Chapter 7. Applications Of Inte-Gration: V (x − x) dx x x π

SECTION 7.1 (PAGE 376) R. A.
ADAMS: CALCULUS
CHAPTER 7. APPLICATIONS OF INTE- 3. By slicing:

GRATION
1
V =π (x − x 4 ) d x
0
Section 7.1 Volumes of Solids of Revolution 1
(page 376) x2 x 5 3π
=π − = cu. units.
2 5 0 10
1. By slicing:
1
By shells:
π
V =π x4 dx = cu. units.
0 5 √ 1
V = 2π y( y − y 2 ) d y
By shells: 0
1
2y 5/2 y 4 3π
= 2π − = cu. units.
4 0
1 √
V = 2π y(1 −
y) d y 5 10
0 1
y2 2y 5/2 π y
= 2π − = 5 cu. units. √
2 5 0 y= x
y
(1,1) y=x 2
y=x 2 x x
x x
Fig. 7.1.3
4. Slicing:
Fig. 7.1.1
1
2. Slicing:
V =π (y − y 4 ) d y
1
0
1
V =π (1 − y) d y 1 2 1 5 3π
0 =π y − y = cu. units.
1 2 5 0 10
1 2 π
=π y− y = cu. units.
2 0 2 Shells:
Shells: 1
1 V = 2π x(x 1/2 − x 2 ) d x
V = 2π x3 dx 0
0 1
1 2 5/2 1 4 3π
x4 = π cu. units.
= 2π x − x = cu. units.
= 2π 5 4 0 10
4 0 2
y y
(1,1)
y=x 2 √
y= x y=x 2
1 x x
Fig. 7.1.2 Fig. 7.1.4
264
INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL SECTION 7.1 (PAGE 376)
y
5. a) About the x-axis:
(1,1)
2
V =π x 2 (2 − x)2 d x y=x
0
2 y=x 2
2 3 4
=π (4x − 4x + x ) d x
0 2 x
4x 3 4 x 5 16π
=π −x + = cu. units.
3 5 0 15 Fig. 7.1.6
b) About the y-axis:

2
V = 2π x 2 (2 − x) d y 3
0 V = 2π y(4y − y 2 − y) d y
2
2x 3 x 4 8π
0
3
= 2π − = cu. units. y 4
3 4 0 3 = 2π y3 − =
27π
cu. units.
4 0 2
y
(a) y=2x−x 2 b) About the y-axis:
3
V =π (4y − y 2 )2 − y 2 d y
0
2 3
x =π (15y 2 − 8y 3 + y 4 ) d y
0
3
3 4 y 5 108π
= π 5y − 2y + = cu. units.
5 0 5
y
y
(b) y=2x−x 2
(3,3)
x=y
2
x
x=4y−y 2
Fig. 7.1.5
x
6. Rotate about
a) the x-axis Fig. 7.1.7
1
V =π (x 2 − x 4 ) d x 8. Rotate about
0
1 a) the x-axis
1 3 1 5 2π
=π x − x = cu. units.
3 5 0 15 π
V =π [(1 + sin x)2 − 1] d x
b) the y-axis 0 π
=π (2 sin x + sin2 x) d x
1 0
π
V = 2π x(x − x 2 ) d x π π
0 = −2π cos x + x − sin 2x
1 2 4 0
1 3 1 4 π 1 2
= 2π x − x = cu. units. = 4π + π cu. units.
3 4 0 6 2
265
SECTION 7.1 (PAGE 376) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS
y
b) the y-axis (1/3,3)
π
V = 2π x sin x d x 3x+3y=10
0
U=x d V = sin x d x
dU = d x V = − cos x 1
y= x (3,1/3)
π π

= 2π −x cos x + cos x d x x
0 0
= 2π 2 cu. units. Fig. 7.1.10
1
11. V = 2 × 2π (2 − x)(1 − x) d x
1 1
0
V =π 4− dx Let x = tan θ 1
0 (1 + x 2 )2 = 4π (2 − 3x + x 2 ) d x
d x = sec2 θ dθ
π/4 0
sec2 θ 1
= 4π − π dθ 3x 2 x 3 10π
sec4 θ = 4π 2x − + = cu. units.
0
π/4 2 3 0 3
= 4π − π cos2 θ dθ y y
0
π/4
π
= 4π − (θ + sin θ cos θ ) x+y=1 x=2
2 0
π2 π 15π π2 x x
= 4π − − = − cu. units.
8 4 4 8
b) About the y-axis:
1
1
V = 2π x 2− dx
0 1 + x2 Fig. 7.1.11
1
1
= 2π x 2 − ln(1 + x 2 )
2 0
1
12. V =π [(1)2 − (x 2 )2 ] d x
1 −1
= 2π 1 − ln 2 = 2π − π ln 2 cu. units. 1
2 1 5
=π x− x
y 5 −1
8π
= cu. units.
y=2 5
y
1 y=1
y=
1+x 2 x2
y=1−x 2
x 1 x dx
x x
Fig. 7.1.9
10. By symmetry, rotation about the x-axis gives the same Fig. 7.1.12
volume as rotation about the y-axis, namely
3 13. The volume remaining is
10 1
V = 2π x −x − dx
1/3 3 x 2
3 V = 2 × 2π x 4 − x2 dx Let u = 4 − x 2
5 2 1 3
= 2π x − x − x 1
du = −2x d x
3 3 3
1/3 √
512π
3√ 4π 3/2
= cu. units. = 2π u du = u = 4π 3 cu. units.
81 0 3 0
266
4 3 32π 15. The volume remaining is

Since the volume of the ball is π2 = cu. units.,
3 3
32π √ b x
therefore the volume removed is − 4π 3 cu. units. V = 2π xh 1 − dx
3 a b
The percentage removed is 2 b
x x 3
= 2π h −
32π √ 2 3b a
− 4π 3 √
3 3 3 2 a3
32π
× 100 = 100 1 − ≈ 35. = π h(b2 − a 2 ) − π h b2 −
8 3 b
3 3
1 2a
= π h b2 − 3a 2 + cu. units.
3 b
About 35% of the volume is removed.
y y
√
y= 4−x 2
h
dx 2 x y
1 b + h =1
x x
x=a dx b
x x
Fig. 7.1.13 Fig. 7.1.15
16. Let a circular disk with radius a have centre at point

(a, 0). Then the disk is rotated about the y-axis which is
14. The radius of the hole is R2 − 1 2 one of its tangent lines. The volume is:
4L . Thus, by slicing,
the remaining volume is 2a
V = 2 × 2π x a 2 − (x − a)2 d x Let u = x − a
L/2
0
L2 a du = d x
V =π 2
R −x 2
− R − 2
dx
−L/2 4 = 4π (u + a) a 2 − u 2 du
L/2 −a a
L2 1 a
= 2π x − x 3 = 4π 2 2
u a − u du + 4π a a 2 − u 2 du
4 3 0 −a −a
π 3
= L cu. units (independent of R). 1
6 = 0 + 4π a π a 2 = 2π 2 a 3 cu. units.
2
y √ (Note that the first integral is zero because the integrand
y= R 2 −x 2 is odd and the interval is symmetric about zero; the sec-
ond integral is the area of a semicircle.)
y

R L2
R2 − 4 (x−a)2 +y 2 =a 2
L x
2 2a
a x
Fig. 7.1.14 Fig. 7.1.16
267
17. Volume of the smaller piece: 19. The volume of the ellipsoid is
a
V =π (a 2 − x 2 ) d x a x2
b V = 2π b2 1 − 2 d x
a 0 a
x 3 a
= π a2 x − x 3 4
3 b = 2π b2 x − 2 = π ab2 cu. units.
3a 0 3
2 a 3 − b3
= π a (a − b) −
3
y
π x2
= (a − b)[3a − (a + ab + b2 )]
2 2 y=b 1−
a2
3
π b
= (a − b)2 (2a + b) cu. units.
3
y
√ dx
y= a 2 −x 2 a
x x
dx
a
b x x
Fig. 7.1.19
20. The cross-section at height

y is an annulus (ring)
2 2
inner radius b − a − y and outer radius
having
Fig. 7.1.17 2 2
b + a − y . Thus the volume of the torus is
18. Let the centre of the bowl be at (0, 30). Then the vol-
a
ume of the water in the bowl is V =π (b + a 2 − y 2 )2 − (b − a 2 − y 2 )2 d y
20 −a

a
V =π 302 − (y − 30)2 d y = 2π 4b a 2 − y 2 d y
0
20 0
=π 60y − y 2 d y π a2
= 8π b = 2π 2 a 2 b cu. units..
0 4

20
2 1 3
= π 30y − y We used the area of a quarter-circle of radius a to evalu-
3 0
ate the last integral.
≈ 29322 cm3 .
y
21. a) Volume of revolution about the x-axis is
∞
30 V =π e−2x d x
0
R
e−2x π
20 = π lim = cu. units.
R→∞ −2 0 2
b) Volume of revolution about the y-axis is

x 2 +(y−30)2 =302
x ∞
V = 2π xe−x d x
0
R

= 2π lim (−xe −x
−e −x
) = 2π cu. units.
Fig. 7.1.18 R→∞ 0
268
y
25. Since all isosceles right-angled triangles having leg length
1 a cm are congruent, S does satisfy the condition for be-
ing a prism given in previous editions. It does not satisfy
y=e−x
the condition in this edition because one of the line seg-
ments joining vertices of the triangular cross-sections,
dx namely the x-axis, is not parallel to the line joining the
x x
vertices of the other end of the hypotenuses of the two
bases.
Fig. 7.1.21
The volume os S is still the constant cross-sectional
area a 2 /2 times the height b, that is, V = a2 b/2 cm3 .
22. The volume is
R
∞
−2k x 1−2k
V =π x d x = π lim
1 R→∞ 1 − 2k 1
1−2k
26. Using heights f (x) estimated from the given graph, we
R π obtain
= π lim + .
R→∞ 1 − 2k 2k − 1
9 2
In order for the solid to have finite volume we need V =π f (x) d x
1
1 π 2
1 − 2k < 0, that is, k> . ≈ 3 + 4(3.8)2 + 2(5)2 + 4(6.7)2 + 2(8)2
2 3
+ 4(8)2 + 2(7)2 + 4(5.2)2 + 32 ≈ 938 cu. units.
∞
1−k d x. This improper inte-
23. The volume is V = 2π 1 x
gral converges if 1 − k < −1, i.e., if k > 2. The solid has
finite volume only if k > 2.
y
27. Using heights f (x) estimated from the given graph, we
obtain
y=x −k 9
V = 2π x f (x) d x
1
2π
dx ≈ 1(3) + 4(2)(3.8) + 2(3)(5) + 4(4)(6.7) + 2(5)(8)
x
3
1 x
+ 4(6)(8) + 2(7)(7) + 4(8)(5.2) + 9(3) ≈ 1537 cu. units.
Fig. 7.1.23
24. A solid consisting of points on parallel line segments

between parallel planes will certainly have congruent
cross-sections in planes parallel to and lying between the 28. Using heights f (x) estimated from the given graph, we
two base planes, any solid satisfying the new definition obtain
will certainly satisfy the old one. But not vice versa;
congruent cross-sections does not imply a family of par- 9
allel line segments giving all the points in a solid. For V = 2π (x + 1) f (x) d x
1
a counterexample, see the next exercise. Thus the ear-
2π
lier, incorrect definition defines a larger class of solids ≈ 2(3) + 4(3)(3.8) + 2(4)(5) + 4(5)(6.7) + 2(6)(8)
than does the current definition. However, the formula 3
V = Ah for the volume of such a solid is still valid, as + 4(7)(8) + 2(8)(7) + 4(9)(5.2) + 10(3) ≈ 1832 cu. units.
all congruent cross-sections still have the same area, A,
as the base region.
269
29. The region is symmetric about x = y so has the same

volume of revolution about the two coordinate axes. The
volume of revolution about the y-axis is
8
V = 2π x(4 − x 2/3 )3/2 d x Let x = 8 sin3 u
0 x
d x = 24 sin2 u cos u du
π/2
= 3072π sin5 u cos4 u du R
0
π/2 h
= 3072π (1 − cos2 u)2 cos4 u sin u du Let v = cos u h sec α
0
dv = − sin u du
1 (h+x) cos α
= 3072π (1 − v 2 )2 v 4 dv α
0
1
= 3072π (v 4 − 2v 6 + v 8 ) dv
0
1 2 1 8192π Fig. 7.1.31
= 3072π − + = cu. units.
5 7 9 105 R
Note that = sin α, so R = (x + h) sin α.
x +h
Using the result of Exercise #17, the volume of wine
displaced by the ball is
4 π
30. The volume of the ball is π R 3 . Expressing this volume V = (R − x)2 (2R + x).
3 3
as the “sum” (i.e., integral) of volume elements that are
We would like to consider V as a function of x for
concentric spherical shells of radius r and thickness dr ,
−2R ≤ x ≤ R since V = 0 at each end of this in-
and therefore surface area kr 2 and volume kr 2 dr , we
terval, and V > 0 inside the interval. However, the
obtain
R actual interval of values of x for which the above for-
4 k
π R3 = kr 2 dr = R 3 . mulation makes physical sense is smaller: x must satisfy
3 0 3 −R ≤ x ≤ h tan2 α. (The left inequality signifies non-
Thus k = 4π . submersion of the ball; the right inequality signifies that
the ball is tangent to the glass somewhere below the rim.)
We look for a critical point of V , considered as a func-
tion of x. (As noted above, R is a function of x.) We
have

R dV π dR
0= = 2(R − x) − 1 (2R + x)
dx 3 dx

dr dR
r + (R − x)2 2 +1
dx
dR
(4R + 2x + 2R − 2x) = 4R + 2x − (R − x).
dx
Thus
R
6R sin α = 3(R + x) = 3 R + −h
sin α
Fig. 7.1.30 2R sin2 α = R sin α + R − h sin α
h sin α h sin α
R= 2
= .
1 − 2 sin α + sin α cos 2α + sin α
31. Let the ball have radius R, and suppose its centre is x This value of R yields a positive value of V , and corre-
units above the top of the conical glass, as shown in the sponds to x = R(2 sin α − 1). Since sin α ≥ sin2 α,
figure. (Clearly the ball which maximizes wine overflow
from the glass must be tangent to the cone along some h sin α(2 sin α − 1) h sin2 α
−R ≤ x = 2
≤ = h tan2 α.
circle below the top of the cone — larger balls will have 1 + sin α − 2 sin α cos2 α
reduced displacement within the cone. Also, the ball will Therefore it gives the maximum volume of wine dis-
not be completely submerged.) placed.
270
√
32. Let P be the point (t, 52 − t). The line through P perpen- 33 2π √
= − 5 2π sec v tan v+
dicular to AB has equation y = x + 52 − 2t, and meets the 4
curve x y = 1 at point Q with x-coordinate s equal to the tan−1 (3/4)
positive root of s 2 + ( 52 − 2t)s = 1. Thus, ln | sec v + tan v|
0

2
√ 33 15
1 5 5 = 2π −5 + ln 2 − 0 − ln 1
s= 2t − + − 2t +4 . 4 16
2 2 2
√ 57
= 2π − 5 ln 2 cu. units.
y 16
A(1/2,2)
√ Section 7.2 Other Volumes by Slicing

1
2 dt (page 380)
y= x P
5 2
Q
x+y= 2 2 3 2
1. V = 3x d x = x = 6 m3
0 2 0
B(2,1/2)
2. A horizontal slice of thickness dz at height a has volume
d V = z(h − z) dz. Thus the volume of the solid is
s t x
h
h hz 2 z3 h3
V = (z(h − z) dz = − = units3 .
0 2 3 6
Fig. 7.1.32 0
The volume element at P has radius

3. A horizontal
√ slice of thickness dz at height a has volume
√ d V = π z 1 − z 2 dz. Thus the volume of the solid is
P Q = 2(t − s)
⎡ ⎤
2
√ 5 1 5 1
= 2⎣ − − 2t + 4⎦ V = z 1 − z 2 dz let u − 1 − z 2
4 2 2 0
1
√ π 1√ π 2 3/2 π
and thickness 2 dt. Hence, the volume of the solid is = u du = u = units3 .
2 0 2 3 3
0

2 √ 2
2
√
5 1 5
V =π 2 − − 2t + 4 2 dt 3
1/2 4 2 2 3 x 3
2 26
⎡ ⎛ ⎞ 4. V = x dx = = 3 cu. units
2
√ 2 25 5 5 1 3 1
= 2 2π ⎣ − ⎝ − 2t + 4⎠ + 6 6
1/2 16 4 2 5. V = (2 + z)(8 − z) dz = (16 + 6z − z 2 ) dz
2
0 0
1 5 6
− 2t + 4 dt Let u = 2t − 52 z 3
4 2 = 16z + 3z 2 − = 132 ft3
du = 2 dt 3 0

√ 3/2 41 5 u2 √
= 2π − u2 + 4 + 6. The area of an equilateral triangle of edge x is
−3/2 16 4 4
du √ √ √ √
A(x) = 12 x 3
x = 3
4 x sq. units. The volume of
3/2 2
√ 41 1 3 the solid is
= 2π u+ u −
16 12 −3/2 √ √ 4 √
√ 3/2
5 2π
4 3 3 2 15 3
u 2 + 4 du Let u = 2 tan v V = x dx = x = cu. units.
4 1 4 8 1 8
−3/2
du = 2 sec2 v dv
√ −1 (3/4)
33 2π √ tan
= − 5 2π sec3 v dv 7. The area of cross-section at height y is
4 tan−1 (−3/4)
√
33 2π √ tan−1 (3/4) 2π(1 − (y/ h)) y
= − 10 2π sec3 v dv A(y) = (π a 2 ) = π a 2 1 − sq. units.
4 0 2π h
271
The volume of the solid is

h y π a2 h
V = π a2 1 − dy = cu. units.
0 h 2
y
√
3y
8. Since V = 4, we have x
2y r
2
2 x 4
4= kx 3 d x = k = 4k. x 2 +y 2 =r 2
0 4 0
Thus k = 1.
9. The volume between height 0 and height z is z3 . Thus Fig. 7.2.12
z 13. The cross-section at distance y from the vertex of the

z3 = A(t) dt, partial cone is a semicircle of radius y/2 cm, and hence
0
area π y 2/8 cm2 . The volume of the solid is
where A(t) is the cross-sectional area at height t. Dif- 12
ferentiating the above equation with respect to z, we π 2 π 123
V = y dy = = 72π cm3 .
get 3z 2 = A(z). The cross-sectional area at height z is 0 8 24
3z 2 sq. units.
z
z
10. This is similar to Exercise 7. We have 4z = A(t) dt,
0
so A(z) = 4. Thus the square cross-section at height z
has side 2 units.
r 2 y
11. V =2 2 r 2 − y2 d y 12
0 y
r r x
y 3 16r 3
=8 (r 2 − y 2 ) d y = 8 r 2 y − = cu. units. (12, 12, 0)
0 3 0 3
Fig. 7.2.13
z
√
2 r 2 −y 2
14. The volume of a solid of given height h and given cross-
sectional area A(z) at height z above the base is given
by
h
y V = A(z) dz.
x √ 0
x= r 2 −y 2
If two solids have the same height h and the same area
function A(z), then they must necessarily have the same
volume.
Fig. 7.2.11
15. Let the x-axis be along the diameter shown in the fig-
12. The area ure, with the origin at the centre of the base. The cross-
1
√ of an √
equilateral triangle of base 2y is
2 section perpendicular to the x-axis at x is a rectangle
2 (2y)( 3y) = 3y . Hence, the solid has volume √ a+b a−b
having base 2 r 2 − x 2 and height h = + x.
r √ 2 2
V =2 3(r 2 − x 2 ) d x Thus the volume of the truncated cylinder is
0
r r
√ 1 3 a+b a−b
2
=2 3 r x− x V = (2 r 2 − x 2 ) + x dx
3 0 −r 2 2r
r 2 (a + b)
4 3 πr
= √ r cu. units. = (a + b) r 2 − x 2 d x = cu. units.
3 −r 2
272
17. Cross-sections of the wedge removed perpendicular to the

x-axis are isosceles, right triangles. The volume of the
wedge removed from the log is

1 20
V =2 ( 400 − x 2 )2 d x
0 2
20
h x 3 16, 000
= 400x − = cm3 .
3 3 0
x x z
√ r
y y = r2 − x2
Fig. 7.2.15
16. The plane z = k meets the ellipsoid in the ellipse
x 2 2
y 2
k 45◦
+ =1− 20
a b c x y
2 √
x y2 y= 400−x 2
that is, 2
+ 2
= 1 x
2
k 2
k
a 1− b 1−
c c
Fig. 7.2.17
which has area
18. The solution is similar to that of Exercise 15 except that

2
k the legs of the right-triangular cross-sections

√ √are y − 10
A(k) = π ab 1 − . instead of y, and x goes from −10 3 to 10 3 instead
c
of −20 to 20. The volume of the notch is
The volume of the ellipsoid is found by summing volume √
elements of thickness dk: 1
10 3
V =2 ( 400 − x 2 − 10)2 d x
0 2
c 2
10√3
k
V = π ab 1 − dk = 500 − x 2 − 20 400 − x 2 d x
−c c

c 0
1 √ 4, 000π
= π ab k − 2 k 3 = 3, 000 3 − ≈ 1, 007 cm3 .
3c −c 3
4
= π abc cu. units.
3
19. The hole has the shape of two copies of the trun-
cated cylinder of Exercise
√ 13, placed base to base,
z with a + b = 3 2 in and r = 2 in. Thus the
c
2
x2 2
volume of wood
a2
+ by2 + cz 2 =1 √ removed √ (the volume of the hole) is
(one-eighth of the V = 2(π 22 )(3 2/2) = 12 2π in3 .
solid is shown)
k 20. One eighth of the region lying inside both cylinders is
shown in the figure. If the region is sliced by a horizon-
A(k)
tal plane at height z, then the intersection is a rectangle
with area
A(z) = b2 − z 2 a 2 − z 2 .
b y The volume of the whole region is
a
x b
V =8 b2 − z 2 a 2 − z 2 dz.
Fig. 7.2.16 0
273
2 −1/3
z 5. y = x 2/3 , y = x ,
3 √
4 −2/3 9x 2/3 + 4
ds = 1+ x dx = dx
9 3|x|1/3
1 √ 2/3
9x + 4
b L =2 d x Let u = 9x 2/3 + 4
0 3x 1/3
√ du = 6x −1/3 d x
z b2 −z 2 13 3/2
1 √ 2(13 ) − 16
A(z)√
= u du = units.
a 2 −z 2
9 4 27

a y 6. 2(x + 1)3 = 3(y − 1)2 , y = 1 + 23 (x + 1)3/2

x
y = 32 (x + 1)1/2 ,

Fig. 7.2.20 3x + 3 3x + 5
ds = 1 + dx = dx
2 2
0√ √ 0
21. By the result given in Exercise 18 with a = 4 cm and 1 2
L= √ 3x + 5 d x = (3x + 5)3/2
b = 2 cm, the volume of wood removed is 2 −1 9 −1
√
2 2 3/2 3/2
= 5 −2 units.
V =8 4 − z2 16 − z 2 dz ≈ 97.28 cm3 . 9
0
x3 1 x2 1
(We used the numerical integration routine in Maple to 7. y= + , y = − 2
12
x 4 x
evaluate the integral.)
2 2 2
x 1 x 1
ds = 1 + − 2 dx = + dx
4 x 4 x2
Section 7.3 Arc Length and Surface Area 4 2 3 4
x 1 x 1
(page 387) L= + 2 dx = − = 6 units.
1 4 x 12 x 1
x3 1 1
1. y = 2x − 1, y = 2, ds = 1 + 22 d x 8. y= + , y = x 2 − 2
3√ √ 3 4x 4x
L= 5 d x = 2 5 units. 2
1 1
1 ds = 1 + x 2 − 2 d x = x 2 + 2 d x
4x 4x
2 3 2
2. y = ax + b, A ≤ x ≤ B, y = a. The length is 1 x 1 59
L= x2 + 2 dx = − = units.
1 4x 3 4x 1 24
B
L= 1 + a 2 d x = 1 + a 2 (B − A) units.
A ln x x2 1 x
9. y= − , y = −
2 4 2x 2

1 x 2 1 x
√ √ ds = 1 + − dx = + dx
3. y = 23 x 3/2 , y = x, ds = 1 + x d x 2x 2 2x 2
8 e e
8
√ 1 x ln x x 2
2 52 L= + dx = +
L= 1 + x d x = (1 + x)3/2 = units. 1 2x 2 2 4 1
0 3 0 3
1 e −12 2
e +1
= + = units.
3√ 2 4 4
4. y 2 = (x − 1)3 , y = (x − 1)3/2 , y = x −1
2
2 2√ 10. If y = x 2 −
ln x
then y = 2x −
1
and
9 1
L= 1 + (x − 1) d x = 9x − 5 d x 8 8x
1 4 2 1
2
1 133/2 − 8 1 2
= (9x − 5)3/2 = units. 1 + (y )2 = 2x + .
27 27
1 8x
274
Thus the arc length is given by ex − 1

14. y = ln , 2≤x ≤4
ex + 1
e + 1 (e + 1)e x − (e x − 1)e x
x x
y = x
2 1 2 e −1 (e x + 1)2
s= 1 + 2x − dx x
1 8x 2e
2 = 2x .
1 e −1
= 2x + dx The length of the curve is
1 8x
2
1 1
= x 2 + ln x = 3 + ln 2 units. 4 4e2x
8 1 8 L= 1+ dx
2 (e2x − 1)2
4
e2x + 1
= 2x
dx
2 e −1
4 x
e + e−x x 4
= d x = ln e − e−x
x −x
a 2 e −e
a 2
11. s= 1 + sinh2 x d x = cosh x d x 1 1
= ln e4 − 4 − ln e2 − 2
0
a
0 e e
ea − e−a 8
= sinh x = sinh a = units. e − 1 e2 e4 + 1
2 = ln 4 4
= ln units.
0 e e −1 e2
15. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = x 2/3 . By symmetry, the curve has congruent

π/4
arcs in the four quadrants. For the first quadrant arc we
12. s= 1 + tan2 x d x
have
π/6 3/2
π/4 y = a 2/3 − x 2/3
π/4
= sec x d x = ln | sec x + tan x| 1/2 2
π/6 π/6 3 2/3
y = a − x 2/3 − x −1/3 .
√ 2 1 2 3
= ln( 2 + 1) − ln √ + √
3 3 Thus the length of the whole curve is
√
2+1
= ln √ units.
3 a a 2/3 − x 2/3
L =4 1+ dx
0 x 2/3
a
= 4a 1/3
x −1/3 d x
0

13. y = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, y = 2x. 3 2/3 a
= 4a 1/3 x = 6a units.
2 0
2
length = 1 + 4x 2 d x Let 2x = tan θ
0
2 d x = sec2 θ dθ

1 x=2 16. The required length is
= sec3 θ
2 x=0
x=2 1 1
1
= sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | L= 1 + (4x 3 )2 dx = 1 + 16x 6 d x.
4 x=0 0 0
1 2
= 2x 1 + 4x 2 + ln(2x + 1 + 4x 2 ) Using a calculator we calculate some Simpson’s Rule
4 0 approximations as described in Section 7.2:
1 √ √
= 4 17 + ln(4 + 17)
4 S2 ≈ 1.59921 S4 ≈ 1.60110
√ 1 √
= 17 + ln(4 + 17) units. S8 ≈ 1.60025 S16 ≈ 1.60023.
4
To four decimal places the length is 1.6002 units.
275

1 −2/3
17. y = x 1/3 , 1 ≤ x ≤ 2, y = x . 22. y = x 3/2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. ds = 1 + 94 x d x.
3
2 The area of the surface of rotation about the x-axis is
1
Length = 1 f (x) d x, where f (x) = 1+ . We
9x 4/3
have 1 9x
3/2
T4 = 1.03406 M4 = 1.03363 S = 2π x 1+ dx Let 9x = 4u 2
0 4
T8 = 1.03385 M8 = 1.03374 9 d x = 8u du
3/2
128π
T16 = 1.03378 M16 = 1.00376. = u 4 1 + u 2 du Let u = tan v
243 0
Thus the length is approximately 1.0338 units. du = sec2 v dv
tan−1 (3/2)
18. For the ellipse 3x 2 + y 2 = 3, we have 6x + 2yy = 0, so 128π
= tan4 v sec3 v dv
y = −3x/y. Thus 243 0
tan−1 (3/2)
128π
= (sec7 v − 2 sec5 v + sec3 v) dv.
9x 2 3 + 6x 2 243 0
ds = 1+ dx = d x.
3 − 3x 2 3 − 3x 2
At this stage it is convenient to use the reduction formula
The circumference of the ellipse is

1 n−2
1 3 + 6x 2 secn v dv = secn−2 v tan v + secn−2 v dv
4 d x ≈ 8.73775 units n−1 n−1
0 3 − 3x 2
(see Exercise 36 of Section 7.1) to reduce the powers of
(with a little help from Maple’s numerical integration
secant down to 3, and then use
routine.)
19. For the ellipse x 2 + 2y 2 = 2, we have 2x + 4yy = 0, so a 1
y = −x/(2y). Thus sec3 v dv = (sec a tan a + ln | sec a + tan a|.
0 2

x2 4 − x2
ds = 1+ dx = dx We have
4 − 2x 2 4 − 2x 2
a
√
The length of the short arc from (0, 1) to (1, 1/ 2) is I = (sec7 v − 2 sec5 v + sec3 v) dv
0
a a a
sec5 v tan v 5 5
1 4 − x2 = + − 2 sec v dv + sec3 v dv
d x ≈ 1.05810 units 6 0 6 0 0
0 4 − 2x 2 a
sec5 a tan a 7 sec3 v tan v 3 a 3
= − +4 sec v dv
(with a little help from Maple’s numerical integration 6 6 4 0 0
routine). a
2 + sec3 v dv
0
20. S = 2π |x| 1 + 4x 2 d x Let u = 1 + 4x 2
0 sec5 a tan a 7 sec3 a tan a 1 a
du = 8x d x = − + sec3 v dv
17 17 6 24 8 0
π √ π 2 3/2
= u du = u sec5 a tan a 7 sec3 a tan a
4 1 4 3 1 = −
π √ 6 24
= (17 17 − 1) sq. units. sec a tan a + ln | sec a + tan a|
6 + .
√ 16
21. y = x 3 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1. ds = 1 + 9x 4 d x.
The area of the surface of rotation about the x-axis is Substituting a = ar ctan(3/2) now gives the following
1 value for the surface area:
S = 2π x 3 1 + 9x 4 d x Let u = 1 + 9x 4
0 √ √
du = 36x 3 d x 28 13π 8π 3 + 13
10 √ S= + ln sq. units.
π π 81 243 2
= u du = (103/2 − 1) sq. units.
18 1 27
276
23. If y = x 3/2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, is rotated about the y-axis, the

surface area generated is 2 2 2
2 x2 1 x 1
26. 1 + (y ) = 1 + − 2 = + 2
1 4 x 4 x
9x 9x 4 3 2
S = 2π x 1+ dx Let u = 1 + x 1 x 1
0 4 4 S = 2π + + 2 dx
9 1 12 x 4 x
du = d x 4 5
4 x x 1
13/4 = 2π + + 3 dx
32π √ 1 48 3 x
= (u − 1) u du
81 1 6 4
13/4 x x 2 1
32π 2 5/2 2 3/2 = 2π + − 2
= u − u 288 6 2x 1
81 5 3 1 275

64π (13/4)5/2 − 1 (13/4)3/2 − 1 = π sq. units.
= − sq. units. 8
81 5 3 x3 1
27. For y = + , 1 ≤ x ≤ 4, we have
2 12 x
x 1
24. We have ds = + 2 d x.
4 x
1 The surface generated by rotating the curve about the
S = 2π e x 1 + e2x d x
Let e x = tan θ y-axis has area
0 4 2
e x d x = sec2 θ dθ x 1
x=1 x=1 S = 2π x + 2 dx
= 2π 1 + tan2 θ sec2 θ dθ = 2π sec3 θ dθ 1 4 x
4 4
x=0 x=0 x

x=1 = 2π + ln |x|
16
= π sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | . 1
x=0 255
= 2π + ln 4 sq. units.
16
Since
28. The area of the cone obtained by rotating the line
x = 1 ⇒ tan θ = e, sec θ = 1 + e2 ,
√ y = (h/r )x, 0 ≤ x ≤ r , about the y-axis is
x = 0 ⇒ tan θ = 1, sec θ = 2, r √ r
2
r 2 + h 2 x 2
S = 2π x 1 + (h/r ) d x = 2π
therefore 0 r 2 0

= πr r 2 + h 2 sq. units.
√ √
2 2
S = π e 1 + e + ln | 1 + e + e| − 2 − ln | 2 + 1|
√
29. For the circle (x − b)2 + y 2 = a 2 we have
√ 1 + e2 + e
= π e 1 + e2 − 2 + ln √ sq. units. dy dy x −b
2+1 2(x − b) + 2y =0 ⇒ =− .
dx dx y
Thus
25. If y = sin x, 0 ≤ x ≤ π , is rotated about the x-axis, the (x − b)2 a a
surface area generated is ds = 1+ dx = dx = dx
y2 y a − (x − b)2
2
π (if y > 0).
S = 2π sin x 1 + cos2 d x Let u = cos x The surface area of the torus obtained by rotating the
0 circle about the line x = 0 is
du = − sin x d x b+a
1 a
= 2π 1 + u 2 du Let u = tan θ S = 2 × 2π x d x Let u = x − b
−1 b−a a − (x − b)2
2
du = sec2 θ dθ a du = d x
π/4 π/4 u+b
= 2π sec3 θ dθ = 4π sec3 θ dθ = 4π a √ du
−π/4 0
−a
a2 − u 2
a
π/4 = 8π ab √
du
by symmetry
= 2π sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | 0 a − u2
2
0 a
√ √ u
= 2π 2 + ln(1 + 2) sq. units. = 8π ab sin−1 = 4π 2 ab sq. units.
a 0
277
1
30. The top half of x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 is y = 4 − x 2 , so 32. As in Example 4, the arc length element for the ellipse is
2
dy −x
= √ , and
dx 2 4 − x2 2 a 2 − b2 2
2 a − x
dy a2
2
√ 2 ds = 1+ dx = d x.
4 − x2 x dx a2 − x 2
S = 2 × 2π 1+ √ dx
0 2 2 4 − x2
2
To get the area of the ellipsoid, we must rotate both the
16
=π 16 − 3x 2 d x Let x = sin θ upper and lower semi-ellipses (see the figure for Exercise
0 3 20 of Section 8.1):

16
dx = cos θ dθ a
3 x 2
π/3 S = 2 × 2π c−b 1− +
4 a
=π (4 cos θ ) √ cos θ dθ 0
0 3 x 2
π/3 c+b 1− ds
16π a
= √ cos2 θ dθ
3 0
2 2
8π
π/3
a a2 − a − b x 2
= √ θ + sin θ cos θ a2
3 = 8π c dx
√ 0 0 a2 − x 2
2π(4π + 3 3)
= √ sq. units. 1
= 8π c of the circumference of the ellipse
3 3 4
= 8π ca E(ε)
31. For the ellipse x 2 + 4y 2 = 4 we have √
a 2 − b2 π/2 √
dx dx y where ε = and E(ε) = 0 1 − ε2 sin t dt
2x + 8y = 0 ⇒ = −4 . a
dy dy x as defined in Example 4.
The arc length element on the ellipse is given by 33. From Example 3, the length is

2 π/2
dx 10 π2
ds = 1+ dy s= 1+ cos2 t dt
dy π 0 4

16y 2 1 10 π/2 π2 π2
= 1+ d y = 4 + 12y 2 d y. = 1+ − sin2 t dt
x2 x π 0 4 4

π/2
If the ellipse is rotated about the y-axis, the resulting 5 π2
= 4+π 2 1− sin2 t dt
surface has area π 0 4 + π2

1 5 π
1 = 4 + π2E √ .
S = 2 × 2π x 4 + 12y 2 d y π 4 + π2
0 x
1
√
= 8π 1 + 3y 2 d y Let 3y = tan θ
0 √ 34. Let the equation of the sphere be x 2 + y 2 = R 2 . Then the
3d y = sec2 θ dθ surface area between planes x = a and x = b
π/3
8π (−R ≤ a < b ≤ R) is
= √ sec3 θ dθ
3 0
8π π/3 b 2
= √ sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | dy
S = 2π R2 − x2 1+ dx
2 3 0 a dx
8π √ √ b
= √ 2 3 + ln(2 + 3) R
2 3 = 2π R2 − x 2 √ dx
√ a R2 − x 2
ln(2 + 3) b
= 8π 1 + √ sq. units. = 2π R d x = 2π R(b − a) sq. units.
2 3 a
278
Thus, the surface area depends only on the radius R of b) The surface area is
the sphere, and the distance (b − a) between the parellel
∞ 1 1
planes. S = 2π 1 + 4 dx
y x x
1 ∞
dx
> 2π = ∞.
1 x
c) Covering a surface with paint requires applying a

layer of paint of constant thickness to the surface.
a b x Far to the right, the horn is thinner than any pre-
scribed constant, so it can contain less paint than
would be required to cover its surface.
Section 7.4 Mass, Moments, and

x 2 +y 2 =R 2 Centre of Mass (page 394)
Fig. 7.3.34 1. The mass of the wire is

35. If the curve y = xk,
0 < x ≤ 1, is rotated about the L L πs
y-axis, it generates a surface of area m= δ(s) ds = sin ds
0 0 L
L
1 L π s 2L
= − cos = .
S = 2π x 1 + k 2 x 2(k−1) d x π L 0 π
0
1 Since δ(s) is symmetric about s = L/2 (that is,
= 2π x 2 + k 2 x 2k d x. δ((L/2) − s) = δ((L/2) + s)), the centre of mass is at the
0
midpoint of the wire: s̄ = L/2.
1
If k ≤ −1, we have S ≥ 2π k x k d x, which is infinite. 2. A slice of the wire of width d x at x has volume
0 d V = π(a + bx)2 d x. Therefore the mass of the whole
If k ≥ 0, the surface area S is finite, since x k is bounded wire is
on (0, 1] in that case. L
Hence we need only consider the case −1 < k < 0. In m= δ0 π(a + bx)2 d x
this case 2 < 2 − 2k < 4, and 0
L
1 = δ0 π (a 2 + 2abx + b2 x 2 ) d x
S = 2π x 1 + k 2 x 2(k−1) d x 0
0 1
1 = δ0 π a 2 L + abL 2 + b2 L 3 .
3
= 2π x 2−2k + k 2 x k d x
0
1 Its moment about x = 0 is
L
< 2π 1 + k 2 x k d x < ∞.
0 M x=0 = xδ0 π(a + bx)2 d x
0
L
Thus the area is finite if and only if k > −1.
1 = δ0 π (a 2 x + 2abx 2 + b2 x 3 ) d x
1 0
36. S = 2π |x| 1 + 2 d x 1 2 2 2 3 1 2 4
0 x = δ0 π a L + abL + b L .
1 2 3 4
= 2π x 2 + 1 d x Let x = tan θ
0
Thus, the centre of mass is
d x = sec2 θ dθ
π/4 1 2 2 2 1
= 2π sec3 θ dθ δ0 π a L + abL 3 + b2 L 4
2 3 4
0 x̄ =
π/4 1
δ0 π a 2 L + abL 2 + b2 L 3
= π sec θ tan θ + ln | sec θ + tan θ | 3
0
√ √ 1 2 2 1 2 2
= π [ 2 + ln( 2 + 1)] sq. units. L a + abL + b L
2 3 4
∞ dx = .
1
37. a) Volume V = π 1 x 2 = π cu. units. a 2 + abL + b2 L 2
3
279
3 3
Thus, x̄ = π a and ȳ = a. Hence, the centre of mass
16 8
π δ0 a 2 3 3
3. The mass of the plate is m = δ0 × area = . is located at ( π a, a).
4 16 8
The moment about x = 0 is
a 5. The mass of the plate is
M x=0 = xδ0 a 2 − x 2 d x Let u = a 2 − x 2
0 4
du = −2x d x m=2 ky 4 − y d y Let u = 4 − y
a2
δ0 √ 0
du = −d y
= u du
2 0 4
a2 = 2k (4 − u)u 1/2 du
δ0 2 3/2 δ0 a 3 0
= u = . 4
2 3 0 3 8 3/2 2 5/2 256k
= 2k u − u = 15 .
3 5 0
M x=0 δ0 a 3 4 4a
Thus x̄ = = = . By symmetry,
m 3 π δ0 a 2 3π By symmetry, Mx=0 = 0, so x̄ = 0.
ȳ = x̄.
Thus the centre of mass of the plate is
4a 4a 4
, . M y=0 = 2 ky 2 4 − y d y Let u = 4 − y
3π 3π
0
y du = −d y
4
√
y= a 2 −x 2 = 2k (16u 1/2 − 8u 3/2 + u 5/2 ) du
0
4
32 3/2 16 5/2 2 7/2 4096k
= 2k u − u + u = 105 .
3 5 7 0
dx
x a x 4096k 15 16
Thus ȳ = · = . The centre of mass of the
105 256k 7
plate is (0, 16/7).
Fig. 7.4.3
y
√
4. A vertical strip has area d A = a 2 − x 2 d x. Therefore, 4
the mass of the quarter-circular plate is
√
a x= 4−y
m= (δ0 x) a 2 − x 2 d x Let u = a 2 − x 2
0 x
du = −2x d x
a2 a 2 density ky
1 √ 1 2 3/2 1 3
= δ0 u du = δ0 u = 3 δ0 a .
2 0 2 3 0 −2 2
The moment about x = 0 is

a Fig. 7.4.5

M x=0 = δ0 x 2 a 2 − x 2 d x Let x = a sin θ
0 6. A vertical strip at h has area d A = (2 − 23 h) dh. Thus,
d x = a cos θ dθ the mass of the plate is
π/2
4 2 2
= δ0 a sin θ cos θ dθ 3
0 3 2 h2
m= (5h) 2 − h dh = 10 h− dh
δ0 a 4 π/2 2 3 3
= sin 2θ dθ 0 0
4 0 2 3
h h 3
δ0 a 4 π/2 π δ0 a 4 = 10 − = 15 kg.
= (1 − cos 4θ ) dθ = . 2 9 0
8 0 16
The moment about y = 0 is The moment about x = 0 is

a 3
1 2 h3
M y=0 = δ0 x(a 2 − x 2 ) d x M x=0 = 10 h − dh
2 0 0 3
2 2 a 3 3
1 a x x 4 1 h h 4 45
= δ0 − = a 4 δ0 . = 10 − = kg-m.
2 2 4 0 8 3 12 0 2
280
The moment about y = 0 is Since the mass is symmetric about the y-axis, and the
3 plate is symmetric about both the x- and y-axis, therefore
1 2 1 2
M y=0 = 10 2 − h h − h dh the centre of mass must be located at the centre of the
0 2 3 3 square.
3
2 2 1 3 y
= 10 h − h + h dh √a
3 9 2
0 a
2 3 y= √ −x
h 2h 3 h
4 15 2
= 10 − + = kg-m. √a
2 9 36 0 2 dr 2
r
x
45 15
2 3 2 1
Thus, x̄ = = and ȳ = = . The centre
15 2 15 2
of mass is located at ( 32 , 12 ).
y Fig. 7.4.8
2
y=2− 3 x
b
dh 9. m= δ(x) g(x) − f (x) d x
a
h 3 x b
M x=0 = xδ(x) g(x) − f (x) d x
a
Fig. 7.4.6 b
1
M y=0 = xδ(x) (g(x))2 − ( f (x))2 d x
7. The mass of the plate is 2 a
M x=0 M y=0
a ka 3 Centre of mass: , .
m= kx a d x = . m m
0 2
y
By symmetry, ȳ = a/2.
y=g(x)
a ka 4
M x=0 = kx 2 a d x = .
0 3
ka 4 2 2a density ρ(x)
Thus x̄ = · = . The centre of mass of the
3 ka 3 3
2a a
plate is , . y= f (x)
3 2
y a b x
a
Fig. 7.4.9
density kx
10. The slice of the brick shown in the figure has volume
d V = 50 d x. Thus, the mass of the brick is
a x
20 20

Fig. 7.4.7 m= kx50 d x = 25kx 2 = 10000k g.
0 0
a
8. A vertical strip has area d A = 2 √ − r dr . Thus, the
2 The moment about x = 0, i.e., the yz-plane, is
mass is
√
a/ 2
a
m=2 kr 2 √ − r dr 20 50 3 20
0 2 M x=0 = 50k x2 dx = kx
a/√2 0 3 0
a k 50
= 4k √ r − r 2 dr = √ a 3 g. = (8000)k g-cm.
0 2 3 2 3
281
50 y
(8000)k 40
Thus, x̄ = 3 = . Since the density is inde-
10000k 3 y
5
pendent of y and z, ȳ = and z̄ = 5. Hence, the centre
2
of mass is located on the 20 cm long central axis of the x
brick, two-thirds of the way from the least dense 10 × 5
face to the most dense such face. y+2R
y
5 −R
dx x
x 20
−2R
10
z
Fig. 7.4.11
Fig. 7.4.10
12. A slice at height z has volume d V = π y 2 dz and density

kz g/cm3 . Thus, the mass of the cone is
b
m= kzπ y 2 dz
0

bz 2
= π ka 2 z 1− dz
0 b
2 b
11. Choose axes through the centre of the ball as shown in z 2z 3 z4
= π ka 2 − + 2
the following figure. The mass of the ball is 2 3b 4b 0
1 2 2
= π ka b g.
R 12
m= (y + 2R)π(R 2 − y 2 ) d y
−R The moment about z = 0 is
R
y3 = 8 π R 4 kg.
= 4π R R 2 y − b z 2 1
3 0 3 Mz=0 = π ka 2 z2 1 − dz = π ka 2 b3 g-cm.
0 b 30
By symmetry, the centre of mass lies along the y-axis; 2b

Thus, z̄ = . Hence, the centre of mass is on the axis
we need only calculate ȳ. 5
of the cone at height 2b/5 cm above the base.
z
R b
M y=0 = y(y + 2R)π(R 2 − y 2 ) d y
−R
R
= 2π y 2 (R 2 − y 2 ) d y dz
0
R z
z
2y
3 y 5 4 y=a 1− b
= 2π R − = π R5 .
3 5 0 15
y
a
4π R 5 3 R
Thus ȳ = · = . The centre of mass is
15 8π R 4 10
on the line through the centre of the ball perpendicular to
Fig. 7.4.12
the plane mentioned in the problem, at a distance R/10
from the centre of the ball on the side opposite to the
plane. 13. By symmetry, ȳ = 0.
282
z 2δ0 a 5 8 16a
so x̄ = · = .
15 π δ0 a 4 15
16a 8a
The centre of mass is , 0, .
15 15
a
14. Assume the cone has its base in the x y-plane and its
√ vertex at height b on the z-axis. By symmetry, the cen-
z a 2 −z 2
tre of mass lies on the z-axis. A cylindrical shell of
thickness d x and radius x about the z-axis has height
−a z = b(1 − (x/a)). Since it’s density is constant kx, its
mass is x
a y dm = 2π bkx 2 1 − d x.
a
a
x Also its centre of mass is at half its height,
Fig. 7.4.13 b x
ȳshell = 1− .
A horizontal slice of the solid 2 a
√ at height z with thickness
dz is a half-disk
√ of radius a 2 − z 2 with centre of mass Thus its moment about z = 0 is
4 a2 − z 2
at x̄ = , by Exercise 3 above. Its mass is x 2
3π d Mz=0 = ȳshell dm = π bkx 2 1 − d x.
a
π 2
dm = δ0 z dz (a − z 2 ), Hence
2

and its moment about x = 0 is
a x π kba 3
m= 2π bkx 2 1 − dx =
√ 0 a 6
π δ0 2 2 a
2 2 4 a −z x 2 π kb2 a 3
d Mx=0 = dm x̄ = z(a − z ) Mz=0 = π bkx 2 1 − dx =
2 3π 0 a 30
2δ0
= z(a 2 − z 2 )3/2 . and z̄ = Mz=0 /m = b/5. The centre of mass is on the
3
axis of the cone at height b/5 cm above the base.
Thus the mass of the solid is
15.
y
π δ0 a 2
m= (a z − z 3 ) dz x 2 +y 2 =a 2
2 0
a
π δ0 a 2 z 2 z 4 π δ0 a 4 ds
= − = .
2 2 4 0 8
Also, θ dθ
−a s xa
a
π δ0
Mz=0 = (a 2 z 2 − z 4 ) dz
2 Fig. 7.4.15
0 a
π δ0 a 2 z 3 z 5 π δ0 a 5
= − = , Consider the area element which is the thin half-ring
2 3 5 0 15 shown in the figure. We have
π δ0 a 5 8 8a dm = ks π s ds = kπ s 2 ds.
and z̄ = · = .
15 π δ0 a 4 15 kπ 3
Finally, Thus, m = a .
3
Regard this area element as itself composed of smaller el-
2δ0 a ements at positions given by the angle θ as shown. Then
M x=0 = z(a 2 − z 2 )3/2 dz Let u = a 2 − z 2
3 0 π
du = −2z dz
2 d M y=0 = (s sin θ )s dθ ks ds
δ0 a 3/2
= u du 0
3 0 = 2ks 3 ds,
a 2 a
δ0 2 5/2 2δ0 a 5 ka 4
= u = , M y=0 = 2k s 3 ds = .
3 5 0 15 0 2
283
∞
ka 4 3 3a 2
Therefore, ȳ = · = . By symmetry, x̄ = 0. 17. m= Ce−kr (4πr 2 ) dr
2 kπ a 3 2π 0
∞
3a 2 √
Thus, the centre of mass of the plate is 0,
2π
. = 4π C r 2 e−kr dr Let u = k r
0 √
∞ du = k dr
4π C 2 −u 2
= 3/2 u e du
k 0
2
U =ud V = ue−u du
2
dU = duV = − 12 e−u
2 R
16. 4π C −ue−u 1 R −u 2
= 3/2 lim + e du
y
k R→∞ 2 0 2 0
∞
4π C 1 2
= 3/2 0 + e−u du
k 2 0
ds √ π 3/2
4π C π 5.57C
= 3/2 =C ≈ 3/2 .
s
k 4 k k
L
π
θ
1 ∞ 2
x
18. r̄ = r Ce −kr (4πr 2 ) dr
m 0
∞
4π C 2
= r 3 e−kr dr Let u = kr 2
Fig. 7.4.16 Cπ 3/2 k −3/2 0
du = 2kr dr
∞
4k 3/2 1 −u
= √ ue du
L π 2k 2 0
The radius of the semicircle is . Let s measure the
π U =u d V = e−u du
distance along the wire from the point where it leaves
the positive x-axis. Thus, the density at position s is dU = du V = −e −u
πs R R
2
δδ(s) = sin g/cm. The mass of the wire is = √ lim −ue + −u −u
e du
L π k R→∞ 0 0
2 2
L = √ 0 + lim (e0 − e−R = √ .
L πs L π s 2L πk R→∞ πk
m= sin ds = − cos = g.
0 L π L 0 π
Since an arc element ds at position s is at height

L L πs
y = sin θ = sin , the moment of the wire about Section 7.5 Centroids (page 399)
π π L
y = 0 is
L L πs
M y=0 = sin2 ds Let θ = π s/L
0 π L πr 2
dθ = π ds/L 1. A=
2 π
L 4
= sin2 θ dθ r
π 0 M x=0 = x r2 − x2 dxLet u = r 2 − x 2
L2 π 2 0
du = −2x d x
= θ − sin θ cos θ = L g-cm. 2 r 2
2
2π 0 2π 1 r 1/2 u 3/2 r3
= u du = =
2 0 3 0 3
Since the wire and the density function are both symmet- r3 4 4r
x̄ = · = = ȳ by symmetry.
ric about the y-axis, we have Mx=0 = 0. 3 πr2 3π
L 4r 4r
Hence, the centre of mass is located at 0, . The centroid is , .
4 3π 3π
284
y
√
√ 2−1 π
Thus x̄ = √ , and ȳ = √ . The
r 2 −x 2 + + 2)
r y= ln(1 2) 8 ln(1
√
2−1 π
centroid is √ , √ .
ln(1 + 2) 8 ln(1 + 2)
y
1
dx y= √
1+x 2
x r x
Fig. 7.5.1
2. By symmetry,
√ x̄ = 0. A horizontal strip at y √
has mass
dm = 2 9 − y d y and moment d M y=0 = 2y 9 − y d y x
1
about y = 0. Thus,
9 9 Fig. 7.5.3
2
3/2
m=2 9 − y d y = −2 (9 − y) = 36
0 3 0
and
9
M y=0 = 2 y 9 − y dy Let u 2 = 9 − y
0
2u du = −d y
3
3 648
=4 (9u 2 − u 4 ) du = 4(3u 3 − 15 u 5 ) = .
0 0 5
648 18
Thus, ȳ = = . Hence, the centroid is at
5 × 36 5 4. The area of the sector is A = 18 πr 2 . Its moment about
18 x = 0 is
0, .
5
y
√
9 r/ 2 r
y=9−x 2 M x=0 = x2 dx + √ x r2 − x2 dx
0 r/ 2
dy r
y
r3 1 2
2 3/2 r3
= √ − (r − x ) √ = √ .
6 2 3 r/ 2 3 2
−3 3 x
r3 8 8r
Fig. 7.5.2 Thus, x̄ = √ × = √ . By symmetry, the
3 2 πr 2 3 2π
3. The area and moments of the region are π √
centroid must lie on the line y = x tan = x( 2 − 1).
√ 8
1 dx 8r ( 2 − 1)
A= √ Let x = tan θ Thus, ȳ = √ .
0 1 + x2 3 2π
d x = sec2 θ dθ
π/4 y
= sec θ dθ
0
π/4
√
= ln | sec θ + tan θ | = ln(1 + 2) √
y= r 2 −x 2
0 y=x
1
x dx 1 √
M x=0 = √ = 1 + x 2 = 2 − 1
0 1+x 2
0
1 √r r
1 1 dx 1 −1
π x
M y=0 = = tan x = . 2
2 0 1 + x2 2 0 8 Fig. 7.5.4
285
y
5. By symmetry, x̄ = 0. We have

√ x2
3 y=b 1−
a2
A=2 4 − x2 − 1 dx Let x = 2 sin θ
0
d x = 2 cos θ dθ
dx
π/3 √
=2 4 cos2 θ dθ − 3 −a x ax
0
π/3
√
= 4(θ + sin θ cos θ ) −2 3 Fig. 7.5.6
0
√
π 3 √ 4π √ 7. The quadrilateral consists of two triangles, T1 and T2 ,
=4 + −2 3= − 3 as shown in the figure. The area and centroid of T1 are
3 4 3
√3 given by
1 2
M y=0 =2× 4 − x2 − 1 dx
2 0 4×1
√3 A1 = = 2,
2
= 5 − x2 − 2 4 − x2 dx 0+3+4 7 0+1+0 1
0 x̄1 = = , ȳ1 = = .
√ 3 3 3 3
√ √ 3
= 5 3− 3−2 4 − x2 dx The area and centroid of T2 are given by
0
√
√ π 3 √ 4π
= 4 3−4 + =3 3− . 4×2
3 4 3 A2 = = 4,
2
0+2+4 0−2+0 2
√ √ x̄2 = = 2, ȳ2 = =− .
9 3 − 4π 3 9 3 − 4π 3 3 3
Thus ȳ = · √ = √ . The
3√ 4π− 3 3 4π − 3 3 It follows that
9 3 − 4π
centroid is 0, √ . 7 14
4π − 3 3 M1,x=0 = ×2= M2,x=0 = 2 × 4 = 8
3 3
y
1 2 2 8
M1,y=0 = ×2= M2,y=0 = − × 4 = − .
3 3 3 3
√
y= 4−x 2 −1
1 Since areas and moments are additive, we have for the
whole quadrilateral
√ √ x
− 3 3 A = 2 + 4 = 6,
14 38 2 8
M x=0 = +8= , M y=0 = − = −2.
3 3 3 3
Fig. 7.5.5 38 19 −2 1
Thus x̄ = = , and ȳ = = − . The centroid
3×6 9 6 3
19 1
of the quadrilateral is ,− .
9 3
1
6. By symmetry, x̄ = 0. The area is A = 2 π ab. The y
moment about y = 0 is (3,1)
2
a T1
1 a x x2 4
M y=0 = b2 1 − d x = b2 1 − 2 dx x
2 −a a 0 a
a T2
x 3 2
= b2 x − 2 = ab2 .
3a 3 0
(2,−2)
2ab2 2 4b
Thus, ȳ = × = .
3 π ab 3π Fig. 7.5.7
286
8. The region is the union of a half-disk and atriangle.

The 10. By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = 0. The volume is V = 23 πr 3 . A
4 thin slice of the solid at height z will have volume
centroid of the half-disk is known to be at 1, and
3π d V = π y 2 dz = π(r 2 − z 2 ) dz. Thus, the moment about
2 2 z = 0 is
that of the triangle is at , − . The area of the semi-
3 3
π r
circle is and the triangle is 2. Hence, Mz=0 = zπ(r 2 − z 2 ) dz
2
0
π 2 3π + 8 2 2 r
M x=0 = (1) + (2) = ; r z z 4 πr 4
2 3 6 =π − = .
2 4 0 4
π 4
2

2
M y=0 = + (2) − =− .
2 3π 3 3 πr 4 3 3r
π Thus, z̄ = × 3
= . Hence, the centroid is
Since the area of the whole region is + 2, then 4 2πr 8
2 on the axis of the hemisphere at distance 3r/8 from the
3π + 8 4 base.
x̄ = and ȳ = − .
3(π + 4) 3(π + 4)
y z
√
y= 1−(x−1)2
√
y= r 2 −z 2
1 2 x
y=x−2 dz
−2 y
r
Fig. 7.5.8
x
9. A circular strip of the surface between heights y and
y + d y has area
dy r Fig. 7.5.10
d S = 2π x = 2π x d y = 2πr d y.
cos θ x
The total surface area is
r
1 2
S = 2πr d y = 2πr 2 . 11. The cone has volume V = 3 πr h. (See the following
0 figure.) The disk-shaped slice with vertical width dz has
z
The moment about y = 0 is radius y = r 1 − , and therefore has volume
r r h

M y=0 = 2πr y d y = πr (y 2 ) = πr 3 .
0 0 z 2 r2
d V = πr 2 1 − dz = π 2 (h − z)2 dz.
πr 3 r h h
Thus ȳ = 2
= . By symmetry, the centroid of the
2πr 2
hemispherical surface is on the axis of symmetry of the We have
hemisphere. It is halfway between the centre of the base
h
circle and the vertex. πr 2
y Mz=0 = z(h − z)2 dz Let u = h − z
h2 0
du = −dz

πr 2 h
θ = (h − u)u 2 du
h2 0
(x,y) h
dS πr 2 hu 3 u 4 πr 2 h 2
= − = .
h2 3 4 0 12
r y
θ πr 2 h 2 3 h
x x Therefore z̄ = · = . The centroid of the
12 πr 2 h 4
solid cone is on the axis of the cone, at a distance above
Fig. 7.5.9 the base equal to one quarter of the height of the cone.
287
z π π π
h Thus ȳ = , and the centroid is , .
8 2 8
y
dz
z y=sin x
z
y=r 1− h
π/2 π x
y
r
Fig. 7.5.13
Fig. 7.5.11 14. The area of the region is

12. A band
at height
z with vertical width dz has radius π/2
z
π/2
y =r 1− , and has actual (slant) width A= cos x d x = sin x = 1.
h 0 0

2 The moment about x = 0 is
dy r2
ds = 1+ dz = 1+ dz.
dz h2 π/2
M x=0 = x cos x d x
0
Its area is
U=x d V = cos x d x

dU = d x V = sin x
z r2 π/2 π/2
d A = 2πr 1 − 1 + 2 dz. π
h h = x sin x − sin x d x = − 1.
0 0 2
Thus the area of the conical surface is
π
Thus, x̄ = − 1. The moment about y = 0 is
2
r2 h z
A = 2πr 1 + 2 1− dz = πr r 2 + h 2 .
h 0 h 1 π/2
M y=0 = cos2 x d x
2 0
The moment about z = 0 is π/2
1 1 π

= x + sin 2x = .
r2 h z 4 2 0 8
Mz=0 = 2πr 1 + 2 z 1− dz
h 0 h
π π π
h Thus, ȳ = . The centroid is − 1, .
r 2 z2 z 3 1 8 2 8
= 2πr 1 + 2 − = πr h r 2 + h 2 .
h 2 3h 0 3 y
√ 1 y=cos x
πr h r 2 + h 2 1 h
Thus, z̄ = × √ = . By
3 2
πr r + h 2 3
symmetry, x̄ = ȳ = 0. Hence, the centroid is on the axis dx
of the conical surface, at distance h/3 from the base.
x π
π 2
x
13. By symmetry, x̄ = . The area and y-moment of the
2
region are given by
Fig. 7.5.14
π
A= sin x d x = 2 πr
0 15. The arc has length L = . By symmetry, x̄ = ȳ. An
1 π 2
M y=0 = sin2 x d x element of the arc between x and x + d x has length
2 0
π
1 π dx r dx r dx
= (x − sin x cos x) = . ds = = = √ .
4 0 4 sin θ y r2 − x2
288
Thus Therefore, x̄ = ȳ = 2/15, and the centroid is

r (2/15, 2/15).
r xr d x
M x=0 = √ = −r r − x = r 2 .
2 2
0 r2 − x2 0 19. The region in figure (c) is the union of a half-disk of
area π/2 and centroid (0, 4/(3π )) (by Example 1) and a
2 2r 2r 2r triangle of area 1 and centroid (0, −1/3). Therefore its
Hence x̄ = r 2 · = , and the centroid is , .
πr π π π area is (π/2) + 1 and its centroid is (x̄, ȳ), where x̄ = 0
y and
x 2 +y 2 =r 2
π +2 π 4 −1 1
r ȳ = +1 = .
2 2 3π 3 3
ds
Therefore, the centroid is (0, 2/[3(π + 2)]).
r 20. The region in figure (d) is the union of three half-disks,
one with area π/2 and centroid (0, 4/(3π )), and two
θ with areas π/8 and centroids (−1/2, −2/(3π )) and
x x+d x r x (1/2, −2/(3π )). Therefore its area is 3π/4 and its cen-
troid is (x̄ , ȳ), where
Fig. 7.5.15
3π π π −1 π 1
(x̄) = (0) + + =0
16. The solid S in question consists of a solid cone C with 4 2 8 2 8 2

vertex at the origin, height 1, and top a circular disk of 3π π 4 π −2 π −2 1
radius 2, and a solid cylinder D of radius 2 and height ( ȳ) = + + = .
4 2 3π 8 3π 8 3π 2
1 sitting on top of the cone. These solids have volumes
VC = 4π/3, VD = 4π , and VS = VC + V D = 16π/3. Therefore, the centroid is (0, 2/(3π )).
By symmetry, the centroid of the solid lies on its verti- 21. By symmetry the centroid is (1, −2).
cal axis of symmetry; let us continue to call this the y- y (1,1)
axis. We need only determine ȳS . Since D lies between y=2x−x 2
y = 1 and y = 2, its centroid satisfies ȳD = 3/2. Also,
by Exercise 11, the centroid of the solid cone satisfies
ȳC = 3/4. Thus C and D have moments about y = 0: x

4π 3 3
MC,y=0 = = π, M D,y=0 = (4π ) = 6π. (1,−2) y=−2
3 4 2
Thus M S,y=0 = π + 6π = 7π , and
z̄ S = 7π/(16π/3) = 21/16. The centroid of the solid S
is on its vertical axis of symmetry at height 21/16 above
the vertex of the conical part.
17. The region in figure (a) is the union of a rectangle of
area 2 and centroid (1, 3/2) and a triangle of area 1 and
Fig. 7.5.21
centroid (2/3, 2/3). Therefore its area is 3 and its cen-
troid is (x̄, ȳ), where 22. The line segment from (1, 0) to (0, 1) has centroid ( 12 , 12 )
√
2 8 and length 2. By Pappus’s Theorem, the surface area
3x̄ = 2(1) + 1 = of revolution about x = 2 is
3 3

3 2 11
3 ȳ = 2 +1 = . 1 √ √
2 3 3 A = 2π 2 − 2 = 3π 2 sq. units.
2
Therefore, the centroid is (8/9, 11/9).
y
18. The
√ region in figure (b) is the union of a square of area 1
( 2)2 = 2 and centroid (0, 0) and a triangle of area 1/2
r̄
and centroid (2/3, 2/3). Therefore its area is 5/2 and its
centroid is (x̄, ȳ), where
1
1 2 3 x
5 1 2 1 2
x̄ = 2(0) + = .
2 2 3 3 Fig. 7.5.22
289
1 1
23. The triangle T has centroid and area 12 . By Pap-
3, 3
pus’s Theorem the volume of revolution about x = 2
26. The region bounded by y = 0 and y = ln(sin x) between
is
1 1 5π x = 0 and x = π/2 lies below the x-axis, so
V = × 2π 2 − = cu. units.
2 3 3 π/2
y A=− ln(sin x) d x ≈ 1.088793
0

−1 π/2
x̄ = x ln(sin x) d x ≈ 0.30239
1 A 0

−1 π/2 2
T ȳ = ln(sin x) d x ≈ −0.93986.
2A 0
1 x
27. The area and moments of the region are
x=2
R
Fig. 7.5.23 ∞ dx −1 1
A= = lim =
√ 0 (1 + x)3 R→∞ 2(1 + x)2 0 2
s 3 ∞
24. The altitude h of the triangle is . Its centroid is at x dx
2 M x=0 = Let u = x + 1
h s 0 (1 + x)3
height = √ above the base side. Thus, by Pappus’s ∞ du = dx
3 2 3 u−1
Theorem, the volume of revolution is = du
1 u3
√ R
s s 3s π s3 1 1 1 1
V = 2π √ × = cu. units. = lim − + 2 = 1 − =
2 3 2 2 4 R→∞ u 2u 1 2 2
R
√ 1 ∞ −1
h s 3 M y=0 =
dx
= lim = 1.
The centroid of one side is = above the base. 2 0 (1 + x)6 R→∞ 10(1 + x)5 0 10
2 4
Thus, the surface area of revolution is
√ The centroid is 1, 15 .
3s √ y
S = 2 × 2π (s) = s 2 π 3 sq. units.
4
1 1
y=
(x + 1)3
h
x
Fig. 7.5.27
28. The surface

∞ area is
given by
Fig. 7.5.24 2
e−x
2
S = 2π 1 + 4x 2 e−2x d x. Since
25. For the purpose of evaluating the integrals in this prob- −∞
2
lem and the next, the definite integral routine in the TI-85 lim 1 + 4x 2 e−2x = 1, this expression must be bounded
x→±∞
calculator√was used. For the region bounded by y = 0 2
and y = x cos x between x = 0 and x = π/2, we have for all x, that is, 1 ≤ 1 + 4x 2 e−2x ≤ K 2 for some con-
∞ 2 √
π/2 stant K . Thus, S ≤ 2π K e−x d x = 2K π π . The
√ −∞
A= x cos x d x ≈ 0.704038 integral converges and the surface area is finite. Since the
0 2
π/2 whole curve y = e−x lies above the x-axis, its centroid
1
x̄ = x 3/2 cos x d x ≈ 0.71377 would have to satisfy ȳ > 0. However, Pappus’s Theorem
A 0 would then imply that the surface of revolution would
π/2
1 have infinite area: S = 2π ȳ × (length of curve) = ∞.
ȳ = x cos2 x d x ≈ 0.26053.
2A 0 The curve cannot, therefore, have any centroid.
290
29. By analogy with the formulas for the region a ≤ x ≤ b, Triangle L M N has area 1 + tan t, and the x-coordinate of
f (x) ≤ y ≤ g(y), the region c ≤ y ≤ d, f (y) ≤ x ≤ g(y) its centroid is
will have centroid (Mx=0 / A, M y=0 / A), where
d x̄ L M N

A= g(y) − f (y) d y − sec t − sec t + (1 + tan t) sin t + sec t + (1 − tan t) sin t
=
c
d 3
1 2 2 2 sin t − sec t
M x=0 = g(y) − f (y) dy = .
2 c 3
d
M y=0 = y g(y) − f (y) d y. Triangle L N P has area 1 − tan t, and the x-coordinate of
c
its centroid is
30. Let us take L to be the y-axis and suppose that a plane − sec t + sec t + sec t + (1 − tan t) sin t
x̄ L N P =
curve C lies between x = a and x = b where 0 < a < b. 3
Thus, r̄ = x̄, the x-coordinate of the centroid of C. Let sec t + (1 − tan t) sin t
= .
ds denote an arc length element of C at position x. This 3
arc length element generates, on rotation about L, a cir-
cular band of surface area d S = 2π x ds, so the surface Therefore,
area of the surface of revolution is
1
x=b x̄ L M N P = (2 sin t − sec t)(1 + tan t)
S = 2π x ds = 2π M x=0 = 2π r̄s. 6
x=a + (sec t + sin t − sin t tan t)(1 − tan t)
1
31. = 3 sin t − 2 sec t tan t + sin t tan2 t
y 6

sin t 2 sin2 t
= 3− +
6 cos2 t cos2 t
sin t 2 2

= 3 cos t + sin t − 2
6 cos2 t
sin t 2 sin t
= 2 cos t − 1 = cos(2t)
6 cos2 t 6 cos2 t
1 which is positive provided 0 < t < π/4. Thus the beam

t P will rotate counterclockwise until an edge is on top.
(π/4) − t x
L t
1
√ √
2 2 Section 7.6 Other Physical Applications
(π/4) − t (page 406)
N
1. a) The pressure at the bottom is p = 9, 800 × 6 N/m2 .

M The force on the bottom is 4 × p = 235, 200 N.
b) The pressure at depth h metres is 9, 800h N/m2 .
Fig. 7.5.31 The force on a strip between depths h and h + dh on
one wall of the tank is
We need to find the x-coordinate x̄L M N P of the centre of
buoyancy, that is, of the centroid of quadrilateral L M N P.
From various triangles in the figure we can determine the d F = 9, 800h × 2 dh = 19, 600 h dh N.
x-coordinates of the four points:
Thus, the total force on one wall is
x L = − sec t, x P = sec t,

x M = − sec t + (1 + tan t) sin t 6
F = 19, 600 h dh = 19, 600 × 18 = 352, 800 N.
x N = sec t + (1 − tan t) sin t 0
291
h
dh 6 m
θ
h
h+dh
26
24
2 m
2 m Fig. 7.6.3
Fig. 7.6.1 √
4. The height of each triangular
√ face is 2 3 m and the
height of the pyramid is 2 2 m. Let the angle between
2. A vertical slice of water at position y with thickness d y 2
is in contact with
√ the botttom over an area the triangular face and the base be θ , then sin θ =
3
8 sec θ d y = 45 101 d y m2 , which is at depth 1
x = 101
y + 1 m. The force exerted on this area is then and cos θ = √ .
1
√ 3
d F = ρg( 10 y + 1) 45 101 d y. Hence, the total force
exerted on the bottom is
20
4√ 1 √ √
F= 101 ρg y + 1 dy 2 2 2 3
5 0 10
2 20
4√ y
= 101 (1000)(9.8) + y 4
2 θ
5 20 0
≈ 3.1516 × 106 N.
4
Fig. 7.6.4
20
y y
1 front view of
y dy
dy √
10−2 2 one face
3
√
y 10 d y sec θ = 3d y
x= 10 +1
x θ √ √
x= 2y+10−2 2
θ 60◦
Fig. 7.6.2 2
4
side view of one face
x
3. A strip along the slant wall of the dam between depths h

Fig. 7.6.4
and h + dh has area
A vertical slice of water with thickness d y at a distance
200 dh 26 y from the vertex of the pyramid exerts a force on the
dA = = 200 × dh.
cos θ 24 shaded
√ strip shown in the front view,
√which has area √
2 3y d y m2 and which is at depth 2y + 10 − 2 2
The force on this strip is m. Hence, the force exerted on the triangular face is
2 √ √ √
d F = 9, 800 h d A ≈ 2.12 × 106 h dh N. F = ρg ( 2y + 10 − 2 2)2 3y d y
0
√
2
Thus the total force on the dam is √ 2 3 √
= 2 3(9800) y + (5 − 2)y 2
3 0
24
F = 2.12 × 106 h dh ≈ 6.12 × 108 N. ≈ 6.1495 × 105 N.
0
292
5. The unbalanced force is The work done to empty the pool is

3
20
F = 9, 800 × 5 h dh W = ρg h A(h) dh
0
6 1 3
20
h 2 = ρg 160h dh + 2
240h − 80h dh
= 9, 800 × 5 ≈ 8.92 × 106 N.
2 6
0
1
1
3

2 2 80 3
= 9800 80h + 120h − h
0 3 1
= 3.3973 × 106 N·m.
5 m
20
8
h
20 m
1 3
6 m A(h)
Fig. 7.6.5
6. The spring force is F(x) = kx, where x is the amount Fig. 7.6.8
of compression. The work done to compress the spring 3
cm is 9. A layer of water between depths y and y + d y
has volume d V = π(a2 − y 2 ) d y and weight
3
3 1 9 d F = 9, 800π(a2 − y 2 ) d y N. The work done to raise
100 N·cm = W = kx d x = kx 2 = k. this water to height h m above the top of the bowl is
0 2 0 2
d W = (h + y) d F = 9, 800π(h + y)(a2 − y 2 ) d y N·m.
200
Hence, k = N/cm. The work necessary to compress Thus the total work done to pump all the water in the
9
the spring a further 1 cm is bowl to that height is
a
4 W = 9, 800π (ha 2 + a 2 y − hy 2 − y 3 ) d y
4 200 1 2 700
W = kx d x = x = N·cm.
0

a
3 9 2 3 9 a2 y 2 hy 3 y 4
= 9, 800π ha 2 y + − −
2 3 4 0
3
2a h a4
7. A layer of water in the tank between depths h and h + dh = 9, 800π +
3 4
has weight d F = ρg d V = 4ρg dh. The work done
3 3a + 8h 8h
to raise the water in this layer to the top of the tank is = 9, 800π a = 2450π a3 a + N·m.
12 3
d W = h d F = 4ρgh dh. Thus the total work done to
pump all the water out over the top of the tank is
6
W = 4ρg h dh = 4 × 9, 800 × 18 ≈ 7.056 × 105 N·m.
0 a
y
dy
8. The horizontal cross-sectional area of the pool at depth h

is !
160, if 0 ≤ h ≤ 1;
A(h) =
240 − 80h, if 1 < h ≤ 3. Fig. 7.6.9
293
10. Let the time required to raise the bucket to height h m 6. The present value of continuous payments of $1,000 per
be t minutes. Given that the velocity is 2 m/min, then year for 10 years at a discount rate of 5% is
h
t = . The weight of the bucket at time t is 10
2 10 1,000 −0.05t
h V = −0.05t
dt =
16 kg − (1 kg/min)(t min) = 16 − kg. Therefore, 1,000e
−0.05
e = $7,869.39.
2 0 0
the work done required to move the bucket to a height of
10 m is
10
7. The present value of continuous payments of $1,000 per
h year for 10 years beginning 2 years from now at a dis-
W =g 16 − dh
0 2 count rate of 8% is
10
h 2 12
= 9.8 16h − = 1323 N·m. 12 1,000 −0.08t
4 0 V = 1,000e−0.08t dt =
−0.08
e = $5,865.64.
2 2
Section 7.7 Applications in Business, 8. The present value of continuous payments of $1,000 per
Finance, and Ecology (page 409) year for 25 years beginning 10 years from now at a dis-
count rate of 5% is
1,000 2x 6x 2

1. Cost = $4, 000 + 6− 3 + 6 dx 35
0 10 10 35
−0.05t 1,000 −0.05t
V = 1,000e dt = e = $8,655.13.
= $11, 000. 10 −0.05 10
2. The number of chips sold in the first year was

52 9. The present value of continuous payments of $1,000 per
1, 000 te−t/10 dt = 100, 000 − 620, 000e−26/5 year for all future time at a discount rate of 2% is
0
∞ 1, 000
that is, about 96,580. V = 1,000e−0.02t dt = = $50, 000.
0 −0.02
3. The monthly charge is
x 10. The present value of continuous payments of $1,000 per
4
√ dt let t = u 2 year beginning 10 years from now and continuing for all
0 1 + t future time at a discount rate of 5% is
√x √x
u 1
=8 du = 8 1− du ∞ 1,000 −0.5
1+u 1+u V = 1,000e−0.05t dt = e = $12,130.61.
0√ √ 0
−0.05
10
=$8 x − ln(1 + x) .
11. After t years, money is flowing at $(1,000 + 100t) per

4. The price per kg at time t (years) is $10 + 5t. Thus the year. The present value of 10 years of payments dis-
revenue per year at time t is 400(10 + 5t)/(1 + 0.1t) counted at 5% is
$/year. The total revenue over the year is
10
1 V = 100 (10 + t)e−0.05t dt
400(10 + 5t)
dt ≈ $4, 750.37. 0
0 1 + 0.1t d V = e−0.05t dt
U = 10 + t
dU = dt e−0.05t
V =
−0.05
5. The present value of continuous payments of $1,000 per 10
year for 10 years at a discount rate of 2% is e−0.05t 100 10 −0.05t
= 100(10 + t) + e dt
−0.05 0 0.05 0
10 10
10
−0.02t 1,000 −0.02t 100
−0.05t
V = 1,000e dt = e = $9,063.46. = −4261.23 + e = $11, 477.54.
0 −0.02 0 −(0.05) 2
0
294
12. After t years, money is flowing at $1,000(1.1)t per year. The present value of a stream of payments due at a rate
The present value of 10 years of payments discounted at P(t) at time t from t = 0 to t = T is
5% is
T t
−λ(t)
10 P(t)e dt, where λ(t) = δ(τ ) dτ.
V = 1,000 et ln(1.1) e−0.05t dt 0 0
0
10
1,000
= et (ln(1.1)−0.05 = $12, 650.23. 16. The analysis carried out in the text for the logistic growth
ln(1.1) − 0.05 0 model showed that the total present value of future har-
vests could be maximized by holding the population size
x at a value that maximizes the quadratic expression
13. The amount after 10 years is x
10 Q(x) = kx 1 − − δx.
10 5,000 0.05t L
A = 5, 000 e0.05t dt = e = $64,872.13.
0 0.05 0 If the logistic model d x/dt = kx(1 − (x/L)) is replaced
with a more general growth model d x/dt = F(x), ex-
actly the same analysis leads us to maximize
14. Let T be the time required for the account balance to
reach $1,000,000. The $5, 000(1.1)t dt deposited in the Q(x) = F(x) − δx.
time interval [t, t + dt] grows for T − t years, so the
balance after T years is For realistic growth functions, the maximum will occur
where Q (x) = 0, that is, where F (x) = δ.
T
5, 000(1.1)t (1.06)T −t dt = 1, 000, 000 17. We are given L = 80, 000, k = 0.12, and δ = 0.05.
0 According to the analysis in the text, the present value of
T
1.1 t 1, 000, 000 future harvests will be maximized if the population level
(1.06)T dt = = 200 is maintained at
0 1.06 5, 000

(1.06)T 1.1 T L 0.07
− 1 = 200 x = (k − δ) = (80, 000) = 23, 333.33
ln(1.1/1.06) 1.06 2k 0.24
1.1 The annual revenue from harvesting to keep the popula-
(1.1)T − (1.06)T = 200 ln .
1.06 tion at this level (given a price of $6 per fish) is

This equation can be solved by Newton’s method or 23, 333.33
using a calculator “solve” routine. The solution is 6(0.12)(23, 333.33) 1 − = $11, 900.
80, 000
T ≈ 26.05 years.
15. Let P(τ ) be the value at time τ < t that will grow to
18. We are given that k = 0.02, L = 150, 000, p = $10, 000.
$P = P(t) at time t. If the discount rate at time τ is
The growth rate at population level x is
δ(τ ), then
d
P(τ ) = δ(τ )P(τ ), dx x
dτ = 0.02x 1 − .
dt 150, 000
or, equivalently,
a) The maximum sustainable annual harvest is
d P(τ )
= δ(τ ) dτ.
P(τ ) d x
= 0.02(75, 000)(0.5) = 750 whales.
dt x=L/2
Integrating this from 0 to t, we get
t b) The resulting annual revenue is
ln P(t) − ln P(0) = δ(τ ) dτ = λ(t), $750 p = $7, 500, 000.
0
c) If the whole population of 75,000 is harvested and
and, taking exponentials of both sides and solving for the proceeds invested at 2%, the annual interest will
P(0), we get be
P(0) = P(t)e −λ(t) = Pe −λ(t) . 75, 000($10, 000)(0.02) = $15, 000, 000.
295
d) At 5%, the interest would be 4. Since Pr(X = n) = n/21, we have

(5/2)($15, 000) = $37, 500, 000.
6
#
e) The total present value of all future harvesting rev- 1 × 1 + 2 × 2 +··· + 6 × 6 13
µ= nPr(X = n) = = ≈ 4.33
enue if the population level is maintained at 75,000 21 3
n=1
and δ = 0.05 is 6
# 12 + 23 + · · · + 63
∞ σ2 = n 2 Pr(X = n) − µ2 = − µ2
7, 500, 000 21
e−0.05t 7, 500, 000 dt = = $150, 000, 000. n=1
0 0.05 169 20
= 21 − = ≈ 2.22
√ 9 9
20
σ = ≈ 1.49.
19. If we assume that the cost of harvesting 1 unit of pop- 3
ulation is $C(x) when the population size is x, then the
effective income from 1 unit harvested is $( p − C(x)).
Using this expression in place of the constant p in the 5. The mean of X is
analysis given in the text, we are led to choose x to max-
imize 9 1
µ=1× + (2 + 3 + 4 + 5) × + 6 × 1160 ≈ 3.5833.
60 6
x
Q(x) = p − C(x) kx 1 − − δx .
L The expectation of X 2 is
A reasonable cost function C(x) will increase as x de- 9 1

creases (the whales are harder to find), and will exceed E(X 2 ) = 12 × +(22 +32 +42 +52 )× +62 ×1160 ≈ 15.7500.
60 6
p if x ≤ x0 , for some positive population level x0 . The
value of x that maximizes Q(x) must exceed x0 , so the Hence the standard deviation of X is
√
model no longer predicts extinction, even for large dis- 15.75 − 3.58332 ≈ 1.7059.
count rates δ. However, the optimizing population x may 9 2 29
be so low that other factors not accounted for in the sim- Also Pr(X ≤ 3) = + = ≈ 0.4833.
60 6 60
ple logistic growth model may still bring about extinction
whether it is economically indicated or not. 6. (a) Calculating as we did to construct the probability
function in Example 2, but using the different values for
the probabilities of “1” and “6”, we obtain
Section 7.8 Probability (page 421)
9 9
f (2) = × ≈ 0.0225
60 60
1. The expected winnings on a toss of the coin are 9
f (3) = 2 × × 16 = 0.0500
60
9 1
$1 × 0.49 + $2 × 0.49 + $50 × 0.02 = $2.47. f (4) = 2 × × 16 + = 0.0778
60 36
9 2
If you pay this much to play one game, in the long term f (5) = 2 × × 16 + = 0.1056
60 36
you can expect to break even. 9 3
f (6) = 2 × × 16 + = 0.1333
"6 60 36
2. (a) We need n=1 K n = 1. Thus 21K = 1, and 9 4
f (7) = 2 × × 1160 + = 0.1661
K = 1/21. 60 36
(b) Pr(X ≤ 3) = (1/21)(1 + 2 + 3) = 2/7. 11 3
f (8) = 2 × × 16 + = 0.1444
60 36
11 2
3. From the second previous Exercise, the mean winings is f (9) = 2 × × 16 + = 0.1167
µ = $2.47. Now 60 36
11 1
f (10) = 2 × × 16 + = 0.0889
60 36
σ 2 = 1 × 0.49 + 4 × 0.49 + 2,500 × 0.02 − µ2 11
≈ 52.45 − 6.10 = 46.35. f (11) = 2 × × 16 = 0.0611
60
11
f (12) = × 1160 = 0.0336.
The standard deviation is thus σ ≈ $6.81. 60
296
(b) Multiplying each value f (n) by n and summing, we (b) The sample space for the three ball selection consists
get of all eight triples of the form (x, y, z), where each
#12 of x, y, z is either R(ed) or B(lue). Let X be the
µ= n f (n) ≈ 7.1665. number of red balls among the three balls pulled
n=2 out. Arguing in the same way as in (a), we calculate
Similarly,
8 7 6 14
12
Pr(X = 0) = Pr(B, B, B) = × × =
# 20 19 18 285
E(X 2 ) = n 2 f (n) ≈ 57.1783, ≈ 0.0491
n=2 Pr(X = 1) = Pr(R, B, B) + Pr(B, R, B) + Pr(B, B, R)
so the standard deviation of X is 12 8 7 28
=3× × × = ≈ 0.2947
20 19 18 95
σ = E(X 2 ) − µ2 ≈ 2.4124. Pr(X = 2) = Pr(R, R, B) + Pr(R, B, R) + Pr(B, R, R)
12 11 8 44
The mean is somewhat larger than the value (7) ob- =3× × × = ≈ 0.4632
20 19 18 95
tained for the unweighted dice, because the weight- 12 11 10 11
ing favours more 6s than 1s showing if the roll is Pr(X = 3) = Pr(R, R, R) = × × =
20 19 18 57
repeated many times. The standard deviation is just
≈ 0.1930
a tiny bit smaller than that found for the unweighted
dice (2.4152); the distribution of probability is just Thus the expected value of X is
slightly more concentrated around the mean here.
7. (a) The sample space consists of the eight triples 14 28 44 11
E(X) = 0 × +1× +2× +3×
(H, H, H ), (H, H, T ), (H, T, H ), (T, H, H ), 285 95 95 57
(H, T, T ), (T, H, T ), (T, T, H ), and (T, T, T ). 9
= = 1.8.
5
(b) We have
Pr(H, H, H ) = (0.55)3 = 0.166375 9. We have f (x) = C x on [0, 3].

2
Pr(H, H, T ) = Pr(H, T, H ) = Pr(T, H, H ) = (0.55) (0.45) a) C is given by
= 0.136125 3
Pr(H, T, T ) = Pr(T, H, T ) = Pr(T, T, H ) = (0.55)(0.45)2
3 C 2 9
1= Cx dx = x = C.
= 0.111375 0 2 0 2
Pr(T, T, T ) = (0.45)3 = 0.091125. 2

Hence, C = .
9
(c) The probability function f for X is given by b) The mean is
f (0) = (0.45)3 = 0.911125 3
2 3 2 3
f (1) = 3 × (0.55)(0.45)2 = 0.334125 µ = E(X) = x2 dx = x = 2.
9 0 27 0
f (2) = 3 × (0.55)2 (0.45) = 0.408375
3
f (3) = (0.55)3 = 0.166375. 2 3 2 4 9
Since E(X 2 ) = x3 dx = x = , the
9 0 36 0 2
(d) Pr(X ≥ 1) = 1 − Pr(X = 0) = 0.908875. variance is
(e) E(X) = 0× f (0)+1× f (1)+2× f (2)+3× f (3) = 1.6500. 9 1

σ 2 = E(X 2 ) − µ2 = −4 = ,
8. The number of red balls in the sack must be 2 2
0.6 × 20 = 12. Thus there are 8 blue balls. √
and the standard deviation is σ = 1/ 2.
(a) The probability of pulling out one blue ball is 8/20.
c) We have
If you got a blue ball, then there would be only 7
blue balls left among the 19 balls remaining in the µ+σ
2
sack, so the probability of pulling out a second blue Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = x dx
9 µ−σ
ball is 7/19. Thus the probability of pulling out two
8 7 14 (µ + σ )2 − (µ − σ )2 4µσ
blue balls is × = . = = ≈ 0.6285.
20 19 95 9 9
297
c) We have
µ+σ
10. We have f (x) = C x on [1, 2]. Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = 3 x2 dx
µ−σ
a) To find C, we have
= (µ + σ )3 − (µ − σ )3
2 3 3
2 C 2 3 3 3 3 3
1= Cx dx = x = C. = + − − ≈ 0.668.
1 2 1 2 4 80 4 80
2
Hence, C = . 12. We have f (x) = C sin x on [0, π ].
3
b) The mean is a) To find C, we calculate
2 π
2 2 2 14
π
µ = E(X) = x d x = x 3 =
2
≈ 1.556. 1= C sin x d x = −C cos x = 2C.
3 1 9 1 9 0 0
2 1
2 2
3 1 4 5 Hence, C = .
Since E(X 2 ) = x d x = x = , the 2
3 1 6 1 2 b) The mean is
variance is
π
5 196 13 1
2
σ = E(X ) − µ = − 2
= 2 µ = E(X) = x sin x d x
2 81 162 2 0
U =x d V = sin x d x
and the standard deviation is dU = d x V = − cos x
π π
1
13 = −x cos x + cos x d x
σ = ≈ 0.283. 2 0 0
162 π
= = 1.571.
2
c) We have
Since
µ+σ
2 1 π
Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = x dx E(X 2 ) = x 2 sin x d x
3 µ−σ 2 0
(µ + σ )2 − (µ − σ )2 4µσ U = x2 d V = sin x d x
= = ≈ 0.5875.
3 3 dU = 2x d x V = − cos x
π π
1
= −x 2 cos x + 2 x cos x d x
2 0 0
11. We have f (x) = C x 2 on [0, 1]. U=x d V = cos x d x
a) C is given by dU = d x V = sin x
π π
1 2
= π + 2 x sin x − sin x d x
1 2
1 C 3
2 C 0 0
1= Cx dx = x = . 1 2
0 3 0 3 = (π − 4).
2
Hence, C = 3. Hence, the variance is
b) The mean, variance, and standard deviation are
π2 − 4 π2 π2 − 8
σ 2 = E(X 2 )− µ2 = − = ≈ 0.467
3 1 2 4 4
µ = E(X) = 3 x3 dx =
0 4 and the standard deviation is
1
9 3 9 3
σ 2 = E(X 2 ) − µ2 = 3 x4 dx − = − =
0 16 5 16 80 π2 − 8
σ = ≈ 0.684.
σ = 3/80. 4
298
∞
c) Then Since I0 = e−x d x = 1, therefore In = n! for n ≥ 1.
0
µ+σ Let u = kx; then
1
Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = sin x d x
2 µ−σ ∞ ∞
1 1 n!
1 x n e−kx d x = u n e−u du = In = n+1 .
= − cos(µ + σ ) − cos(µ − σ ) 0 k n+1 0 k n+1 k
2
= sin µ sin σ = sin σ ≈ 0.632.
Now let f (x) = C xe−kx on [0, ∞).
a) To find C, observe that
13. We have f (x) = C(x − x 2 ) on [0, 1]. ∞ C
a) C is given by 1=C xe−kx d x = .
0 k2
1
1 x2 x3 = C.
1= C(x − x 2 ) d x = C − Hence, C = k 2 .
0 2 3 0 6
b) The mean is
Hence, C = 6.
∞ 2 2
b) The mean, variance, and standard deviation are µ = E(X) = k 2 x 2 e−kx d x = k 2 = .
0 k3 k
1 1
µ = E(X) = 6(x 2 − x 3 ) d x = ∞ 6 6
0 2 Since E(X 2 ) = k 2 x 3 e−kx d x = k 2 = ,
1 0 k4 k2
2 2 2 1 then the variance is
σ = E(X ) − µ = 6 (x 3 − x 4 ) d x −
0 4
3 1 1 6 4 2
= − = σ 2 = E(X 2 ) − µ2 = 2
− 2 = 2
10 4
20 k k k
σ = 1/20. √
2
and the standard deviation is σ = .
c) We have k
c) Finally,
(1/2)+σ
Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = 6 (x − x 2 ) d x Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ )
(1/2)−σ µ+σ
(1/2)+σ
1 1 2 = k2 xe−kx d x Let u = kx
=6 − x− dx µ−σ
(1/2)−σ 4 2 du = k d x
k(µ+σ )
Let u = x − 12 = −u
ue du
du = d x k(µ−σ )
σ

k(µ+σ ) k(µ+σ )
1 σ σ3 −u
= 12 − u 2 du = 12 − = −ue + e−u du
0 4 4 3 k(µ−σ ) k(µ−σ )

√ √ √ √
12 1 1
= √ − ≈ 0.626. = −(2 + 2)e−(2+ 2) + (2 − 2)e−(2− 2)
20 4 60 √ √
− e−(2+ 2)
+ e−(2− 2)
≈ 0.738.
14. It was shown in Section 6.1 (p. 349) that

x n e−x d x = −x n e−x + n x n−1 e−x d x.
15. a) We have
∞ √
∞ ∞
If In = x n e−x d x, then 2 C 2 C π
0 1=C e−x d x = e−x d x = .
0 2 −∞ 2
n −R √
In = lim −R e + n In−1 = n In−1 if n ≥ 1.
R→∞ Thus C = 2/ π.
299
b) The mean, variance, and standard deviation are 2

18. Since f (x) = > 0 on [0, ∞) and
π(1 + x 2 )
∞ 2 ∞
2 e−x 1
µ= √ xe −x 2
dx = − √ = √ 2 ∞ dx 2 2 π
π 0 π 0 π = lim tan−1 (R) = = 1,
∞ π 0 1+x 2 R→∞ π π 2
1 2 2
σ2 = − + √ x 2 e−x d x
π π 0 therefore f (x) is a probability density function on
U=x
2
d V = xe −x d x [0, ∞). The expectation of X is
2
dU = d x V = − 12 e−x 2 ∞ x dx
∞ µ = E(X) =
1 2 x −x 2 1 ∞ −x 2 π 0 1 + x2
=− +√ − e + e dx 1
π π 2 0 2 0 = lim ln(1 + R 2 ) = ∞.
√ R→∞ π
1 2 1 π 1 1
=− +√ 0+ · = − No matter what the cost per game, you should be will-
π π 2 2 2 π
ing to play (if you have an adequate bankroll). Your ex-
1 1
σ= − ≈ 0.426. pected winnings per game in the long term is infinite.
2 π
19. a) The density function for the uniform distribution on
c) We have [a, b] is given by f (x) = 1/(b − a), for a ≤ x ≤ b.
µ+σ By Example 5, the mean and standard deviation are
2 2 given by
Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = √ e−x d x
π µ−σ
√ b+a b−a
Let x = z/ 2 µ= , σ = √ .
√ 2 2 3
d x = dz/ 2
√ b+a b−a
2 2(µ+σ )
=
2
e−z /2 dz. Since µ + 2σ = + √ > b, and similarly,
π √ 2 3
2(µ−σ )
µ − 2σ < a, therefore Pr(|X − µ| ≥ 2σ ) = 0.
√ √
But 2(µ − σ ) ≈ 0.195 and 2(µ + σ ) ≈ 1.40. b) For f (x) = ke−kx on [0, ∞), we know that
Thus, if Z is a standard normal random variable, we 1
µ = σ = (Example 6). Thus µ − 2σ < 0 and
obtain by interpolation in the table on page 386 in k
the text, 3
µ + 2σ = . We have
k
Pr(µ − σ ≤ X ≤ µ + σ ) = 2Pr(0.195 ≤ Z ≤ 1.400)
3
≈ 2(0.919 − 0.577) ≈ 0.68. Pr(|X − µ| ≥ 2σ ) = Pr X ≥
k
∞
∞ =k e−kx d x
16. No. The identity C d x = 1 is not satisfied for any 3/k
−∞ ∞
constant C.
= −e−kx = e−3 ≈ 0.050.
1 2 2 3/k
17. √ e−(x−µ) /2σ
f µ,σ (x) =
σ 2π
∞
1 x −µ 1 2 2
√ e(x−µ) /2σ , which has mean µ
2 2
mean = √ xe−(x−µ) /2σ d x Let z = c) For fµ,σ (x) =
σ 2π −∞ σ σ 2π
1 and standard deviation σ , we have
dz = dx
∞ σ
1 2
Pr(|X − µ| ≥ 2σ ) = 2Pr(X ≤ µ − 2σ )
= √ (µ + σ z)e −z /2 dz µ−2σ
2π −∞ 1 2 2
∞ =2 √ e−(x−µ) /2σ d x
µ 2 −∞ σ 2π
= √ e−z /2 dz = µ x −µ
2π −∞
Let z =
σ
variance = E (x − µ)2 1
∞ dz = d x
1 2 2 σ
= √ (x − µ)2 e−(x−µ) /2σ d x 2
−2
σ 2π −∞ = √ e −z 2
dz
∞
1 2 2π −∞
= √ σ 2 z 2 e−z /2 dz = σ Var(Z ) = σ
σ 2π −∞ = 2Pr(Z ≤ −2) ≈ 2 × 0.023 = 0.046
300
from the table in this section. dy 3y − 1

2. =
d x x
20. The density function for T is f (t) = ke−kt on [0, ∞), dy dx
1 1 =
where k = = (see Example 6). Then 3y − 1 x
µ 20 1 1
ln |3y − 1| = ln |x| + ln C
∞ 12 3 3
1 1 3y − 1
Pr(T ≥ 12) = e−t/20 dt = 1 − e−t/20 dt =C
20 12 20 0 x3
12 1

= 1 + e−t/20 = e−12/20 ≈ 0.549. ⇒ y = (1 + C x 3 ).
3
0
The probability that the system will last at least 12 hours dy x2

3. = 2 ⇒ y2 d y = x 2 d x
is about 0.549. dx y
21. If X is distributed normally, with mean µ = 5, 000, and y3 x3
= + C1 , or x3 − y3 = C
standard deviation σ = 200, then 3 3
Pr(X ≥ 5500) dy
∞ 4. = x 2 y2
1 2 2 d x
= √ e−(x−5000) /(2×200 ) d x dy
200 2π 5500 = x2 dx
y2
x − 5000
Let z = 1 1 1
200 − = x3 + C
dx y 3 3
dz = 3
∞ 200 ⇒ y=− 3 .
1 x +C
−z 2 /2
= √ e dz
2π 5/2 dY dY
= Pr(Z ≥ 5/2) = Pr(Z ≤ −5/2) ≈ 0.006 5. = tY ⇒ = t dt
dt Y
t2 2 /2
from the table in this section. ln Y = + C1 , or Y = Cet
2
22. If X is the random variable giving the spinner’s value,
then Pr(X = 1/4) = 1/2 and the density function for the dx
6. = e x sin t
other values of X is f (x) = 1/2. Thus the mean of X is dt
1 e−x d x = sin t dt
1 1 1 1 3
µ = E(X) = Pr X = + x f (x) d x = + = .
4 4 0 8 4 8 −e−x = − cos t − C
⇒ x = − ln(cos t + C).
Also,
1 dy dy
2 1 1 1 1 19 7. = 1 − y2 ⇒ = dx
E(X ) = Pr X = + x 2 f (x) d x = + = dx

1 − y2
16 4 0 32 6 96 1 1 1
2 2 2 19 9 11 + dy = dx
σ = E(X ) − µ = − = . 2 1+ y 1− y
96 64 192
1 1 + y
√ ln = x + C1
Thus σ = 11/192. 2 1 − y
1+y Ce2x − 1
= Ce2x or y=
Section 7.9 First-Order 1−y Ce2x + 1
Differential Equations (page 429)
dy
8. = 1 + y2
dy y d x
1. = dy
dx 2x = dx
dy dx 1 + y2
2 =
y x tan−1 y =x +C
2 ln y = ln x + C1 ⇒ y2 = C x ⇒ y = tan(x + C).
301
dy dy
9. = 2 + ey ⇒ = dt
dt 2 + ey
−y
e dy
= dt
2e−y + 1
1 dy
− ln(2e−y + 1) = t + C1 13. + 2y = 3 µ = exp 2 d x = e2x
2 dx
d 2x
1 (e y) = e2x (y + 2y) = 3e2x
2e−y + 1 = C2 e−2t , or y = − ln Ce−2t − dx
2
3 3
10. We have e2x y = e2x + C ⇒ y = + Ce−2x
2 2
dy
= y 2 (1 − y)
d x
dy
= dx = x + K. dy
y 2 (1 − y) 14. We have + y = e x . Let µ = d x = x, then eµ = e x ,
Expand the left side in partial fractions: dx
and
1 A B C
= + 2+
y 2 (1 − y) y y 1− y d x dy dy
(e y) = e x + ex y = ex + y = e2x
A(y − y 2 ) + B(1 − y) + C y 2 dx

dx dx
= 1
y 2 (1 − y) ⇒ e x y = e2x d x = e2x + C.
$
− A + C = 0; 2
⇒ A − B = 0; ⇒ A = B = C = 1.
B = 1. 1 x
Hence, Hence, y = e + Ce−x .
2

dy 1 1 1
= + + dy
y 2 (1 − y) y y2 1−y
1
= ln |y| − − ln |1 − y|. dy
y 15. +y=x µ = exp 1 d x = ex
dx
Therefore, d x
y 1 (e y) = e x (y + y) = xe x
ln − = x + K. dx
1− y y
ex y = xe x d x = xe x − e x + C
dy 2
11. − y = x2 (linear) y = x − 1 + Ce−x
dx x
2 1
µ = exp − dx = 2
x x
1 dy 2 dy
− 3 y=1 16. We have + 2e x y = e x . Let µ = 2e x d x = 2e x , then
x2 dx x dx
d y
=1
dx x2 d 2ex x dy x
y e y = e2e + 2e x e2e y
= x + C, so y = x 3 + C x 2 dx d
x
x2 x dy x
dy 2y 1 = e2e + 2e x y = e2e e x .
12. We have + = . Let dx
dx x x2
2
µ= d x = 2 ln x = ln x 2 , then eµ = x 2 , and Therefore,
x
d 2 dy
(x y) = x 2 + 2x y x x
dx d x e2e y = e2e e x d x
Let u = 2e x
dy 2y 1 du = 2e x d x
= x2 + = x2 =1
dx x x2 1 u 1 2ex
= e du = e + C.
2 2
⇒ x2y = dx = x + C
1 C 1 x
⇒ y= + 2. Hence, y = + Ce−2e .
x x 2
302

dy 1 2
x t
17. + 10y = 1, y 10 = 10 21. y(x) = 2 + dt
⇒ y(0) = 2
dt 0 y(t)
µ = 10 dt = 10t dy x
= , i.e. y d y = x d x
dx y
d 10t dy
(e y) = e10t + 10e10t y = e10t y2 = x 2 + C
dt dt
1 10t 22 = 02 + C
⇒ C = 4
e10t y(t) = e +C
10 y = 4 + x 2.
1 2 2e e e x
y 10 = 10 ⇒ = +C ⇒ C = (y(t))2
10 10 10 22. y(x) = 1 + dt
⇒ y(0) = 1
2
1 1 0 1+t
y= + e1−10t .
10 10 dy y2
= , i.e. d y/y 2 = d x/(1 + x 2 )
dx 1 + x2
1
− = tan−1 x + C
y
dy
18. + 3x 2 y = x 2 , y(0) = 1 − 1 = 0 + C
⇒ C = −1
dx
y = 1/(1 − tan−1 x).
µ = 3x 2 d x = x 3 x
y(t)
d x3 3 dy
23. y(x) = 1 + dt
⇒ y(1) = 1
1 t (t + 1)
3 3
(e y) = e x + 3x 2 e x y = x 2 e x
dx d x dy y
3 3 1 3 = , for x > 0
ex y = x 2ex d x = ex + C dx x(x + 1)
3 dy dx dx dx
1 2 = = −
y(0) = 1 ⇒ 1 = + C ⇒ C = y x(x + 1) x x +1
3 3 x
1 2 3 ln y = ln + ln C
y = + e−x . x +1
3 3 Cx
y= ,
⇒ 1 = C/2
x +1
2x
y= .
x +1
19. x 2 y + y = x 2 e1/x , y(1) = 3e x
1 1/x 24. y(x) = 3 + e−y dt
⇒ y(0) = 3
y + 2y =e 0
x dy
1 1 = e−y , i.e. e y d y = d x
µ= dx = − dx
x2 x
ey = x + C
⇒ y = ln(x + C)
d −1/x 1
e y = e−1/x y + 2 y = 1 3 = y(0) = ln C
⇒ C = e3
dx x
3
y = ln(x + e ).
e−1/x y = 1 d x = x + C
25. Since a > b > 0 and k > 0,
y(1) = 3e ⇒ 3 = 1 + C ⇒ C = 2
y = (x + 2)e1/x . ab e(b−a)kt − 1
lim x(t) = lim
t→∞ t→∞be(b−a)kt − a
ab(0 − 1)
= = b.
0−a
20. y + (cos x)y = 2xe − sin x , y(π ) = 0
26. Since b > a > 0 and k > 0,
µ = cos x d x = sin x
ab e(b−a)kt − 1
d sin x lim x(t) = lim
(e y) = esin x (y + (cos x)y) = 2x t→∞ t→∞ be (b−a)kt − a
dx
esin x y = 2x d x = x 2 + C ab 1 − e(a−b)kt
= lim
2 2
t→∞b − ae(a−b)kt
y(π ) = 0 ⇒ 0 = π + C ⇒ C = −π ab(1 − 0)
y = (x 2 − π 2 )e− sin x . = = a.
b−0
303
27. The solution given, namely 29. We proceed by separation of variables:

dv
ab e(b−a)kt − 1 m = mg − kv 2
x= , dt
be(b−a)kt − a dv k
= g − v2
dt m
is indeterminate (0/0) if a = b. dv
If a = b the original differential equation becomes = dt
k
g − v2
m
dx dv k kt
= k(a − x)2 , mg = dt = + C.
dt −v 2 m m
k
which is separable and yields the solution
Let a 2 = mg/k, where a > 0. Thus, we have

1 dx dv kt
= =k dt = kt + C. 2 2
= +C
a−x (a − x)2 a − v m
1 a + v kt
ln = +C
1 1 1 2a a − v m
Since x(0) = 0, we have C = , so = kt + .
a a−x a a + v 2akt kg
Solving for x, we obtain
ln = + C1 = 2 t + C1
a − v m m
a+v √
a 2 kt = C2 e2t kg/m .
x= . a−v
1 + akt
Assuming v(0) = 0, we get C2 = 1. Thus
This solution also results from evaluating the limit of √
solution obtained for the case a = b as b approaches a a + v = e2t kg/m (a − v)
√ √
(using l’Hôpital’s Rule, say). v 1 + e2t kg/m = a e2t kg/m − 1

mg 2t √kg/m
dv = e −1
28. Given that m = mg − kv, then k
√
dt mg e 2t kg/m
−1
v= √
dv k e2t kg/m + 1
= dt
k mg
g− v Clearly v → as t → ∞. This also follows from
m k
m k dv
− lng − v = t + C. setting = 0 in the given differential equation.
k m dt
30. The balance in the account after t years is y(t) and
m k y(0) = 1000. The balance must satisfy
Since v(0) = 0, therefore C = − ln g. Also, g − v
k m
remains positive for all t > 0, so dy y2
= 0.1y −
dt 1, 000, 000
m g
ln =t dy 105 y − y 2
k k =
g− v dt 106
m dy dt
k =
g− v 105 y − y 2 106
m = e−kt/m
g 1 1 1 t C
+ dy = 6 − 5
mg 105 y 105 − y 10 10
⇒ v = v(t) = 1 − e−kt/m . t
k ln |y| − ln |105 − y| = −C
10
mg 5
10 − y
Note that lim v(t) = . This limiting velocity can be = eC−(t/10)
t→∞ k y
obtained directly from the differential equation by setting
dv 105
= 0. y = C−(t/10) .
dt e +1
304
INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL REVIEW EXERCISES 7 (PAGE 430)

Since y(0) = 1000, we have 5
Let µ = dt = 5 ln |500 + t| = ln(500 + t)5 for
500 + t
105 t > 0. Then eµ = (500 + t)5 , and
1000 = y(0) = ⇒ C = ln 99,
eC+1 d dx
(500 + t)5 x = (500 + t)5 + 5(500 + t)4 x
and dt dy

105 5 dx 5x
y= . = (500 + t) +
99e−t/10 +1 dy 500 + t
The balance after 1 year is = 0.12(500 + t)5 .
105 Hence,
y= ≈ $1, 104.01.
99e−1/10 +1
(500 + t)5 x = 0.12 (500 + t)5 dt = 0.02(500 + t)6 + C
As t → ∞, the balance can grow to
⇒ x = 0.02(500 + t) + C(500 + t)−5 .
105 105
lim y(t) = lim = = $100, 000.
t→∞ t→∞ e(4.60−0.1t) + 1 0+1 Since x(0) = 50, we have C = 1.25 × 1015 and
For the account to grow to $50,000, t must satisfy x = 0.02(500 + t) + (1.25 × 1015 )(500 + t)−5 .
100, 000 After 40 min, there will be

50, 000 = y(t) =
99e−t/10 + 1
⇒ 99e −t/10
+1 =2 x = 0.02(540) + (1.25 × 1015 )(540)−5 = 38.023 kg
⇒ t = 10 ln 99 ≈ 46 years.
of salt in the tank.
31. The hyperbolas x y = C satisfy the differential equation Review Exercises 7 (page 430)
dy dy y 1.
y+x = 0, or =− .
dx dx x
3 cm 3 cm
Curves that intersect these hyperbolas at right angles
dy x 1 cm
must therefore satisfy = , or x d x = y d y, a sep-
dx y
arated equation with solutions x 2 − y 2 = C, which is 5 cm 3 cm 1 cm 5 cm
also a family of rectangular hyperbolas. (Both families
are degenerate at the origin for C = 0.)
32. Let x(t) be the number of kg of salt in the 1 cm
solution in the tank after t minutes. Thus,
x(0) = 50. Salt is coming into the tank at a rate of Fig. R-7.1
10 g/L × 12 L/min = 0.12 kg/min. Since the contents
flow out at a rate of 10 L/min, the volume of the solu- The volume of thread that can be wound on the left spool
tion is increasing at 2 L/min and thus, at any time t, the is π(32 − 12 )(5) = 40π cm3 .
volume of the solution is 1000 + 2t L. Therefore the con- The height of the winding region of the right spool at
x(t) distance r from the central axis of the spool is of the
centration of salt is L. Hence, salt is being
1000 + 2t form h = A + Br . Since h = 3 if r = 1, and h = 5 if
removed at a rate
r = 3, we have A = 2 and B = 1, so h = 2 + r . The
x(t) 5x(t) volume of thread that can be wound on the right spool is
kg/L × 10 L/min = kg/min.
1000 + 2t 500 + t 3
3
2 r 3 100π
2π r (2 + r ) dr = 2π r + = cm3 .
Therefore, 1 3 1 3
dx 5x
= 0.12 −
dt 500 + t 100
dx 5 The right spool will hold (1, 000) = 833.33 m of
+ x = 0.12. 3 × 40
dt 500 + t thread.
305
REVIEW EXERCISES 7 (PAGE 430) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS
2. Let A(y) be the cross-sectional area of the bowl at height

y above the bottom. When the depth of water in the
bowl is Y , then the volume of water in the bowl is
Y 60◦
V (Y ) = A(y) d y.
0
The water evaporates at a rate proportional to exposed
surface area. Thus
dV
= k A(Y )
dt 10 cm x
d V dY
= k A(Y )
dY dt
dY Fig. R-7.4
A(Y ) = k A(Y ).
dt
1
Hence dY /dt = k; the depth decreases at a constant 5. The arc length of y = cosh(ax) from x = 0 to x = 1 is
a
rate.
1 1
3. The barrel is generated by revolving x = a − by2 , s= 1 + sinh2 (ax) d x = cosh(ax) d x
(−2 ≤ y ≤ 2), about the y-axis. Since the top and 0 0
1
bottom disks have radius 1 ft, we have a − 4b = 1. The 1 1
volume of the barrel is = sinh(ax) = sinh a.
a 0 a
2
V =2 π(a − by 2 )2 d y 1
0 We want sinh a = 2, that is, sinh a = 2a. Solving this
2 a
2 2aby 3 b2 y 5 by Newton’s Method or a calculator solve function, we
= 2π a y − + get a ≈ 2.1773.
3 5 0
√
16 32 2 6. The area of revolution of y = x, (0 ≤ x ≤ 6), about the
2
== 2π 2a − ab + b . x-axis is
3 5

6 2
Since V = 16 and a = 1 + 4b, we have dy
S = 2π y 1+ dx
16 32 0 d x
2π 2(1 + 4b)2 − b(1 + 4b) + b2 = 16 6
3 5 √ 1
= 2π x 1+ dx
60 4x
128b2 + 80b + 15 − = 0. 0
6
π 1
= 2π x + dx
Solving this quadratic gives two solutions, b ≈ 0.0476 0 4
and b ≈ −0.6426. Since the second of these leads to an 3/2 6
4π 1
unacceptable negative value for a, we must have = x+ = 4π 125 − 1 = 62π sq. units.
3 4 3 8 8 3
b ≈ 0.0476, and so a = 1 + 4b ≈ 1.1904. 0
4. A vertical slice parallel to the top ridge of the solid at

distance x to the right of the√centre is a rectangle of base 7. The region is a quarter-elliptic disk with semi-axes a = 2
√ and b = 1. The area of the region is A = π ab/4 = π/2.
2 100 − x 2 cm^and height 3(10 − x) cm. Thus the
solid has volume The moments about the coordinate axes are
10 √
2
V =2 3(10 − x)2 100 − x 2 d x x2 x2
M x=0 = x 1− d x Let u = 1 −
0 0 4 4
√ 10 √ 10 x
= 40 3 100 − x 2 d x − 4 3 x 100 − x 2 d x du = − d x
2
0 0 1
√ 4
Let u = 100 − x 2 =2 u du =
0 3
du = −2x d x
√ 100π √ 100 √ M y=0 =
1 2
1−
x2
dx
= 40 3 −2 3 u du 2 0 4
4
0 2
√ 4 1 x 3 2
= 1, 000 3 π − cm3 . = x− = .
3 2 12 0 3
306
INSTRUCTOR’S SOLUTIONS MANUAL CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 7 (PAGE 430)
Thus x̄ = M x=0 / A = 8/(3π ) and or, equivalently, f (a) + g(a) = 2a. Thus f and g must
ȳ = M y=0 / A = 4/(3π ). The centroid is satisfy
8/(3π ), 4/(3π ) .
f (x) + g(x) = 2x for every x > 0.
8.
y
dy 3y dy dx
11. = ⇒ =3
dx x −1 y x −1
⇒ ln |y| = ln |x − 1|3 + ln |C|
1 3 ⇒ y = C(x − 1)3 .
x Since y = 4 when x = 2, we have 4 = C(2 − 1)3 = C, so
the equation of the curve is y = 4(x − 1)3 .
12. The ellipses 3x 2 + 4y 2 = C all satisfy the differential
equation
dy dy 3x
Fig. R-7.8 6x + 8y = 0, or =− .
dx dx 4y
Let the disk have centre (and therefore centroid) at (0, 0).
A family of curves that intersect these ellipses at right
Its area is 9π . Let the hole have centre (and therefore dy 4y
centroid) at (1, 0). Its area is π . The remaining part has angles must therefore have slopes given by = .
dx 3x
area 8π and centroid at (x̄, 0), where Thus
dy dx
3 =4
(9π )(0) = (8π )x̄ + (π )(1). y x
3 ln |y| = 4 ln |x| + ln |C|.
Thus x̄ = −1/8. The centroid of the remaining part is
The family is given by y 3 = C x 4 .
1/8 ft from the centre of the disk on the side opposite
the hole. 13. The original $8,000 grows to $8, 000e0.08 in two years.
Between t and t + dt, an amount $10, 000 sin(2π t) dt
9. Let the area of cross-section of the cylinder be A. When comes in, and this grows to $10, 000 sin(2π t)e0.04(2−t) dt
the piston is y cm above the base, the volume of gas in by the end of two years. Thus the amount in the account
the cylinder is V = Ay, and its pressure P(y) satisfies after 2 years is
P(y)V = k (constant). The force exerted by the piston is 2
8, 000e0.08 +10, 000 sin(2π t)e0.04(2−t) dt ≈ $8, 798.85.
kA k 0
F(y) = P(y)A = = .
Ay y
(We omit the details of evaluation of the integral, which
is done by the method of Example 4 of Section 7.1.)
We are told that F = 1, 000 N when y = 20 cm. Thus
k = 20, 000 N·cm. The work done by the piston as it
descends to 5 cm is Challenging Problems 7 (page 430)
20 1. a) The nth bead extends from x = (n − 1)π to x = nπ ,
20, 000 20
W = d y = 20, 000 ln ≈ 27, 726 N·cm. and has volume
5 y 5
nπ
Vn = π e−2kx sin2 x d x
(n−1)π

10. We are told that for any a > 0, π nπ
= e−2kx (1 − cos(2x)) d x
a 2 (n−1)π
2 2 a
π f (x) − g(x) d x = 2π x f (x)−g(x) d x. Let x = u + (n − 1)π
x = du
d
0 0
π π −2ku −2k(n−1)π
Differentiating both sides of this equation with respect to = e e 1 − cos(2u + 2(n − 1)π ) du
2 0
a, we get
π −2k(n−1)π π −2ku
= e e (1 − cos(2u)) du
2 2 2 0
f (a) − g(a) = 2a f (a) − g(a) , = e−2k(n−1)π V1 .
307
CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 7 (PAGE 430) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS
Vn+1 e−2knπ V1 or, equivalently, a(100 − k2 )2 = 4. The volume of the

Thus = −2k(n−1)π = e−2kπ , which de-
Vn e V1 pool is
pends on k but not n.
10
b) Vn+1 /Vn = 1/2 if −2kπ = ln(1/2) = − ln 2, that is, V P = 2π a r (100 − r 2 )(r 2 − k 2 ) dr
if k = (ln 2)/(2π ). k

250, 000 1
c) Using the result of Example 4 in Section 7.1, we = 2π a − 2, 500k 2 + 25k 4 − k 6 .
calculate the volume of the first bead: 3 12

π π −2kx The volume of the hill is
V1 = e (1 − cos(2x)) d x
2 0 k
π π 1
π e−2kx π e−2kx (2 sin(2x) − 2k cos(2x)) V H = 2π a r (r 2 −100)(r 2 −k 2 ) dr = 2π a 25k 4 − k 6 .
= − 0 12
−4k 0 2 4(1 + k 2 )
0
π −2kπ π −2kπ These two volumes must be equal, so k2 = 100/3 and
= (1 − e )− (k − ke )
4k 4(1 + k 2 ) k ≈ 5.77 m. Thus a = 4/(100 − k2 )2 = 0.0009. The
π
= (1 − e−2kπ ). volume of earth to be moved is VH with these values of
4k(1 + k 2 ) a and k, namely
By part (a) and Theorem 1(d) of Section 6.1, the 2 4
100 1 100
sum of the volumes of the first n beads is 2π(0.0009) 25 − ≈ 140 m3 .
3 12 3
π
Sn = (1 − e−2kπ )
4k(1 + k 2 )
2 n−1
× 1 + e−2kπ + e−2kπ + · · · + e−2kπ
3.
y y = ax + bx 2 + cx 3
π 1 − e−2knπ (h, r )
= (1 − e−2kπ )
4k(1 + k 2 ) 1 − e−2kπ
π −2knπ
= (1 − e ). x
4k(1 + k 2 )
Thus the total volume of all the beads is

π
V = lim Sn = cu. units..
n→∞ 4k(1 + k 2 ) Fig. C-7.3
f (x) = ax + bx 2 must satisfy f (h) = r , f (h) = 0,

+ cx 3
2.
and f (x) > 0 for 0 < x < h. The first two conditions
require that
10 m
ah + bh 2 + ch 3 = r
1m a + 2bh + 3ch 2 = 0,
from which we obtain by solving for b and c,
3r − 2ah ah − 2r
b= , c= .
h2 h3
The volume of the nose cone is then
h 2
Fig. C-7.2 πh
V (a) = π f (x) d x = (13ahr + 78r 2 + 2a 2 h 2 ).
0 210
h(r ) = a(r 2 − 100)(r 2 − k 2 ), where 0 < k < 10
2 2 2 2 2 Solving d V /da = 0 gives only one critical point,
h (r ) = 2ar (r − k ) + 2ar (r − 100) = 2ar (2r − 100 − k ).
a = −13r/(4h). This is unacceptable, because the con-
The deepest point occurs where 2r 2
= 100 + i.e.,k2 ,
dition f (x) > 0 on (0, h) forces us to require a ≥ 0. In
r 2 = 50 + (k 2 /2). Since this depth must be 1 m, we
fact
require 2
k k2 2(3r − 2ah) 3(ah − 2r ) 2
a − 50 50 − = −1, f (x) = a + x+ x
2 2 h2 h3
308
is clearly positive for small x if a > 0. Its two roots are To minimize this expression for a > 0 we should take
x1 = h and x2 = h 2 a/(3ah − 6r ). a must be restricted k = 0. This gives f (x) = ax 2 (1 − x). To minimize
so that x2 is not in the interval (0, h). If a < 2r/ h, then V (a, k) for a < 0 we should take k = −1. This gives
x2 < 0. If 2r/ h < a < 3r/ h, then x2 > h. If a > 3r/ h, f (x) = −ax(1 − x)2 . Since we want the maximum
then 0 < x2 < h. Hence the interval of acceptable values value of f to be 2 in either case, we calculate the critical
of a is 0 ≤ a ≤ 3r/ h. We have points of these two possible functions. For a > 0 the CP
is x = 2/3 and f (2/3) = 2 gives a = 27/2. The volume
13πr 2 h 3r 9πr 2 h in this case is V (27/2, 0) = (27π/60)(78 − 0). For a < 0
V (0) = , V = .
35 h 14 the CP is x = 1/3 and f (1/3) = 2 gives a = −27/2.
The volume in this case is
The largest volume corresponds to a = 3r/ h, which is V (−27/2, −1) = −(27π/60)(78 − 155) = (27π/60)(77).
the largest allowed value for a and so corresponds to the Thus the minimum volume occurs for
bluntest possible nose. The corresponding cubic f (x) is f (x) = (27/2)x(1 − x)2 , i.e. b = −a = 27/2.
r 6. Starting with V1 (r ) = 2r , and using repeatedly the for-
f (x) = (3h 2 x − 3hx 2 + x 3 ). mula
h3 r
Vn (r ) = Vn−1 ( r 2 − x 2 ) d x,
! −r
a + bx + cx 2 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1
4. a) If f (x) = 2 , then Maple gave the following results:
! p + qx + r x for 1 ≤ x ≤ 3
b + 2cx for 0 < x <1
f (x) = . We require that V1 (r ) = 2r V2 (r ) = πr 2
q + 2r x for 1 < x <3
4 1
V3 (r ) = πr 3 V4 (r ) = π 2r 4
a=1 p + 3q + 9r = 0 3 2
8 2 5 1 3 6
a+b+c = 2 p +q +r = 2 V5 (r ) = π r V6 (r ) = π r
15 6
b + 2c = m q + 2r = m. 16 3 7 1 4 8
V7 (r ) = π r V8 (r ) = π r
105 24
The solutions of these systems are a = 1, b = 2 − m, 32 4 9 1 5 10
c = m − 1, p = 32 (1 − m), q = 2m + 1, and V9 (r ) = π r V10 (r ) = π r
945 120
r = − 12 (1 + m). f (x, m) is f (x) with these values
of the six constants. It appears that
b) The length of the spline is
1 n 2n
V2n (r ) = π r , and
1 3 n!
L(m) = 1 + (b + 2cx)2 d x + 1 + (q + 2r x)2 d x 2 n
0 1 V2n−1 (r ) = π n−1r 2n−1
1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n − 1)
with the values of b, c, q, and r determined above. 22n−1 (n − 1)! n−1 2n−1
= π r .
A plot of the graph of L(m) reveals a minimum (2n − 1)!
value in the neighbourhood of m = −0.3. The
derivative of L(m) is a horrible expression, but These formulas predict that
Mathematica determined its zero to be about
m = −0.281326, and the corresponding minimum 211 5! 5 11 1 6 12
value of L is about√4.41748. The polygonal line V11 (r ) = π r and V12 (r ) = π r ,
11! 6!
ABC has length 3 2 ≈ 4.24264, which is only
slightly shorter. both of which Maple is happy to confirm.
5. Let b = ka so that the cross-sectional curve is given by 7. With y and θ as defined in the statement of the problem,
we have
y = f (x) = ax(1 − x)(x + k). 0 ≤ y ≤ 10 and 0 ≤ θ < π.
The requirement that f (x) ≥ 0 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 is satisfied The needle crosses a line if y < 5 sin θ . The probability
provided either a > 0 and k ≥ 0 or a < 0 and k ≤ −1. of this happening is the ratio of the area under the curve
The volume of the wall is to the area of the rectangle in the figure, that is,
1 π
πa 1 1
V (a, k) = 2π(15 + x) f (x) d x = (78 + 155k). Pr = 5 sin θ dθ = .
0 30 10π 0 π
309
CHALLENGING PROBLEMS 7 (PAGE 430) R. A. ADAMS: CALCULUS
y
Note that the first term can be written in an alternate
y = 10
way:

x
y = L ln √ − L 2 − x 2.
L − L2 − x2
y = 5 sin x
9. a) S(a, a, c) is the area of the surface obtained by
rotating the ellipse (x 2 /a 2 ) + (y 2 /c2 ) = 1
(where a >√ c) about the y-axis. Since
y = −cx/(a a 2 − x 2 ), we have

π θ a
c2 x 2
S(a, a, c) = 2 × 2π x 1+ 2 2 dx
Fig. C-7.7 0 a (a − x 2 )

4π a a 4 − (a 2 − c2 )x 2
= x √ dx
8. y a 0 a2 − x 2
Let x = a sin u
d x = a cos u du

Q 4π π/2
= a sin u a 4 − (a 2 − c2 )a 2 sin2 u du
a 0
y = f (x) π/2
= 4π a sin u a 2 − (a 2 − c2 )(1 − cos2 u) du
0
Let v = cos u
L dv = − sin u du
1
= 4π a c2 + (a 2 − c2 )v 2 dv.
P(x, y) 0
This integral can now be handled using tables or
computer algebra. It evaluates to
√
2 2π ac2 a + a 2 − c2
x S(a, a, c) = 2π a + √ ln .
a 2 − c2 c
(L , 0)
b) S(a, c, c) is the area of the surface obtained by ro-
Fig. C-7.8 tating the ellipse
√ of part (a) about the y-axis. Since
y = −cx/(a a 2 − x 2 ), we have
If Q = (0, Y ), then the slope of P Q is
a
c2 x 2
S(a, c, c) = 2 × 2π y 1+ 2 2 dx
y−Y dy 0 a (a − x 2 )
= f (x) = .
x −0 dx 4π c a 2 a 4 − (a 2 − c2 )x 2
= 2 a − x2 √ dx
a a2 − x 2
Since |P Q| = L, we have (y − Y )2 = L 2 − 2 0 a
√x . Since the 4π c
slope d y/d x is negative at P, d y/d x = − L 2 − x 2 /x. = 2 a 4 − (a 2 − c2 )x 2 d x
a 0
Thus
a
a 2 − c2 2
√ √
= 4π c 1− x dx
L2 − x2 L+ L2 − x2 0 a4
y=− d x = L ln − L 2 − x 2 +C.
x x 2π a 2 c c
= 2π c2 + √ cos−1 .
2
a −c 2 a
Since y = 0 when x = L, we have C = 0 and the
equation of the tractrix is b−c a−b
c) Since b = a+ c, we use
a−c a−c
√
L+ L2 − x2
y = L ln − L 2 − x 2. b−c a−b
x S(a, b, c) ≈ S(a, a, c)+ S(a, c, c).
a−c a−c
310
d) We cannot evaluate S(3, 2, 1) even numerically at

this stage. The double integral necessary to calculate
it is not treated until a later chapter. (The value is
approximately 48.882 sq. units.) However, using the
formulas obtained above,
S(3, 3, 1) + S(3, 1, 1)
S(3, 2, 1) ≈
2
1 6π √ 18π
= 18π + √ ln(3 + 8) + 2π + √ cos−1 (1/3)
2 8 8
≈ 49.595 sq. units.
311

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SECTION 7.1 (PAGE 376) R. A.

CHAPTER 7. APPLICATIONS OF INTE- 3. By slicing:

Fig. 7.1.2 Fig. 7.1.4

b) About the y-axis:

4 3 32π 15. The volume remaining is

Fig. 7.1.13 Fig. 7.1.15

16. Let a circular disk with radius a have centre at point

Fig. 7.1.14 Fig. 7.1.16

20. The cross-section at height

b) Volume of revolution about the y-axis is

24. A solid consisting of points on parallel line segments

29. The region is symmetric about x = y so has the same

√ Section 7.2 Other Volumes by Slicing

The volume element at P has radius

The volume of the solid is

9. The volume between height 0 and height z is z3 . Thus Fig. 7.2.12

z 13. The cross-section at distance y from the vertex of the

17. Cross-sections of the wedge removed perpendicular to the

16. The plane z = k meets the ellipsoid in the ellipse

k the legs of the right-triangular cross-sections

Thus the arc length is given by ex − 1

15. x 2/3 + y 2/3 = x 2/3 . By symmetry, the curve has congruent

23. If y = x 3/2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, is rotated about the y-axis, the

c) Covering a surface with paint requires applying a

Section 7.4 Mass, Moments, and

The moment about x = 0 is

The moment about y = 0 is The moment about x = 0 is

12. A slice at height z has volume d V = π y 2 dz and density

By symmetry, the centre of mass lies along the y-axis; 2b

Since an arc element ds at position s is at height

8. The region is the union of a half-disk and atriangle.

Fig. 7.5.11 14. The area of the region is

Thus Therefore, x̄ = ȳ = 2/15, and the centroid is

28. The surface

1 which is positive provided 0 < t < π/4. Thus the beam

1. a) The pressure at the bottom is p = 9, 800 × 6 N/m2 .

3. A strip along the slant wall of the dam between depths h

5. The unbalanced force is The work done to empty the pool is

8. The horizontal cross-sectional area of the pool at depth h

2. The number of chips sold in the first year was

11. After t years, money is flowing at $(1,000 + 100t) per

d) At 5%, the interest would be 4. Since Pr(X = n) = n/21, we have

A reasonable cost function C(x) will increase as x de- 9 1

Pr(H, H, H ) = (0.55)3 = 0.166375 9. We have f (x) = C x on [0, 3].

Pr(T, T, T ) = (0.45)3 = 0.091125. 2

(e) E(X) = 0× f (0)+1× f (1)+2× f (2)+3× f (3) = 1.6500. 9 1

b) The mean, variance, and standard deviation are 2

from the table in this section. dy 3y − 1

The probability that the system will last at least 12 hours dy x2

27. The solution given, namely 29. We proceed by separation of variables:

100, 000 After 40 min, there will be

2. Let A(y) be the cross-sectional area of the bowl at height

4. A vertical slice parallel to the top ridge of the solid at

Vn+1 e−2knπ V1 or, equivalently, a(100 − k2 )2 = 4. The volume of the

Thus the total volume of all the beads is

f (x) = ax + bx 2 must satisfy f (h) = r , f  (h) = 0,

d) We cannot evaluate S(3, 2, 1) even numerically at

8. The region is the union of a half-disk and atriangle.

f (x) = ax + bx 2 must satisfy f (h) = r , f (h) = 0,