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Heredity & DNA Vocabulary

Gregor Mendel heredity dominant trait recessive trait gene allele phenotype genotype probability meiosis sex chromosomes Walter Sutton sex-linked disorders

pedigree punnett square selective breeding deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) nucleotide DNA fingerprinting Rosalind Franklin James Watson & Francis Crick Base-pair rule (Chargaffs rule) transfer RNA (tRNA) messenger RNA (mRNA) mutation substitution insertion deletion

subunit of DNA that consists of a sugar, phosphate, and a base trait that reappears in 2nd generation after dis-appearing in the first (shown with a lowercase letter)

passing of genetic traits from parents to offspring when organisms with desirable characteristics are mated

genetic material that is present in all living one set of instructions for an inherited trait cells and contains information about traits one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs a characteristic, such as hair color process of cell division which results in production of sex cells

Chemist who used X-ray diffraction to show used to identify the unique patterns in a persons DNA, usually to help solve crimes DNAs spiral shape disorders that result from genes being carried on the X chromosome Austrian monk who used pea plants to show dominant and recessive traits diagram made of 4 squares that shows the possible offspring combinations for particular parents rule which states that A pairs with T and G pairs with C trait that is always present in the first generation (shown with capital letter) translates the RNA message

built a 3-D model to show that DNA must look like a long, twisted ladder (double helix) an organisms physical appearance (hair color, eye color, etc)

chromosomes that determine the sex of an tool for tracing a trait through generations of a family individual (XX or XY) change in the nucleotide-base sequence of a gene or DNA molecule entire genetic makeup of an organism (such as Gg or rr) mutation where a base is left out mutation where an extra base is added in

Graduate student who studied grasshoppers and discovered that genes are located on chromosomes likelihood that something will happen

mutation where the wrong base is used

mirror-like copy of a DNA segment made out of RNA