Aahara 123

trSwfpOf-123 ar -2011
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7? jynfol@c&D;=urf; ------------------- rdk;[def; 19? a':atmifqef;pk=unf --- &Jabmfzdk;oHacsmif;
8? igaoqHk;rJhae@ -------- ----- - +idrf;csrf;atmif 20? edAŠmefbHk&Sdvm; æ ------------ armifvGrf;%D
9? wa,muf+yD; æ wa,muf ------- &J&ifhoufZGJ 27? jrefrmjynfrSvlvdrfrsm; -------------- rsdK;jrifh
10? qef;=u,fjcif;w&m; (1) -------- rif;=unfndK 28? opfaumif;wpfyif -------- ----- cdkifay:xGef;
11? usaemfwdk@+rdK@u æ ----------- jrwfopf(dawn) 30? tzdk;wefaom ypPnf;ESifh æ -------- armifpHayg
12? rif;odygw,f æ ca& ----------- rif;wm&m 33? orRwopfopf æ --------a'gufwmcifarmifndK
13? ar#mfvifhcsuf æ--------- oDwmatmif (*syef) 35? jrefrmEdkifiHynma&; æ----- avmuygv ewfrif;
38? atmif&rnf --------------- cdik f (tDbm&mud) 39? rGef;rwnfrD ESpfrdESpf ------- ----- æ´
42? rSm;vm; rSefvm; igrod --------- aZmf0if;at; f umwGef;

okw? &o? tawG;tjrif 30? armiftm[m& ------------ armifatmifvD
aqmif;yg; 0w¦Kwdk
14? ra&&mr_rsm;pGm ------------------ cifrrrsdK;
25? olwdk@rom --------------------- xif}uD;
17? awmfvSefa&;vm; æ ----------- armifpdk;csdef
43? tcspfqdkwm yvDyvm --------- armifaomfu
rsuEf SmzHk;tusOf;
pma&;q&muAsmq&m armifaomfu (ac:) Adkvfr_;baomf(1928-1991)
touf(65)ESpf&Sd+yDjzpfaom a&wyfAdkvfr_;a[mif; Adkvfr_;baomfonf wyfrSt+idrf;pm;,l+yD; armifaomfu trnfjzifh
pmayrsm;a&;om;cJhonf/ 1956 a&wyfAv dk f}uD;b0eJY weoFm&D urf;vGef yifv,fjyifrSm oabFmrkefwkid ;f rd epfjrKyf+yD; yifv,fxJ
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vufwcGJ +Jh yD; trsdK;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJYcsKyf A[dktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0ifjzpfcoJh nf/ 1989-atmufwkb d mv wGifppftpdk;&.
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ukvor*~t wGif;a&;rSLcsKyf befu DrGef;. jrefrmEdkifiHqdkif&m txl;t}uHay;t&m&Sd ADa*serfbD;,m;[m oHk;&uf

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uscHae&aom teft,f' Dv li,f udk=unfjzL. 2011
arvwGif usa&mufo nfh 35 ESpfajrmuf arG;ae@
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3/ 4/ 2011
8
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vmvm;vdkŒ ar;ygw,f? usufvmygw,fvdkŒ olr uvJ t udk,w f dkifpmar;yGJ ajzwkef;uawmif payghawGukd pdwfodyf r0if
jrefajz&ygawmhw,f? 'DawmhrS q&mru olr ykcHk;udk vSrf; pm;wJh olrwa,muf/ pmoifrdawmhrSyJ wynfhaw Gpm ar;yGJ
ykwfvdkuf&if; æ ajzcgeD;nrSm paygh apmifhae&wJh tjzpfayudk; æ
udk,u fh dkudk,f b,fawmhrS rvdrfeJŒ orD;? usufxm; araru olrab;rSm 0ifxdkifygw,f? jyD;awmh cyfwdk;
wJh pmawGudk 0dk ;w0g;jzpfae&if revision jyefjyD ; aocsm wdk;ar;w,f?
&atmif v k y f / tcsd e f t wd k i f ; twmwck r S m r&Ed k i f a o; ‘tJ'DpayghawGudk orD;,Hkvm;’wJh?
bl;qdk&ifvJ r&bl;aygh? jywfjywf om;om; 0efcH&J&r,f? &o 'Dwcg jyL;wl;jyJwJ jzpfoGm;wmuawmh olrudk,f
vdkvdk/ r&ovdkvdkeJŒ udk,fhbmomudk,f vdrfaewJhvl[m ol wdkifyg? wynfhav;awGu rr paygh &&if orD;wdkŒqD zkef;quf
rsm;awGudkvJ vdrfaerdwwfw,f/ trsm;a&SŒrSm [efaqmif aemf/ apmifhaer,f²vdkŒ ajym=uvGef;vdkŒ/ payghxdkifapmifhay;
aerdwwfw,f? tJ'g[m olwyg;&JŒ ,Hk=unfr_udk tvGJoHk; aerdwmyg? 'DpayghawGudk ,Hkovm;vdkŒ udk,fhbmom udk,f
pm;vkyfwmeJŒ twlwlyJ? raeŒuqdk&ifyJ=unfh? q&mru awmif jyefrar;rd?
rwfwyf&yf cdkif;awmh orD; r&yfbl;aemf? wu,far;awmh aocsmwyf tyf= uD;awmh ajymvdk Œ r&bl;arar?
bmrS a&a&&m&m rajzEdkifbl;? tJ'g udk,fhudk,fudk vdrf trsdK;rsdK;awmh xGufaewmyJ? ygwmvJ&Sd/ rygwmvJ &SdrSmaygh
wmjzpfovdk/ q&mrudkvJ vdrfwmyJ? xdkifaeolawG pm& ‘ararar;aewmu tJ'gawG ygvmr,fvdkŒ orD;
vdrfhr,fqdkwJh q&mr&JŒ ar#mfvifhcsufeJŒ,Hk=unfr_udk tvGJ ,Hkovm;vdkŒ’
oHk;pm;vkyfwmyJ? orD;udk q&mr&dkufwm pmr&vdkŒ &dkufwm ‘,Hkw,fvJ r[kwfbl;arar/ r,Hkbl;vJ r[kwfbl;? 'gayr,fh
r[kwfbl;? 0dk;w0g;vkyfaevdkŒ &dkufwm? a&v,frSm avS pmar;yGJajzcg;eD;nrSm payghvdkufwmawGuawmh xHk;pHvdk
14
jzpfaewmrdkŒ orD;vJ vdkufvkyfaewmyg’ ‘'Dvdk qdk&ifawmh orD;udk nHhw,fvdkŒyJ arar owf
‘'gqdk orD;pdwfxJrSm ra&r&m jzpfaew,faygh’ rSwf&vdrfhr,f’
‘tJvdkyJ ajym&r,fxifw,f’ ‘&Sif’
‘udk,fwdkif ra&r&m jzpfaewJh udpPawGudk olrsm; ‘olwdkŒawGu tm;udk;cH&wmudk *k%f,lp&mvdkŒ
awGudk bmvdkŒ csjycsif&wmvJ orD;&,f’ orD;xifaevm;? olwdkŒawGu orD;udk tm;udk;w,f qdku
‘uav;awGu apmifhae=uw,f arar? olwdkŒu wnf;u olwdkŒawG udk,hu f dk,fudk ,Hk=unfrSK &Sdatmif orD;u
vdkcsifaewmudk orD;u ray;&if/ olwdkŒ b,fauseyfrvJ’ vrf;n$efray;cJhvdkŒaygh? ckqdk=unfh- payghvdkufay;zdkŒ *dkufudk
‘orD;&JŒ tvkyfu olwdkŒauseyfatmif vdkufvkyf tm;udk;w,f? *dkufu tm;udk;cH&w,f qdkjyD;/ udk,fwdkif
jyzdkŒvm;’ awmif ra&r&m raorcsmjzpfaewJh t&mawGudk olwdkŒukd
‘ararbmudk qdkvdkwmvJ’ jyefcsay;w,f? udk,fhudk tm;udk;cH&w,fqdkjyD;/ ra&r&m
‘orD;tvkyfu Guide av? olwdkŒ pmawGudk a=u udpPawGudk rodem;rvnfolawGudk vdkufvkyfcdkif;wm odyf
nuf a tmif / pmar;yG J a tmif a tmif vrf ; n$ e f j yif qif tEœ&m,f=uD;w,faemforD;? uav;awG a&SŒa&;xdcdkuf oGm;
ay;&wm? olwdkŒvdkcsifwmudk jznfhqnf;ay;zdkŒ r[kwfbl;? ol vdrfhr,f? orD;tvkyfu pmar;yGJatmifatmif vrf;n$efjy
wdŒk vdktyfwmudk vrf;nGefay;&rSm? orD; wwfEidk f oavmuf &r,fhtvkyf/ jzpfvmEdkifwJh taESmifht,SufawGudk z,f&Sm;
wESpfywfvHk; 'gawG vkyfay;cJhw,fqdkwm ar ar,Hk=unf ay; &r,fh t vk yf / olw dk Œvrf ; rS m;vd ku f ae&if vrf ;rSe fj y
w,f? ckvdk pmar;yGJ rajzcifnrSm orD; wdkŒt=um;rSm &Sdae ay;&r,fhtvkyf? rjzpfEdkifrSef; odae&ufeJŒ olwdkŒauseyff
&rSmuvJ 'Dvdk,Hk=unfcsufyJ? orD;qDrSm ighuav;awGudk atmif vdkufvkyfay;ae&r,fh tvkyfr[kwfbl;? ra&r&mudpP
vdktyfwJh jyifqifrSKawG vkyfay;cJhjyD;jyDqdkwJh ,Hk=unfcsuf/ awGa=umifh orD;wdkŒ a&SŒrSm jyifqifxm;wmawG tm;vHk;
orD;&JŒ wynfhav;awGqDrSmvJ igwdkŒ pmar;yGJtwGuf vdk tv[\jzpfoGm;rSmudk arar odyfpkd;&dyfwmyJ²
tyfwJh jyifqifrSKawG vkyfjyD;oGm;jyDqdkwJh ,Hk=unfcsuf? ckus b0rS m tawG ;tac:opf av;wcsdK Œudk 0if oG m;
awmh orD;wdkŒu 'Dvdkr[kwb f l;? wynfh awGuvJ igwŒdk usuf apcJhwJh nwnyg?
jyD;oavmufeJŒ jzpfyghrvm;/ topfxyf usufxm;zdkŒawGrsm;
vd kr vm;/ rusufx m;wmawG ygvm rvm;vdk Œ awG a0 jzpf&yf (3)
aew,f? orD;udk,fwdkifuvJ tJ'DawG a0rSKawGudk xdef;
ausmif;ay;jyD;/ olwdkŒ,Hk=unfcsufawG &Sdvmatmif rvkyf ‘waeŒu rsdK;rsdK;ajymwJh vkyfief;udpPudk rr=uD;
ay;yJ/ payghvdkufay;aew,f? orD; udk,fwdkifawmif Za0Z0g pdwf0ifpm;w,f? tao;pdwf jyefajymygOD;’
ra&r&mjzpfaewmawGudk wynf hawGudk vdkufvkyfcdkif;zdkŒ rr=uD;ar;vmwmrdkŒ vkyfief;wckrSm &if;ESD;jrSKyfESHzdkŒ
jyifqifaew,f? tJ'DpayghawG &vm &if orD;wdkŒ bmvkyf udpPawGudk tm;yg;w& ajymjyrdygw,f? tcGifhtvrf;awG/
=urvJ? igwdkŒjyifqifxm;wmawG [kwf r[kwf jyef=unfh tvm;tvmawGudk ajymjyaewmudk rr=uD;u pdwf0if w
=ur,f/ rjyifxm;wmawG jzpfae&if orD;u vdkuftajz pm;eJŒ em;axmifay;ygw,f?
&Smr,f/ zkef;eJŒ tajzawG/ rSwfpkawG ay;r,f? [dku uav; ‘'gyJvm; ighnDr’
awGu vdkufusuf=ur,f? ck b,fESpfem&D xdk;aejyDvJ? oef; tm;vHk;ajymjyD;csdefrSm rr=uD;u tJvdkajym vdkuf
acgifjzpfaejyD? 'gawGudk wnvHk; rtdyfrae vkyf=u r,fqdk&if awmh olrpdwfxJ wrsdK;jzpfoGm;ygw,f? bmrsm;usefcJh ygvdrfh
orD;wynfhav;awG pmar;yGJcef;xJrSm bmjzpf oGm;r,f xif qdkjyD;/ tajy;tv$m;qef;ppfaerdw,f? rr=uD; bmudk odcsif
ovJ? payghawG wdk;wm/ rwdk;wmawmh rodbl;? vlawGawmh wmygvdrfhvdkŒvJ awG;rdw,f?
tdyfcsifrl;wl;eJŒ awmifa&mufajrmufa&mufawG jzpfukef ‘tvkyfwckrSm ta&;=uD;qHk; xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;&
vdrrfh ,f? wESpfvHk; jyifqifxm;wmawG ygvm&if awmif ao r,fh risks awGudkaum qef;ppfjyD;jyDvm;’
aocsmcsm ajzEdkifrSm r[kwfawmhbl;? tJ'D ra&r&m tvkyf ‘'guawmh rr=uD;&,f? tvkyfvkyf&ifawmh risks
awG[m a&SŒydkif;rSm jyifqifxm; cJhwmawG tm;vHk;udk tv qdkwm &SdrSmyJ? risks udk a=umufaevdkŒrS r&wm? tcsdefukefcH
[\ jzpfoGm;apEdkifw,faemf orD;’ qef;ppfzdkŒ vdkvdkŒvm; ’
‘arar ajymwmudk orD; em;vnfygw,f? 'gayr,fh ‘rsdK;rsdK; ajymovdkygyJ? risks udk a=umufvdkŒ r&bl;?
uav;awGu orD;udk tm;udk;ae=uw,f’ risks qd kw m tvky fw dki f; rSm &Sdr Sm yJ? risks qd kwmud ku
15
raocsm/ ra&&mrS K ( uncertainty) u xG u fa y:vmwJ h a=umifh rr=uD;u risks udk xnfhpOf;pm;jyD;jyDvm;vdkŒ rsdK;rsdK;udk
t&mawGyJ? 'gayr,fh risks qdkwmrSm xdef;csKyfvdkŒ &wm ar;aewm’
&Sdw,f/ xdef;csKyfvdkŒ r&wmvJ &Sdw,f? vufcHvdkŒ&r,fh 'Dwkef;u rr=uD;pum;awG[m pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;
twd kif;twm qdk wm &S dovdk/ a&Sm if=uOf&r,fh twdk if; twGuf &nf&G,fajymcJhayr,fh/ wjcm;ae&m awGrSmvJ toHk;
twmvJ &Sdw,f? tck rr=uD;wdkŒ pD;yGm;a&; vkyfaew,f? 0ifw,fqdkwm olraemufrS odcJh&ygw,f?
vkyfjyDqdkuwnf;u aps;uGufeJŒ ywfoufwJh raocsm ra&
&mrS KawG / aiGa ps;twuf tuseJŒ ywfo uf wJ h raocsm jzpf&yf (4)
ra&&mrSKawG =uHKae&wmyJ? 'DtxJrSmrS bmawGu udk,fh ‘ppfyGJwck&JŒ t=uD;us,f/ tcrf;em;qHk; oGifjyif
vkyfief;udk =uD;=uD;rm;rm; xdcdkufEdkifw,f/ bmawGu enf; vuQ%m w&yfu bmvJ’
enf;av;yJ xdcdkufEdkifw,fqdkwm uGJuGJjym;jym; odxm;&if q&mhpum;tqHk;rSm olrwdkŒawG udk,fpDtawG;
=udKwifjyifqifxm;vdkŒ &wmaygh? vdktyfwJh xdef;csKyfrSKawG awGeJŒ vuf axmifrd =uw,f? ppfA sL[m tcif;tusif ;/
pDrHxm;vdkŒ&wmaygh? c&D;xGufwJhtcg jzpfcsif&mjzpf oabm axmufvSrf;a&;owif;/ pdwf"mwfcdkifrmrSK/ wm0efausjyGefrSK/
xm;jyD; xGufwmxufpm&if vrf;rSm um;ysufE dkifw,f/ usGrf;usifrSK pojzifh tawG;tjrifawGudk ajymjzpf=uw,f?
um;bD;aygufEdkifw,f/ vk,ufcH&Edkifw,f pwJh risks awG 'gayr,fh q&mvdkc sif wJh tajzudk awmh olrwdk Œtm;vH k;
&SdEdkifr,fvdfkŒ =udKwifwGufqxm;wmu raumif;bl;vm;’ b,folu rajzEdkifcJh=ubl;? q&mhtajzu uncertainty qdkwJh
‘'gayr,fh 'Dvdk risks awGudk a=umufjyD; c&D;roGm; ra&&m/ raocsmrSKygyJ? ppfpum;t&qdk&ifawmh Fog of
&J a wmh w maum rjzpf v mEd k i f b l ; vm;? rsuf u ef ; wap> War yg? 'Dvdk ra&&mrSKawGa=umifh/ ppfyGJawGrSm tEdkif&a&;eJŒ
ra=umuf qdkwmrsdK;aygh’ ywfoufjyD; pDrHcsufrsdK;pHkudk csrSwfvdkŒ &ygw,f? 'DpDrHcsuf
‘wap>a=umufp&m rvdkayr,fh acsmfvJEdkifwJh tcGifh awGtm;vHk;[m/ olŒ&SKaxmifheŒJ olawmh rSefaewm ygyJ? 'gay
ta&;ydkrsm;w,fqdkwmudkawmh ighnDr vufcH w,frvm;’ r,fh ta&;=uD;qHk;u b,f&SKaxmifheJŒ b,fpDrHcsuf rSefuef
jiif;vdkŒ r&wma=umifh olr acgif;ndwfvdkufrdygw,f? w,fqdkwm r[kwfygbl;? b,fvdk vkyfief;awGudk pDrHcsuf
‘uJyg? rr=uD;wdkŒu pum;yHkawGeJŒ pum;Edkifvk wck t aeeJ Œ aygif ; pyf v k y f a qmif & if ppf y G J u d k xd x d
ae=u&r,fh t&G,fawGrS r[kwfwm? pum;yHkudpP tom a&mufa&muf atmifjrifaprvJqdkwmuom wyfrSKL;awG
xm;? a=umufjyD; c&D;roGm;&Jawmhwmaum rjzpfEdkifbl;vm; qHk;jzwfcsufcs&r,fh ta&;=uD;qHk; t&mjzpfygw,f?
qdkwmeJŒ ywfoufjyD;awmhyJ rr=uD; ajymcsifw,f? risks udk 'geJŒ ywf oufj yD; ppf a&;pDrH csuf qdki f&m tqifh
odwmeJŒ a=umufwmu rqdkifbl; rsdK;rsdK;? risks udk odvmwJh qifhjzpfpOfawG/ jy\emawG/ war gaming eJŒ decision
tcg 'g[m b,ftwdkif;twmtxd xdef;csKyfrSK/ jyifqifrSK theoretic planning awGudk q&mu tus,fw0ifh quf&Sif;
vkyfvdkŒ&rvJqdkwmudk odvmEdkifw,f? Oyrm- um;ysuf Edkif jycJ hy gw,f ? urBm w0S r f; u ppfq ifa &;awG rS m toHk ; jyK
wJh risks udk xnfhoGif;pOf;pm;xm;&if/ roGm;cifu wnf;u avh&SdwJh Operations Research (OR) Planning &JŒ tm;
um;ppfaq;rSK vkyfoGm;Edkifw,f/ rawmfwq ysufcJh&if bm enf;csufawGudk rD;armif;xdk;jyjyD;/ Markov Decision Pro
vk y f & rvJ q d k w J h ta&;ay: vk y f e nf ; vk y f [ef a wG u d k cess (MDP) rS m tajccH w J h pD r H c suf a &;qG J r S K awG u d k v J
=udKawG;xm;Edkifw,f? um;bD;aygufEdkifwJh risks udk xnfh oif= um;ay;cJh ygw,f? ra&&mrSK awG[ m double edged
oGif;pOf;pm; xm;&if tydkbD; aqmifxm;wmawG/ um;bD; sword vdkyJ tcGifhtvrf;awGudkvJ zefwD;ay;Edkifovdk/ t&m
vJwwfatmif oif,lxm;wmawG vkyfEdkifw,f? 'guawmh &mudkvJ zsufqD;EdkifpGrf; &Sdw,fqdkwmudk oifcef;pmrsm;pGmeJŒ
xdef;csKyfvdkŒ&wJh controllable risks awGaygh? 'gay r,fh un oif=um;jyay;cJhygw,f?
controllable risks awGvJ &Sdw,f? Oyrm- "m;jy wdkufc H& “ Effects Based Operations (EBO) qd k w m
wmrsdK;aygh? 'grsdK;usawmh jzpfEdkifacs (probabilities) awG rsufarSmufacwf ppfqifa&;pDrHcsufawGrSm toHk;0ifvmwJh
xnfhpOf;pm;zdkŒ vdkvmjyD? vrf;c&D;tajctaeawGudk oHk;oyf &v'ftajcjyK (outcomecentric) oabmw&m;jzpfw,f?
zdkŒ vdkvmjyD? tJ'DrSmrS high risk &Sdaew,fqdk&ifawmh oGm;r,fh olŒ&JŒ tajccHoabmw&m;u bmvkyf&r,fqdkwmu rpyJ/
c&D ; pOf & J Œ vd k t yf r S K / toH k ; 0if r S K eJ Œ risk a=umif h ouf yef;wdkifuae pjyD; pOf;pm;&w,f? Oyrm- ppfyGJrSm tEdkif&zdkŒ
a&mufvmr,fh qdk;usdK;awGudk csdefqzdkŒ vdkvmjyD? 'DawmhrS
oGm;r,f/ roGm;zl;qdkwJh qHk;jzwfcsufudk cs&vdrfhr,f? 'g pmrsufESm 18 odk@
16
awmfveS af &;vm;/ zmax;a&;vm;/

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ord ki f; tpud k jyef ajym&v#if ppf tm%m&S if ae0if ; wnf&Sdaea=umif; xkwfazmfjyojzif;yifjzpfonf?
ESifhppftkyfpu k dk wuUodkvfausmif;om;rsm;u 1962/ Zlvdkifv/ w&m;r#wr_/ vGw fvyfr_ ESi fh 'Drd kua&pD / wef; wln Dr#r_
5/ 6/ 7 rSp I toufa y;I qef @usifa wmfv S ef cJ h onfr S qdwfokOf;aysmufuG,faeonfu h mvwGif “EdkifiaH wmf tpdk;&”
p&vdrrfh nf? xdk aoG;ajrus toufay;awmfvSefr_ onf ae0if; qdk onf rS m xdk t &mrsm;ud k qd w fo k Of ;atmif jyKvky fa e
tm%modrf;+yD;p 1962/ rwfv/ 2 &uf ppftm%m&Sifpepf onfh twG uf zdES dy fa&;ud& d,mjzpfo nf ? trsKd ;om; vl xk
pwif onfhumvrSmyJ ae0if ;ppftky fpkESi fh vlx konf &efig toD;oD;udk xifwdkif;usJ tEdkifusifhzdEySd faeor# umvywfvHk;
pnf;jcm;cJ=h ujcif;jzpfonf? xdkumvrSpI z²q²y²v ESihf y²x²p zdESdyfolvlwef;pm;ppftkyfpkudk vlxku &efoltjzpfom owf
acwf 14-ESpf (1948-1962) 'Dru dk a&pDEiS fh jynfwiG ;f ppf&yfpaJ &;/ rSwfonf?
jynfwGif;+idrf;csrf;a&; wdkufyGJ t&Sdeft[kefonf ydkI jrifhwuf
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usif hzdESd yf/ ppfu|efj yKum aoG;pkw fcs,fv S,fvsuf&Sd onf? acsr_ef;ypfcJhonf? ,if;onf &efig pnf;jcm;cJh=u &mrS &efolESifh
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ppftm%m&Sif oHraESmifhjzifh eif;usdwfzsufqD;cJhjcif;ESifh 2008/ vlxktoD;oD;u ppftkyfpkESifh ppftm%m&Sifpepfudk awmfvSef
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25
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26
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opfwpfyifaumif;v#if iSufwaomif;em;Edkifonf? tm;ustwk,lEdkifI trnfemrjzifh az: jy&v#if
usaemf i,fp Of awmifa us; uav;b0ausmif ;aepOf u a*smh csmf 0g&Si f w ef u mAm ( Georse Washinston Carver)
avmuom&ysdK@ wyk'foifcJh&onf? xdkuAsm. t"dy`g,frSm (1862- 1943) rdrdb0. aemufqHk;vJavsmif;&m tkwf*lay:
us,f0ef;./ eufeJ./ av;euf.? TuAsmudzk wfI TuJhodk@ 0,f rnfuJhodk@ urŠnf;a&;xdk;xm;apcsifoenf;/ pOf;pm;qif
awG;yg[kabmifcwfrxm;? xdkuAsmudk zwf&ol. tawG;/ jcifoifhonf? ol. *locsdKif;wGif a&;xdk;xm;aomurŠnf;
qEN/ OD;aESmufrSm tawG;tac:ESifh pdwf"gwf&ifhusufonfh um; “olum; }uD;us,fvSaom ausmf=um;atmifjrifrludk
tavsmufcHpm;Edkif.? ^m%fuGefjrL;Edkif. - xdkuAsmum; ajrmufjrm;vSaom t\jymjzifh aygif;qifhcH pm; EdkifcGifh &cJh
.? odk@aomf xdkt&mESpfckpvHk;udk ol rrufarmcJh? urBm avm
a=umif;yg;c&D; vrf;teD;Y uudk ulnDapmifha&Smuf&jcif;Yom csrf;omokcudk vnf;
yifxD;yanmif jrpfwpfaxmifESifh aumif; / *k %fu sufo a&udkvnf;aumif ; &&Sdc Hpm;oljzpf
rsm;ajr‡mufcufvuf ±Gufvnf;pdwfpdwf ap.?
aphaphodwfv#uf &dyfvJ+rdKif+rdKif aemufwa,mufum; tif'±krmA,fvf Andrew
avrEdkifv#if ¹ywfcdkifoD;rSnfh marvl ? olrnfuJhodk@ aqmif&Gufc Jhonfudk oifodvdkv#if
tjynfhaus;iSuf pm;v#ufaomifoJ olaoaom *locsõif;ay:wGif a&;xdk;xm;aom urŠnf;pmudk
rSD0JvlAdkvf &dyfcdktrsm; zwf=unfhv#ifodEdkifonf?
c&D;oGm;wdk@ aeem;aysmf±$if Here lies Anadrew norvel
xdkopfyifum; 0ifvmool He was belaved by good man.
Fais by bad imitated few by few and
vlcyfodrf;udk qmyl+idrf;aqmif
scarce paralleted by any.
pD;yGm;aqmifonf xdkES,fvnf;aumif;
Ta&;xdk;xm;aom urŠnf;t"dy`g,fum; -
jypfwHkaqmif;I rsdK;aumif;aqGyg
Tae&mwGif rpPwmtif'±_;rmA,fvJavsmif;&mjzpf.? vl
vltrsm;udk arwWmruif;
aumif;awGucsp=f ubd? vlrdkufawGu a=umuf=u.? twk,l
rpjcif;jzifh xH&if;rDSudk;
p&m erlemtjynfh/ olvkdvl ZAŠsLrSmr&Sd?
ºu,faprif;?
oif wd k @ a&m oid w d k@ aornf h urŠ n f; ocsõ i f; rS m
&cdkifjrwfol
bma&;xm;cJhcsifoenf;/ ykcHk;ESpfzuf=um; acgif;xGufonfh
vlcsif;twlwl *END/ romx&DZm/ a8smh0g&SifwefuJhodk@aom
TuAsmudk vGefpGmESpfoufoabmus./ qdkvdk&if;
yk*~dKvfrsm; b0wyg;ul;ajymif;oGm;awmh wdkif;oljynfom;
t"dy`g,fudkvnf; jznfhqnf;yef@ydk;csif.? trsm;oligwdk@udk
vltrsm;u ,l}uHK;r&wooESifh rdbaqGrsdK;&if;yrm t&dyf
vnf; rdrdqENoabmxm;ESifhtnD vkyfaqmifcsidap.?
tm0goaumif;I iSufwodef;ru em;cdkEdkifaom opfaumif;
odk@aomf TuAsm. qdkvdk&if;udk jznfhqnf;aqmif
wyif}uD; +ydKvJonfhyrm æ?
±Gufzdk@qdkonfhum; omrmefvlwdk@vkyfEdkifcJh.? yg&rD&Sifwdk@om
[pfwvm/ ydkaygh / Od;ae0if; - 'DvlawG b0wyg;ul;
vk yf Ed kif onf[ k rqd kv dka omfv nf ; æ vky faomolo nf
ajymif;awmh b,folawGylaqG;/ 0rf;enf;/ idkaºu;=uoenf;
twW[dwxuf y&[dwbufudk tav;xm;olomv#if ydkI
av;eufpGm pOf;pm;qifjcifoifhonf? rdrdordkif;udk rdrda&;jcif;
oifhaomfayrnf? ydkIvkyfEdkifayrnf?
omjzpfonf? rdrdwwfEdkifonfhtcsdefwGif trsdK; bmomom
,ae@urBm}uD;wGif twW[dw pdwf}uD;rm;aom
oemudk wwfEdkifoavmufaqmif&Gufwdk;yGm;}udK;pm;ygu
vlabmiftzGJ@tpnf;jzpfaomfvnf; xif&Sm;ay:vGifaom
“opfaumif;wpfyifvdkyif”
y&[dwpdwfjzifh pGrf;aqmifEdkifaom udk,fusdK;pGef@tepfemcH
aom av;pm;twk,*l k%, f lxdkufaom/ awG@&/ }uHK& =um;& cdkifay:xGef;
cJaom tm;usp&myk*~dKvfxl; yk*~dKvfjrwfwdk@udk awG@&onf?
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29
tzdk;wefaomypPnf;ESihf tzd;k rwefaomvl
ypPn;f wpfckukd wefzdk; b,fa&GŒb,fr# qd+k yD; aps;E_ef; wpfzufrD;yGdKifhu pdrf;oGm;wmeJ@ um;taumif;pm;}uD; 0l;ueJ
a&;a&; ra&;a&; b,favmufawmh wefwmbJ/ b,favmuf armif;xGufoGm;w,f? rdef;r}uD;u wHaxG;wpfcsuf xGDu
awmh wefrêmvJ pojzifh a,bk,savmufawmh od=u/ vuf eJaxG;&if; vrf; ay:u tiêm;um; ,mOfarmif;udk aphaph
cH=uwwfygw,f? =unfhoGm;w,f? vrf;ay:u um;q&mcrsm vufoD;vuf
vlawGqdk&if æ armif;wef;+yD; a'goxGufvGef;vdk@ wkef+yD; usefaecJhw,f?
tJ'Drdef;r}uD;udk rdkuf¶dkif;cGifhvdkifpif ay;xm;wm
&efukef 0dZ,rD;yGdKifhrêmyg? r[kwfygbl;?
um;awG O'[d k jzwf o ef ; armif; Eê i f aecsd e fr ê m &efukef at'Dvrf;rD;yGdKifhrêmyg?

rD;yGdKifhu pdrf;vdkuf/ 0gvdkuf/ eDvdkufeJ@? wpfckaom pdrf;0geD jynf v rf ;&J Œ ,mOf a =umoH k ; ckx J u b,f b uf
rêmayghAsm? b,fbufauGŒa=umrêm auGŒae=uwJh umawG tpGefq Hk;a=umudk b,fa uGŒwJhum;awGtwG uf oD;oef@
xJu um;}uD;um;aumif; wpfpD;auGŒ&if; ay;xm;+yD; rD;yGdKifhrêmvJ rD;pdrf; oD;jcm;tcsufjy wyfqif
rD;eDrdoGm;w,f? 'Dawmh auGŒvufp ae&m vrf;qHk xm;ygw,f?
&JŒ tv,facgifrêm &yfw,f? jynfvrf; rD;eD rdaecsdefrêm ta&mifawG wzdwfzdwf
jrifvdkufwmeJ@ tifrwef@ tifrwefrê aps;}uD;rêef; awmufa ewJ h um;}uD ;wpfpD; armif; 0ifv mw,f? b,f
odomwJhum;}uD;aygh? tJ'Dum;}uD; udk;vdk@uefŒvef@ &yfxm; auGŒa=umtwdki;f vm+yD; a&êŒqHk;rêm&yfw,f? um;&JŒeHygwfu
awmh rD;yGd Kifh vG wfvmwJh um;awG 'kuQa&mufukef w,f? omrefum;eHygwfawGvdk r[kwfbl;?
wnfw h nfhoGm;zdk@xm;wJh ,mOfa=umEêpfa=umxJu wpfa=um eHygwfoufouf tjzLa&mifeH ygwfjym;eJ@? um;a&êŒ
u vHk;0 ydwfoGm;w,f? rêmvJ tvHwdkifi,f wpfckudk om;a&tpGyf trJeJ@ uyfxm;
wpfzufuae wnfhwnfhoGm;r,fh tiêm;um; ,mOf w,f? b,ftvHrêef;awmh rod&bl;ayg?h A[kokw&êd olawGu
armif;uawmh onf;cHEdkif[ef r&êdawmhygbl;? um;acgif;xJ awmh b,fuum;vnf; odrêmyg?
uae acgif;jyL+yD; “cifAsm;wdk@ b,fvdkvkyf &yfxm;w,f? rD;pdr;f w,f? b,fauGŒa=umu um;awG vGwfvGwf
aemufjyefqkwfygvm;? 'Drêm um;awGydwfukef+yDwJh”? vyfvyf auGŒEdkifzdk@ oD;oef@ tcsufjyrD;pdrf;u ay:vmw,f?
pdwfwdkwdkeJ@ atmfyga&m? jrm;pdrf;pdrf;&,f? 20/ 19/ 18/ 17 æ pojzifh wjznf;jznf;
um;aumif;}uD;uawmh cyfwnfwnfeJ@ aemufr i,foGm;wJh *%ef;awGu tcsdefudkjyvdk@?
qkwfwJh tjyif um;ay:rêm rdef@rdef@}uD; xdkifaewJh rdef;r}uD; auGŒzdk@ oD;oef@cGifhjyKxm;wJh vdkif;&JŒxdyfu um;t
wpfa,muf tiêm;um;,mOfarmif;udk vufnêdK;aigufaiguf aumif;pm;}uD;u vHk;0rv_yf? aemufum;u rD;zGifhydwfvkyf+yD;
xdk;+yD; jyefatmfyga&m? “[Jh eifcdkif;wdkif;vkyf&atmif eifu owday;w,f? rjrifwmvm;? *¶krpdkufwmvm;? um;t
bmaumifrdk@vdk@vJ? atmufwef;pm; wufpDorm;ursm; aumif;pm;}uD;&,f? +idrfvdk@ cyfwnfwnfyJ?
vlyg;0vdk@” auGŒa=umoD;oef@ rD;pdrf; t+yD;rêm wnfhwnfhoGm;
ajymwJhpum;eJ@ av,lavodrf;eJ@ rsufEêmyHkpH/ t r,fh rD;pdrf; ay:vmw,f? 0l; cyfwnfwnf um;taumif;
om;t&nf ta&miftaoG;u tJ'Drdef;r}uD; udk,fpm;jyKwJh pm;}uD; cyfwnfwnfyJ wnfhwnfh armif;xGufoGm;w,f?
rsKd;EG,fpkudk txifom; azmfjyaew,f? auGŒzdk@ cGifhjyKcsdefrêm rauGŒvdkuf&wJh woDwwef;eJ@ um;awG
pdw f wd ka 'goxGu f pG m eJ @ tiê m ;um;,mOf armif ; aemufrêm&yf+yD; arwWmydk@ usefcJhw,f?
wH c g;zG i f h + yD ; vrf ; ay:qif ; vmw,f ? tJ ' D t csd e f r ê m yJ
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tJ'Dum;armif;wJh EdkifiH}uD;om;udk pnf;urf;azmuf pm;yGJxdk;av;udk vêrf;ajymao;w,f? “eif igwdk@ tckajym
zsufcGifh vdkifpifay;xm;wm r[kwfygbl;? aewmawGudk b,fol@rê av#mufrajymeJ@aemf” wJh?
aocsmygw,f ajymrêm?
emrnf}uD; Edkufuvyf wpfckrêmyg? rajymyg&apeJ@ tJ'Dyk*~Kdvfrsm;udk wpfzufom; xdcdkufepfematmif
awmh? nuvyfygqdkrê w&m;rêwfwJhvlawG b,fvm=urêm toa&zsufajymcGifh vdkifpifay;xm;wm r[kwfbl;?
vJ? oef;acgifausmfvdk@ wpfem&Dawmif cGJae+yD?
um;&yfwJhae&mrêm um;awGu 'if;=urf;? trsm; tqifhjrifh a*gufuGif;}uD; wpfckrêm?
pku cyfrdkufrdkufum;awG? tJ'Dum;awGu aps;u rdk;ay:rêm ydwf&ufjzpfawmh xHk;pHtwdkif; vlursm;vêoaygh?
qdkwm awmf¶kHwef¶kHvl odygw,f? tJ'DxJu um;wpfpD;&JŒ 'Dawmh wD¶kHrêm pxGuf&zdk@ ta&;u apmifh&w,f? =umw,f?
eHygwfjym;u jzL/ euf/ eD/ jym wpfckrêr[kwfwJh wjcm;t p¶dkufrJhtzGJŒ/ ¶dkufzdk@jyifaewJh tzGJŒ/ aemufvdkufrJh tzGJŒ po
a&mif? jzifh tenf;qHk; oHk;zGJŒavmufae&m,lxm;wmqdkawmh vl
um;0,f , l w if o G i f ; cG i f h j yKcsuf rl v &xm;ol q,fhav;ig;a,mufavmuf &êdoayghAsm? oli,fcsif; rdwfaqG
yJjzpfjzpf/ ol@qDuae wpfjcm;olwpfa,mufa,mufu c% awGudk E_wfqufcGJ&ovdk =uGm;csifwJh yk*~Kdvfrsm; qdkvnf;
,loHk;wmyJ jzpfjzpf/ ,mOfarmif;u cdk;xGufvmwmrsKd;yJ jzpf =uGm;zdk@ tifrwef tqifoifhcsdefaygh?
jzpf/ bmawGjzpfjzpfyg ravsmfruef}uD;ygvm; [¶dk; qdk+yD; “[Jhauifrav;/ igh'¶kdifAm topf,lcJhprf;”
atmfcsifrdwm trêefyg? us,fus,f[[ toHxGufvmawmh a*gufoD;¶dkuf
tJ'Dolwdk@udk vkyfcsif&mvkyfcGifh vdkifpif ay;xm;wm r,fh vlawGa&m/ usefwJh u,f&D/ xD;rdk;/ wDZHk0efxrf; pwJh
r[kwfygbl;? vlawG&JŒ tm¶kHu toHvm&mqDudk a&mufoGm;=uw,f?
“ighudk a*gufwkwf topfaemf/ tJ'D wpfacsmif;
,Ofaus;r_ rxGef;um;ao;wJh ausmuf acwfrêm xJudk odef;ig;q,f ay;&wm”
jy\emu enf;ygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_awG xGef;um;vmw,f? bm}uD;vJ[/ ol@zmom; ig;q,frvdk@ ig;&mjzpfjzpf/
¶kyf0wÎKypPnf;awG wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmw,f? ukefoG,f ig;axmifjzpfjzpfaygh? 'gayr,fh tm;ustxif}uD;wJh rsufvHk;
&mrêm =um;cHtjzpf aiGudkoHk;vmw,f? vlom;&JhtpGrf;u awGvJ&êd&JŒ? qufvmwJhpum;u em;xJudk cg;oD;pGm 0ifvm
tHhrcef;ygyJ æ? w,f?
“aumif;auif;udkifcJh/ xdcdkuf yGef;yJhoGm;vdk@uawmh
tqifhjrifh pm;aomufqdkif}uD; wpfckrêm? txyft igeJŒawGŒr,f? tJ'DavmufydkufqH eif[dk[mvkyf&êmawmif
jrifh}uD;rêm zGifhxm;vdk@ tqifhjrifhajymwm r[kwfbl;? oef@&êif; wpfoufvHk;&rêm r[kwfbl;”
oyf&yf vêycef@nm;+yD; aps;uvJ tifrwef}uD;wmrdk@ ajym oGm;+yD? u,f'Dav;rsufEêm &JueJ jzpfoGm;w,f?
wm? aemuf+yD; ZGef;c&if;awGuvJ aiGom;ppfppfawG? vmwJh tem;u a*guform;wcsKdŒ rsufEêmvnf; rnf;ueJeJ@?
olawGuvJ a=u;&wwfawGyJrsm;wm? tJ'Dvludk EdkifxufpD;eif; jyKusifhcGifh vdkifpif ay;xm;
tJ'Dwpfckaom oD;oef@cef;rêm a&ay:qDwpfpk npm wm r[kwfygbl;?
oHk;aqmif=uw,f? xHk;pHt wdkif; pm;pm;aomufaomuf
ajymajymqdkqdkeJ@aygh? ol@ ¶dk;vufem&Du b,favmuf wef &efukefu emrnfausmf vufzuf&nfqdkif}uD; wpfck
wm? ighudk&rfem&Du b,fvdkaps;}uD;wmawGvJ ygw,f abm rêm oli,fcsif;wpfpk vufzuf&nfaomuf/ reufpmpm; &if;
vHk;yGJ/ ¶kyf&êif/ udk&D;,m;rif;om;/ rif;orD; bmnmpHkyga&m? pum;ajymae=uw,f? r&êdr&êm; yHkpHawG=um;rêm wpf a,muf
tJ'Drêmwif [dkwpfa,mufu igeJ@b,frêm b,fvdk uawmh pD ; yG m ;a&; tvG e f aumif ; yH k ayguf y gw,f ? ol
jzpfzl;wmwdk@/ bmwdk@nmwdk@udk emrnfawGeJ@ yspfyspfepfepf tqiftjyif tqifwefqmawGu oufaoav?
wpfa,mufeJ@wpfa,muf tm;usrcH ajym=uyga&m? wu,f “uJ&êif;r,f/ ydkufqHwGuf”
yJvm;? yg;pyft&omcH ajymwmvm;? ydkufqHtdwf}uD;udk bkwfueJ xkwf,l+yD; ajymw,f?
bmyJ jzpf jzpf raumif; wmt rê ef ? apmifh &r,f h “'geJ@[dkaumif/ reufjzefreuf 6 em&Dwdwd p¶dkufrêmaemf?
“pnf;”udk ausmf+yD; ajymcsif&m ajym=umwmAsm? aemuf+yD; uG i f ; a=u; aomif ; ausmf a &m/ u,f ' Dr k e f @ zd k ; yg igay;ae
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wm?rif;bmuk ef&wm rdk@ vdk @vJ ? a*gufoD; av; vm¶dk uf ¶kyf0wˆKypPnf;awG wdk;wuf rsm;jym;vmw,f? ukefoG,f
ay;ygw,f? ta&;xJ yifh&zdwf&eJ@/ rif;zmomqdk 'DvdkuGif;rsKd; &mrêm =um;cHtjzpf aiGudkoHk;vmw,f?
oGm;Edkifvdk@vm;” vlom;&JŒtpGrf;u tHhrcef;ygyJ?
tajymcHvdkuf&wJh oli,fcsif;&JŒ &ifxJrêm usifceJ udk,ftqifajyapzdk@ wDxGifcJhwJh ypPnf;awGa=umifh
emoG m;w,f ? oHa ,mZOf e J @ vk y f a y;aewmawG u dk u G m / tqifrajy jzpf&wmawGvJ &êdvmw,f?
rif;vufatmufi,fom;vJ r[kwf&aygifuGm? pdwfxJu tm;vHk;udk qdkvdkwm r[kwfyg bl;? ydkifqdkifr_awG
pum;awGu E_wfzsm;udk a&mufrvmygbl;? aemuf+yD; tjrJ rsm;oxuf rsm;jym;vmcsdefrêm udk,fcsif;pmw&m;awG acgif;
wrf;vJ tm;csifrêtm;rêm/ +yD;awmh tcsdef/ vpf[moGm;wJh yg;vmw,f? *¶k%mw&m;awG aysmufuG,fvmw,f? oHo
rdom;pkwm0ef?wjcm;[mawGawmh z,fxm;vdkufygawmh? ,rsufvHk;awGeJ@ =unfhwwfvmw,f? yHkrêef qufqHa&; awG
ypPnf;&êdwJhvl taeeJ@ ypPnf;rJhwJhvludk pdwf'%f&m&atmif uG,f aysmufvmw,f?
vkyfcGifh vdkifpifay;xm;wm r[kwfygbl;? “ig;cH k ;rwpf a umifa =umif h wpf a vê v Hk ; yk y f” vdk @
ajymwwf=uygw,f
yHkjyifav;wpfyk'yf g? olaX;}uD;wpfa,muf jrpf}uD;udk udk,fwpfa,mufxJeJ@ +yD;oGm;r,fqdk&if jy\em
oAŠmefeJ@jzwfzdk@ iêufqdyfudk qif;vmygw,f? (tdyJh/ tdyJh r&êdygbl;? udk,fhvlrsKD;/ udk,fhEdkifiH/ udk,fhtzGJŒtpnf;/ udk,fht
iêufoAŠmef cwfoGm;w,fqdk+yD; a&csKd;qdyfoDcsif;rêmawmif odkif;t0dkif;/ udk,fhtv$m/ udk,fhywf0ef;usif pojzifh ¶dkwfcwf
ygw,fav?) r_u tenf;trsm; &êdrêm? 'g taotcsm?
“[d wf aumif ighu dk vmwJ GO D; ? a&xJ jyKwfu svdk @
ightzdk;wef t0wftpm;awG a&pdkukef&if rvG,fbl;” jrefrmEdkifiH a*gufoD;tzGJŒcsKyf 'kOuUÏ OD;rif;odrf;
“[kwfuJh” &JŒtdrf ausmufoifykef;rêm a&;xm;wJh pmav;wpfydk'f &êdyg
'DvdkeJ@ orŠefay:rêm olaX;}uD;udkwif+yD; iêufcwf w,f? aumif;w,fAs qdk+yD; oabmusordk@ rêwfom;cJhzl;wm
vmw,f? azmufonfcsyg&ap? (cGifhawmhrawmif;awmhygbl;? tpfudk
“tck wpfae@ b,favmuf&wkH;” }uD;a&)
“trêefr&êdygbl;? olaX;}uD;&,f? wpfusyf& ig;rl; “tzdk;wefayhqdkwJh ypPnf;awGudk ydkifqdkif toHk; jyK
&eJ@” Edkif¶kHeJ@ vl@tzdk;wef rjzpfbl;? ¶dk;om;pdwf aumif;xm;+yD;
“0ifaiGbmrêr&ygvm;? w,fnhHoudk;” vl@ avmu aumif;usKd;udk wwfEdkifor# o,fydk;aqmif&Gufrê
c%aejyefawmh “rif;rêm tdrfa&m&êd&JŒvm;” wu,fh vl@tzdk;wefwJhAsm;”?
“r&ê dy gbl; ? ola X;}uD;&,f / [d ka omifc Hk uwJr êm
aewm”
“tdrfuav; wpfvHk;awmif r&êdwJhaumif/ w,fnHh (armifpHayg)
oudk;”
'DvdkeJ@ olaX;}uD;u orŠeform;rêm r&êdwmawGudk
ar;vdkuf/ w,fnHhoudk; qdkvdkufeJ@ jrpfv,f a&mufvm
w,f? tJ'Drêmwif ¶kwfw&uf rdk;arêmifusvm+yD; avjyif; t
wdkuf v_dif;t¶dkufrêm orŠefarêmufyga&m?
“[dwf aumif / iga&rul;wwfb l; uG/ ighu dkq ,f
ygOD;” eleven media group rS
“a&av;awmif rul;wwfwJh olaX;}uD;/ w,fnHh
oudk;” ajymajymqdkqdkeJ@ orŠeform;[m a&ul;+yD; xGuf
oGm;yga&m æ
,Ofaus;r_ rxGef;um;ao;wJh ausmuf acwfrêm
jy\emu enf;ygw,f? ,Ofaus;r_awG xGef;um;vmw,f?
32
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vGefcJhonfh Eêpf&ufavmufu uGsefawmfonf uGsef acwft avsmuf tifrwefr ê aps;aygvêy gonf?

awmfwdk@vrf;xdyf *sme,fqdkifwGif xdkifaerdonf? reufydkif; bl;oD;wpfvHk; ig;jym;/ i¶kwfoD;wpfAl; ig;jym; jzpfonf? aps;
jzpf I *sme,f ta&mif; aumif ;aeygonf ? *sme,f rsdK ;pHk wufvmawmhrê (10)jym; jzpfonf? rkef@[if;cg;wpfyGJ 10 jym;
wpf&mausmf xGuaf om 'DEdkiif Hudk uGseaf wmf tawmf oabm t=um}uD; jzpfonf? aemuf wpfrwf(25jym;) jzpfvmonf?
usyg onf? vufzuf&nfvnf; rkef@[if;cg;aps;Eêifhwlonf? pD;yGm;a&;
ynmrêmawmh aps;wufwmudk obm0[k qdkonf?
EdkifiH&yfjcm; tvnftywfa&mufoGm;onfhtcg ukefaps;E_ef;onf tcsdefEêifhtr# wufygonfæ
a[mfw,frsm;wGif wnf;cdk&onfhtavsmuf reuftdyf,m *sme,fa&mif;aom udkrdk;u pepfusonf? azguf
xwmeJ@ tcef;0 owif;pm a&mufaeavh&êdonf? reuf onfrsm;udk*sme,frsm;udk vdyf+yD; om;a&uGif;awG ywfay;
Breakfast tpm;aomufcef;wGifvnf; owif;pm tqifoifh wwfonf?
jzpfaeonf? jrefrmjynf jyefa&mufonfhtcg uGsefawmfwdk@ bmvdkŒ om;a&uGif;awG ywfay;&wmvJ?
ywf0ef;usif owif;pm tapmqHk; a&mufaom ae&mrêm
vrf;xdyfu udkrdk;. *sme,fqdkif jzpfaewwfonf? 'DvlawGu *sme,fawGudk acguf+yD; ,loGm; rêmpdk;
vdk@yg/ ol*sme,fudk cspfjrwfEdk;onf? *sme,fonf olŒudk
odk@aomf reuf apmapmwdkif;awmhvnf; owif;pm xrif;ausG;aeonf? *sme,fawGacguf+yD; wGef@a=uoGm;rêm
ra&mufvmwwfyg? udkrdk; owif;pm ra&mufao;bl;vm; olrvdkvm;yg? xdkpOf vlwpfa,mufuæ
“nu tu,f'rDnav q&m/ tJ'gawGygzdk@yg”uGsefawmf *sme,fwpfapmif vm0,fonf?
owif;pm aemufusjcif;udkoabmaygufoGm;ygonf? wpfaxmifwefay;onf? olu 200 wef Eêpf&Guf
jyeftrf;onf?
'Dae@aum “q&m bGJŒEêif;obifawG &êdvdk@wJh”/ udkrdk; 200 wefrsm;onf trd_ufawGukpd k+yD; aumfuyfxm;
wGif tajz tjrJ&êdonf? olu bmrqdk pdwf0ifpm;oudk;? ref ovdk zGm&&m }uJaeonf? ta&mifrxGuf? npfayaeonf?
csuf pwm,lE dku fw uf uG if ;(Old Trafford)wG if abmvH k; 'Dvdk ydkufqHrsdK;[m tdENd,wGifvnf; &êdonf? olwdk@u "mwfcGJ
yGJt+yD; jyeftxGufwGif wpfjynfvHk; abmvHk;yGJ 26 yGJ. tEdkif =unfhawmh ydkufqHawGrêm umvom;a&m*gydk; trsd K;rsdK;
t¶H_; owif;aqmif;yg;/ "mwfyHkawGygonfh owif; pmukd qpf zvpf/ *Edk ydk; awG 0rf;a&m*g jzpfaponfh tD;udkvdk if;
tjyifrêm a&mif;csaeonfudk =uHKcJhzl;a=umif; udkrdk;udk rajym ykd;awGukyd g awGŒonf[k tpD&ifcHonf? usGefawmfwdkŒqDawmh
jyrdyg? ol@,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf uGsefawmf av;pm;ygonf? "mwfcGJr=unfh=uyg? 'ga=umifhvnf; bmrêrawGŒyg?
33
wpfyJudk aiGEêifha=u;wdk@ a&monf? vuf0wf&wemrsm;udk
ud krd k;trf; aom yd kuf qHu dk *sme,f vm0,fo lu tjrifhqHk; 15 yJ&nfjzifhom vkyfvdk@&onf? 16 yJ&nfonf
vufzsm;av;jzifh udkifum =unfhonf? &GHp&maumif;aom aysmhvGef;vêonf?(xdka=umifh cyfaysmhaysmhEGJŒEGJŒ rdef;c av;
wpfpHkwpfckudk udkifouJhodkŒ pdwfqif;&JpGm udkifxm;onf? awGudk yJrsm;onf[k ajym[efwlonf)
xdkol wpfpHkwpfck rajymrD udkrdk;u ajymvdkufonf?
“,loGm;prf;yg? oHk;vdk@&ygw,fAs?” 1950 ckEêpfrsm;rêm (1954 ckEêpf ywf0ef;usifu)
jym;wpf&mwpfusyf jzpfvmonf? xdktcsdefrêp+yD; wpfyJwGif
xdk ol v nf ; trd e f@ ud k rvGe fq efE dk i fa om vuf ig;jym;ygvmum yJEêpfq,fonf wpfusyf jzpfoGm; awmh
atmufi ,fo m;uJhod k@ aiGp uUL [k ac:aom xdk t&mudk onf?jrefrmwdk@oHk;aom yd\mEêifh oabm obm0wlonf?
udkifum xGufoGm;avonf? tvGef pdwf&ênf+yD; *sme,f (wpfyd\m usyfwpf&m jzpfonf)? EêpfyJwpfrl; jzpfonf? 5
rsm;udk usdK;a=urêmpdk;I aooacsmcsmvdyfum om;a&uGif; rl ;wpfusyf. xuf0ufjzpfo nf? jym;ig;q,f jzpfonf?
ywfay;aom udkrdk;onf bma=umifhrsm; 'Dae&mwGif pdwfr (t*FvdyfydkufqH ig;rl;wGif av;rl;omygonf)wu,fwef;
&ênf&awmhwmvJ? wpf jym;udk ,l epftjzpf oH k;ae&mu 5 jym;onf ,l epf
“uGsefawmfhrêm ae@pOfeJ@tr# 'Djy\emyJ =uHKae& jzpfvmonf?
w,f? uGsefawmfwdk@ i,fi,fuqdk&if 'Dvdk ydkufqHrsdK; b,fol
rê rud k i f b l ; / wpf c grê rawG Œ zl ; ygbl ; ?” “[k w f o m;yJ ” odk@aomf acwftavsmuf tifrwefrê aps;aygvê
ol@pum;=um;awmh i,fb0udk owd&rdonf? ygonf? bl;oD; wpfvHk; ig;jym; i¶kwfoD;wpfAl; ig;jym; jzpf
tarwdk@u t*FvdyfydkufqH t=uGif;tusef aiG'*F g; onf? aps;wufvmawmhrê (10)jym; jzpfonf? rkef@[if;cg;
jym;awG xkwfjyzl;onf? wpfyGJ 10 jym; t=um}uD; jzpfonf? aemufwpfrwf (25jym;)
jzpfvm onf? vufzuf&nfvnf; rkef@[if;cg;aps;Eêifhwlonf?
*syefacwfu axmifrvJoJaumf qdkaom xef;yif pD;yGm;a&; ynmrêmawmh aps;wufwmudk obm0[k qdkonf?
av;awG ygonfh *syefaiGpuULrsm;udk jrifzl;onf? ydkufqH ukefaps;E_ef;onf tcsdefEêifhtr# wufygonf? uGsefawmfonf
opf o pf a wG u dk owd &aerd onf ? i,f i ,f u yd ku f qH t Nostalgia qdkaom i,fb0tdyfrufudk owd&aerd onf?
opfawG tawmfudkifcJh&onf? udkrdk;qdkifwGif *sme,f0,folawG 0ifvdkufxGufvdkufygyJ?
wpfusyfwefu &Gufavêav;eJ@ csL;EG,yf ef; cufawG udkrdk;u uGsefawmfhudk qufajymaeonf?

eJ@yg? ig;usyfwefu qHaxmufEêifh aumifrav; Adkif;iifae “v$wfawmfvnf; topfAs?”
onfhyHk jzpfonf? 10 wefawmh rudkif&zl;yg? opfqGJwJhqif “[k w f u J h ” ol j yaeaom v$ w f a wmf o nf
jzpfayrnf?aiG'*F g;wpfusyf/ aiGxkwf&m Xmewdkif;wGif vJvê,f }uD;us,fcef;em;vêonf?
Edik fonf [lonf(h oabmrsKd ;)pmwef;vnf; ygonf? vufrêwf “orRwvnf; topfAs”
xd k; xm;onf ? vufr êw fx dk ;olr êm yxr armif aumif; ? “'Dawmh”
aemufawmh pHvif; jzpfonf? “'Dawmhq&m&,f/ usGefawmf wdkŒ æ ”
uG sefa wmfw dk @ bD vl ;uG sef; om;awG u yd ku fq Ht ol@toH wdrfoGm;onf? vlwpfa,muf *sme,f
a[mif;udk ydk+yD; t,loD;onf? ta=umif;um; yxrwGif ydkuf t0,fv mwmudk;? xdkolu *sme,fawGu dk a&G;aeonf?
qHwGif 64 jym; yg0ifonf? uGsefawmfwdk@ bDvl;uGsef;wGif 64 *sme,f tawmfrsm;rsm;&JŒ a&êŒzHk;rêm orRw OD;odef;pdef.
&Gm &êd a oma=umif h usGe f ;ol u Gs ef ;om;awG u wif; jynf h rdef@cGef;ajymaeonfh yHkawGudk uGsefawmfwdk@ jrifae&onf?
usyfjynfhaom t&yf[k *k%f,l=uonf? t*FvdyfuvJuGm xdkolay;aom Eêpf&mwef tpkwfoHk;csyfudk ,lvdkufonf?
bmvdk@ 64 vkyfvJ rodbl; ”tcsdKŒunnf;=uonf? aemuf “'Dawmh udkrdk; cifAsm;qufygOD;”
ydkif; xdktoHk;awGudk a&$a&mif;0,f&mrêm tav;csdef taejzifh uGsefawmfuawmh orRw topfeJ@ ydkufqH topf
vnf;aumif;/ pHtjzpf vnf;aumif; oHk;=uonf? wpfusyf av;yg jzpfcsifwmaygh q&m&,f [lI?
wGif 16 yJ &êdI a&$tppf. a&$&nfudk 16 yJ&nf[k owfrêwf
onf?15 yJ&nfqdkv#if wpfusyfom;wGif a&$ 15 yJomyg+yD; a'gufwmcifarmifnKd
34
jrefrmEdkifiH ynma&;edrfhusoGm;&jcif; ta=umif;ESifh w&m;cHrsm;

udkvdkeDacwf ynma&;udk u|efynma&;[k ac:ac:/ ygonf?
bmyJac:ac: ynma&;rSm urBm@tqif@udk aumif;aumif;
rSDcJ@zlygonf? udkvdkeDacwfu bGJ@&cJ@olrsm;onf “q&mwdk@ 'DudpPudk aqG;aEG; =uzdk@
vGwfvyfa&; &jyD;aemuf &efukefwuUodkvfwGif awmfj yD xifw ,f? tckq dk wdkif;jynf&JŒ
q&mrsm; jzpfvmcJ@=uonf? q&mrsm;. oif=um;ay;jcif; ynm a&;[m ysufpD;jcif; vrf;ay: a&muf
cH&aom wynfhrsm;rSmvnf; urBm@tqif@udk rDcJ@=uonf?
OD;Ek tpdk;&u t*Fvef/ tar&duef/ uae'g/ =opa=w;vs/ aejyD? aemifqdk&if tzwfq,fr& jzpfawmh
paom EdkifiHrsm;odk@ ynmawmfoifrsm; apv$wfonf? ynm r,f” [k ajym vdkuf&m q&m=uD;u “a[h
awmfoifrsm;. 99 &mcdkifES_ef;rSmvnf; trdEdkfifiHodk@ jyefvmjyD; aumif ighudk tdk =uD;tdkra&mufrS axmifxJ
us&m wm0efrsm;udk xrf;&Guf=uonf?
wuUodkvfrsm;ESif@ ausmif;rsm;wGifvnf; t&nf oG m ;jyD ; tES d y f p uf c H & atmif rif ; u
tcsif;udk OD ;pm;ay;jyD; wu,fw wfolu dkom tatmif acsmufwGef;ae wmvm;” [kom jyefajym
ay;wwfojzif@ wuUov dk f 0ifwef; pmar;yGJ atmifcsufonf &Smygawmho nf?
trsm;qHk; 12 &mcdkifES_ef;om &SdcJ@onf? 1959 ckESpfwGifrl 3
'or 4 &mcdkifES_ef;om &SdcJ@ygonf?
ausmif;om; qENjyyGJrsm; r=umc% jzpfay:av@ 1962 ckEpS fwGif ppftm%m&Sif pepf ay:aygufvmjyD;
&Sd=uygaomfvnf; rnfonfh tm%mydkif yk*~dKvfurS wdkif;jynf 1963 ckESpf Zlvdkifv 7 &uf ausmif;om;rsm; qENjyyGJudk
aemifa&; 'kuQay;rnfh bkef;abmvatm tatmifay;onfh *sDo&D; armif;jyefaoewfrsm; toHk;jyKum &uf&ufpufpuf
pepf/ ausmif;om; tcsif;csif; aoG;uGJaprnfh pepf/ ausmif; jzd KcGi f;cJ @jyD ;/ ausmif ;om;or*~ taqmuftODudk rdk if;AHk;
om;rsm; rqlyl jyD;a&m/ tpdk;& qef@usifa&; rvkyfwmu vG rsm;jzif@ azmufcGJ zsufqD;&HkESif@ tm;r&ao;bJ tm%m&Sif
JjyD; usefudpPrsm; =udKufovdk vkyfxm;cGif@/ Oyrm/ ausmif; Adkvfae0if;u ‘"m;udk "m;csif;/ vHSudkvSHcsif;’ &ifqdkif&ef
aqmifrsm;wGif; t&ufaomuf aq;0g; oHk;pGJonfrsm;udk toif@&Sdonf [k ‘vlrdkuf "m;=udrf; =udrf;’ cJ@ygonf?
vspfvsLjyKxm;jcif; ponfhudpPrsm; cGif@rjyKcJ@=uyg? odk@aomf ausmif;om; vS_yf&Sm;rS_rSm &yfwH@roGm;bJ
ynma&; pepfwGifvnf; EdkifiHykdifausmif;rsm;om 1963 ck E Sp f Edk f 0 if bmvwG if tjyif ; xefq H k ; tqif @ od k @
ru tvGwfynmoif ausmif;rsm;/ c&pf,mef omoemjyK a&muf &S d vm&m ppft m%myd ki fw d k@ u &ef uk ef w uU od kv f
ausmif;rsm;yg &Sdojzif@ rdrdwdk@ =udKuf&m ausmif;wGif oif vufatmufcH 0dZm r[mXme/ ody`H r[mXmeESif@ vlrS_a&;
=um;EdkifcJ@=uygonf? wuUodkvf 0ifwef;atmifv#if wuU ody`Hr[mXme (aemif pD;yGm;a&; wuUodkvf) wdk@udk &uft
odkvfwGif rdrdpdwf=udKuf 0goemyg&m bmom&yfudk a&G;cs,f uef@owfr&Sd ydwfypfvdkufjyD;/ aq;ynm r[mXme/ tif*sif
cGif@ &Sdygonf? pmar;yGGJ atmifratmif/ rdrd &nfrSef;&m bGJ@&r eD,m r[mXmeESif@ ynma&; r[mXmewdk @udkrl qufvuf
&rSm =udK;pm;rS_ESif@ uHtay:rSm rlwnfygonf? zGif@xm;cJ@ygonf?
pmawmfol trsm;pkrSmvnf; rdrdwdk@ pdwfrygygu Tum; ausmif;om;rsm;udk aoG;cGJtkyfcsKyfvdkufjcif;
q&m0ef tif*sifeD,m paom bmom&yfrsm;udk roif=ubJ (divided and rule) . tp yxraywnf;?
Honours ac: *k%fxl;wef;udk rdrdwdk@ pdwf= udKuf bmom odk @aomf ausmif ;om; qEN jyrS _r sm;rSm rEœ av;
&yfjzif@ wufa&muf oif=um;=u ygonf? wuUodkvf/ e,faumvdyfrsm;ESif@ *sDwDtdkifac: tpkd;& pufrS_
Todk@jzif@ 0dZm/ ody`H/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ynma&;/ pdkufysKd; vufrS_ ody`Htxd ul;pufoGm;I rEœav;wuUodkvf vuf
a&;/ aq;ynm/ tif*sifeD,m twwf ponfwdk@wiG f wu,f atmufcH aq;ynm r[mXmeESif@ pdkufysKd;a&; r[mXmerS
pdwfygolrsm;om wufa&muf bGJ@,lcJ@=ujyD;/ ‘wu,f wwf vGJjyD; usefXme tm;vHk;udk wESpfeD;yg; ydwfxm;cJ@onf?
olu wwfvdkoludk ynmoifay;’ aom acwfESif@ pepf jzpfcJ@ ausmif;om;rsm; jidr0f yfydjym;a&; twGuf Adv
k fae0if;
35
ESif@ ody`H ausmif;om;rsm;u ‘q&mrawG vifvdkcsif ordkif;
a'guf w mnDn D u tcrf ; tem;wck w G i f uGif;udk0if’ [k p=u&m q&mravmif;rsm;u RASU ausmif;
om; rpOf;pm;/ ysmwm cdkif;zdk@xm;’ [k jyefESdrf=uygonf?
rdef@cGef; ac|vdkufyHkrmS ‘qdk&S,fvpf EdkifiH wnf (3) ausmif;om;rsm; wuUodkvfwGif =um&Snf rae
aqmufaejyD jzpfvdk@ tjrwf=uD;pm;pepf OD; Edki fap&ef pmar;yGJ wGif vlw dkif;avmufeD;eD;udk tatmif
pm;ay;wJ@ bJOw'gZifudk wusyfjzif@ 0,fjyD; ay;&ef? 4if;enf;a=umif@ wuUodkvfrsm;rSm bGJ@vufrSwf xkwf
ay;onfh puf&Hk=uD;rsm;ozG,f jzpfoGm;jyD;/ 4if;bGJ@&rsm;rSm
wvHk;udk 10jym;jzif@ jyefa&mif;aomf rnfr# wuUodkvfq&m jzpfvmaomtcg ‘rwwfolu rodoludk
jrwfrnfenf;’qdkwJ@ *%ef;ocsFmrsK;d/ avm oifay;’ onfhtwGuf ynm&nf tqif@twef; tvGefedrf@
uom&ysKdŒyg ‘=uGuf aowck t&if;jyKI us oGm;ygawm@onf?
txufyg udpPESif@ ywfoufI pma&;olonf 1970
=uG,frS_wwfqHk; olaX;xHk;udk ESvHk;rlvsuf ckE Spfu wcsd efu rdrd. q&mjzpf cJ@zl ;aom ygarmuQ= uD;
=uHpnfvsufjzif@ ol@xufuJvGef =uG,fap wOD;udk wifjycJ@zl;ygonf? “q&m&,f u|efawmfwkd@acwfu
rif;’ qdkwJ@ vuFm rsKd;udk roifapawm@zdk@ q&mppf wm =urf;vGef ;vdk@ xdoGm;&wmyg u|efawmfwdk@
oli,fcsif;awG[m ckacwf ausmif;om;awGxuf trsm;=uD;
nGef=um;xm;ygw,f [lownf;?
omygw,f” [k ajymvdkuf&m ygarmuQ=uD;u “'gawm@ ig
vnf; bmwwfEdkifrvJuG/ ay:vpDu 'Dvdk jzpfaewmudk;”
u ynma&;Xme twGif;0ef (aemif ynma&;0ef=uD; jzpfvm [k jyefajzygonf?
ol ) a'gufw mnDn Dudk wm0efay;vdk ufonf? a'guf wm pma&;olu xyfjyD; “q&mwdk@ 'DudpPudk aqG;aEG;
nDnDESif@ taygif;tygrsm;uvnf; ‘aAmif;awmfjidrf@ pdwf =uzdk@ awmfjyDxifw,f? tckqdk wdkif;jynf&JŒ ynma&;[m
awmfod’ jyD;/ wdkif;jynfaemifa&; bmjzpfjzpf rdrdwdk@ vlpk ‘ppf ysufpD;jcif; vrf;ay:a&mufaejyD? aemifqdk&if tzwfq,fr&
tm%m&Sif vufusef t&dk;t&if; pm;&enf;vm;’ [laom jzpfawm@r,f” [k ajymvdkuf&m q&m=uD;u “a[@aumif
wudk,faumif; pdwfjzif@ ‘pepfopf ynma&;=uD;’ udk t ig@udk tdk=uD;tdkra&mufrS axmifxJoGm;jyD; tESdyfpufcH&
aumiftxnf azmfvdkuf=uygawm@onf? atmif rif;u acsmufwGef; aewmvm;” [kom jyefajym&Sm
4if; pepfopf ynma&;=uD;wGif ygawm@onf?
(4) ausmif;om;rsm; qENrjyv#if jyD;a&m/ ausmif;
(1) ,cif r[mXmersm;udk institute ac: wbm wufwuf rwufwuf/ zJ&ku d f/ t&ufaomuf? aq;ajcmuf&S_/
omoif (0g) ynm&yf wckwnf;udk oifay;aom wuU eHygwfzdk; xdk;ae=uaomfvnf; rjrif[efaqmifae&ef? 4if;
odkvfuav;rsm; tjzpf ajymif;vJ zGif@vSpf&ef (ausmif;rsm; tcsufa=umif@ HIV Positive jzpfol rsm;vmjcif;?
uGJoGm;jcif;jzif@ ausmif;om;rsm; aoG;uGJap&ef &nf&G,f (5) a'gufwmnDnDu tcrf;tem;wckwGif rdef@cGef;
csuf)? ac|vdkufyHkrSm ‘qdk&S,fvpf EdkifiH wnfaqmufaejyD jzpfvdk@
(2) trSwf trsm;qHk; &olrsm;udk aq;ynm r[m tjrwf=uD;pm;pepf OD;pm;ay;wJ@ bJOw'gZifudk wusyfjzif@
Xme wjzpfvJ aq;wuUodkvfrsm;odk@ 0ifcGif@jyK&ef? 'kwd, 0,fjyD; wvHk;udk 10jym;jzif@ jyefa&mif;aomf rnfr# jrwf
tqif@&Sdolrsm;udk tif*sifeD,m r[mXme wjzpfvJ pufrS_ rnfenf;’qdkwJ@ *%ef;ocsFmrsK;d/ avmuom&ysKdŒyg ‘=uGuf
wuUokdvfodk@ wufcGif@jyK&ef (Tenf;jzif@ ausmif;om;rsm; aowck t&if;jyKI =uG,fr_w S wfqHk; olaX;xHk;udk ESvHk;rlvsuf
wOD;udk wOD; iHk@=unfh=ujyDl; aoG;uGJoGm;ap&ef)? =uHpnfvsufjzif@ ol@xufuJvGef =uG,faprif;’ qdkwJ@ vuFm
Tenf;rSm aemifwGif xda&mufoif@oavmuf xd rsKd;udk roifapawm@zdk@ nGef=um;xm;ygw,f [lownf;?
a&mufoGm;ygonf? aq;wuUodkvf ausmif;om;rsm;u 0dZm a&S;&dk; jrefrm@pOfvm qdkpum;rSmrl ‘*%ef;roif/
ESif@ ody`HwuUokdvfudk trS_dufyHk;[k aemufajymif ac: =uyg vmbfrjrif/ ul;v#if &S_H;rnfrSwf’ [k twdtus qdkxm;
awm@onf? wcgu ordkif;&Sd wuUodkvfrsm; tm;upm; uGif; ygonf? 1987 ckESpfwGif a'0gvDcHjyD; LDC (zGH@jzdK;rS_ tedrf@qHk;
wGif ynma&; wuUov kd f trsKd;orD; abmvDabm toif;ESif@ Ed ki fi Hr sm; pm&if; 0if) tjzpf av#mufx m;cJ @&jyD; / 1988
0dZmESif@ odyH` trsKd;orD; toif;wdk@ ,SOfjydKif=u&mwGif 0dZm ckESpfwGif vlxk tHk=uGrS_=uD; jzpfay:vmonfrSm rqef;awm@yg?
36
(6) wuUodkvrf sm;wGif ,cifu t*Fvdyfbmomjzif@ ygonf? Adkvfae0if; apv$wfaom ynmawmfoif rsm;xJrS
oifae&mrS jrefrmbmomjzif@ ajymif;vJ oif,lap&mwGif vnf; 25 &mcdkifES_ef;avmufrSm jrefrmjynfodk@ jyefrvm
a0g[m&rsm;udk jrefrmvdk rnfodk@ ac:onfudk bmom jyef =uawm@yg?
qdkol q&mrsm;udk,fwkid f taotcsm rawG;Edkifawm@bJ oif@ jyefvmol 75 &mcdkifES_ef;avmufxJrSvnf; w0uf
ovdk bmomjyefvdkuf&mrS jrefrmpum;udk jrefrmwdk@ em; avmufrSm tkyfcsKyfol ppfAdkvfrsm;u t&yfom;rsm;udk ‘u|ef
rvnfEdkifaom a0g[m&opfrsm; xGufay:vmonf? 4if;udpP ESif@ ocifyrm qufqHaerS_udk rcHEdkfifawm@bJ EdkifiHjcm;odk@ jyef
ESif@ ywfoufI uG,fvGefol jrefrmpm ygarmuQa[mif; OD;0ef xGufukef=uygonf? xdk@a=umif@ jrefrmjynfwGif q&maumif;
ac: q&m=uD; rif;ok0%f u tus,f a&;cJ@ygjyD? ,ck Oyrm &Sm;yg;ukefjyD; ynm&nf tqif@twef; wjznf;jznf; edrf@us
ESpfck wifjyygrnf? oxuf edrf@usvmygawm@onf?
yxr wckrSm New Born Baby udk q&m0efr=uD; (8) uG,fvGefol ordkif;ygarmuQ a'gufwm oef;
wOD;u wdkuf&dkuf ‘zGm;opfp uav;’ [k bmom jyef vdkuf xGef;u ordkif;bmom&yfonf EdkifiHwdkif;twGuf ta&;=uD;
ygonf? jrefrm@&dk;&mwGifrl ‘arG;uif;p uav;’ [laom aom bmom&yf jzpfI ‘rtatmif/ rwHk;atmif ordkif;
pum; &SdjyD; jzpfygonf? ‘arG;zGm;jcif;rS uif;vGwfp uav;’ oif&w,f’ [k tqdktrdef@ &SdcJ@zl;ygonf?
[k t"dy`g,f &ygonf? awmt&yf&Sd rd&dk;zvm vufonf odk@aomf a'gufwmnDnD. pepfopf ynma&;t&
ta': =uD;rsm; =um;v#if “awG@bl;aygifawmf/ =uHKzl;aygif trSwftenf;qHk; vlrsm;udk ordkif; t"du oif&ef ydk@ojzif@
=um;bl;aygifawmf? zGm;opfpu uav;&,fvdk@/ arG;uif;p tvGe f0goemygI pm=ud K;pm;ol wa,muf wavr#ty
uav;yJ =um;zl;yg&JŒ” [k ajym=urnfrSm rc|wf? orkdif;okawoD vlc|efvlaumif;rsm; xGufvm&ef rvG,fyg?
'kwd, Oyrm? ody`HESif@ tif*sifeD,m twwfwdk@wiG f jrefrmpm t"du bmom&yfrSmvnf; xkdenf; jzpfoGm;yg
oHk ; aom Adsorption qd k aom pum;vHk ; ud k jrefr mvd k onf?
wdkuf&dkuf ‘u,fwifjcif;’ [k bmomjyefvdkuf=uonf? 4if; (9) jrefrmpmtwGuf ydkI uHqdk;onfrSm tm%m
bmomjyefol q&m=uD;ESif@ pma&;olwdk@ 4if;. um;jzif@ &Sif Adkvfae0if; jrefrmpm aumfr&SifwGif em,u wufvkyfjyD;
oGm;&mwGif rdk;wGif; rdk;&GmjyD; um;a&SŒrSefwGif a&aEG;aiG@rsm; owfyHk o'Ngwdk@udk 4if;. pdwfwdkif;us a&;qGJ jyifqifcdkif; vdkuf
&dkufaejyD; a&SŒudk rjrif&awm@yg? xdktcg tqdkyg ygarm jcif;yif jzpfonf;? tus,fudk q&m=uD; a=u;rHk OD;aomif;
uQ=uD;u “a[@aumif a&SŒrSef a&aiGŒ&dkufaejyD/ bmrS rjrif& a&;cJ@jyD;jzpfI xyfra&;vdkawm@yg?
awm@bl;? t0wfeJ@ okwfygOD;uG? awmfawmf=um um;wkduf ‘wcgw&H/ avmu"H/ qufqHudkvnf;/ ao;ao;
jyD; rif;a&m igyg =uGoGm;vdrf@r,f” [k ajymygonf? wif’ [laom u0dvuQ%m owfyHkvuFmESif@ Adkvfae0if;.
pma&;ol u t0wfjzif@ a&aiGŒrsm;udk okwf&if; wESif@ wpfa&;xHk;udk ES_dif;,SOf=unfh=uyg[kom qdkcsifygonf?
“q&m 'g t*Fvdyfvdk Adsorption jzpfwm r[kwfvm;” [k wyifa&$xD; bk&ifudk wpfyifa&$xD; [krsm; a&;ae=ujyDvm;
ar;vdkuf&m q&m=uD;u “'gayg@uG” [k ajzygonf? pma&; rodyg?
olu “'gudk q&m bma=umif@ a&aiG@awG uyfwifae wmvdk@ jrefrmjynfwGif;rS vlrsm;rSm "m;*kwfay:0JjyD; oHk;ckdif;
rajymwmvJ ? pmtk y f awG x J rS m awm@ uyfw if j cif ; vd k @ aeI 4if; owfyHk=urf;udk oH;k ae&onfudk em;vnfEdkifygonf?
bmomjyefxm;w,f r[kwfvm;” [k ar;vdkuf&m q&m odk @aomf jynf ya&muf ppft pdk ;&ud k qef @ usif aeolr sm;
=uD;u “OD;pH&Sm;vdkayg@uGm/ rSm;wJ@tcgvnf; rSm;ayrayg@” xkwfonfh owif;pm *sme,f ponfwkd@wiG f 4if; owfyHkusrf;
[kom qkd&Smygonf? twdkif; vdkufem a&;ae=uonfudk 0rf;enf;zG,f awGŒae&yg
aemufqHk; 1980 ckESpfausmf umvrsm;wGif Adkvfae onf? q&m=uD; a=u;rHk OD;aomif;uawm@ uG,fvGefonf
0if;. tcspfawmf orD; cifpENm0if; puFmylwGif t*Fvdyfpm txd ppftpdk;& owfyHkusrf;udk oydwfarSmufjyD; u0dvuQ
nHhzsif;rS_a=umif@ pmar;yGJ usavawm@rS tm%m&Sif=uD;. w %m owfykHn$ef;twdkif;om a&;om;cJ@ygonf? Tae&mwGif
csufv$wf trdef@jzif@ wuUokdvfrsm;wGif t*Fvdyfbm omjzif@ jynfya&muf jrefrmrsm; Oversea Chinese wdk@udk pHerlem
oif&jyefawm@onf? trSwf (7) wGif &Sif;jyygrnf? ,loif@ygonf?
(7) ppftpdk;&ESif@ ‘hjrefrm@ qif;&JrGJawrS_ vrf;pOf’ w&kwfjynf=uD;rSm emrnfrsm;udk Latin tuQ&m jzif@
wdk@a=umif@ ynmwwf trsm;pkrSm 1970 ckavmufu pjyD; a&;&mwGif 1978 avmufrSpI =wd0% (Tri Syllabic) jzif@
jrefrmEdkifiHudk pGef@cGmum ‘a&=unf&m jrufEk&m’ udk &Sm=u a&;ae&mrS 'Gd0% (Di Syllabic) odk@ ajymif;vdkufygonf?
37
Oyrm Teng Shi ao Peng rS Deng Shiaobeng od k @
°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° °°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°°° °°
ajymif ; a&;ygonf ? od k @ aomf xd k i f 0 rf / a[mif a umif /
puFm ylE Si f@ tjcm;ae&mrsm;&Sd w&kwf rsm;u a&S; &dk ;pOf atmif&rnf
=wd0% jzif@om qufI a&;ae=uygonf? Oyrm puFmyl
w&kwfemrnfrsm; (Lee Kwan Yew pojzif@ ) jynfya&muf
jrefrmrsm; tm;vHk; Adkvfae0if; xif&mpkdif;xm;onfh owfyHk
usrf;udk oydwfarSmufoif@onf[k &dk;om;pGm xifygonf? aerif;}uD;u vif;
udkvdkeDacwfua&m jrefrmbk&if acwfuyg t*Fvdyf vrif;}uD;u om
pum; Tactic udk y&d,m,fa00kpf/ Strategy udk aoe*FAsL[m raysmfEdkif igwdk@b0rsm;
[k ppfy&d,m,f [k bmomjyefcJ@=uygonf? jrefrmwdkif; em; taESmifatmufrSm prf;w0g;
vnfaom pum;vHk;rsm; jzpf=uygonf?
u0dvuQ%m owfyHkq&mu ‘rif;y&d,m,f/ iwif@ ±kef;&uef&ae@pOfb0
w,f/ em;0,frvnf&Sm’ [k oHk;cJ@ygonf? &mZy&d,m,f paw;& b0taxGaxG
[kvnf; oHk;wwf=uygonf? emrnfausmf tqdkawmf=uD; taºucH& =u,fyGifhrsm;
rmrmat;u 1960 ckESpfavmufu oDqdkcJ@aom ‘ar@uGuf &if;cH& ESvHk;om;rsm;
udk&Sm’ oDcsif;wGifvnf; ‘cspfy&d,m,fudk odovdkvdkeJ@’ [l
aom pmydk'fygygonf? r˜q ˜v - w˜p˜n
vGwfvyfa&; acwfOD;ydkif;avmufu vuf0Jorm; e0w - etz
rsm;u Tactic udk enf;AsL[m[k/ Strategy udk r[m AsL[m vkyfvdkufjyef+yD 'Drdkua&pD
[kjyefvdkuf=ujyD; EdkifiHa&; pmtkyfrsm;wGif oHk;pGJae=uonf? trnfom trsdK;rsdK;
rSm;onfawm@ rqdkvdkyg? odk@aomfvnf; jrefrmpum; jrefrm tESpfom&u twlwl
em;vnf&ef cufaom a0g[m&rsm;/ cufqpf t"dy`g,f xkwf qHk;±H_;& vl@tcGifhta&;rsm;
ay;&rnfh a0g[m&rsm; jzpfaernfuawm@ rvG,fyg? ppf=udK
acwfu tqdkawmf=uD; jynfvSazESif@ a':ar&Sif wdk@ oDqdkcJ@ tHudk}udwf
aom ,ckacwfwdkif a&yef;pm;aeonfh ‘cspfAsL[m’ qdkaom rmefudkwif;
oDcsif;vnf; &Sdygonf? tarpk tem;rSm 0ef;&H&if;
ed *H k; csKyft m;jzif @ jref rm@ynma&;ESi f@ jrefr mpm pkaygif;nDnm
tqif @ twef ; vH k ; 0usqif ; oG m ;&jcif ; rS m ‘0r&S d b J wdkufyGJ0ifrnf
0dvkyfcsif’ ‘rwwfbJESif@ q&mwufvkyfcsifaom Adkvfae0if; tm;wif;xm;=u nDaemifrsm;
ESif@ aemufvdkufaemufyg AmvmeH ppfuJrsm; 0ef=uD; jzpfcsif
aom a'gufwmnDnDESif@ aemufvdkuf aemufygrsm;. ‘r[m wae@raoG
aus;Zl; awmf= uD ;rsm;a=umif @om jzpfa vawm@&m ,if ; atmifyGJqifrnf
‘yk*~dKvf=uD;’ rsm;ukdom w&m;cHtjzpf vufnSKd; xkd;jy& jynfaxmifpk&J@
awm@rnf jzpfyga=umif;? 'Drdkua&pD æ?
cdkif (tDbm&mud)
avmuygv ewfrif;
(&cdkiftrsKd;om; owif;pmrS ul;,lazmfjyonf?)
38
rGe;f rwnfrh D ESprf depf

,cifvrS tquf
ivsif. twdtus A[kdcsufronf wdkusKdawmif aeAlum0g ¶Gmonfvnf; xdkae@wGifyif xdkuHqdk; rsKd;

zuf 57rd ki fuG m p*grDyifv ,fa tmf (Sagami Bay) a& ESifh ñuHawG@&jyefavonf? ¶Gm.taemufawmif cg;yef;rS ukA
atmufjzpfonf[k aemufrSowfrSwfonf? ivsifvd_if;}uD; udkuf oef;aygif;rsm;pGmonf ayaygif; 650 edrfhaom aeAlum
rsm;onf urf;ajcudk¶dkufcwfaomtcgY ajratmufwGif AHk; 0gjrpf. urf;apmuf jrpfusOf;twGif;odk@ vGifhpifusqif;vm
aygufuJ GouJ hodk@ xif &onf ? tmvl;rsm;onf aoewf =uonf? odk@ESifh {&mr ¶GH@!¸efpD;a=umif;}uD; jzpfay:vmawmh
ajymif;wGifxnfhypfouJhodk@ ajratmufrSazgufpifxGufvm onf? ,if;pD;a=umif;}uD;onf jrpf0odk@ a¶G@qif;vmaomt
=uonf? v,fuGif;rsm;twGif; oGm;vmae=uaom v,fo cgY aeAlum0gw¶GmvHk;vdkvdk yifv,fatmftwGif;odk@ wHjruf
rm;rsm;onf v_yf&Sm;jcif;a=umifh zGmwufvmaom v,fajr vJSouJhodk@ wGef;csoGm;ayawmhonf?
wGif 'l;qpfwkdifatmifðryf=uonf? a&wGif;rsm;. tkwft*F
aw twGif;om;rsm;onf ajray:odk@ 10ay tjrifhtxd ¶kwf Ak' <.a=u;eDq if;wkawmf }uD;a=umifh ausmf= um;
csnf;azmufwufvm=ujcif;a=umifh ajrrS rD;ckd;acgif;wdkifrsm; aom umrmul&m (Kamakura) òr@wGif ivsifonf òr@.
tyifaygufvmouJhodk@ xif&onf? pyf=um;&dS yifv,fa& 85 &mcdkifE_ef;jzpfaom tdrfajc 2500 udkzsufqD;cJhonf? òr@ol
atmuf ajrjyif oGufcgjrifhwufvmjcif;a=umifh *sKd*g&DSrm òr@om;rsm; tarmr#rajyao;rD tE W&m,fwrsKd ;u +cd rf;
u|ef; (Island of Jogashima) onf wr[kwfjcif;ajrrESifh acsmuf vmjyef onf? ,if ;tE W &m,f ud k ueOD ;jrifo lr Sm
wom;wnf; wjyifwnf;jzpfvmonf? vli,fuav; tD,ifrGwfpk (Ian Mutsu) jzpf.? tD,if
rGwfpk onf t+idrf;pm;*syefoHwref 0efxrf;wOD;. om;jzpfI
yifv,furf;ajc tyef;ajzòr@rsm;ESifh wHig¶Gmrsm;wGif xif &Sm;ausmfapmaom EdkifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;wOD;. ajr;jzpf.?
rl ivsif'%frSm jyif;xefvSonf? pdk*g; (Soga) ESifh &DSrdkpdk*g; tD,ifrGwfpkonf ol@rdcifudk&SmazG&if; yifv,furf;ajcodk@
(Shimo Soga) ¶Gm rsm;wGi f taqmufttHk 91&mcdki fE_ef; ajy;vmcJh.? yifv,fatmftwGif; rSa& onf }uD;pGmaom
csufcsif;òyusonf? tdk'g0g&m (Odawara) wGif tdrfajc t&dSeft[kefjzifh aemufqkwfoGm;ae onf udk oljrif&I
5000 teuf w0ufòyus ysufpD;onfhtjyif useftdrfrsm;rSm a=umifwufwufjzpfoGm;onf? ,cifb,feH a&mtcgur#
wem&DtwGif; rD;oifhavmifonf? ncsrf;tcsdefa&mufonf r jrif&bl;aom a&atmufausmufaqmifrsm; udk jrifvm&
ESifh wòr@vHk;ysufpD;aysmufuG,foGm;awmhonf? onf? tD,ifonf qlemrDyHkjyifrsm; (Stories of Sunami)
wGif&Hzef&Hcg ajrivsifESifhwqufwnf; ay:vm wwfI wem
aeAlum0g (Nebukawa) ¶GmYivsifv_yfcsdefonf &Dv#if rdkifaygif; 650 txdyif t[kefjyif; xef wwfaom
&ufowWywf tqHk;&uftm;wGif tyef;ajzxGuf=uonfh t yifv,f'Dvd_if;}uD;rsm; ta=umif;udk owd&rd onfESifh twd
vkyform;rsm;udk wifaqmifvmaom &xm;0ifvmcsdefjzpf 'kuQa&muf=uawmhrnfhta&;udk ajr‡mfawG;um ausmcsrf;
.? &xm;qdkuf&m blwm¶Hkuav;rSm yifv,fatmf. t vm.?
xufay 150jrifhaom awmifcg;yef;udk ckwfxGifvsuf t
onf;,m;bG,f&m wnfaqmufxm;aom taqmufttHk xdk aemuf a&xkwefw dkif ;o¿mef}uD; wck onf
uav;jzpf.? ivsifonf blwm¶Hkuav;txuf&dS awmifcg; vsifjrefpGm urf;ajcodk@ csOf;uyfvmonfudk tD,iftHh=ow
yef;udk òzcsojzifh wefcsdefaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm av;vHaom ajr }uD; jrif&onf? tD,ifonf qifajcav#m urf;ajcxdyfodk@t
om;ausmufcJESifh opfyifrsm;onf em;yif;apavmufonfh a&muf pajy;awmhonf? xdkaemufurf;xdyftxuf&dSawmif
wcJeuf jrnf[nf;oH}uD;ESifhwuG òyusvm=uonf? &xm; apmif;ay:odk@ a&mufatmifajy;onf? c&D;oGm;vrf;r}uD;wck
blwm¶HkESifh ,if;wdk@txJ&dSor#vlrsm;rSm yifv,fwGif;odk@ udk jzwftajy;wGif vrf;ay:Y um;wpif;&yfaeonfudkawG@
w&dSefxdk;usqif; epfjrKyfoGm;=uavawmhonf? onf? ta=umif;wckcka=umifh &yfaejcif; jzpfayvdrfhrnf?
39
tD,ifonf ajy;&if; v$m;&if; um;armif;ol tm;vnf; ajy; rsm; òyusoHrSm rdk;+cdrf;oHwr#jzpfonf?
&ef a0S@,rf;jyonf? ivsifv_yfcsdefwGif yifv,fqdyfurf;}uD;. vd_if;um
tD,ifonf urf;ajca&pyfrS ay 50 jrifhonfh ae&m wefwdkiftwGif;Y oabFmtpif; twefrsm;rsm;ausmufcsae
odk@a&mufatmifwufajy;onf? ,if;aemuf aemufjyefvSnfh =uonf? ,if;oabFmrsm;teuf “zDavmhwufwD;” (Philoc
=unfhonf? yifv,f'Dvd_if;onf urf;ajcodk@ a&mufvmav tetes) trnf&dSaom oabFm ay:&dS c&D;onfrsm;onf ivsif
+yD? vl.t&yfoHk;jyefxufjrifhaom 'Donf vd_if;td}uD;tae ab;'kuQudk jrifuGif;us,ftjzpf jrifawG@cJh=u&.? ,if;c&D;
jzifh vd_if;acgif;jzLjcif; r&dSyJ urf;ajcudk ¶dkufcwfonf? ,if;'D onf r sm;teuf wOD ; u “ud k A D c a&mf e D u ,f ” (Kobe
vd_if;}uD;onf qifajcav#m urf;ajcbufodk@ vdSrfhwufvmI Chronicle) owif;pmwGi f ol.udk,fawG@udk atmufygt
tD,ifjzwfausmfcJhaomum;udk vdSrfh,loGm;onf? umrmul wdkif;wifjycJhonf?
&mòr@. tedrfhydkif;vrf;rsm;wGifrl a&onftdrfacgifr#avmuf
jrifhvsuf tdrf=um;rsm;wav#muf t&dSefjyif;pGmpD;aeonf? oabFm. ukef;ywfrsm;onf a=umufrufbG,f&m
tdrfeH&Hrsm;ESifh tdrfrsm;tvHk;vdkufyif a&pD;jzifharsmygvsuf&dS qwfqwfcgvsuf&dSonf? oabFm{&myif uJGrnfvm;[k pdk;
onf? 'Da&twufwGif tdrfwGif;rS rxGufomaom vlESpf&m &drfae&onf? Tjzpf&yfrSm ivsifab;usa&mufaom tcg
rSm a&epfaoqHk;=uonf? rsKd;Y tE W&m,ftuif;qHk;ae&m[k ,lq&aom a&jyifay:&dS
wef 14˜1000tcsdefpD;onfh yifv,ful;oabFm}uD;ay:Y ñuH
tjcm;a'orsm;wGif ydk}uD;aom 'Dvd_if;rsm;yifxºu awG@&aom jzpf&yfjzpfonf?
cJhonf? twmrD (Atami) Y 36 ayjrifhaom 'Dvd_if;}uD;onf
vl 160udkaoapcJh.? tDwdk (Ito) Y wef 100 tav;csdef&dS Todk@ ivsifwm&SnfqJGv_yf+yD; wrdepf=umonfht
aom ig;zrf;oabFmrsm;rSm ukef;ay:odk@urf;ajcrS ESpfzmvHkt cg ukef;ay:rS t0ga&mif rD;cdk;vHk;wufvmonf? ,if;rD;cdk;vHk;
xd a&mufvm=uonf? yifv ,furf;¶dk; txufatmuf onf }uD;onfxuf}uD;vmonf? ta&mifvnf; &ifhonf
tdrfajc 300 cef@onfvnf; 'Dvd_if;jyeftqkwfwGif yifv,f xuf &ifhvmI t&dSeft[kefjyif;pGm ajrmufzufodk@ a¶G@&Sm;
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a=umufcref;vdvd jzpfay:usef&pfonf? odk@aomf tcsKd@a'o xkx,f }uD;rm;vSonfh TòyuJGysufpD;r_ aemuf
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rsm;udk trSefyif u,fwifcJhonf? ivsifvnf;rjyif;xefvS? jywfaeay+yD? rD;owfpufrsm;vnf; òyusaomrD;owfpuf¶Hk
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a=umufrufzG,f&m tjzpfqdk;rsm;ESifh rjzpfawmif;rjzpf&m ñuH vdk uf wnf x m;onfj zpf &m/ awmif pl ;pl; rS avopfa v
óuufcJh=u&jyefavonf? aumif;uvnf; twm;tqD;r&dS wdkufcwfvsuf rD;awmuf
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txd rD;rpJay? "gwfqDwdkifuD av;ig;ajcmufq,f aygufuJG
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ysufpD;+yD; puUef@ydkif;twGif; *syef.t"du yifv,fqdyfurf;òr@ ,if;"gwfqDrsm;onf rD;pJGavmifI ,dkudk[m;rm;òr@}uD;udk i&J
}uD;jzpfI vlOD;a& oef;0uf&dSaom ,dkudk[m;rm;odk@ ivsif jynf toGifaqmifapavawmhonf?
a&mufvmonf? wrk[kwfcsif;yif wòr@vHk; csKH;csKH;usoGm;
avawmhonf? taqmufttHk}uD;rSefor# vJusòyusonf? rD;awmufrD;v#Hrsm;onf òr@}uD;. pD;yGm;a&;tydkif;
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40
uGufonf “Avyfukef;” (The Bluff) [k ac:wGifI tar&d csDcsufpwm-prpf ygvmonf? qyfjym&nf awmfawmfrsm;
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&yfuGufjzpfonf? TEdkifiHjcm;om;tpkrSm txdem.? tar
&duefvlrsKd; 40 tygt0if vl 250 ao.? wOD;rSm tar&d ivsifv_yf&mwGif raousefolrsm;onf enf;oHk;
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ay:rS t0wfudk rD;rpJGonfhtqHk;Y olwdk@teD;&dS yef;jcHtwGif; zsm;tem;wGif usa&mufaeolrsm;rSm wjznf;jznf; usyfwif
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a[h” [laom rpPudGKufyg. atmfajymoHESifhtwl "rRoDcsif; ae+yD; udk,fudk¶HG@jzifhrHxm;olrsm;om toufraousef=u
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41
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42
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43
u|eaf wmftoHay;I [pfvu dk f jzpfaeawmh.? yg;pyf t jzJ o m;jzif h aemuf r S u yf
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E_wcf eG ;f qufonf? “bmrSrjzpfygbl;Asm cifAsm;acG; usKyfvm =ujyefyvm;”
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*srf ;bHk onf tvGe fo abm wJrSyJ” vdk@xdrdwmeJ@ &efaxmifaewmyg”
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odk@aomf u|efawmfhrSm wd&p>mefqdkv#if [kwv f m;” csmcsmvkyf+y;D awmh”
rnfr#yif cspfp&maumif;aom owW “at;av ,m;wmud k ; As/ u0duawmfonf cyfaqmifh
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*sr;f bHuk 0rf;omtm;& w&_H@&H@_ vyk v f suf u0duawmfonf u|efawmfh onf ? u0d o nf pD ; u&uf w pf v d y f
ajcaxmuferf;aeonfudkyif ,m;usd tm; rsuaf pmif;cJvku d f+y;D æ udkrD;nSd&if; w[J[Jjzifhæ
usdjzpfvmum a,mufvsuf uefvdkuf “bma,mif & rS m vJ om; “cif A sm;wd k @ ES p f a ,muf
rdonf? orD;csif; rpmrem” uawmh A sm awG @ if & if apmif a e=u
“*def” “td;k [kd; [d;k trav; &yfbwf wmyJ”[k rSwcf sufcsonf?
&,faemufuae vdkufygawmh/ om;orD; “'DrSmu0duawmf/ b,fhES,f
rar#mfvifhbJ ESmEkudk tif;p csif; rpmemwwf&atmif usKyfuom; {nfhonfvmwm pmtkyf}uD; zwfae&
uwfr do Gm ;aoma=umifh *srf; bH kv dr fh orD;awG arG;xm;vdu k wf m wpfavS}u;D qdk wmvJAs/ &dik ;f vScsnv f m;/ pum;av; bm
oGm;um atmfaeawmh.? wmvnf; cifAsm;odom;yJ jzpfaevdkuf av;ajymygO;D ?”
“[Jh orD; æ orD; *srf;bHk bm wm/ cifAsm;wdk@acG;rSyJ vl@xuf oJae “[kwfom;yJuGm/ rif;uvJ”
jzpfwmvJ” ao;w,f” u0du u|efawmfb h ufrS a&S@ae
u0duawmfonf tdycf ef;wGi;f rS “oJ & wmaygh & Si f / *srf ; bHk u vduk fonf?
tl,m;zm;,m;ajy;xGuv f monf? *srf; awmfwdk@vdk[mawGxuf q,fqvdrRm “tHr,f 'D{nfhonfrsm; ta&;
bHkESihf {nfhcef;wGif &yfaeaom u|ef ao;w,f” pdkufv@dk / 'DrmS pmzwfaewm t&omysuf
awmfhudk wpfvSnfhpD=unhfae+yD;rS ajy; “[kwfayrSmayghAsm/ usKyfxuf oGm;r,f”
aumufvu kd .
f ? u|eaf wmfu twef=um vdrfrmw,fqdk u0dxufawmh tjywf “a=omf 'gxuf rESif;pdef”
idik af e+y;D rS ukvm;xkid t f vGwf wpfvk;H wGif towfayg”h “trav;Asæ”
0ifvku d fonf? “awmfyg olrsm;,mufsm;rsm;/ u0duawmfu rESif;pdef trnf
“orD; [Jh *srf;bHk bmjzpf oGm; 'DrmS pmzwfaewm Zdru f ykd sufomG ;wmyJ” ac:vdkuf&m u|efawmfhrSm vef@zsyfoGm;
ovJ[if” u0duawmf onf *srf;bHku dk rdonf?
u0duawmf onf *srf;bHku dk csvsuf tdrfcef;wGif;jyef0if&ef ajcvSrf “&Sif ærr”
ayG@csyD wG foyf&if; wzGzGar;aeaomfvnf; ;jyifvudk fonf?
*srf;bHkrSm ol@udk rsufvHk;uv,f u “u0dwpfa,mufaum” “*srf ; bH k u d k xrif ; au|;
v,fjzifh =unfh&HkrSvGJvsuf bmr#jyef “&S d o m;yJ / td y f , may:rS m +y;D yvm;”
rajymwwf aoma=umif h lo lw dk @ESp fO D; pmzwfaew,f” “rau|;&ao;bl;&Sih”f
ajymqd k aeyH k r S m quf o G , fa &;wyf r S “[kwf&J@vm;Asm/ cifAsm;wdk@ “au|;vdkufawmhav/ *srf;bHk
}ud K ;rJ h a =u;eef ; puf t ysuf } uD ; jzif h uav;&l;yHkeJ@awmh tdAk mwdkifrsm; qif;ae qm&S m a&maygh / =uuf o m;ud k t&d k ;
wpmpmac:oHr sKd ;yrm “[Jv dk [Jv dk =uovm; [J [J” xG i f + yD ; ol @ yef u ef j ym;eJ @ xnf h a u|;
py,fudkawmufwJh ac:aew,f/ toH “t,kww f rm}uD;” vdkufaemf? tESprf sm;rsm;eJ@ xrif;udke,f
b,favmuf=um;ovJ/ =um; &ift u0duawmfonf tdrfcef;wGif; ay;/ tonf;eJ@ tjrpfvnf; wpfpHkvHk;
a=umif;jyef/ 'gyJ/ [Jvdk oifhtoH igr 0ifoGm;vsuf pmtkyfwpftyk fudk udik u f m au|;vdkuf/ u0dzdk@awmhajcaxmuf&dk;eJ@
=um;bl;/ ightoHig=um;w,f” [lIom jyef x G u f v monf ? u0d o nf v nf ; awmifyH&k;d csex f m;[kwv f m;”
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u|efawmf u0drsufESmudk vSrf; “a,mf cufyg+yD/ tJ'Dtysufr “ac: ac: cif A sm;acG ; ud k /
=unfhvdkuf&m u0drSmnaepmtwGuf awGaum tcspfqdkwm r&Sd&awmhbl; awmf=um usKyfu ,m;wwfygbdoeJ@
ajcaxmuf & dk ; ESi f h awmif y H& d k ;ud k uf & vm;As/ tcspfqdkwm vlwpfrsKd;wpfpm;/ uefrdvrd Ofh ;D r,f”
awmhrnfuk d awG;vsuf oGm;a&wjrm;jrm; wpfw ef ;wpf pm;wnf twGu f rS wf yH k “b,fvdkac:vdk@ &vdrfhrSmvJ/
usawmhrnft h oGif aygufaeonf? wifxm;wmrS r[kwfwOJh pPm/ vlwef;pm; &S i f z ,f a y;vd k u f y gvm;? 'D b uf u
“aeprf;ygOD;Asm/ acG;yJ t&kd; trsK;d rsKd;/ touft&G,f trsKd;rsKd;&Sdovdk ukvm;xdkifajymif;xdkif”
udkuf& awmfa&maygh/ olwdk@vnf; t&kd; tcspfq dkw mvnf ; trsKd; rsKd ;&S dw myJ? “AsKd@-bmjyKvdk@”
ydk}udKufygw,f? b,fhES,f a,mufsm;udk vlawGu tcspf0wˆKqdk&if tEkynm&Sif “tJ'g olxdkifaeus ukvm;
t&dk;udkufcdkif;+yD; acG;udk tonf;tjrpf a,mufsm;av; vl&nfoef@wpfO;D eJ@ aum xkid f”
au|;&w,fvk@d / usKyftrd fu rde;f rrsm;om vdyfausmif;olav; cspf=uwmrS tcspf “awmuf acG;yJAsm/ acG;uwuf
'Dvv kd ky&f if v,fv,f0,f0,f em;&if;t vd@k xifae=uovm; rodbl;” rSmjzpfjzpf/ awmf&mwpfae&m&m 0yfae&
usif;cHxo d mG ;r,f” “&Sifh0wˆKu qlZD0rf;udk cdk;cs awmf a&maygh? vlxd ki fw Jh {nf hc ef ;u
“&Sifhtdrfu rdef;rom &Sifusif; xm;wmyJ” ukvm;xdik frSmyJ ol@twGuf owfrw S af y;
vdk@&r,f/ olrsm;a,mufsm; vmajrSmuf “'guawmh rqef; ygbl; Asm/ xm;&w,f&Sdao;? 'ga=umifh xifom;/
ay;raeygeJ@” ckacwfrmS pma&;q&mawG taemufEikd if H ,m;ygw,f/ bmaumifawGrsm; udkufyg
“rajrS mufy gbl; Asm/ cif Asm; 0wˆKeJ@ &kyf&SifawG tenf;eJ@trsm; ckd; vd r f h v d k @ / jcif atmuf a rh a ewmacG ;
a,mufsm;wd@k udkpk;d }u;D wd@k / [kb
d uftrd u f csae=uwmyJ? ta&;}uD;wmu cdk;cswJh oef;awGaerSmyJæ xGD”
Rr Sifp mav;apmarmifwdk @qd kwm rdef ;r ae&mrSm oyf&yfz@dk eJ@ ol[mudk udk,[ fh m u|eaf wmfu rausreyfajym&if;
a=umufwahJ e&mrSm tu,f'rD csed af e=u vkyf&ifvnf; tqifajyajyeJ@ ,kwWd&Sdzdk@ rsufE Sm csif; qd ki f ukv m;xk d if tvGw f
wJhvlawGyJ? ajrSmufay;vnf; arm&HkyJ vdkwmyJ? a[mifaumifu qlZD0rf;vdk wpfc kqD od k@ ajymif;xdk ifv dk uf& onf?
&SdrSmaygh? 'gxuf bmpmvkyfvJ cifAsm; Armjynfu *s,feD0SmawGudk u|efawmf *srf;bHkonf vGwfoGm;aom ol@ukvm;
zwfaewm” vkud jf yay;yghr,f” xdkifay:odk@ ckefwufvdkuf+yD; xrif;vHk;
“atmifvif;a&;wJh t&dkif;p u0duawmfonf bmr#rajym pD[ef rSed ;f aeawmh.?
y,f zwfaewm” awmhbJ zwfvufp pmtkyfudk qufzwf “tr,f usKyaf cG;u awmfx h uf
u0duawmfu olzwfaeaom aeonf ? ol @ armifa wmf q&mu0f u oef @ &S i f ; ao;w,f ? ae@wd k i f ; a&csKd ; /
pmtkyfudk ajrSmufjyonf? u|efawmfhbufvn S vfh su-f aygi'f gxnfah y;xm;wm/ acG;oef;rajymeJ@
“usKyfa&;wJhp mtkyf ‘*s,feD “a[h v l tcspf 0 wˆ K a&;&if bmoef;rSr&Sdb;l ”
0Smwd@k TurBm’ aumzwf+yD;+yv D m;” [dk[mrsKd; rsm;rsm;a&;prf;yg? usKyfawmh u0duawmfu a'gESifhjyef ajym
pma&;q&mwdk@ 0oDtwdkif; udk,fhpmtkyf cifvif;&J@ qHaygZmwfvrf;wdk@/ emrnf onf ? wpf z wf r suf E S m qd k i f uk v m;
udak r;rdonf? rygwhJ pma&;q&ma&;wJh 'g0wfarmifped f xkid o f @kd ajymif;xdik v f u
dk cf grS wpfpw kH pf&mudk
“zwf + yD ; +yD / aumif ; vnf ; 0wˆKrsKd;awG odyfoabmuswmyJ/ [J [J u|efawmfawG@jrifvdkuf&m tawmfyif
raumif;bl;” [J” tHhtm;oifhoGm;rdonf? xrif;vHk;pDI
“a,mf bmjyKvd@k ” “awmfprf;yg u0d&,f/ tzrf;cH ESyfa eaom *srf; bHk. txuf aemuf
“aumif ; rS raumif ; bJ e J @ &vdk@ zdwfpmrSm;aeygO;D r,f” bufe&H HwiG f 12vufryH}k u;D cs@J um xnf0g
bmawGrSef;vnf; rodbl;/ Zmwfvkduf xdkpOf *srf;bHkonf t0tjyJ aom awmif}uD;jzifh rSef awmifoGi f;
rif;orD;uvnf; tysurf awG” pm;aomuf+yD;cJh[efjzifh t+rD; uav; vsufcsdwfxm;aom "mwfyHk}uD;wpfckyif
“cifAsm;yJ yifv,fpGef@ pm;cef; wv_y fv_ yf ,rf ;um u|ef awmfh tajc jzpf.? "mwfyHk&SifrSm r,fbGJ@&,l+yD;p pif
awGcsnfh ra&;yge@J tcspf0wˆKrsm; a&;prf; a&S@a&mufvmjyefonf? jrifhay:wGif 0ifhºum;pGm &dkufxm;aom
ygOD;qdk” “[Jh *srf;bHk 'DvmcJh” r,f b G J @ yd k i f & S i f wpf O D ; . 0if h º um;[ef
“tcspf 0 wˆ K a&;zd k @ ajymwm/ u0duawmfu vSrf;ac: aomf tjynfhjzifh em;&GufESpfzufudk tpGrf;udk
tysuaf wG/ Edik u f vyfr,fawG ta=umif; vnf; *srf;bHkonf u|efawmfhay:om axmifxm;vsuf &du k x f m;aom *srf;bHk?
a&;zd@k ajymwmrS r[kwfbJ” wuf&ef }udK;pm;ae[ef&o Sd nf? “[m 'D"mwfyHk b,fwkef;u
45
&du
k xf m;wmwH;k ” “a=omf a[mf *srf ;bH k aer aq;ayghAs/ cifAsm;jyefoGm;+yD; *srf;bHkudk
u|efawmfu tvef@w =um; aumif;wmrsm;rsm; xef;vsuaf u|;vdkuf tdrx f uJ v$wfxw k v f u
kd f 24em&DtwGi;f
ar;rdonf? u0duawmfu rsm;pGm*k%f +yD;a&maygh? acG;aeraumif;wmrsm;Asm a&m*g ,lypfovdk t&Si;f aysmufap&r,f/
,laom rsufESmjzifh "mwfyku H =dk unfh+y;D rS- xef;vsuf[m taumif;qH;k aq;yJ” raysmuf&if aiGjyeftrf;r,f uJ}udKuf
“[dkwavmuyJ "mwfyHk&dkuf “&Sifomaeraumif;&if xef;vsufeJ@csif; yvm;”
wJhq&mb[efac:+yD; yHk}uD;csJ@xm;wm? usKd aomuf? usKyf acG;awmh tuf pfyD u0duawmfonf rsufarSmif
'gayrJh q&mb[efawmfvdk@r[kwyf gbl;/ pDatu q&m0efeJ@wdkifyif+yD; aq;xdk; =uKwv f suf twef=umpOf;pm;ae+yD;rS-
*srf;bHkudku aewwfwm/ odyfrsufESm wefx;dk &r,f” “tdk rjzpfb;l rjzpfb;l ” [k cg;cg;
ay;aumif;wmyJ” olonf ajymajymqdkqdk um; oD;oD; jiif;qefawmhonf?
“at;at; cifAsm;wdk@acG;yJ cif ay:od k @ wuf x d k i f o nf ? od k @ aomf “bmjzpfv@dk vJ”
Asm;wdk@ csD;rGrf;ae=u/ udkif; jyefawmhr,f? ol@'&dkifbmrSm olqif;aps;0,faecdkuf “bmjzpf&rSmvJ/ 0if;xJuacG;awGvnf;
'Du u0dcsrsmvnf; ajcaxmuf&dk;eJ@ vrf;ab;wGif uGrf;,m}udwf 0,faeqJ &Sifod om;yJ? ayguf v$wfyJpm;csnfhyJ?
awmifyH&dk; 0g;csifvS&Sma&mhr,f- oGm; jzpfjcif;a=umifh awmfawmfESifh um;r trsKd;aumif;wm wpfaumifrS r&SdbJ/
r,fAsKd@” xGufEdkifao;/ u|efawmfu pum;ajym *sr;f bHkuav;eJ@awmh rjzpfEkid b f ;l ”
“ºu ºu” aeqJ *srf;bHkaeraumif;ESifh ywfoufI “a,mf cufygbd”
wpfpw Hk pfcu
k dk awG;rdonf? u|efawmfrh mS *srf;bHkudpP ajym&
∙ ∙ ∙ “aeygOD; *srf;bHku b,f vdkjzpf onfudkyif ol@orD;t&if;acgufacguf
wmvJ” aumvdyfausmif;oluav;ESifh tn=w
olwdk@ vifr,m;udk E_wfquf olu nd;_ i,fpmG jzifhæ wpfa,muf ay;pm;&ef awmif;yefem;
um jyefvm+yD;aemuf &uftwef=um “b,fvjkd zpfovJawmh rodb;l / azmuf&awmhonfyh rm jzpfaeawmhonf?
olw@kd trd of @dk ra&mufjzpfcahJ y?wpfae@wiG f nvnf; aumif;aumif;rtdyb f l;/ wpfn “uJ 'gjzifh 'Dvdkvkyf/ cifAsm;
vrf;Y u0duawmfEiS fh qHrk d onf? u0du vH k; tlc snf aew,f? tawmf awmif acG;udk 0if;xJawmhv$wfray;vdkufeJ@/
awmfrSm rsufESmnSKd;aevsuf a&;}uD; ydefoGm;+yD” 'Djyift&m&SdawGtrd frSm acG;oef@oef@rsKd;
okwyf sm jzpfaeonf? “tJ'Dawmh cifAsm;wdk@u bmvkyfxm; aumif; aqGa umif ;av;awG& Sd om;yJ?
“AsKd@ ta': }u;D b,fomG ;rvd@k vJ” ovJ” tn=wacG;eJ@ oabmrwl&if t&m&Sad cG;
u0duawmfonf u|efawmh “bmvky&f rvJ/ olaeraumif;wm tjyif avmufawmh oabmwlz@kd aumif;ygw,f/
toH=um;rS pdwful;vGefaejcif;rS jyef xGufupm;&if 'DhjyifacG;awG udkufvdk@ r[kwb f ;l vm;/ [kdbuft&m&St d rd fu ‘&dk
vnf o wd & vm[ef r sKd ; jzif h =unf h ydkqdk;aerSmaygh? tJ'Dawmh tdrfxJrSmyJ bm’qd kw Jh acG ;qdk & if a'guf aumif; /
vduk +f yD;æ csnfxm;&w,f” taoG; ta&mifaumif;/ cef@acsm}u;D yJ”
“&efukefudk”[k azsmhawmhpmG “[m; [m; [m; [m;” u0duawmfonf orD;aemif
ajymvku d f.? u|efawmfhrSm us,favmifpGm a&;udk twef=um pOf;pm;+y;D rSæ
“bmoGm;vkyfrvd@k vJ” &,farmrdonf? “[kwf awmh [kw fygw,f ? 'gayr,fh
“uefa wmf} uD ; ywfu vd ef ; “'DrSm cifAsm; tufpfyDatoGm;zdk@ rvd &dkbmu trsK;d raumif;bl;”
vrf;u tufpfyDpDatudk oGm;rvd@k ” ak wmhb;l / u|efawmfeJ@awG@wm *sr;f bHka&m “[m }u}H u;D pnf&m t&m&St d rd u
f acG;yJ”
“b,foal eraumif;vd@k vJ/ u0dvm;” *g aysmufcsifvdk@yJrSwf/ u|efawmfvnf; “&Sifu &dkbm aemufa=umif;
u|efawmfh0oDt& olrsm;pdwf *sme,fausmfrrav;vdk 0rf;Ekwf aq; &mZ0ifrS rodbu J ;dk / t&m&St d rd f ra&muf
rcsrf ; romjzpf a ecsd e f w G i f y if v #if razmfwwfao;ayr,fh obm0"rRaq; cifwkef;u AdkvfOD;aESmuftdrfrSm aevm
rdku fuef;aomyg;pyfu v$wfceJ xGuf usr;f udak wmh Edik yf gao;w,f? cifAsm;wd@k u wm/ AdkvfOD;aESmuf&J@acG;/ ol@q&mt&if;
oGm ;onf ? u0du awmfu e*g;rsuf obm0}uD ; ud k azmuf j yef c sif w m u t&uform;qdkawmh”
apmif;cJvku d f+y;D æ =uwmudk;/ 'DrmS Armvdk 'Dv bmvvJ” “bmvJacG;u t&uform;
“*srf;bHk *srf;bHk aeraumif; “awmfovif;v” jzpfa&mvm;”
vd@k ” “tJ tJ' gtajz/ tajz[m
46
u|efawmfua'gyGyEG Sifhatmfajymvdu k f rdonf? u|efawmf wpfacgufa&mufao;onf?
rdonf? ∙ ∙ ∙ odk@aom tusifhqdk;aom u|efawmfhyg;
u0duawmfu u|efawmfa'gyG pyfrSm ae&mra&G; aemufwwfonf
onfukd rr_aomrsuEf Smjzifh “acG;t&uf aemufwpfvausmfrS =umjrifh a=umif h vl r rmar;onf E S i f h rwl b J
orm;awmh r[kwb f ;l ayg/h aemuf+y;D &db k m aom wpfae@wGif u0dESifh ql;avbk&m; vlrrmudk bkajymaeovdkjzpfjcif;a=umifh
u t&m&Sd acG ;rdk @ om a&$e m;awmif ; vrf;&Sd ppfbufjzef@csaD &;qdYk qHrk =d uonf? cyfokwfokwf jyefvmvJh&onf?
a&mifeJ@yg;ajyifaewm? ArmacG;}uD;yJ/ “a[hvl bmvm0,fwmvJ”
*srf;bHu k t*Fvdyf oabmFacG;yg” tdkAmwif; &rvm;vd@k vm0,f ∙ ∙ ∙
“uJ y g 'gavmuf & S d v S w m wm u 0drsufESmrSm EGrf;vsvs&SdvSonf?
cifAsm;*srf;bHkudk t*Fvdyfo abmF acG; tHr,f udk,f hq&mu tdkAm wm0eft& c&D;xGuf&jyefI
jzpfjzpf/ t*Fvyd o f abFmom;jzpfjzpf &Sm+yD; wif;awmifaomufae+yDvm; olwk@d vifr,m;ESifh rqHpk nf;jyefc?Jh oH;k v
ay;pm;” “r[kwfygblk; tdrfu trsKd; ausmfr# =umaomwpfae@wGif u0dwdk@
u|ef a wmf u um;wH c g;ud k orD ; zd k@ yg? aq;&H k w ufa e&w,f a v vifr,m;onf uav;aygaom aqGrsKd;
*sKd i f ; ceJ a qmif h y d w f v d k u f + yD ; aph p yf wpfywf&Sdyg+yD” om;csif;wpfOD;. orD;av;udk aq;&Hk
a=umif ; vrf ; jcif ; tqif r ajyonf h u|efawmfrmS aemufrdonfudk xufrSmyif ,lvsuft+yD;tydkif arG;pm;
om;&Sif. a'gyGjcif;jzifh ajcvSrf;usJusJ aemifw&I- vk d u f + yD [ k rd w f a qG w pf O D ; owif ;
vSr;f um vSnx fh u G fvmcJo h nf? “[if [m; [dk w avm u ajym=um;onf?
awmif *srf;bHk aeraumif;wkef;u u|ef od@k wdkiaf tmifvnf; olwdk@tdrf
∙ ∙ ∙ awmfeJ@ awG@rdao;w,f? taumif;}uD;yJ od@k u|efawmf ra&mufEkid fchaJ o;? u0dEiS hrf l
bmjzpfv@dk vJ” +rdK@wiG ;f Y r=umc% awG@ro d nf?
ESpfvausmf oHk;veD;ygcef@ u0d “[kww f ,f armif&ifeJ@awG@+y;D r=umcifyJ “a[h v l trsKd ; orD ; aum
wdk@ZeD;armifESHESifh u|efawmf rawG@cJhacs? AdkufxJu emw,femw,f jzpfaewmyJ? b,frmS wGJjzKwfxm;cJhovJ”
aemufqHk;awG@pOfu a'gyGyGESifh ajymcJh olAdkufemwmuawmh c%c%rdk@ udk,f cgwdkif; wwGJwGJ oGm;vmae
aomfvnf; wu,faoG;at;at;ESifh vnf; ody*f &krpdu k rf b
d ;l ? aemufq;kH q&m =uaom vifr,m;jzpfI ar;rdonf?
awG;=unfah omtcgYrl om;orD;r&So d nf 0efqD jy=unfhrS om;tdrfrSm =uLrmjzpf “[m rtm;bl;ud, k v
hf l tdrrf mS uav;u
a=umifah cG;rav;wpfaumifuk d orD;t&if; aewm od&w,f? tJ'gcGJxkwfrS jzpfr,f enf;enf;rS raebl;/ ckwavm tjyifudk
yrm w,kw,arG;&if; ESmrsm;onfrt S p qdvk @kd aq;&Hw k ufcJ&G wmyJ? atmfya&;&Si;f rxGuEf idk fygb;l ”
acG;rav;aemifa&;udk orD;t&if;tdrf uawmh qyfqufzl;vfygyJ? tm;enf;ae “Edk@ udk,fhvluaumb,fvJ
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47
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ygeJ @ aemf ? orD ; av;u od y f t av;ud k u d k u f w m wpf u d k , f v H k ; ud k
48

Aahara 123

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trSwfpOf-123 ar -2011

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