1.

When someone is critically ill

When someone is so critically ill that there is no hope for his recovery, under no circumstances should he (or she) pray for his (or her) death.
But if one must, then one should recite the following dua:

Allah-humma ah-yini ma kaanatil hayaatu khairall-lee wa tawaff-fani i-dha kaanatil wa faato khai-rall-lee.

Translation: O Allah, keep me alive so long as it is in my best interest and give me death when it is in my best interest.

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Invocation for when you find something

becoming difficult for you

Allaahumma laa sahla 'illaa maal ja'altahu sahlan wa 'Anta taj'alul-hazna 'ithaa shi'ta
sahlan.

139. O Allah, there is no ease other than what You make easy. If You please
You ease sorrow.

Invocations for visiting the sick

147. Laa ba'sa tahoorun 'inshaa'Allaah.

Do not worry, it will be a purification (for you) , Allah willing.

Reference:

Al-Bukhari, cf. Al-Asqalani Fathul-Bari 10/118.

148. 'As'alullaahal-'Adheema Rabbal-'Arshil-'Adheemi 'an yashfiyaka.

I ask Almighty Allah , Lord of the Magnificent Throne, to make you well.
(Recite seven times in Arabic .)

Reference:

At-Tirmithi, Abu Dawud. See also Al-Albani, Sahih At-Tirmithi 2/210 and Sahihul-Jami'
As-Saghir 5/180.