PH N VI I U KHI N :

2.1 / Gi i thi u cc thng s AT89C51 : 2.1.1/ Gi i thi u: ac iem va chc nang hoat ong cua cac IC ho MSC-51 hoan toan tng t nhau, ay ta gii thieu AT89C51. AT89C51 l phin b n 8051 c ROM trn chip l b nh Flash.Phin b n ny r t thch h p cho cc ng d ng nhanh vi b nh Flash c th xa c trong vi giy. - 4 KB EPROM bn trong - 128 Bytes RAM n i - 4 Port xu t nh p I/O 8 bgit - Giao ti p n i ti p - Cho php x l bit. - 210 v tr nh c th - 4 chu k my (4 s nh v bit. i v i th ch anh 12MHz) cho ho t ng nhn ho c chia.

- C cc ch ngh (Low-power Idle) v ch Ngo i ra, m t s IC khc c a h MCS-51 c thm b RAM n i.

ngu n gi m (Power-down). nh th i th 3 v 256 byte

AT89C51 c th giao ti p v i b nh ngoi dung l ng ln n 64KB, 89C51 c 2 ng t ngoi v 2 ng t timer m c u tin c quy nh c th ,8951 c ng c 2 b m 16 bit,knh giao ti p n i 2 chi u.V i b x l i s Boole cho php x l t ng bit c a RAM va thi t b ngo i vi,m i l nh c a ko di 1 n 2 micro giy.

2.1.2/ cau truc ben trong cua IC 89C51.

+ Thanh phan chnh cua vi ieu khien 89C51 bo x ly trung tam hay con goi la CPU. CPU bao gom: Thanh ghi tch luy A Thanh ghi tch luy B, dung cho phep nhan va chia n v logic hoc ALU T trang thai chng trnh PSW 4 bank thanh ghi Con tro ngan xep Ngoai ra con co bo nh chng trnh, bo giai ma lenh, bo ieu khien thi gian va logic + n v x ly trung tam nhan trc tiep xung t bo dao ong + Chng trnh ang chay co the cho dng lai nh mot khoi ieu khien ben trong. Cac nguon ngat co the la cac bien co ben ngoai, s tran bo em nh thi hoac cung co the la giao dien noi tiep. + 2 bo nh thi 16 bit hoat ong nh mot bo em. + Cac cong port 0, port 1, port 2, port 3 c s dung vao muc ch ieu khien, cong port 3 co them cac ng dan ieu khien dung e trao oi vi mot bo nh ben ngoai, hoac e au noi giao dien noi tiep cung nh cac ng dan ngat ben ngoai. -

+ Giao dien noi tiep co cha mot bo truyen va mot bo nhan khong ong bo lam viec oc lap vi nhau. Toc o truyen qua cong noi tiep co the at trong dai rong va c an nh bang mot bo nh thi. + Trong vi dieu khien 8051 con co hai thanh phan quan trong khac la bo nh va cac thanh ghi + Bo nh con co Ram va Rom dung e lu d lieu va ma lenh. + Cac thanh ghi s dung e lu d thong tin trong qua trnh x ly. Khi CPU lam viec, no lam thay o noi dung cua cac thanh ghi

2.1.3/ S o chan 89C51:

AT89C51 c t t c 40 Trong c 24 chn c tc d ng c th ho t ng nh l thnh ph n c a cc bus d li chn c ch c n ng nh cc ng xu t nh p. ng kp (c ngh a 1 chn c 2 ch c n ng), m i ng xu t nh p ho c nh ng i u khi n ho c u v bus a ch .
U1 39 38 37 36 35 34 33 32 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 19 18 31 9 P0.0/AD0 P0.1/AD1 P0.2/AD2 P0.3/AD3 P0.4/AD4 P0.5/AD5 P0.6/AD6 P0.7/AD7 P1.0 P1.1 P1.2 P1.3 P1.4 P1.5 P1.6 P1.7 XTAL1 XTAL2 EA/VPP RST AT89C51 VCC P2.0/A8 P2.1/A9 P2.2/A10 P2.3/A11 P2.4/A12 P2.5/A13 P2.6/A14 P2.7/A15 P3.0/RXD P3.1/TXD P3.2/INT0 P3.3/INT1 P3.4/T0 P3.5/T1 P3.6/WR P3.7/RD ALE/PROG PSEN GND 40 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 30 29 20

a. Cc Port : - Port 0: C hai ch c n ng t chn 31 n chn 39 trong cc thi t k nh . ( khng dng b nh m r ng ) .C hai ch c n ng nh cc ng I/O . i v i cc thi t k c l n ( v i b nh m r ng ) n c k h p knh gi a cc Bus. Port 1: la port I/O tren cac chan t chan so 1 en chan so 8. co the dung cac thiet b ngoai neu can. Port 1 khong co chc nang khac v the chung ta ch c dung trong cac thiet b ngoai. Port 2: la port cong dung kep tren cac chan 22 en 28 c dung nh cac ng xuat nhap hoac byte cao cua bus a ch oi vi cac thiet ke m rong. Port 3: la port cong dung kep tren cac chan 10 en chan 17. Cac chan ca port nay co nhieu chc nang, cac cong dung chuyen oi co lien he vi cac ac tn ac biet cua 8051/8031 nh bang sau: Bit P3.0 P3.1 P3.2 P3.3 P3.4 P3.5 P3.6 P3.7 Ten RXD TXD INTO INT1 T0 T1 WR RD Chc nang chuyen oi D lieu nhan cho port noi tiep D lieu phat cho port noi tiep Ngat 0 ben ngoai Ngat 1 ben ngoai Ngo vao cua timer/courter 0 Ngo vao cua timer/courter 1 Xung ghi bo nh d lieu ngoai Xung oc bo nh d lieu ngoai ng v i u khi n c n i ln ngu n 5V. t

b .Nhm chn ngu n,dao - VCC - Chn 40 - GND - Chn 20 n i

- XTAL1-chn 19 v XTAL2-chn 18 : B dao ng c tch h p bn trong 8951, khi s d ng 8951 ng i thi t k ch c n k t n i thm th ch anh v cc t nh hnh v trong s XTAL1-chn 19 v XTAL2-chn 18. T n s th ch anh th ng s d ng cho AT89C51 l 12Mhz. + Chan PSEN: la chan 29, co 4 tn hieu ieu khien, la tn hieu e cho phep bo nh chng trnh m rong va thng c noi len chan OE cua mot Eprom e cho phep oc cac byte ma lenh.

PSEN mc thap trong thi gian lay lenh. Cac ma nh phan cua chng trnh c oc t Eprom qua bus va c chot vao thanh ghi lenh cua 8051 e giai ma lenh. Khi thi hanh chng trnh trong Rom noi PSEN se thu ong (mc cao). + Chan ALE: (chot) Tn hieu ra ALE tren chan 30 tng hp vi cac thiet b lam viec vi cac x ly 8585,8088,8051 dung ALE mot cach tng t cho lam viec giai cac kenh cac Bus a ch va d lieu khi port 0 c dung trong che o chuyen oi cua no: va la Bus d lieu va la byte thap cua a ch, ALE la tn hieu e chot a ch vao vao mot thanh ghi ben ngoai trong na au cua chu ky bo nh. Sau o cac ng port 0 dung e xuat hoac nhap d lieu trong na sau cua chu ky bo nh. Cac xung tn hieu ALE co toc o bang 1/6 lan tan so dao ong tren chp va co the c lam xung nhp cho cac he thong. Neu xung tren 8051 la 12MHZ th ALE co tan so 2MHZ. Ch ngoai tr khi thi hanh lenh Movx, mot xung ALE b mat. Chan nay cung c lam ngo vao cho xung lap trnh cho Eprom trong 8051. + Chan EA: (truy xuat ngoai):Tn hieu vao EA tren chan 31 thng c mac len mc cao(+5V) hoac mc thap(GND). Neu mc cao, 8051 thi hanh chng trnh t Rom noi trong khoang a ch thap(4K). Neu mc thap chng trnh chi c thi hanh t bo nh m rong. Khi dung 8031, EA luon c noi mc thap v khong co bo nh chng trnh tren chp. Neu EA c noi mc thap bo nh ben trong chng trnh 8051 se b cam va thi hanh chng trnh Eprom m rong. Ngi ta con dung chan EA lam chan cap ien ap 21V khi lap trnh cho Eprom trong 8051. + Chan RST(reset): Khi tn hieu nay c a len mc cao(t nhat phai 2 chu ky may), cac thanh ghi trong 8051 c tai nhng gia tr thch hp e khi ong he thong.

2.1.4/ Cc thanh ghi b

nh th i (Timer): nh th i/ m 16 bit c dung cho nh th i

- AT89C51 c hai thanh ghi b ho c m s kin.

a. Thanh ghi che o nh thi (TMOD):

- Khong c nh a ch bit. - c dung e nh che o hoat ong cho cac timer. - Chc nang tng bit: + M1, M0: chon che o hoat ong.

M1 0 0 1 1

M0 0 1 0 1

CH 0 1 2 3

(MODE)

+ T/C : bit chon chc nang em hoac nh thi cho timer. + Gate: bit ieu khien cong cho bo nh thi. b. Thanh ghi ieu khien nh thi (TCON):

- Cha cac bit ieu khien va trang thai cua timer 0 va 1 4 bit cao, 4 bit thap c dung cho chc nang ngat (interrupt). - Chc nang tng bit: + TF x: c tran cua timer x (x la 0 hay 1) + TRx = 0: khong cho phep timer chay.

+ TRx = 1: cho phep timer chay. 2.1.5/ Cac thanh ghi port noi tiep (Serial port) : * Thanh ghi SBUF (Serial Buffer): - a ch 99H la bo em nhap/xuat noi tiep. Khi xuat d lieu th ghi len SBUF, khi nhap d lieu th oc t SBUF. - Cac che o hoat ong khac nhau cua port noi tiep c lap trnh thong qua thanh ghi ieu khien port noi tiep SCON (Serial Control) a ch 98H. ay la thanh ghi c nh a ch tng bit. * Thanh ghi ieu khien port noi tiep SCON

- a ch 99H. - nh a ch bit. - Chc nang cac bit: + SM0, SM1: chon che o hoat ong cua port noi tiep SM0 0 0 1 1 SM1 0 1 0 1 Ch 0 1 2 3 (Mode) M t Thanh ghi d ch. UART 8 bit t c UART 9 bit t c UART 9 bit t c

thay i c nh. thay i.

+ SM2: chon che o hoat ong cua port noi tiep. SM2 = 1: cho phep truyen thong a x ly cac che o 2 va 3; bit RI se khong c tch cc neu bit th 9 nhan c la 0. + REN: bit cho phep thu.

REN = 1: cho phep thu. REN = 0: khong cho phep thu. + TB8: bit phat th 9 ( che o 2 va 3), co the at va xoa bang phan mem. + RB8: bit thu th 9 ( che o 2 va 3), co the at va xoa bang phan mem.

2.4.6/ Cac thanh ghi ngat (Interrupt): - 8031/8051 co 5 nguon ngat: + 2 ngat ngoai: ngat ngoai 0: qua chan 0INT (P3.2) Ngat ngoai 1: qua chan 1INT (P3.3) + 3 ngat trong: ngat timer 0 Ngat timer 1 Ngat port noi tiep. * Cac thanh ghi lien quan en ngat : a. Thanh ghi cho phep ngat IE (Interrupt Enable)

- c nh a ch bit. - Chc nang tng bit: EA: cho phep toan bo . ET2: cho phep ngat timer 2 (neu co) . ES: cho phep ngat port noi tiep .

ET1: cho phep ngat timer 1 . EX1: cho phep ngat ngoai 1 ET0: cho phep ngat timer 0 . EX0: cho phep ngat ngoai 0 . - e cho phep 1 nguon ngat, can phai co: + EA = 1 + Bit cho phep ngat tng ng bang 1. b/ Thanh ghi u tien ngat IP (Interrupt Priority)

- c nh a ch bit. - Bit = 1: mc u tien cao - Bit = 0: mc u tien thap - Mac nhien sau khi reset, tat ca cac ngat mc u tien thap. - Neu 2 ngat vi mc u tien khac nhau xuat hien ong thi, ngat co mc u tien cao se c phuc vu trc. ong thi, ngat co mc u tien cao cung co the tam dng chng trnh phuc vu ngat cua ngat co mc u tien thap. - Neu cac ngat co cung mc u tien xuat hien ong thi, viec xac nh ngat nao c phuc vu trc se theo th t: ng t ngoai 0, ng t timer 0, ng t ngoai 1,ng t timer 1,ng t port noi tiep,ng t timer 2 (oi vi 8032/8052). c/ Thanh ghi TCON

- nh a ch bit. - Chc nang cac bit lien quan en ngat (interrupt): + IEx: c ngat ngoai x (IEx = 1 tao ngat ngoai x)

+ ITx: bit xac nh loai tac ong ngat ngoai x : ITx = 0 : tac ong mc 0 ITx = 1 : tac ong canh xuong (thng dung) 2.5/ Ph n nh n tn hi u t m ch giao ti p :