Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Socials 10 Exam Notes
Socials 10 Exam Notes
Socials 10 Exam Notes
Notes:
Upper Canada: Beginning of 19th Century, Upper Canada’s population was growing rapidly.
Immigrants arrived from Europe and the US attracted by rich and fairly cheap farmland.
Lower Canada: Prospered from close ties to Britain and New England. Its economy was based on
farming practices. Montreal was its trading capital and attracted Scottish and American
Entrepreneurs.
Loyalists: Members were often community leaders, pensioned British army officers, or other
members of the gentry.
Métis: Lived west of the Great Lakes. Were connected in a way to the “trade.” Goals of immigrants
conflicted with the cultures, lifestyles, and economy of the westerners. The Natives, Métis and fur
traders became natural allies.
Money Economy: What modern day people use
Barter Economy: People barter when they exchange goods and services, rather than using money
Family Compact: Was a small group of officials who helped run Upper Canada. They were
descendents of the Loyalist settlers and believed in the importance of ties to Britain. Made up most
of the executive council and controlled government budgets and appointments. They were very
snobbish and operated like a private club.
Chateau Clique: Same as the “Family Compact” but in Lower Canada
Land Speculators: Many were part of the Family Compact and profited greatly.
The Eastern Townships: In Eastern Canada between Quebec and Montreal. Here, life was
based on the seigneurial system.
Coffin Ship: Some immigrants came from European countries. Attracted by ads and campaigns,
they spent a great amount money and sacrificed a lot to travel to Canada. Those who chose to
travel to Canada often spent all their money on the trip there. The people were brave and resolute,
sometimes desperate, especially the poorest who came in the coffin ships.
Steerage: The worst spot on the coffin ships where the peasants could afford.
Underground Railroad: Men and Woman travelled secretly to Upper Canada from the US to
escape slavery. They often travelled on foot and hid in anti-slavery homes. The Underground
Railway was a network of secret trails and pathways that was very risky; if caught, slaves were
given back to their masters and severely punished.
Spinster: Were often pitied; a good marriage gave a women status.
Patriote: Rebels in Lower Canada. Rebellion first broke out led by the Fils de la Liberte (Sons of
Liberty). If the Catholic Church had supported them, the Patriotes might have had success. In a
series of brief battles, British troops defeated the Patriotes; many were killed or wounded.
Nationalism: Nationalist feelings among French in Lower Canada helped convince the colony’s
reformers that they were part of a larger cause.
Lord Durham: Appointed Governor-in-Chief of the Canadas. He was in a no-win situation when he
arrived in 1838. Came up with the idea of combining the colonies and giving them a responsible
government.
William Lyon Mackenzie: Prime minister (1874-1950) “Canada has too much geography.” He was
the leader of the reform movement and supported an American-style democracy.
Wolfred Nelson: An English physician who supported American-style republic. Believed that the
Assembly should have complete control of the government’s budget.
Louis-Joseph Papineau: A seigneur, a lawyer, and a French-Canadian Nationalist. Speaker of the
Assembly in Lower Canada he earned respect from the French and English. In the 1830’s he
became a principal leader of the Patriotes.
The Act of Union: In 1840, the Act of Union united Upper Canada and Lower Canada: They
became United Canada in 1841, with the capital as Montreal. This was without the support of the
French.
Timeline
1791: Constitutional Act creates Upper and Lower Canada
1816: Robert Gourlay arrested for criticizing land policies in Upper Canada
Vocabulary:
*Responsible government: a government in which the executive council is responsible to the legislative
assembly, whose members are representatives of the people
*Mercantilism: an economic system based on colonialism. The home country takes raw materials in from its
colonies and manufactures in from its colonies and manufactures goods, which it sells for profit
Whip: the person responsible for ensuring discipline and solidarity within a political party
*Clear Grits: so-called because a brave person has “grit”
Homogeneous: similar to everyone else
*Franchise: a special privilege granted to a group
*Sovereignty: the right to self-determination
Potato Famine: the failure of the potato crop in Ireland in 1840’s, which caused widespread starvation and
caused many people to emigrate
*Constitution: the laws that set forth the powers and responsibilities of the government and guarantee the
rights of the people
Notes:
Canada West: formerly Upper Canada (grew rapidly after the rebellions)
Confederation: union of the three British North American colonies of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia
Small pox: a terrible disease that left many scarred for life in the nineteenth century
Louis Pasteur: a French scientist who in 1857 discovered the tiny organisms- the bacilli- that
cause diseases
Emily Stowe: a feminist and one of the first female doctors in the British colonies. She became a
Blood sports: bear-baiting and dog-and-bull fighting caught on quickly. Bare-knuckle boxing
John A. Macdonald: the first prime minister of Canada and dominant figure of Canadian
Confederation
Lord Elgin: came from a wealthy, well connected family. Spite of Elgin’s privilege, he was well-
in colonial matters
Rebellion Losses Bill: was introduced by Louis Lafontaine in Feb 1849 to compensate Lower
Canadians whose property had been damaged during the Rebellions of 1837-1838
Act Of Union: united Upper Canada and Lower Canada in 1840. They became United Canada in
Parti Rouge: led my Louis-Joseph Papineau attracted French-speaking farmers and business
Parti Bleu: focused on the economic development of Canada East, and on the protection of
French-Canadian rights
George Brown: the publisher of the Toronto Globe newspaper. Disliked both Catholics and the
French. He made enemies easily and he and his party tried to make the province more democratic.
George Etienne Cartier: led the most powerful political group in Canada East
Double majority: in order for a bill to pass in the Legislative Assembly there had to be a majority
vote in both the Canada East and Canada West sections of the assembly
The “Great Coalition”: a grand coalition of political parties that formed in the Provinces of Canada
in 1864
Charlottetown Conference: the meetings begun in 1864 where the Maritime colonies had planned
to discuss a Maritime union. Accompanied by the land speculator and railway builder, Alexander
Tilloch Galt, the three members of the Great Coalition asked to join the discussion to present their
Quebec Conference: held in the fall of 1864, planned the birth of a new nation, a difficult, time
consuming task. After discussion and much disagreement they decided that provincial governments
should retain
Timeline
1837: Rebellions take place in Upper and Lower Canada
1864: Great Coalition is formed. Charlottetown Conference takes place. Quebec Conference is held.
Vocabulary:
*Latitude: the distance of any point north or south of the equator measured up to 90 degrees
*Longitude: the distance of any point east or west of the Prime Meridian, measured up to 180 degrees
*Geological: having to do with geology, the study of the history of the Earth as found in rocks
*Igneous rock: rock that has been formed by the solidification of molten material
*Metamorphic rock: rock changed from its original form into another form through heat and pressure
*Sedimentary rock: rock made up of sediment laid down in layers which have grown together
*Fossil fuel: a natural fuel formed by geological forces from the residue of living organisms
*Evaporate: a type of sedimentary rock that originates by the evaporation of sea water
*Plate: a slab of the Earth’s crust. Plates are underneath all the continents and oceans. They regularly move away
from and collide with, each other
*Tectonics: the study of forces within the Earth that form its surface features, such as mountain ranges and ocean
basins
Magma: molten rock material within the Earth from which igneous rock is formed through cooling
*Mantle: the interior part of the Earth that lies directly above the core
*Epicentre: the Earth’s surface directly above the quake- the middle of the quake
*Subduction zone: a long region with a trench through which a descending tectonic plate is assimilated into the
earth’s mantle
*Richter scale: a measure of the power of earthquakes. Each step on the scale is ten times the previous one, so an
earthquake that registers 7 is ten times greater than a 6 and one hundred times greater than a 5
*Run-off: pesticides herbicides, and other materials that drain from fields into rivers and lakes
*Biome: an ecological community of plants and animals extending over a large area
Interdependent: being dependent on each other
System: a group of things that interact with each other and together form a whole
*Slough: depression filled with fresh water from rain or melting snow
Feedlot: an enclosed area where large herds of cows eat high-quality feed
Contour ploughing: ploughing along the shape of the land to prevent erosion
Wind break: planting trees to prevent wind erosion by shielding the soil
Boom and bust: words used to describe a healthy (booming) economy or one that is slow (bust)
Global Positioning System: a system that uses satellite tracking devices to establish the latitude and longitude of a
person or object
Notes:
GPS: (Global Positioning System) it is a new technology that it is being used by researchers and map-
makers to pinpoint exact locations
Cultural landscape: the visible results of human activity on the physical environment
Canadian Shield: large masses of rock, known as shields, are the oldest parts of the Earth. Canadian
Shield stretches from the Arctic islands around Hudson Bay to the Adirondack Mountains in the United States
and east across Labrador
Shield was once a volcanic mountain range as high as the Himalayas. Over millions of years,
weathering and erosion wore it down into a landscape of exposed rock and lakes
Interior/Great Plains: formed as eroded material from the Canadian Shield was deposited in layers at its
edges. These layers of sedimentary rock make up the plains
Western Mountains/Cordillera: made up of parallel mountain ranges that are separated by a series of
plateaus and valleys
Orographic/mountain precipitation:
o Windward Side: Moist air comes in from the ocean, rising air cools, vapour condenses, clouds
form, rain falls.
o Leeward Side: descending air warms up and picks up moisture causing a Rain Shadow
Convectional precipitation: warm air rises, warm air cools and forms clouds, precipitation falls
Frontal precipitation:
o Cold Front: arctic air comes in forming clouds with precipitation. Warm air rises
o Warm Front: tropical air comes in over clouds causing cold air below and lower clouds
Deciduous trees: trees that shed their leaves for a part of every year. They lose their leaves during the
cold and dry season and remain bare until they grow new leaves each spring
Cartographer: the study of making geographical maps
1993 Nunavut Land Claims Agreement and Nunavut Act approved by Parliament
1999 Nunavut and Western Territory become Canada’s newest political regions
Vocabulary:
Head hunter: someone who looks for skilled employees on behalf of a company
*Middleman: someone who acts as a dealer between two parties who want to exchange goods
*Liberal democrat: in the nineteenth century, someone who fought for the rights of the underprivileged
*Land speculator: someone who buys and sells lad for profit
Notes:
Hudson’s Bay Company: founded in 1670 following Pierre Radisson and Medart de Groseillier’s successful
journey to the wilderness region beyond New France. When returning to London, loaded down with furs, the
pair made a pitch to King Charles II.
o if he would back their business, they could help him wrest a portion of the fur trade from the
French
North West Company: In 1783, several companies merged to form the North West Company. There were
geographic reasons why the NWC started to build posts inland. Furs had to be shipped to England from
Montreal and Montreal was too far for Native trappers to travel
o Established a major trade depot at Fort William, at the head of Lake Superior
Rupert’s Land:
Made beaver: all furs brought to the post were assessed in terms of their value relative to a beaver pelt.
This was called made beaver
“stay by the bay”:
Factors: what the local bosses were called. they were also British
Montrealers: a group of English merchants from Montreal. In 1763 the French fur trade was seized by the
Montrealers. They expanded trading networks in the interior and continued to employ French-Canadians as
traders
Norwesters/hivernants: Dr. John Christian Schultz opened a general store that took over the only
newspaper in the settlement, the NorWester. It was a platform for his anti-Métis views
Voyageurs: NWC employed voyageurs, who provided the muscle power to paddle canoes and carry cargo in
both the Northwest and on the long lake journey from Fort William to Montreal
*to portage: a fully loaded York boat was extremely heavy, weighing about 1 tonne and was very difficult to
portage
winterers:
Fort William: a major post of the North West Company around 1820. On Lake Superior
York boat: a double-ended wooden boat. It was about 12-metres long and could either be rowed or sailed,
depending on the winds. First York boats could carry a cargo of up to 3000 kilograms. Later models could
carry up to 6000 kilograms. Fully loaded York boat was very heavy so hard to portage.
canot du nord: in the Northwest the NWC used these 7-metre long and a metre wide canoes. They carried
about 1500 kilos of cargo and were paddled by a crew of six.
canot de maitre: used for the journey from Fort William to Montreal. They were about 11-metres long and
about 1.5-metres wide. Crewed by twelve people and could carry cargoes of up to 4000 kilograms.
Middleman: northwest had a long history of involvement in the fur trade as trappers, traders or middlemen
Pemmican: During the hunt it provided all the meat and fat that was required to make pemmican. At first
Métis sold pemmican only to their ally, the NWC but in 1821, after the merger of the NWC and the HBC they
also sold pemmican to the new HBC
“The Wagonmen”: During the hunt, the Métis had problems with the Plains Indians and for three days,
sixty-four Métis fighters held off charge after charge and in the end the Sioux retreated(Plains Indians)
vowing never to attack “the wagonmen” again. (in reference to the Métis Red River carts)
Red River Colony: a colonization project set up by Thomas Douglas in 1811
Lord Selkirk: born in Scotland. He was noteworthy as a Scottish philanthropist who sponsored immigrant
settlement in Canada at the Red River Colony
Miles MacDonnell: an ex-militia officer who had a reputation for belligerence. He was left in command of a
thirty-six Scottish and Irish laborers left in Britain in 1811
Colin Robertson: an early Canadian fur trader and political figure
Cuthbert Grant: born in 1793. His mother, a Métis and his father a Nor’wester send him to Montreal and
Scotland to be educated. He became a leader of the Métis and a rising star in the NWC. After the battle of
Seven Oaks, he was arrested and sent to Montreal to face several murder charges.
Robert Semple: was the governor of the HBC from autumn 1815 until his death at the Battle of Seven Oaks
Pemmican Proclamation: MacDonnell feared the colonists would run out of food during the winter so he
issued the Pemmican Proclamation to make sure they had a food supply. It effectively banned the sale and
export of pemmican from the Red River
Battle of Seven Oaks: took place on June 19, 1816 during the long dispute between the HBC and
the NWC, rival fur-trading companies in western Canada.
Pork-eaters: the ‘montrealers’- voyageurs making the trip between Montreal and Lake Superior.
Orange order: most of the new Canadian settlers to the Red River were protestant and members of the
Orange Orders. It was a violently anti-French, anti-Catholic movement. They were prejudiced against the
Métis.
John Schultz: one of the first immigrants to arrive in 1860. He opened a general store, took over the only
newspaper in the settlement, the NorWester. He championed Canadian interests by agitating against the
Métis. By the late 1860’s he had organized a small group of supporters into the Canadian Party, which he
hoped would eventually gain control of the settlement. He used the NorWester as a platform for his anti-
Métis views.
Louis Riel: born into devout catholic family in St.Boniface. He was 7/8 white ancestry but he always
described himself as Métis. He left home at 14 to study priesthood in Montreal (he gave up religious Studies
after father’s death). He returned to NorthWest in 1868.
Red River Rebellion: was the sequence of events surrounded the actions of a provisional government
established by the Métis leader Louis Riel in 1869 at the Red River Settlement in what is now the Canadian
province of Manitoba
William McDougal: Riel formed the Métis National Committee to fight and one of the first tasks was to greet
the new governor of the North-West Territories, William McDougall
Canadian Party: was a group founded by John Schultz in 1869, in the Red River Settlement.
Métis List of Rights: an important Canadian document. The resolutions were adopted at a meeting held in
Fort Garry on Wednesday, December 1, 1869
Thomas Scott: was a judge and political figure in Upper Canada
Bullishness: paid off for the NWC. By 1800 it had a network of trading posts that stretched as far west as
the interior of what is now BC
Manitoba Act: took effect on July 15, 1870, the Manitoba Act created the Province of Manitoba. It was
adopted by Parliament in response to the Métis concerns of the provisional government
Timeline
1869: Control of Rupert’s Land transferred to Canadian Government. Red River Rebellion. Metis list of Rights and
Freedoms
Vocabulary
Notes
Land speculator: Arrived in Red River Valley and bought up almost all the scrip from people who
held it.
Manitoba Act: Passed in 1870 and welcomed by the Métis because their rights seemed to be
protected under the new legislation. Made French and English the official languages of the province
and it provided for two educational systems-Protestant and Roman Catholic. Also, 1.4 million acres
Scrip: All settlers in Manitoba were required to have scrip in order to gain title to the land reserved
for them. Scrip is a piece of paper similar to money. Métis were issued two types of scrip. Money
scrip had a value of $160, which was based on the value of a quarter section of land. Money scrip
could also be converted to $160 cash. Land scrip entitled a person to exchange the scrip for a
Laws of St. Laurent: An extension of the Métis List of Rights and formed the *constitution of the
community.
Lawrence Clarke: Chief Factor at Fort Carlton and had been with the HBC since he was nineteen.
Tried to get along with the Métis and European settlers but believed Métis were inferior. He used
his position to lower the Métis standard of living. He was made *magistrate and used powers to
Whisky Traders: Companies that traded strong, cheap liquor to the Native Peoples of the region for
NWMP: Established by the government in 1873 and was both a police force and paramilitary
organization.
Fort Whoop-Up: The principal trading post for the whisky traders. A centre of trade that devastated
Cypress Hills Massacre: Spring of 1874, group of Assiniboin were attacked by a party of whisky
traders in Cypress Hills. About 30 Assiniboin were killed which caused outrage in Eastern Canada.
Indian Act: Introduced in 1876, this act confirmed that the Native peoples would be required to live
on reserves and predetermined that Native children must attend residential schools.
Industrialist: Jay Cooke was one; he instantly saw the economic potential of the Canadian
Northwest.
Sir Hugh Allan: Only major industrialist in Canada who had money to finance a railway. Made his
Pacific Scandal: Cartier wrote two memos, one promising Allan the CPR contract, the other listing
the contributions Allan had to make to the Conservative Party. This made it appear that Macdonald
was on Allan’s payroll. This is known as the Pacific Scandal and led to the resignation of
Alexander Mackenzie: Led the Liberals to power in 1873. Thought the railway idea was too
expensive. Allowed the Canadian Pacific Survey to continue under Sanford Fleming’s direction.
National Policy: Developed by Mackenzie in 1876 and had three main parts. A System of
Protective Tariffs: To protect Canadian manufacturing, mining, and agriculture from American
dumping by making goods too expensive for Canada’s market. Western Settlement: The
government wanted to encourage the settlement of the West by farmers. The CPR: Became the
CPR Syndicate: In 1880 Macdonald pitched his idea. Upon finishing the railway, the government
would hand over $25 million and 25 million acres of land. The CPR syndicate also received a
monopoly on all rail traffic west of Lake Superior for the next 20 years and an exemption from tax
on all lands until they were sold. In exchange, the syndicate promised to complete the railway in 10
William Van Horne: A 38 year old general manager of a smaller railway in the American
Northwest. He was intelligent and dedicated and believed everything could be done. He was very
talented in many aspects (understood Morse code and could operate any locomotive). CPR general
manager.
Métis Bill of Rights: Created by a European farmer and Louis Riel in 1884. Hoped it would address
the grievances of the Métis and form a basis of a new province in the Northwest. It reflected the
frustration of the Métis and their desire to be treated as equals but it was ignored by the
government.
Lief Crozier: Was in charge of a small group of NWMP officers at Fort Carlton.
Battle at Batoche: At Batoche, 725 militia attacked 175 Métis. The Métis held their ground for 3
days and in the end were defeated. Gabriel Dumont fled to the US and Louis Riel was captured on
May 15th.
Battle at Duck Lake: Two Métis delegates were shot during an attempted negotiation. Both sides
open fired and thirty NWMP officers were killed, twenty-five wounded. More than 5000 Canadian
Chief Crowfoot: Leader of the Blackfoot Nation who chose not to rebel. He negotiated with Father
Lacombe and received additional land as compensation. After the CPR was complete he and
Time Line
1870: Manitoba becomes a province. Treaty process with the Native Peoples of the Northwest begins.
1872: Sandford Fleming commissions Canadian Pacific Railway. “Pacific Scandal” rocks Macdonald’s government.
1873: The Laws of St. Laurent. Liberals come to power under Alexander Mackenzie. North West Mounted Police
formed.
to co opt: to bring someone into a group by capitalizing on their strengths, even if they disagree with you
dry: forbidding the sale or consumption of alcohol
metropolis: a chief city
tidal flat: a low-lying marsh
speculators: people who buy and sell land for a profit
black market economy: an illegal or completely unregulated economy where normal price controls do not apply
acclamation: an oral vote taken after a meeting when the direction is clear
to rework: to go back and try to extract more gold from an area after it has already been worked
frugal: careful with money
contractor: one who supplies workers
to undercut: to sell work at a lower price than average
*head tax: a tax imposed on each person entering a country
smelter: a place where metal is separated from ore
tramway: a road for transporting mine freight
Notes
Pacific Northwest: Last part of North America to be explored and settled by Europeans. Home to
over twenty-five different aboriginal groups. A Russian ship was the first to land and they launched
a successful trade in sea otter fur. Ships from Spain, Britain, and the US soon followed. Seal and
included New Caledonia and Columbia. Closed all coastal ports in 1841, eliminating McLoughlin’s
work and causing McLoughlin to hate him and the HBC. Ordered James Douglas to create new
New Caledonia and Columbia: What is now BC, many interests had a stake in this region.
Oregon Territory: Americans claimed the Oregon Territory, but the HBC saw the region as an
extension of Rupert’s Land which they owned. Both American’s and the British wanted the Oregon
Territory. The American’s encouraged settlers to move into the area whereas the HBC had no
interest in encouraging settlement. Many American settlers settled in the valley of Williamette.
Manifest Destiny: The idea that the United States was meant to control all of North America.
Columbia River: Simpson created a post on the north bank of this river. He also encouraged
Americans to settle the region south of the Columbia River in order to reduce American competition
Oregon Trail: In the 1830’s, Americans travelled overland on the Oregon Trail to come and settle.
John McLoughlin: In charge of Fort Vancouver. McLoughlin was a capable administrator with an
unnerving physical presence. He had long white hair and smouldering eyes. He liked patched
clothes and rarely bathed. He was known for his fairness and for rewarding employees. He was
also a political realist. When Simpson destroyed his hard work, he was furious and even more so
when his son was killed. He retired in 1845 and became known as the “Father of Oregon.”
The Beaver: an HBC steamship that arrived in 1835 and supplied the Russian posts. Used as a
mobile base for trading with the Northwest Coast peoples and added to the British presence in BC.
Fort Vancouver: Created on the north bank of the Columbia River and directed by John
McLoughlin.
Fort Langley: An HBC post established by Simpson in 1827 on the Fraser River.
Fort Victoria: With the rising population of American settlers in the Oregon Territory, Simpson
feared that the British could lose control of the area and Fort Vancouver could be lost. Simpson
ordered James Douglas to establish Fort Victoria, names after Queen Victoria.
James Douglas: Governor of the Crown Colony of Vancouver Island. He encouraged British
settlement in and thought free land should be given to prospective colonists. He was unimpressed
by the upper class. He was a fur trader and had married Amelia Douglas, a Métis. James Douglas
James Polk: A democratic candidate for presidency he ran on the slogan “54° 40’ or fight.” He
won the election and negotiated with Britain to extend Oregon’s territory to the 49 th parallel.
“54° 40’ or fight”: Meaning that the US claimed the Oregon Territory up to 54° 40’N.
Douglas Treaties: James Douglas created treaties with the aboriginal peoples: they would
surrender their lands to the Europeans, but would keep hunting and fishing rights. The Native
Cariboo Gold Rush: In late 1857, A HBC trader panned small nuggets of gold along the Thompson
River. When word reached San Francisco, hundreds of unemployed miners tried to get to Fort
Victoria. By the end of summer, over 10,000 (mostly Americans) were working on the Fraser River.
Vancouver Island Colony: Included the mainland as far north as 54° 40’N, governed by Douglas.
Cariboo Road: Douglas decided to build a road to make sure the gold would leave through the
Fraser not through US territory so that the colony would earn revenue. A roadway would also
promote settlement and economic development. There were 2 possible routes, one through Harrison
and the other along the Fraser Canyon. It took 4 years and $750,000 to complete.
Barkerville: The largest town in the Cariboo. Barkerville grew due to word of mouth, and it grew
rapidly. At first, Barkerville was just a service town, but it grew up into a real community. After the
along with. He was trapped in all sorts of disputes with the elected Assembly on Vancouver Island.
Frederick Seymour: Took over for Douglas in BC. He was an active, enthusiastic man who quickly
took charge of the colony and seemed to have the best interests of the inhabitants at heart.
small pox: An outbreak started outside Victoria and spread to other parts of the colony. For the
Native peoples of America, it was almost always fatal. Smallpox was responsible for the deaths of
Anthony Musgrave: Took over when Governor Seymour died suddenly. He was a personal friend
Vancouver: The youngest major community in BC. In 1884, William Van Horne came to look at the
CPR terminus, Port Moody, only to discover there were tidal flats. He travelled further and found
Colonel Richard Moody: Arrived in New Westminster and realized defending the colonly required
an ice free harbour. He then ordered 3 trails to be cut from New Westminster to Burrard Inlet.
Hastings Mill: Opened in 1865 on the south side of the Inlet. It controlled about 19,000 acres.
Sewell Moody: He opened a mill on the north side of the inlet. The mill and surrounding area
became known as Moodyville. Began logging in Lynn Valley and specialized in “toothpicks” for
sailing masts.
“Gassy Jack” Deighton: Opened a saloon about a km away from the mill because Hastings Mill
was dry. Now known as “Granville” it was then known as “Gastown” after its owner.
David Oppenheimer: Greeted William Van Horne in 1884 and took the CPR manager to Gastown.
He rowed him around the harbours and impressed him with all the land. Oppenheimer offered half
his land for free to clinch Vancouver as the CPR terminus. In 1888, he ran for mayor and was
the Golden Mountain: What the Chinese immigrants called British Columbia.
head tax: The government decided to limit Chinese Immigration by requiring each immigrant to pay
a fifty dollar head tax upon coming in Canada. Ships were allowed to carry no more than one
Okanagan Region: Experienced a large growth at the end of the century due to agriculture.
Kootenay Region: Also experienced a large growth due to silver, copper, and other metals being
discovered. Mining towns soon dotted the whole region. Giant smelters were built in order to extract
the minerals.
Timeline
1826: Simpson becomes governor of HBC
1862: Construction of Cariboo Road begins. Smallpox epidemic among the Native Peoples
Vocabulary:
to stake claim: the legal right to mine gold, or other minerals, on a specific piece of land
minority: a group having less than the number of votes necessary for control
mother country: an old-fashioned term used to refer to the country from which colonists emigrated
British Empire: the group of countries colonized by Britain such as Canada, India, South Africa and so on
imperialist: someone who practices imperialism, the policy of extending control of a region or regions by one
nation
knot: a unit of distance used at sea. The British nautical mile is 1853.2 metres
naval race: a competition to have the most powerful navy( the nuclear arms race is a modern day
equivalent)
free trade: a policy that reduces or eliminates border taxes and regulations between countries
inlet: a small arm of the ocean that juts into the coast
capital: money that is used by a company to increase production and which buys a share in that company.
Capital stimulates growth and creates more wealth for the investor
homestead lands: public land granted to settlers by the US and Canadian governments in the later
nineteenth century. Homesteads were supposed to be developed as farms
dryland farming methods: farming methods practiced in regions with insufficient rainfall, for example, soil
cultivation that reduces evaporation
urban: in a city, as opposed to rural, in the country. Various measures distinguish an urban from a rural
area. Generally, an area with 25 000 people living in close proximity to each other constitutes an urban
area
ghetto: a slum area of a city; also an area of a city inhabited by a minority group
tenement: a crowded usually cheap, building with many apartments, often owned by a company and rented
to workers
subsidy: financial assistance granted by government in support of a business regarded as being the public
interest
site: the features of the land on which the settlement is built, such as its elevation and landforms
situation: how a settlement is related to the surrounding area, including its relationship to other settlements
and routes
topography: the physical features of an area, such as hills, valleys, and bodies of water
labor union: an organization of workers that negotiates matters such as wages and working conditions with
employers
suffragist: a person who advocates extending the right to vote, especially to women
reserve: land set aside for the Native peoples, but could also be applied to Canada itself, when it became
independent of Britain
aboriginal title: the concept that Native people have ownership(or control) of the land because they were the
first to occupy it
Royal Commission: an investigation by a person, or persons, into a matter on behalf of the federal or
provincial government0 their decision is not binding on the government
cut-off lands: lands removed from Native reserves, or title to land that was revoked
Allied Tribes of British Columbia: an organization representing most Native people living in British Columbia
potlatch: a ritual of giving away property and goods that is observed by many West Coast Native bands
Judical Committee of the British Privy Council: at the time, the highest level of legal appeal in Canada
self-government: government by a territory’s own people, used here for the right of Native peoples but could
also be applied to Canada itself, when it became independent of Britain
Wilfred Laurier: in 1896 Wilfred Laurier, the leader of the Liberal party became Canada’s first
French-Canadian elected. They wanted the federal government to protect their French language
*conciliation: in 1895, Laurier explains the importance of compromise and conciliation in the
political arena
South African(Boer) War: the most important event before World War I
HMS Dreadnought: in 1906, Britain launched the first “all big gun” battleship. With ten 30-
Alaska Boundary Dispute: Lauier led a united country when dealing with the Americans. No one
cared much about the boundary until the disvocer of gold led to a surge of miners into Yukon in
1898
Yukon Gold Rush: a frenzy of gold rush immigration to and for gold prospecting, along the
Klondike River near Dawson City, Yukon, Canada after gold was discovered there in the late 19 th
century.
“Last Best West”: The Canadian West became more appealing because of the end of the
depression. The Liberal Government took advantage and encouraged people to come to Canada.
Clifford Sifton: Laurier’s Minister of the Interior, in charge of immigration. He was a Westerner
committed to populating the prairies. He launched a program to lure new comers to prairie
open-door: Cliford Sifton’s policy that allowed people from anywhere to immigrate to Canada.
Continuous passage rule: Immigrants were now required to come to Canada via a non-stop, direct
route from their country of origin. A direct route from India was impossible.
Komagata Maru: The name of a steamer that transported 354 Sikh immigrants to Vancouver,
Prohibition: The reason Women’s Christian Temperance Union was founded, for prohibition.
Nellie McClung: A suffragist raised in Manitoba. She became a teacher and well-known author.
She was an effective speaker and used with and humour to win her audiences. She promoted
Royal Commission: Established to figure out the size and location of Native reserves.
potlatch: An important Native ceremony that served many social functions; Involves elaborate feasts
Nisga’a First Nation: A Native Tribe who after 90 years finally got their rights.
Guglielmo Marconi: Received the first wireless telegraph communication from England on Signal Hill in
Newfoundland. Sent in Morse code, it was the first message to cross the ocean without wires.
Tom Longboat: From the Six Nations Reserve in Ontario, emerged as one of the greatest long distance
Ned Hanlan: From Toronto, he rowed his way in over 150 races to become world champion.
Pauline Johnson: Daughter of a Mohawk chief and English woman, she wrote poetry.
Lucy Maude Montgomery: Widely admired writer, author of Anne of Green Gables.
Stephen Leacock: Author of Sunshine Sketches of a Little Town, a humorous look at Ontario.
Robert Service: Wrote poems about the frontier adventures of the Yukon Gold Rush.
Emily Carr: Painter who supported her work but drawing cartoons for a weekly Victoria newspaper.