Computer Architecture & Organization

Unit-1
Lecture 1
Contents
 Von Neumann Architecture
 Stored Program Concept
 Organization
 Flynn's Classification
Von Neumann Architecture
(Stored-Program Computer)
Stored Program Concept
 A stored-program digital computer is one that keeps
its programmed instructions, as well as its data, in
read -write, random access memory (RAM).
 The ability to store and execute instructions

Instruction Code: A group of bits that instruct the

computer to perform a specific operation.
 Stored Program Organization

 One processor register (Accumulator) a register in which

intermediate Arithmetic and logic results are stored
 Instruction code format with two parts
1. Operation to be performed
2. An address
Addressing Modes
 An addressing mode specifies how to calculate the
effective memory address of an operand by using
information held in register.
 Direct Addressing: The instruction tells where the
value can be found.
 Indirect Addressing:
An address mode that points to another pointer
rather than the actual data.
Flynn's Classification
 A classification of computer architectures, proposed
by Michael J. Flynn in 1966
 Single Instruction, Single Data stream (SISD):A
sequential computer which exploits no parallelism in
either the instruction or data streams.
 Single Instruction, Multiple Data streams (SIMD):A
computer which exploits multiple data streams
against a single instruction stream to perform
operations which may be naturally parallelized.
 Flynn's Classification
 Multiple Instruction, Single Data stream (MISD): Multiple
instructions operate on a single data stream.
 Multiple Instruction, Multiple Data streams (MIMD):
Multiple autonomous processors simultaneously
executing different instructions on different data.
Distributed systems are generally recognized to be MIMD
architectures; either exploiting a single shared memory
space or a distributed memory space.
Computer Architecture & Organization

Lecture 3
 Computer Registers

 Register–Memory Layout
Computer Architecture & Organization

Lecture 4
 Common Bus

 Bus connections

 Instruction Format

 Instruction set completeness

Common Bus
Address Register
AC
Bus Connections
Basic Instruction Format
Instruction format
Basic Instructions
Instruction Set Completeness