Lection 002

You might also like

Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 6

PXOWLPHGLDGD:HEGL]DLQLQDZLOL,$GREH3KRWRVKRS

5>7A,0-/20=,-60+>2.0

@>42>5>7A,012078,</@,

-/20=,-60+>2.0

NWPZEIJKIPQEUHYEFXWXYI

 YM\ELG\EF>WNFIRM@IOMF\HKE@M>E
 YMPYWOWEFXIHPYWIAJINEQKI+LVWRU\
 JINEQKI1DYLJDWRU
 DEXHKEFOIDWKGIXKIOEW\QEV
 >WNFIRMIWKMXKIDE
 FIUHVIKEDH\@EFLWPY\I

[GW\EYESI\EIOIGDWKMVYSI\I>IQEAKMYWNEZLWFKHNWHNEI3KRWRVKRSLE

 XIYME.I>WVUMYJIUQOEFUEOI\AI\E\QWK\WQEOI\XIOYMRWKENEAFIPITINOW3URMHFW
OI XI>FW\EVFIGIK@ELMDIENWE%R\OI %R\ YM\EQMKSWXIYM[\OWI
XIYM`I>WHNEDIENWE
 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI:LQGRZ?7LOH FHKIVWEXGWKOEXGWKOOINIXOWI

OIGDWKMVFHKIVE%R\EFWA KMXMKZ\I[GW\WEIFHKIVSW%R\ EYEFIVGEFAKMY


OIDWKGEFOKMFFITWIGEIKXIZOWFOIFIDWKDEXHKIFAFI]EKMIWFDEXHKIYME\EL\MF

@4C,3.C,-%>5-094'064-C/2,'4%,

 XIIIPQEHKWVDIENE%R\ VH EFIKIKEFIPQEHKE
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUFYM\ELG\EF>WNFIRMFJEPQMXKIYISW'064-C/2,
'4%, JIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNELWEZGNWI

'064-C/2,'4%,-FILHINWEVLWE/NWIYME\EL\MFXIYMFI>HNWEFDKIXYW\QWE
YWSMWNEJEPFWNWEFDWKWEFYFXIGFWEFFIDH/GWNSW WFXI\FIUHVKWEV
YM>WK>WHNEIKVHNEDMKYEFDKIXYW\QWEFYM\ELG\EFIFAKMYNEFLWYMGNWI
>WNFIRMVE50-4/\WNEI JIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNLE7ROHUDQFHJIKIYWQKEFY\ELG\WNMEF
YE>WOGEVLWEK[WGIYFXIGFEJEPFWNWE

 LWEQI\WV7ROHUDQFHJIKIYWQKEFY\ELG\WNMI
 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEIPNWYEFXIYMFI>HNWISW
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUF YME\EL\WIIPNWYEFLEOIIKW

OIIUGEKOEVXIYMFI>HNWIF IPNWYEFZINEHKEADW>EA[NEPWEADMQMIJIKIQEF
FIUEOWFLMKEFIKWOIUHOEFDH\@EYMH\EL\IGE
OIK[I YM\EL\HNIKWFOIGHYIQMVOI\IK[W\E
DEXHKWEJEPQMXKIYI I\ 6KLIWTENIUEF
FILHINWEV  

 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEIPNWYEFDW>VI\
 LWIK[EWVJEPQMXKIYI I\ OII]EKWVUNIGEIQHKISW6KLIWTENIUFOI
IK IHLGIVAUHKFMKEFXGWKOEVXI[\OWI# KIZEYIF\EL\IGFAKMY
YM\EL\HNIKWFOIWYIQWII>INEYM\ELG\I

DYWRUHELQLQRNDUEHOD6YLOLUXVXGDQHULV7DYLDOHTVDQGUHYHOLMDQD6YLOL 
PXOWLPHGLDGD:HEGL]DLQLQDZLOL,$GREH3KRWRVKRS
5>7A,0-/20=,-60+>2.0

 OII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFIPNWYEFDW>SWAHKSWA[NEPWSWAUHOEFDH\@SW
OI IPNWYEFQI\EF\IRENSWDMQMIJIKIQEFFIUEOWFLMKEF DEXHKIYVNEI\IO
YME\EL\WI
 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRM1,1>8,A KMYWNEZXIYMEW\WIDWKEFFE\@EFIFITWIO
 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKE%R\DIENEFIPNWYEFDEXHKEFYHPIGEFDWKVI\AOII]EKWV
VIXGEF YIKZ>W\ITENIUFOIIHLGEV E\FQKHYW\QWEFFGWQLE`EKEVIOEDWKE
LWEZGNWIJEJWQEVLWK[WHNEDWKEV
 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRM+/C',
 JIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEOI\LWIK[EWVKENEAFILHINMSMYEFDH\@E OIDWKWV
IPNWYEF DEXHKEF\IRENE DH\@EFJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFH@KILE2SDFLW\
XIHY]GEKGINMILWEQI\WVKEZ>GE OIDWKWVDEXHKEFF>GI\IRENE
 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRM1,1>8,A YEEGI\WVUHKFMKE%R\DIENEF
IPNWYEFDEXHKEFTEIIGEFDWKVI\AOII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\I
TENIUF OIIHLGEV E\FQKHYW\QWEFFGWQLE`EKEVIOEDWKE
LWEZGNWIJEJWQEVLWK[WHNEDWKEV
 OIDWKWVDEXHKEFOIK[W\ENE\IRENE

OIIUGEKOEVXIYMFI>HNWIFAVHIKYMXRM\VIPNWYEFOIDWKGI
LWFI/NWWNEIMNMYMPYWOWEFI\YMPYWOWIVIVI\IYEYOWGKMEF
XIHPYWI

@47@>6>,-?0/7@>0(105,820+LVWRU\

 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI(GLW?8QGRXIHPYWII\UNIGEIQHKISWWKVOKMHNIO
OII]EKWVTENIUWF&WUOOI = MNMYMPYWOWIXIHPYOWI
 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI:LQGRZ?6KRZ+LVWRU\ XIYM[\OWIJIKIYWQKWEF
JINEQKI +LVWRU\A KMYWNLEZYMZWYHNEIEYYMPYWOWIVIVI\IYEYOWGKMIAKMYWNEZ
LWFKHNOIIPQEHKDIENSW JIKIYWQKWEFJINEQKEFYIK@GW\IY>IKWFYMVIGFWHNEI
YMKW\INEAKMYNEFXIOIIOXENWEVLWFI`NWWNEIYMPYWOWIVIVI\IYEYOWGKMEF
OIVGINEWKWI
 XIOIIIOXENWVYMKW\INEAYEEGI\WVUHKFMKEFQKEPM\VI\RIKRWKEV0DJLF
:DQG@IOMF\HKE@M>E OII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFAFQKEPM\ELWEK[WGIA
PGWOIFQKEPM\WE[IPKWIA>MNMOIDWKGIXIHPYOWI
 YM\EL\WVFQKEPM\ERIKRWKEV%R\ GWNIYMPYWOWI
XIHPYOWI OIDWKWVIPNWYEVIGEOI\

VPGW\ LWXE=NEIVLWSTHOMVJINEQKILE+LVWRU\ITFIOXW\E
YMPYWOWWEFKIMOW\MI

 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\(GLW?3UHIHUHQFHV?*HQHUDO XIE>F\WI
OEINMXHKEDI\@IKI3UHIHUHQFHVJH\PQE+LVWRU\6WDWHV
XI\FISTGKIGFITFIOXW\EYMPYWOWWEFKIMOW\MIF
JINEQKILE LWEQI\WV
 JH\PQE 5HGR.H\XI\FISTGKIGFKMYWNEUNIGELWEFUMYE\IZEEVYM>OWIXIHPYWEF
ITOXW\I [IYM\IVGINEOI\5HGR.H\LWIK[EWVJH\PQE&WUO<A KIZLWWFIIYWI
:LQGRZVEFFQI\OIKQF

DYWRUHELQLQRNDUEHOD6YLOLUXVXGDQHULV7DYLDOHTVDQGUHYHOLMDQD6YLOL 
PXOWLPHGLDGD:HEGL]DLQLQDZLOL,$GREH3KRWRVKRS
5>7A,0-/20=,-60+>2.0

3KRWRVKRSLE DENQKWEFILHINWIFXGI/NWGFXIYMFI>HNWISWLWGPY\IVF>GIOIF>GI
WDWPQWE DENQKWFHDKMGKZNIOXIGWZ\MEVLWYOXMYNWPZEWLE I>NIUEIPNWYEF
WKVXGIKMGI\EOIDWKGEFIVGEFXIYMGEW\MVDENQKE%OXUXIH\OMG\WI

 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI)LOWHU?%OXU?*DXVVLDQ%OXU
XIE>F\WIOEINMXHKEDI\@IKI*DXVVLDQ%OXUYM\EL\WVH@KI
3UHYLHZOIVGINEWKWIAVHEFIKIKEFYM\EL\HNE DI\@IKILE
XIYM[\OWIFHKIVE
 LWIK[EWVFI]EKMYIFLQIE#JNHFI\#YE\HFTENIUWSW
OI]WKEV
 IIYM`KIGWVYZMZIGEAOIIUGEKOEVFHKIVFOILWIK[EWV
XIH\OMG\WEFFIFHKGWNEY\ELG\WNMI OII]EKWV2.
 OII]EKWVWKVOKMHNIOTENIUWF&WUOOI' YM\ELG\I
XIHPYWOWI

 105,8201DYLJDWRU

I>NI OIGDWKMVIPNWYEFVGINE @WKXIGIOEOMVXIYMFI>HNWEFEF\IRENEAKMYNEF


OIDWKGIXGE\OI IYEFIVGEFXIYMGEW\MVJINEQKI1DYLJDWRU EFXGE[GW\WFFHKIVEF
YE\EIQHKIFAFILHINWIFXGI/NWGFXIGIOEOMVI\LWGIYZEKMVXIYMFI>HNWEFWFIVHEF
DKIXYW\QEOIXIOIGIIOXENMVFHKIVEDI\@IKILE

 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI:LQGRZ?6KRZ1DYLJDWRU
JIKIYWQKWEFJINEQKILEXIOIIOXENWVYZMZIGEFIYUHV>WOE
YIK@G\EGXIYMFI>HNWIXIOEOOWI
 YMIVIGFWVUHKFMKEJINEQKEFREVWNE[IK[MFLEX\EVA
UHKFMKEYEETWF>WNEFDMKYIF OII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\I
TENIUFAIKIHLGIVAXIOIIOXENWV[IK[MOIYMIVIGFWVFHKIVEF
OIFIDWKDKIXYW\QSWFHKIVSWXIYM[\OWIXIOEOWHNEVGINE
 LWIK[EWVJIQIKISMYEFDH\@EAFIFHKGWNEDWKEOIOIDWKWVIPNWYEFVGINE VH
IK YMXRM\VLWOWXEAXIIHPYWVMNMYMPYWOWIAWKVOKMHNIOOII]EKWVTENIUWF
&WUOOI = OI >WNI>NIOIDWKWVVGINE
 YMIVIGFWV1DYLJDWRUJINEQKILEUHKFMKEREVWNE[IK[MFLEX\EVAOII]EKWV
VIXGEF YIKZ>W\ITENIUFAXIOIIIOXENWV[IK[MOIYMIVIGFWVE]EFDEXHKISW
 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRM'064-C/2,'4%,(YM\EL\WVE]EFDEXHKIAXIYMEW\WVDH\@EF
F>GIOIF>GISMYIOIOIDWKWVDEXHKI

DYWRUHELQLQRNDUEHOD6YLOLUXVXGDQHULV7DYLDOHTVDQGUHYHOLMDQD6YLOL 
PXOWLPHGLDGD:HEGL]DLQLQDZLOL,$GREH3KRWRVKRS
5>7A,0-/20=,-60+>2.0

+,?/2,-60+>2.0?206,>C8,=

 LWIK[EWVYM\ELG\EF>WNFIRM'064-C/2,'4%,OIYM\EL\WVZI
 LWIK[EWVOIDWKGEF>WNFIRM?206,>C8,OIIUGEKOEVJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNFAEXE
LWEZGINIOIYIFSWYMZWYHNEI?206,>C8,-JIKIYWQKWEOIOIYIQWEVE
>WNFIRMWE%0:4.0C,A 206,05/2,A <4C/-/2,A A,5,C62/5,OI@02=</=%0
?206,>C8,

>WNFIRM?206,>C8,XIYMEW\WIOIDWKGEFOKMFWKVEI\KIYOW\EYWDWKEF
WKVYI\WVLEYOMKWXIOIFGNEFIVGEF

 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI:LQGRZ?6KRZ&RORUV XIE>F\WI DWKWEFJINEQKIA


LWIK[EWVFIFHKGWNE`EKEVIOEOIYWMKIOEDWKWE
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUFJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFXKIOEW\QEF
JEPQMXKIYEFYIK@G\EGIKFWHNFIYUHV>WOSW XIELNWIXKIOEW\QEF
JINEQKI

 LWIK[EWVJINEQKEFJEKGWNEJH\PQE)RUHJURXQGWR%DFNJURXQG`EKEVIOEDWKEF
YWMKIODWKLEXIOIFGNI
 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEZEFSWOIUEOWFVI\A
OII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFAIKIHLGIV
OI XIOIIOXENWVVIXGEMKESM\QEF>ISIYOWOI
IHLGEVTENIUF ZIOIEDWKWI `EKEVIOEDWKE
YOMKWOXIOIOEFYWMKIODWKLE
 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\K/I\WI6HOHFW?'HVHOHFW
)RUHJURXQGWR%DFNJURXQG YM\ELG\IXIHPYOWI
 LWIK[EWVYM\ELG\EF>WNFIRM'064-C/2,
'4%,OI YM\EL\WVYERI
 LWIK[EWVOIDWKGEF>WNFIRM?206,>C8,
 LWIK[EWVDWKWEFJINEQKEOI\FIFHKGWNE`EKEVIOEOIYWMKIOEDWKWE
 EYEFIVGEFAKMYDWKVIXIOIFGNIEMFGWKQEUINHKEXIYMEW\WV6KLIWTENIUEA
OII]EKWVOIIKIHLGIV
 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEFHKIVEFPGWOIUEOWSWAOII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFAIK
IHLGIVOIXIOIIOXENWVVIXGEMKESM\QEF>ISIYOW IHLGEVTENIUWF YERI
OIEDWKWI `EKEVIOEDWKEYOMKWOXIOIOEFYWMKIODWKLE XIIHPYWVYM\ELG\I
 LWIK[EWVYM\ELG\EF>WNFIRM'064-C/2,'4%,OIYM\EL\WVYSW
 LWIK[EWVOIDWKGEF>WNFIRM?206,>C8,
 LWIK[EWVJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEOI\OIYIQWEVE>WNFIRM206,05/2,?206,>C8,
LWIK[EWVJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFXKIOEW\QWEFJINEQKEOI\DWKWEFXIOIFGNI
2UDQJH<HOORRZ2UDQJH
 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEYSEFZW\QKLEAOII]EKWV
VIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFAIKIHLGIVOI
XIOIIOXENWVVIXGEYSEFUM\QHKEFXIKWVA
IHLGEVTENIUF YSWOIEDWKWI FIYEDWKE
2UDQJH<HOORRZ2UDQJH YOMKWOXIOIOEFWKVYI\WVLE XIIHPYWV
YM\ELG\I VHIKYMXRM\VLWOWXEAXIIHPYWV
MNMYMPYWOWIAWKVOKMHNIOOII]EKWV
TENIUWF&WUOOI = OI>WNI>NIOIDWKWVYSW

DYWRUHELQLQRNDUEHOD6YLOLUXVXGDQHULV7DYLDOHTVDQGUHYHOLMDQD6YLOL 
PXOWLPHGLDGD:HEGL]DLQLQDZLOL,$GREH3KRWRVKRS
5>7A,0-/20=,-60+>2.0

3KRWRVKRSE FILHINWIFXGI/NWGFDWKVIXIOIFGNILELWGIK[EMVDWKWEF\WEFYEWKE
KIMOW\MI

 LWIK[EWVYM\ELG\EF>WNFIRM
'064-C/2,'4%,OI YM\EL\WVUIUQHFE
 LWIK[EWVOIDWKGEF>WNFIRM
?206,>C8,
 JIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNSWLWIK[EWV
%0:4.0C,?206,>C8,
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUF
JIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEF
XKIOEW\QEFH@KISW
XIE>F\WI OEINMXHKEDI\@IKI*UDGLHQW
(GLWRU
 XKIOEW\QLEDWKWEFOIYIVE
KIMOW\MEFOI\ELG\I>OWIMPNMYWEF
LWPY\EV YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEYIKZ>W\I
PGWOIMPNMYVI\OIOII]EKWVVIXGEF
TENIUF MPNMYEXIIPQEHKOWI
 IKFWHNEMPNMYEFDWKEF
LWFIZGNWNIOOII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUF
DWKWEFLWK[WGEFH@KISW&RORU
XIE>F\WIOEINMXHKEDI\@IKI&RORU3LFNHU
 LWIK[EWVTEIYRGI\WDWKE OII]EKWV2.YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEXKIOEW\QEF
FQKEPM\EFPGWOIY>IKWFAUHKFMKEYEETWF>WNEFDMKYIF OII]EKWVVIXGEF
TENIUF XI[\OWII>INEMPNMYE
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUFDWKWEFLWK[WGEFH@KISW&RORUXIE>F\WI OEINMXHKE
DI\@IKI&RORU3LFNHU LWIK[EWVIGEFDWKE OII]EKWV2.
 LWPYW\EV MPNMYWEFFIFHKGWNEKIMOW\MIOILWIK[EWVYIVEDWKE
 XIOIIIOXENWVMPNMYWFLMKEFIKFWHNEKMYWEOILWIK[EWVDWKVI
XIOIFGNEFFEYOMKW
 OEINMXHKEDI\@KEFFQKEPM\LE1DPH LWEQI\WV FI>WNEFXFWXV OII]EKWVTENIUF
1HZ
 YEEGI\WVUHKFMKEUIUQHFEF`EKVI\AOII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFAIK
IHLGIVAXIOIIOXENWVVIXGEUIUQHFEFRGWKMFUW\OIIHLGEVTENIUF UIUQHFE
OIEDWKWILWK[WHNEDWKWEFYOMKWXIOIFGNEV XIIHPYWVYM\ELG\I

[GW\FUMYJMSEZEIFOIGHYIQMVYSEFF>EGWE

 LWIK[EWVDWKWEFJINEQKEOI\&RORU`EKEVIOEDWKE
 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRMDH\@E
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFYIKZ>W\ITENIUFJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFXI\IJEKI
YIK@GW\IJEPQMXKIYISW XIE>F\WIOEINMXHKEDI\@IKI%UXVK'\QDPLFV
 H@KILE 2SDFLW\OI 6L]HLWIK[EWVJH\PQE)DGHXIOIFGNI
 H@KILE VWHSVLWEQI\WVFIFHKGWNEJIKIYWQKE
 LWIK[EWVDH\@WEFJINEQKEOI\YZEKWSMYEFDH\@EOIYEI>IQWVYSWFF>EGWE
 VH IKYMXRM\VLWOWXEAXIIHPYWVOIDWKGI+LVWRU\JINEQKEFXIYMW\WEV F>EGWE
VIGEOI\ OI>IQWV

DYWRUHELQLQRNDUEHOD6YLOLUXVXGDQHULV7DYLDOHTVDQGUHYHOLMDQD6YLOL 
PXOWLPHGLDGD:HEGL]DLQLQDZLOL,$GREH3KRWRVKRS
5>7A,0-/20=,-60+>2.0

%>5-0940>24?20+,

 LWIK[EWVE\FQKHYW\QWEFFGWQEOI\>WNFIRM0>24?20+,A KMYWNEZDH\@EF
\IEKFI>WMIFRIKYMIOXW\F
 LWIK[EWVJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFDH\@WEFJINEQKEOI\IWKMXKIDEFFILHINMSMYI
 IWKMXKIDEFYM\IFYEFFEYUGWVKWOIYMUEOWHNEIJIKIYWQKSW3UHVVXUHFEYUGWVKWA
LWIK[EWVDH\@EFFILHINMSMYIAH@KILE3UHVVXUHLWEQI\WVY\ELG\WNMI
 LWIK[EWVDWKWEFJINEQKEOI\TEIIGEFDWKEOIOIDWKWVMKESM\QEF>ISE

-0</=02,+/C',-3>7@C0

UMYJMSEZEIFOIGHYIQMVIPNWYEF\IUGINWE IPNWYEF\IUGINWEFOIFI>IQIOLWGPY\IV
I>INEAIPNWYEF[NEPEFDMKYEFDH\@EOILWGZGINMVDH\@EFYM\IFYWFLMKEFYI\`ENE

 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRM'064-C/2,'4%,OIYM\EL\WVIPNWYEF[NEPE
 OII]EKWVWKVOKMHNIOUNIGEIQHKISW&WUOOI- TENIUWF
 LWIK[EWVYW\EHOI\(GLW?'HILQH%UXVKLWPYW\EDH\@E XIE>F\WIOEINMXHKDI\@IKI
%UXVK1DPH LWEQI\WVI>INEDH\@EFFI>WNEOIOII]EKWV2.
 LWIK[EWV>WNFIRM+/C', DH\@WEFJINEQKEOI\LWIK[EWVI>NIOLWPY\ENE
DH\@E
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUFJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFDH\@EFH@KISW XIE>F\WI
OEINMXHKDI\@IKI LWIK[EWV6SDFLQJE\QWKGINEDH\@EFYM\IFYWFLMKEF
 OII]EKWVVIXGEFTENIUEJIKIYWQKWEFJI\WNEFJEPQMXKIYISW XIE>F\WI
OEINMXHKEDI\@IKI%UXVK'\QDPLFV
 H@KILE6L]HOI &RORULWIK[EWVJH\PQE2IIXIYMKVHNE
 H@KILE2SDFLW\LWIK[EWVJH\PQE)DGHXIOIFGNI H@KILEVWHSVLWEQI\WV
 OI>IQWVIPNWYEF\IUGINWE UGINEVI\OIVI\MEVXIPKWI
 LWE\I>WVDIENEVPGW\FFIPITINOWLE

DYWRUHELQLQRNDUEHOD6YLOLUXVXGDQHULV7DYLDOHTVDQGUHYHOLMDQD6YLOL 

You might also like