl/
ufyf ÷ ufyf O= rfFlxnf ÷ cflxl)*Tjf,rl/Tjf k"=l§=
Uj+uM ÷ s'Ss'^ k'= rfFlxnfRjg ÷ cflx)*lt
UjLdð ÷ gj'ltd 3= rfFlxnLð ÷ cflx)*Gt, r/Gt 3=
UjLu" ÷ gj'ltd 3= rflxnfRjg ÷ r/lt
u'ln ÷ ofjtf lg= lrgf ÷ alGwTjf k"=l§=
u'mf ÷ u'xf O= lrgfRjg ÷ aGwlt
Uofgf ÷ efloTjf lrnf jgfRjg ÷ ckuR%lt
UofgfRjg ÷ efolt lrq RjofRjg ÷ kl/bxlt
UofO ÷ eflo:;lt lrt ÷ alGw
uofRjg ÷ cf?xlt lrt'jf ÷ bLlk k'= JoU#
u'Olgu" ÷ åfgj'lt, lågj'lt, å]gj'lt rLhfFu' ÷ pQfg 3=
u'Ou" ÷ gj'lt rLhfM ÷ gLr 3=
u'Ou'+u" ÷ Ps"g;t+ O= rLj/ ÷ rLj/ g=
u'u' sf/)f+ ÷ otá rLlwð drf ÷ bx/ 3=
uy' ÷ dfnL k'= rLu' h'ofRjg ÷ aGwLolt
uy] ÷ sy+ lg=, oyf lg= rLw+u' ÷ v'@s 3=
# rLxfsM ÷ /:; 3=
#M ÷ #^ k'= r}To ÷ r]lto g=
#f×o\ ÷ lt)f g= Rjgf ÷ &Tjf k"=lqÇ=
#Frf ÷ rSs g= Rjo\ ÷ pkl/ lg=
¤oá ÷ ;lKk g= RjofRjg ÷ lnvlt
r Rj+Rj+ð ÷ l&t 3=
r§ ÷ rSs g= Rj+Rjg ÷ cþfl;
91
Rofdð ÷ cþd 3= hdLg ÷ e"ld, j;'wf O=

RofgfRj+u' l;+ ÷ cnft g= hGd h'ofRjg ÷ pKkHhlt
Rofs]t ÷ hfn]t'+ hn ÷ cDa' g=
RofsfRjg ÷ hfn]lt lg= hxfh ÷ gfjf O=
Rofsn ÷ hfn]l; hf ÷ cábg k'=g=, eQ g=
Rofu" ÷ cþ 3= hfls ÷ t)*'n k'= g=
% hfpnf ÷ ofu' O=
% ÷ Tj+ hft ÷ s"n g=
%Gt ÷ tj,t'©o+ ,t] lh ÷ cx+
%Gx' ÷ Psbf lg= lhð ÷ d©o+
%o\ ÷ gQ' k'= lht ÷ d©o+
%rfv]/+ ÷ ;dGtf lg= hLljsfofO ÷ hLlj:;lt
%sá ÷ ;ls+ lg= h'Oltlg ÷ elj:;lt
%u" ÷ Ps 3= h'Odf ÷ ejt' ,xát'
%u" ;doo\ ÷ Psbf lg= h'h' ÷ e"klt k'=, e"kfn k'=
%u" lsl;d+ ÷ Pswf lqÇ=lj= h'ofRjg ÷ ejlt
%v]lnSs ÷ PsdGt+ lqÇ=lj= h'n ÷ celj
l%ldt ÷ t'Dx], t'Dxfs+ h'n;f× ÷ kg lg=
l%ldu' ÷ t'Dx], t'Dxfs+ h"ð ÷ e"t 3=
%fo\ ÷ s:df lg= h+un ÷ c^lj O=,c/~`, jg g=
%fFu' :jefj ÷ v/ 3= hM ÷ cfnás k'=
%' ÷ ls+ lg= hFu' ‘blSv)f’ ÷ blSv)f
%' ofo]t ÷ lsdTy+ lg= Hjg ÷ ul)x k"=l§=
%\jo]sfRjg ÷ Ófk]lt HjgfRjg ÷ u)xflt
%\jo]sn ÷ Ófk]l; Hof ÷ sDd g=
%\o+u" ÷ %lj O= Hofk' ÷ s:;s k'=
%]+ ÷ u]x k'= g= Hofld ÷ sDdsf/ k'=
%]+g+ ÷ u]xtá lg= Ó
%]+of gls+ ÷ #/)fL O= Ó)*f ÷ s]t' k'=
%+ ÷ t] lÓåM ÷ b;;x:;+, gx't+
%'+ ÷ cfv' k'=,c~`t/, Ps, o 3= lÓu" ÷ b;
%+u' ÷ tj,t'©o+, t] lÓu" nfv ÷ b;nSv+
h lÓu" s/á* ÷ b;sál^
92
lÓu" sál^ ÷ b;sál^ ttfs]x]+ ÷ elugL O=

lÓu"u' ÷ b;d 3= tofRjg ÷ &k]lt, klSvklt
lÓ+%dð+ ÷ Psfb;d 3= tFhf ÷ uDeL/, dxNns, pRr 3=
lÓ+%u" ÷ Psfb; tFHoft ÷ lelGb
lÓ+:j+u" ÷ t]/;, t]n; tFHofu' ÷ leGg 3=
lÓ+Gofu" ÷ k~rb;, k))f/; tfxfsM ÷ dxNns 3=
lÓ+Gx]u" ÷ ;Qb;, ;Q/; tfkfFu' ÷ b"/ 3
lÓ+Ko+u" ÷ rt'@; O=, r'@; 3 tfm' ÷ ;]t' k'=
lÓ+lgu" ÷ åfb; tfMcfo'b'ð ÷ bL#hLjL k'=
lÓ+Rofu" ÷ cþfb; 3=, cþf/; 3= tfFxfsM ÷ bL# 3=
lÓ+u'+u" ÷ Ps"gjL;lt O= t'Oof jofRjg ‘Bá’ ÷ pb]lt
lÓ+v'u" ÷ ;án; t'o'u' ÷ ;]t 3=
ÓL ‘cx+ zAb’ ÷ do+ t'tf+ ÷ olTy k'=
ÓLt ÷ cðfs+ t]h ÷ cfnás k'=
ÓLu' ÷ cðfs+ tFn] ÷ cw/ lg
ÓÁ ÷ ht' g= tFw+u' ÷ pRr 3=
¢jM ÷ kfln Tj+ ÷ lkjt'
Ó+uM ÷ kSvL k'=,;s')f k'=* TjfFbFu' ÷ l%Gg 3=
*'°f ÷ bál)f O= TjfFyn ÷ l%lGb
t TjfFyn]dfFu' ÷ l%lGbtAa 3=
t' ÷ pR%' k'= TjfFynfRjg ÷ l%Gblt
t/]h'of ÷ tl/Tjf k"=l§= TjfFyo]sfRjg ÷ l%Gbfk]lt
t/]h'ofRjg ÷ t/lt Tjfgf ÷ h+#f O=
t/fh' ÷ t'nf O= TjFk'ofRjg ÷ %fb]lt
t?)fL ÷ o'jlt O=, t?)fL O= Tjg]t ÷ kft'+ lg=, lkljt'+ lg=
t?gL ÷ Tjgf ÷ lkljTjf k"=l§=
tn ÷ &k]l; TjgfRjg ÷ lkjlt
tnjf/ ÷ cl; k'= TjgLð ÷ lkjGt 3=
to]dfM ÷ &k]t' Tjy'n ÷ el~h
to]sfRjg ÷ &kfkolt, &kfk]lt Tjy'nfRjg ÷ e~hlt
t[i)ff ÷ t)xf Tofo]df ÷ hot'
t× lkxf×jFð ÷ s'$ 3= TofOð ÷ h]t' k'=
tAofu' ÷ ljTyt 3= TofsfRjg ÷ lhgflt
93
y bx ÷ jfkL O=
yg ÷ Ow lg=, PTy lg= bgf ÷ pþlxTjf k"=lqÇ=
yg lg;]+ ÷ Otá lg= bgf Rj+Rj+ð ÷ ltþGt
ygf ÷ pþk]Tjf k"=lqÇ= bgfRjg ÷ pþxlt, ltþlt
yFu' ÷ cQgá k'= bo]sfRjg ÷ pKkfb]lt
yFlylt ÷ aGw' k'= bf; ÷ bf; k'=
yFlyltb'ð ÷ aGw'dGt' bf;L ÷ bf;L O=
yy] ÷ Pj+ lg= bfb ÷ b@' O=
y' ÷ krt' bfFu' ÷ kx^ 3=
y'ldt ÷ Od];+ k'= bfg ÷ bfg g=
y'ldu' ÷ Od];+ k'= bfh'lshf ÷ eftf k'=
y'lk+ ÷ Odf, Od] bfn ÷ kxl/
y'n ÷ klr bfo]lsu' h'n ÷ kxl/olt
yn;]gf ÷ klQ O= bfOð ÷ kxl/odfg 3=
y'Oð ÷krlGt O=,krdfg,kRrdfg3= bfof ÷ kxl/Tjf
y'Ot ÷ klrt'+ lg=, kfr]t'+ lg= bfofRjhg ÷ kx/lt
y'Ou' h'n ÷ kRrlt bfOltlg ÷ kxl/:;lt
y'Ou' h'ofRjg ÷ kfr]lt lbzf ÷ lb;f O=
y'sy+ ÷ Pj+ lg= lb+ ÷ lbj; k'=
y"u' ÷ kSs 3= b' ÷ clTy, ;lGt
y'of ÷ klrTjf k"=lqÇ= b'°f ÷ gfjf O=
y'ofRjg ÷ krlt b'? ÷ vL/ g=
y'ofRjRj+ ÷ krGt 3=, krdfg 3= b'Fv ÷ b'Sv g=
y'o]dfFu' ÷ klrtAa 3= b'Fv+ ÷ b'Sv+ lqÇ= lj=
y"ð ÷ krGt 3 b'g] ÷ cGtá lg=
y]+ ÷ kg lg= b'u' ÷ ch k'=
yÁ+ ÷ cHh lg= b'xf× jgfRjg ÷ klj;lt
YogfRjg ÷ ;ofk]lt b'xf×jof ÷ kljl;Tjf k"= l§=
Yj ÷ co+, Od 3= b]jL ÷ b]jtf O=, b]jL O=
Yjof ÷ cálrlgTjf k"=lqÇ= b]z ÷ /þ
Yjofd'+sfRjg‘:jf×’ ÷ cálrgflt b]zgfofFu' ÷ b]l;t 3
Yjo]t ÷ cálrlgt'+ lg= b]zgfofgfRjg ÷ b];]lt
b b]zgfofo]dfFu' ÷ b];]tAa 3=
94
b]zgfofo]t ÷ b];]t'+ lg= wÁ ÷ blw g=

b]zgfofo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ b];Lolt wFjf b'ð ÷ bf&L k'=, bGtL k'=
b]zgfofsL ÷ b];fkolt, b];fk]lt wFjf b''ð ÷
b]zgfoft ÷ b];]l; Wod] afh+ ÷ b'Gb'le O=
bál% ÷ ;x:; g
bánf ÷ bánf gOð ÷ e'~hGt 3= vfbGt 3
b× ÷ cfo' g= gof ÷ vflbTjf, e'l~hTjf k"=lqÇ=
åx× ÷ uá)f k'= gg+ ÷ e'~hGt 3=
BáM ÷ b]j k'= gg+ ÷ e'~hGt 3= vfbGt 3
Bg ÷ ;lo gofRj+u' ÷ e'l~hodfg 3=
Bgf ÷ ;loTjf k"=lqÇ= gofRjg ÷ vfblt
BgfRjg ÷ ;olt gofRjg ‘eáhg’ ÷ e'~hlt
BgLð ÷ lg@f O=,;oGt 3= gsfRjg ÷ eáh]lt
Bá+ð ÷ ;'Q 3= gu/ ÷ gu/ g=
w gu/+ ÷ gu/tá lg=
wg ÷ wg g= gn ÷ vflb, e'l~h
wg#M ÷ lglw k'= go]dfFu' ÷ e'l~htAa 3=
wg'í ÷ wg' g= gFu' ÷ vflbt 3=, e'Q 3=
wgjfg\ ÷ wgjGt' Go]lgu" ÷ låk~`f;lt, låk))ff;lt,
wd{ ÷ wDd k'= å]k~`f;lt, å]k))ff;lt
wd{b]zs ÷ wDdjfbL k'= go]t ÷ vflbt'+, e'l~ht'+ lg= eáQ'+ lg=
wof ÷ jTjf k"= l§= go]u' ÷ cfxf/
wofRjg ÷ sy]lt, ef;lt, jblt go]u' h'ofRjg ÷ e'~hLolt
wjM ÷ stR%' k'= gfgf ÷ gfgf lg=
wfOð ÷ j'Rrdfg 3= gfo"u' ÷ d'b' 3=
wft' ÷ wft' O= gfoM ÷ g]t' k'=
wfFu' ÷ j'Q 3= gfu ÷ gfu k'=
wfg ÷ jLlx k'= gf× ÷ gfd 3
wfn ÷ sy]l; lgZro g+ ÷ c$f, jt lg=, j] g=
wfo]df ÷ ef;t' lgð ÷ peo 3=, lå 3=
wfo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ ef;Lolt lgSjM ÷ låSvQ'+ lqÇ=lj=
w" ÷ w"ln O= lgu"u' ÷ b'ltof 3=
wáaL ÷ /hs k'= gL%u" ÷ PsjL;lt O=
95
gL:j+u" ÷ t]jL;lt GogLð ÷ ;')fGt, ;'t 3=,;át' k'=

gLdð ÷ jL;ltd 3= Gj+jfOð ÷ jQ' k'=
gLGofu" ÷ k~rjL;lt G©oág] ÷ k'/f lg=
gLGx]u" ÷ ;QjL;lt G©oág] lg;]+ ÷ k'/tá lg=
gLKo+u" ÷ rt'jL;lt O= G©ofan]+ ÷ cle)x+ lqÇ=lj=,;Aabf
gLlgu" ÷ å]jL;lt, afjL;lt O= G©ofyfo\g+ ÷ oTy lg=
gLRofu" ÷ cþjL;lt 3= Gxfkf ÷ k'/f lg=
gLu' ÷ jL;lt Gxfkf× ÷ k&d 3=
gLu'+u" ÷ Ps"glt+;lt O= Gxfkf×u' ÷ k&d 3=
gLv'u" ÷ %AaL;lt 3 Gxfo\ ÷ #f)f g=, gf;f O=
gás/ ÷ bf; k'= Gxfo\k× ÷ ;át g=
gás/gL ÷ bf;L O= Gxo\dð ÷ ;Qltd 3=
g+ ÷ clk lg=, r lg=, Pj lg= Gxo\lgu" ÷ lå;Qlt,å];Qlt,åf;Qlt
g+t'g]t ÷ #flot'+ Gxo\u" ÷ ;Qlt
g+t'gfRjg ÷ #folt lGxgo\ ÷ lbjf lg=
g× ÷ c;lg O= lGxnLð ÷ x;Gt 3=
g}+Sof ÷ gflns]/ k'=g= lGxy++ ÷ ;bf lg=
Go]u" ÷ k~`f;lt, k))ff;lt O= Gx]u" ÷ ;Q
Go]u'+u" ÷ Ps"g;lþ O= Gx]u'+u" ÷ Ps"gf;Llt O=
Goá ÷ ;')fft' Gx]dð ÷ ;Qd 3=
Gofð ÷ k~r 3= k
Gofdð ÷ k~rd 3= kl)*t ÷ slj,lj~`",ljb",kl)*t k'=
GofFu' ÷ bþ 3= klt ÷ eQ' k'=, ;fdL k'=
Gofgf ÷ lsl)fTjf,*l;Tjf k"= l§= klt+ ÷ c°'ln O=
GofgfRjg ÷ *;lt kTgL ÷ el/of O=
GofgfRjg ‘%'+ j:t'’ ÷ ls)fflt kGo" ÷ stR%' k'=
Gofo]t ÷ lsl)ft'+ lg= kl/jf/ ÷ s'n g=
Gofo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ ls)fLolt kl/lgjf)f{ h'n ÷ kl/lgAaflo
GofOð ÷ sL)fGt 3= kn]:jf× ÷ pKkn, kb'd g=
Goft ÷ *l; k;M ÷ cfk)f k'=
Goft ‘%'+ j:t'’ ÷ lsl)f klZrd ÷ ck/ 3=
Gofu" ÷ k~r 3=, k~rd 3= klxn] ÷ k'Aa 3=
GogfRjg ÷ ;')fflt kq ÷ k))f g=
96
kxf* ÷ lul/ k'=. kAat k'= k"hfofFu' ÷ k"lht 3=

kz' ÷ k;' k'= k"hfofgf ÷ k"h]Tjf k"=l§=
kf ÷ m/;' k'= k"hfofgfRjgf ÷ k"h]lt
kf/h"ð ÷ lt))f 3= k"hfoft ÷ k"h]l;
kf/ofgf ÷ tl/Tjf k"=l§= k"j{ ÷ k'Aa 3=
kf;f ÷ ldQ k'= káv/L ÷ káSv/)fL O=
kfk ÷ kfk g= k× ÷ j]n' k'=
kfkofOð ÷ kfksf/L k'= KjfM ÷ s'lR% k'=
kfln ÷ kfb k'= Koð ÷ rt' 3=
kfq k'= ÷ kQ 3= Kodð ÷ rt'Ty 3=
kfs]h"u' ÷ kSs 3= KofrfFð ÷ lkkfl;t 3=
kfx'gf ‘cfuGt's’ ÷ cltly k'= k|!f ÷ k~`f O=
lkg] ÷ alx lg= k|s^ dh"u' ÷ c~`t/ 3=
lkTof ÷ v'bf O= k|aGw ofsfRjg ÷ oáhfk]lt
lkxf×jFð ÷ lgSvGt 3 k|e" ÷ ke" k'
lkxf×jof ÷lgSvldTjf,lgSvDd k"=lqÇ= k|!fjfg\ ÷ k~`fjGt'
kL*flan ÷ kLn]l; k|fKth'of ÷ n$f,n$fg,nleTjfk"=lqÇ=
kL*flaofRjg ÷ kLn]lt k|fKth'ofRjg ÷ nelt
kLdð ÷ rQfnL;ltd 3= k|fKth'Oltlg ÷ nle:;lt
kLlgu" ÷ lårQfnL;lt, å]rQfnL;lt k|fKth"u' ÷ n$
kLu' ÷ rQfnL;lt O= k|fKtofo]t ÷ n$'+ lg=,nlet'+ lg=
kLu'+u" ÷ Ps"gk~`f;lt O= k|Llt ÷ kLlt O=
k')o ÷ k'~` g= m
k')ojfg\ ÷ k'~`jGt' mn ÷ mn g=
k'?í ÷ k'l/; k'= mnjfg\ ÷ mnjGt'
k'?íln;] ÷ k'l/;tá lg= mofRjg ÷ ;Ssált
k'?íofs] ÷ k'l/;tá lg= mlxnf jofRjg ÷ kRrfuR%lt
k'nfjg]t ÷ cltSsldt'+ lg= mf ÷ j/fx k'=
k''ik ÷ k'Km g= lm ÷ k'lng g=,jflnsf, jfn'sf O=
k'q ÷ k'Q k'= m'Ss ÷ ;Aa 3=
k's]{ ÷ gLr 3= m'Ss+ ÷ ;Aatá lg=
k'v" ÷ jfkL O m]t"ð ÷ lgl;Gg 3=
k"hf ÷ k"hf O= m]t'gf ÷ lg;LlbTjf k"=lqÇ=
97
m]t'gfRj+ð ÷ lg;LbGt 3= lah"nL ÷ ljHh' O=

m]t'gfRjg ÷ lg;Lblt laO ÷ blb:;lt, b:;lt
m]t'n ÷ lg;Llb laOt ÷ bft'+ lg=
m]t'Osf ÷ lg;Lbfk]Tjf k"=lqÇ= laOsfRjg ÷ bfk]lt
m]t'OsfRjg ÷ lg;Lbfk]lt lan ÷ cblb, cbfl;, blb
mág ÷ oflr lao]dfFu' ÷ bftAa 3=
mágfRjg ÷ ofrlt laof ÷ bTjf k"= l§=
mÁh ÷ /fl; k'= laofRjg ÷ bbflt, b]lt
mÁh ‘kl/íb\’ ÷ kl/;f O= laro\ ÷ cGt/f lg=
málu+ ÷ ofrs k'= larfFofgfRjg ÷ lrGt]lt
m+ ÷ gfln O= larfFoft ÷ lrGt]l;
m×l; ÷ kg; larfM ÷ lrGtf O=
m×l;df ÷ kg; aLð ÷ bft' k'=,bbGt, bLodfg 3
a aLu' h'ofRjg ÷ bLolt
anjfg\ ÷ anjGt', anL k'= a'$ ÷ a'$ k'=,;Ty' k'=
axgL ÷ /lQ O= a'l$ ÷ `f)f g=, dlt O=
a|Ðf ÷ ljwfg k'= a'l$b'ð ÷ a'l$dGt'
a|ð'gL ÷ a|fÐ)fL O= a'l$dfg\ ÷ a'l$dGt'
afs; ÷ d~h";f O= a'× ÷ v]Q+ g=
afx]s ÷ ljgf lg= a'× HofgfRjg ÷ s;lt
af;+ Rj+ð ÷ j'Ty 3= a'×Hofofgf ÷ sl;Tjf k"=lqÇ=
af;+ RjgLð ÷ j;Gt a'× Hofo]u'h'n ÷ s;Lolt
af;+ RjRj+ ÷ j;Gt a"(f ÷ dxNns 3=
af;ofgfRjg ÷ j;lt AjM ÷ as
af;Rj+ð ÷ ljx/Gt 3= AjofRjg ÷ pÖ]lt
afFjofRjg ÷ kU#/lt AjxM ÷ afx' k'=
af×dnfu' ÷ b'Aa))f 3= AjgfRjg ÷ k&lt
af×dnfu' ¿k ÷ lj¿k 3= AjFAo"ð ÷ s'$ 3=
af×nfs ÷ ;fw's+ lqÇ=lj= AjFlaofRjgf ÷ cSsá;lt
af×nfu' ¿k ÷ ;'¿k 3= Aj+sfRjg ÷ jfr]lt
af×nfu' j)f{ ÷ ;'j))f 3= Ajf ÷ lkt' k'=
la:o"+ jgfRjg ÷ knfolt Ajf×o\jg ÷ wflj
la:tf/+ ÷ ;lgs+ lqÇ=lj= Ajf×o\jgf ÷ wfljTjf k"=lqÇ=
98
Ajf×o\jgfRjg ÷ wfjlt dfh' ÷ ;:;' O=

Ajf×o\jgLð ÷ wfjGt 3= dfl)fs ÷ dl)f k'=
Ajfofs] ÷ lklttá lg= dflns ÷ clwklt, klt,;fdL k'=
Aoyf+ ÷ ltl/o+ lg= dfsM ÷ slk,jfg/ k'=
Aofkf/ ÷ jfl)fh k'= dfsMgL ÷ jfg/L O=
Ao"u' ÷ lbGg 3 dfnfRjg ÷ kl/o];lt
e dfnfsf/ ÷ dfnL k'=
eujfg\ ÷ eujGt' dfqfl% :o"ð ÷ dQ~`" k'=
eltrf ÷ cKks 3= df×lsl; ÷ xlTygL O=, sg]? O=
efíf ÷ ef;f O= dfM ÷ dfnf O=
eft ÷ eQ' k'= ld ÷ clUu k'=, l;vL k'=
leÍ' ÷ leSv' k'= ldvf ÷ clSv,rSv',gog,nárg g=
le+u' ÷ pQ/ ldvfb'ð ÷ rSv'dGt'
eá+ ÷ k))f g= lðuM ÷ xLoá lg=
d ld;f ÷ gf/L O=
dv' ÷ g lg= ld;fdrf ÷ bfl/sf O=
dv';f ÷ cyjf lg= ld;fkf ÷ ;vL O=
drf ÷ s'df/, afn,;';' k'= ldh+drf ÷ bf/s k'=
dt ÷ bLk k'= ldHjfnf ÷ clRr g=
db' ÷ glTy, g lg= ldn ÷ ljlSsl)f
db' ‘a=j=’ ÷ g;lGt ldofRjg ÷ ljlSs)fflt
dWod ÷ dlHÓd 3= d'^' ÷ xbo g=
dg ÷ lrQ g= d" ÷ d"n g=
dg'io ÷ dg':; k'= d"v{ ÷ afn
dg" ÷ dg':; k'= d" k'nfRjg ÷ kl/jQlt
dGqL ÷ dGtL k'= d]ð ÷ c~` 3=
dg+t'gfRjg ÷ dgl;s/ált d]ð ‘lgð lar]’ ÷ Ot/ 3=
d/)f ÷ d/)f d]r ÷ kL& g=
dn] ÷ dft'nflg O= d]u' ÷ ck/ 3=,c~` 3=,k/ 3=
d;fg ÷ ;';fg g= dáNx"ð ÷ gxft 3=
dxf/fgL ÷ b]jL O= dáNx'Oð ÷ gxfoGt 3=
dlxgf ÷ df; k'= g= dáNx'of ÷ gxfTjf k"=lqÇ=
df ;n ÷ jnjf O= dáNx'sfRjgf ÷ gxfk]lt
99
ðf;'u' ÷ kLt 3= ofo]t ÷ sft'+ lg=

df+SjM ÷ sfsL O= ofo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ s/Lolt
dLð ÷ ljlSs)fGt 3= ofOð ÷ sQ' k'=
dLu' h'ofRjg ÷ ljlSs)fLolt ofOð ÷ s/áGt 3=
ld+ ÷ clUutá lg= ofof+ ÷ s/áGt 3=
df× ÷ cDdf, dft' O= ofOltlg ÷ sl/:;lt
df×ofs] ÷ dflttá lg= ofs"u' ÷ st 3
d[u ÷ ldu k'= ofsfRjg ÷ sf/fk]lt, sf/]lt
d[ugL ÷ lduL O= ofsg+ ÷ lvKk+ lg=,;L#+ lqÇ=lj=
ðo\vf ÷ do"/ k'=,l;vL k'= ofsg+ jgLð ÷ ;L#ofoL k'=
ð'ofRjg ÷ v)flt ofsL ÷ sf/olt
ð't'l; ÷ cáþ oft ÷ csfl;, sl/
D©ofo\ ÷ wLt' O=,b'lxt' O= ofu' ÷ ofu' O=
Do] ÷ lh©jf O= ofFu' ÷ st 3
Djf ÷ df lg= o+s"u' ÷ gLt 3=, x^ 3=
DjfO ÷ hLlj:;lt o+s] laofRjg ÷ x/fk]lt
DjfgfRjg ÷ hLjlt o+s]dfFu' ÷ xl/tAa 3=
d'+s]t ÷ cálrlgt'+ lg= o+s]t ÷ xl/t'+ lg=
d'+sf ÷ cálrlgTjf k"=lqÇ= o+s]u' h'ofRjg ÷ x/Lolt
ð ÷ sfo k'= o+sf ÷ g]Tjf k"=lqÇ=
lðtf ÷ sLlnTjf k"=lqÇ= o+sfRjg ÷ g]lt, x/lt
lðtfRjg ÷ sLnlt o+slð ÷ lgSvGt 3
ð" ÷ d'lþ k'= o+sLð ÷ lgodfg 3=, gLodfg 3, x/Gt 3
o o+sLð gfoM ÷ g]t'
olb ÷ olb lg= ;r] lg= o+sn ÷ g]l;, xl/
oSj ÷ ax' 3=, dxGt 3= oáhgf ofsfRjg ÷ oáhfk]lt
oSj ÷ /fl; k'= oáhgf ofsL ÷ oáhfkolt
oSj jí{ ÷ lr/+ l§= lj= oáUo h'O ÷ jþlt
oz b'ð ÷ o;jGt' /
ofgf ÷ sTjf, sft'g k"=lqÇ= /y ÷ /y k'=
ofgfRjg ÷ s/ált /yrn]ofOð ÷ ;f/yL k'=
ofo]dfFu' ÷ sftAa 3= /Ífoft ÷ kfn]l;
ofo]t ÷ sQ'+ lg= /lZd ÷ /+l; O=
100
/lZdb'ð ÷ efg'dGt' j
/Íf,kfngofgfRjg ÷ kfn]lt j ÷ r lg=
/Ífofgf ÷ /lSvTjf k"=l§= j ÷ t 3=, t+ 3
/ÍfofO ÷ /Svlt j ax'= ÷ tflg g=
/Ífofo]df ÷ /Svt' j:q ÷ jTy g=
/Ífofo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ /SvLolt j:t' ÷ e)* g=
/f; ÷ /fl; k'= j+ð ÷ ut 3=
/fgL ÷ /flhgL O= jg ÷ ulR%,culR%,uld,culd,cudfl;
/fHo ÷ /Hh g= jg]df ÷ uR%t'
¿k ÷ ¿k g= jg]t ÷ uGt'+ lg=
/áu ÷ Joflw k'= jGbgf ofFu' ÷ jlGbt 3=
n jGbgf ofo]dfFu' ÷ jlGbtAa,jlGbodfg 3=
ngfRjg ÷ t'n]lt, ld)fflt jGbgfofo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ jGbLolt
nHhfjfg\ ÷ lx/LdGt' jgf ÷ uGTjf k"=l§=
nßf ÷ nßf jgfRjg ÷ uR%lt
nx/f ÷ ntf O= jgfRjRj+ ÷ uR%Gt, uR%dfg 3=
nM ÷ cDa' g=,jfl/ g=,pbs g= jgLð ÷ uGt' k'=, uR%GtLO=,
nfv ÷ nSv, ;t;x:; g= uR%Gt,uR%dfg 3=
nfz ÷ sfnst 3 jgLltlg ÷ ulR%:;lt, uld:;lt
lnkf ÷ k/,ck/ 3=, kR%f lg= jh| ÷ c;lg O=
lnSs ÷ ;dLk 3= jí{ ÷ j:; k'= g+
n]vs ÷ n]vs k'= jíf{ ÷ j'lþ O=
náe ÷ náe k'= jn ÷ cfuld
No"g] ÷ kR%tá lg= jo]t ÷ cfuGt'+ lg=
No"No" jgfRjg ÷ cg'uR%lt jof ÷ cfuGTjf, cfuDd k"=lqÇ=
Nof;] ÷ o'jlt O=, t?)fL O= jofRjg ÷ cfuR%lt
Njx× ÷ kf;f)f k'=, l;nf O= joft ÷ c:;, k'=, t:;
Njx×uá ÷ ;Sv/f O= joft ‘:qL=’ ÷ t:;f O=,c:;f O=
NxfM ÷ kfl)f k'=, xTy k'= jofu' ÷ c:;, t:;, k'=
Nx'Nx'+ ÷ gxfoGt 3= jofu' ‘:qL=’ ÷ t:;f O= c:;f O=
n× ÷ dUu k'=, ljl;vf O= jrg ÷ jrg g=, jfrf O=
n'× ÷ ;'j))f 3= jrg :o"ð ÷ jb~`" k'=
N©jgf ÷ plSvlkTjf k"=lqÇ= jr'u' ÷ gLn 3=
101
jStf ÷ jQ' k'= ;fnfRjg ÷ cfs*\(lt

jFð ÷ cfut 3=,kQ 3= ;fNn';]Rj+u' ÷ tg' 3=
jf ÷ d]# k'=, j'lþ O= ;fÓjfM ÷ uákfn k'=
jf ÷ d]# k'= ;fvM ÷ ;Sv/f O=
jf jn ÷ jl:; ;fx" ÷ ;]þL k'=
jf jofRjg ÷ j:;lt ;fx"gL ÷ wgjtL O=
jf;+ RjgLltlg ÷ jl;:;lt ;L ÷ ltk' g=
ljgLt ofo]t ÷ ljg]t'+ k'= ;Lð ÷ sfnst, dt 3=
ljh"ln ÷ c;lg O= ;Llsltlg ÷ hflg:;lt
ljkfs ÷ mn g= ;Lsf ÷ hflgTjf k"=l§=
ljxf/ ÷ ljxf/ ;'sf ÷ ;'Q 3=
j]b :o"ð ÷ j]bu" k'= ;'v ÷ ;'v g=
j}B ÷ j]Hh k'= ;'vL ÷ ;'vL k'=
; ;'yGxfkg+ ÷ kftá lg=
;d"x b'ð ÷ u)fL k'= ;'ofRjg ÷ ljHÓlt
;d'b| ÷ pblw,hnlglw,pklw,l;Gw' k'= ;' ‘lgðof laro\’ ÷ st/ 3=
;dfg ÷ ;d+ lqÇ=lj= ;' ‘ls+-zAb’ ÷ sá k'=
;DklQ b'ð ÷ eáuL k'= ;' ‘mÁhof laro\’ ÷ std 3=
;ef ÷ ;ef O= ;"o{ ÷ ;'l/o k'=,/lj k'=,efg'dGt'
;GWof ÷ ;fo+ lg= l;+ ÷ bf? g=
;j{! ÷ a'$,;Aa~`" k'= l;+x ÷ ;Lx k'=
;j{! jf leIf' ÷ d'lg k'= l;+xgL ÷ ;LxL O=
;k{ ÷ clx,eáuL, bf&L k'= l;df ÷ t? k'=, ?Sv k'=
;lR% ÷ ;t+ l;df+ ÷ ?Svtá lg=
;lR%dð ÷ ;td 3= l;gfRjg ÷ d/lt
;lR%u' sál^ ÷ ;tsál^ l;ofRjg ÷ hfgflt
;n ÷ c:; k'= l;sld{ ÷ j*\(sL k'=
;o]sfRjg ÷ pUu)xflt l;t ÷ sfndsfl;
;xofo]u' ÷ vlGt O= ;]gf ÷ ;]gf O=,an g=
;f ÷ ufjL, w]g' O= ;]+& ÷ ;]þL k'=
;f/yL ÷ ;f/ly,;f/yL k'= :d[lt ÷ ;lt O=
;fdfg ÷ e)* g= :d[ltdfg\ ÷ ;ltdGt'
;fn]u' h'ofRjg ÷ cfs*\(Lolt :j:j+ ÷ cánás]Gt 3
102
:j+u" ÷ lt 3= z
:j+u"u' ÷ tltof 3= z/L/ ÷ sfo k'=
:jð ÷ lt 3= z:qc:q ÷ cfo'w g=
:jf× ÷ k'Km g= zlQÇ ÷ an g=
:jfdL ÷ klt,eQ',;fdL k'= zlQÇjfg\ ÷ anL k'=
:jfxflg ÷ ;ákf)f g= zq' k'= ÷ cl/, ;Q'
:jL%u" ÷ Pslt+;lt zx/ ÷ gu/ g=
:jL:j+u" ÷ t]lQ+;lt zx/of gf× ÷ hoj$gk'/
:jLGofu" ÷ k~rlt+;lt zflGt ÷ ;lGt O=
:jLGx]u" ÷ ;Qlt+;lt zfnf ÷ ;fnf O=
:jLKodð ÷ rt'lQ+;lt O= zfvf ÷ ;fvf O=
:jLlgu" ÷ ålQ+;lt,å]lt+;lt,alQ+;lt O zLn ÷ ;Ln g=
:jLRofu" ÷ cþlt+;lt O= zLnjfg\ ÷ ;LnjGt'
:jLu" ÷ lt+;lt 3= z'?oft ÷ cf/le
:jLu'+u" ÷ Ps"grQfnL;lt O= x
:jLv'u" ÷ %lQ+;lt O= xltof/ ÷ cfo'w g=
:jo]t ÷ kl:;t'+ lg= xof ÷ cfbfo,cfg]Tjf,cfxl/Tjf k"=lqÇ=
:jOð ÷ cánás]Gt,cánásodfg,k:;Gt 3= xofRj+u' ÷ cfxl/odfg 3=
:jofRjg ÷ cánás]lt, k:;lt xofRjg ÷ cfg]lt, cfx/lt
:jOltlg ÷ kl:;:;lt xn ÷ cfg]l;, cfxl/
:ju{ ÷ ;Uu xn\ ÷ ;fnf O=
:o"u' ÷ `ft 3= xo]t ÷ cfg]t'+ lg=, cfxl/t'+ lg=
:ofgf ÷ df/]Tjf k"=l§= xo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ cfx/Lolt
:ofgfRjg ÷ df/]lt xf ÷ d"n g=
:ofo]u' h'ofRjg ÷ df/Lolt xfg+ ÷ k'g lg=
:ofsfRjg ÷ df/fk]lt, df/fkolt xfnfRjg ÷ /jlt
:oft ÷ df/]l; xfs'u' ÷ sfn 3=
:qL ÷ OTyL O=, jlgtf O,gf/L O= lxdfno ÷ lxdjGt'
:s"n ÷ kf&;fnf O= lxÉ\ ÷ lx°' g=
;'+ ÷ o 3=,Ps 3=, c~`t/ 3= lxofRjg,l;nfRjg ÷ wájlt
;+# ÷ ;+# k'= xLu' h'ofRjg ÷ wájLolt
;+;f/ ÷ nás k'= x'× ÷ Pt 3=
>[li^stf{ ÷ ljwfg k'= xM ÷ k))f g=
103
xFu' ÷ cfx^ 3=
Xbo ÷ xbo g=
©ofp×u' ÷ /Q 3=
ÍflGt ÷ vlGt O=
!fg ÷ `f)f g=
!flt ÷ `flt k'=

A4 Palib.a.1 Nebha

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Copyright:

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A4 Palib.a.1 Nebha

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;o]s]t cgdá u|Gy

leÍ' zLneb| dxf:ylj/

cfvM UjM Ajyn]u'

1’ kflnefiffo\ b''u' UjM cfvM -

2’ yg Rjo\ pNn]v ofgftofu'' j)f{dfnfof Gxfkf+u' cfvM RofuMoft ;''ofu''+ lnw+;f

k'l/;-zAbln;] HjMnfMu'' xfg+ d]u' zAbtM -

cfsf;lDx ;s')ff . cfsf;] ;'l/oá .

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kr - wft' ÷ y''Ou' lqÇof

uR%lt ÷ jgfRjg, ef;lt ÷ wofRjg,

bf;á r/lt . uákfná e'~hlt .

kfnL efiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

;s')fá ?Sv] lg;Lblt . c:;f bLk];' wfjlGt .

yy] x] d]u' %'+ ljelSt ¿ktM-

kflnefiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

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vfnLu' yf;o\ sd{kb tof ld+ ofo]u' M-

k'lNn° Osf/fGt zAb

blb ÷ lan rl/ ÷ rfM©o'jg

kflnefiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

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yy] x] d]u' lqÇofkb g+M-

kflnefiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u'M-

cDx, t'Dx zAb

cln° cDx zAb

cln° t'Dx zAb ‘ ÷ %’

ÒÒÒÒÒ kry . ÒÒÒ e'l~hTy .

vfnLu'' yf;o\ kfo\l%u' lqÇofkb %\on]u' M-

vfnLu' yf;o\ e"tsfnof lqÇofkb hfos]u' M-

s'df/á d~r] Ò ÒÒ . sjoá wDd+ Ò Ò Ò .

ósf/fGt k'lNn° zAb

rt'þL M klSvgá, klSv:; kSvLg+

kfnL efiffo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' M-

psf/fGt k'lNn° zAb

Yjy]+ ¿k r+ ofo]u' zAbtM-

cfv' ÷ %'×' j]n' ÷ k× l;Gw' ÷ ;d'b|

23’ gQ'-zAbof ¿k Yj :jof g+ kfMu' h'ofRjgM-

gQ' - zAby]+ hfMu' d]u' %'+ zAbtM-

æu')fjGt'Æ cflb ljz]í)fkb

ösf/fGt k'lNn° zAb

sfnfy{ k|sfzs lgkft

Yjy]+ x] ljelQÇ ¿k h''Ou'' zAb dWoo\ %'+ zAbtM-

30’ :qLln° Osf/fGt zAb

;lt ÷ r]tgf, :d[lt o'jlt ÷ Nof;L b'Gb'le ÷ lv+, wf

31’ :qLln° æósf/fGtÆ zAb

gxfTjf ÷ dáNx'of lg;LlbTjf ÷ mo\t'gf nleTjf ÷ sof, k|fKtofgf

33’ psf/fGt - :qLln° zAb

Yjy]+ hfFu' d]u' zAbt -

Yjy]+ hfFu' d]u' g+ %'+ zAbt -

36’ æt+'Æ k|ToofGt zAb

37’ gk';+s Osf/fGt zAb

cfo' ÷ cfo' cDa' ÷ nM, hn wg' ÷ wg'í

39’ (A) d]u' g+ lgkft-kb (II)

jf ÷ cyjf r ÷ g+, j sy+ ÷ uy]

kflnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' -

43’ ;j{gfdof k|oáu

kflnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' _

45’ Pt zAb g+ t zAb y]+ vM .

46’ k'lNn° zAb

k~rdL M Odfo Odfle, Odflx

kflnefífo\ cg'jfb ofo]u' -