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saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademia

sergi avaliani

Teoriuli filosofia

gamomcemloba `universali~

Tbilisi 2007

wigni warmoadgens misi avtoris mier wina wlebSi Catarebuli samecniero kvlevis ZiriTad Sedegebs Teoriuli filosofiis dargSi. igi sakmaod sistematur xasiaTs atarebs da gankuTvnilia maTTvis, visac Teoriuli filosofiis problemebi ainteresebs.

redaqtori

kaxa qecbaia _ filosofiis doqtori

recenzentebi: 1. nino TomaSvili filosofiis doqtori 2. mamuka doliZe saqarTvelos filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi

s. avaliani, 2007 gamomcemloba `universali~, 2007


Tbilisi, 0179, i. WavWavaZis gamz. 19, E-mail: universal@internet.ge : 22 36 09, 8(99) 17 22 30

ISBN 978-99940-?????

winasityvaoba winasityvaoba
wigni, romelsac filosofiuri problemebiT dainteresebul mkiTxvels vTavazobT, warmoadgens Cveni mravalwliani gamokvlevebis kompendiums Teoriuli filosofiis dargSi. bunebrivia, rom am tipis naSromSi warmodgenili iqneba mxolod ZiriTadi sakiTxebi da Tvalsazrisebi da aseve ZiriTadi argumentebi ama Tu im problemis kvlevis procesSi. ufro vrclad ki dainteresebul mkiTxvels SeuZlia mimarTos im wignebsa da samecniero statiebs, romelic yovel nawils Tan erTvis da romelTa safuZvelzec Sedgenilia es Txzuleba. cxadia, Teoriuli filosofia martooden im problemebs rodi moicavs, romelic am wignSia ganxiluli. Cvens ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda mxolod im Tvalsazrisebisa da filosofiuri kvlevis Sedegebis Tavmoyra da sistemaSi moyvana, rac Cvens mier wina wlebSi iyo Catarebuli da gamoqveynebuli mxolod Teoriuli filosofiis dargSi. magram ramdenadac am wignSi gamokvleulia Teoriuli filosofiis ZiriTadi problemebi, igi SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas rogorc Teoriuli filosofiis Sesavali da gamoadges yvelas, visac es problemebi ainteresebs. ganmartebas moiTxovs Teoriuli filosofiis cneba. xSirad am cnebis qveS mxolod ontologias gulisxmoben, saxeldobr imas, rasac aristotele pirvel sibrZnes, xolo volfi pirvel filosofias uwodebda. es aris moZRvreba sinamdvilis pirveli mizezebis (mizezis) anu absoluturi _ substanciuri arsebis _ Sesaxeb. am wignis pirvel nawilSi ontologiis cnebis qveS swored es Sinaarsi igulisxmeba. meore gagebiT Teoriuli filosofia moicavs ara mxolod arsis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas _ ontologias _ aramed agreTve Semecnebisa da codnis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas. am Tvalsazriss uTuod gamarTleba moepoveba, vinaidan Teoriulia ara mxolod arsis Sesaxeb moZRvreba _ abstraqtuli kvlevis sfero _ ara4

med agreTve Semecnebisa da codnis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis codnac. miT umetes, rom am or ZiriTad filosofiur disciplinas Soris mWidro kavSiria, kidev metic, isini erTmaneTis gareSe verc moiazreba. arsis Sesaxeb verafers vityviT misi Semecnebis gareSe, xolo Semecnebis sagans arsi warmoadgens. mesame da kidev ufro gavrcelebuli Tvalsazrisi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Teoriulsa da praqtikul filosofias. pirvelis qveS is filosofiuri mecnierebani igulisxmeba, romlebic TavianTi abstraqtulobis gamo Sors dgas adamianis praqtikuli saqmianobisagan. praqtikuli filosofiis cnebis qveS ZiriTadad eTikasa da esTetikas aTavsebdnen. es koncefcia dasabams laibnic-volfis skolidan iRebs. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben adamianis sulieri cxovrebis sam sferos: gonebas, grZnobasa da nebas. pirveli Teoriulis sferos miekuTvneba, meore da mesame ki praqtikulisas. grZnobis Sesaxeb mecnierebas baumgartenma esTetika uwoda, xolo nebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas praqtikuli filosofia Searqves, romlis qveS eTika igulisxmeboda. dResac eTikosebi xSirad eTikas praqtikuli cxovrebis filosofias (g. banZelaZe) uwodeben, xolo esTetikas _ grZnobis Sesaxeb mecnierebas, romlis qveS esTetikuri grZnoba igulisxmeba. filosofiis dayofas Teoriulad da praqtikulad kantma moqalaqeobrivi ufleba daumkvidra. mis mier Teoriuli da praqtikuli gonebis mkveTri gansxvaveba swored amis maniSnebeli iyo. Teoriuli da praqtikuli codnis erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba specialur mecnierebaTa sferoSic arsebobs. magaliTad, maTematika, biologia da sxva mecnierebani Teoriuli codnis sferos miekuTvneba, magram teqnikuri, samedicino, sasoflo-sameurneo da sxva msgavsi codnis sistema praqtikuli mecnierebania. Teoriuli filosofia Teoriuli specialuri mecnierebebisagan uzogadesobiT gansxvavdeba, vinaidan misi sagani sinamdvilis uzogadesi kanonzomierebaa. amave dros filosofiuri codnis uzogadesobas aqvs ara raodenobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi xasia5

Ti. filosofia codnis principulad gansxvavebuli dargia, Tumca igi mWidro kavSirSia specialur-mecnierul codnasTan. amaSi mdgomareobs mecnieruli filosofiis anu filosofiis, rogorc mecnierebis, cnebis Sinaarsi. amrigad, Teoriuli filosofiis cnebis qveS am wignSi warmodgenilia mxolod is filosofiuri mecnierebani, romelTac uSualo kavSiri ara aqvT adamianTa praqtikul cxovrebasTan da romlebic ganvlili wlebis manZilze Cveni kvlevis sagani iyo. yovel mecniers Tavisi kvlevis Sedegebis WeSmariteba swams, pretenzias acxadebs sakuTari naazrevis apodiqturobaze. aseTi pretenzia am striqonebis avtorsac aqvs. yovel SemTxvevaSi, rogorc laTinuri andaza ambobs, Feci, quod potui, faciant meliora potentes _rac SemeZlo gavakeTe, ukeT gaakeTon maT, visac meti Zala SeswevT. dasasrul minda didi madlierebis grZnobiT movixseno Cemi yofili mowafeebi _ amJamad cnobili mecnierebi _ am wignis redaqtori, filosofiis doqtori qecbaia, kaxa qecbaia recenzentebi: filosofiis doqtori nino TomaSvili da filosofiur mecnierebaTa akademiis akademikosi mamuka doliZe doliZe. avto tori avtori 19 oqtomberi, 2006 oqtomberi, tomberi

sarCevi arCevi Ce
winasityvaoba .............................................................................................................. 3 nawili pirveli tologia mecnieruli ontologia ecnieruli ontologi ni Tavi pirveli Tavi irveli ve mecnieruli ontologiis cneba ecnieruli ontologiis neba ni tologi ontologiis sagani ................................................................................ 13 arsis struqtura ..................................................................................... 16 obieqturis struqturuli doneebi ...................................... 18 ontologia, rogorc mecniereba .............................................. 21 mecnieruli ontologia da metafizika. metafizikis transformacia ......................................................... 23 antiontologiuri Teoriebis kritika ................................. 26 Tavi meo Tavi meore realuri arsi realuri arsi materialuri da aramaterialuri realuri arsi .. 29 realuri arsis relatiuroba da sasruloba ........... 33 dialeqtika _ sasruli samyaros kanonzomiereba . 35 mizezobriobis sauflo .................................................................... 37 Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame idealuri arsi dealuri arsi relatiuridan absoluturisaken ............................................ 39 relatiur-absoluturi arsi ....................................................... 41 `pirveladi da meoradi idealuri fenomenebi ... 42 arseba, rogorc idealuri arsi ............................................... 42 Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe absoluturi arsi absoluturi arsi solutu materialuri arsis substanciurobis problema ... 46 antisubstanciuri Teoriebis kritika ............................... 49 absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba .............. 52 mecnieruli ontologia da filosofiuri Teologia ......................................................................................................... 55 7

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nawili meore naturfilosofi turfilosofia naturfilosofia Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli naturfilosofiis saga gani naturfilosofiis sagani turfilosofi naturfilosofiis cneba .................................................................... 60 naturfilosofiis sagani da misi adgili sxva filosofiur mecnierebebs Soris .......................................... 62 Tavi meo Tavi meore materia teri materia materiis cneba ............................................................................................. 65 materiis struqturuli analizi ............................................ 68 materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove bunebismecniereba ..................................................................................... 71 materiis maradiulobis problema da kosmologiuri kreacionizmi ................................................................................................. 73 Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame sivrce da dro ivrce sivrcisa da drois uzogadesi Tvisebebi ...................... 88 sivrcis ganzomilebani ...................................................................... 96 geometriis relatiurobis problema ................................. 98 drois obieqtivacia ............................................................................... 102 drois kauzaluri Teoria .............................................................. 105 erTdroulobis problema .............................................................. 107 drois mimarTuleba ............................................................................... 110 kanti da bunebismecniereba ........................................................... 113 Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe oZra rao moZraoba moZraobis relativisturi Teoria ........................................ 117 moZraobis formebi ................................................................................. 121 moZraobis dialeqtika ........................................................................ 122

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Tavi mexu xuTe Tavi mexuTe determinizmi indeterminizmi determiniz determinizmi da indeterminizmi terminiz aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebebis sazrisi ............................................................................................................... 128 mizezobrivi determinizmis fundamenturi niSnebi 131 klasikuri determinizmi .................................................................. 134 kauzaluri indeterminizmi ............................................................ 138 obieqturi SemTxveviToba da mravalniSna mizezobrioba ............................................................................................... 143 intervenciis Teoria ............................................................................ 147 Tavi meeq eqvse Tavi meeqvse gazomvis Teoriis filosofi losofiu safuZvlebi fuZvle gazomvis Teoriis filosofiuri safuZvlebi zomvi gazomvis Teoriis logikuri analizi ............................... 156 sivrcisa da drois metrikis problema ........................... 159 mikronawilakebis gazomvis problema ................................ 160 nawili mesame sicocxlis filosofi losofia sicocxlis filosofia cocxli winaswari SeniSvnebi ............................................................................. 163 Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli aracocx racoc cocxali da aracocxali ocxali xa sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis problema .............. 164 cocxalisa da aracocxalis urTierTobis problema ........................................................................................................... 166 sicocxlis materialisturi Teoria .................................. 169 sicocxlis ZiriTadi niSnebi ...................................................... 172 TviTSenaxva .................................................................................................... 176 Tavi meo Tavi meore meqanicizmi neomeqaniciz qanicizmi meqanicizmi da neomeqanicizmi qaniciz meqanicizmis cneba ................................................................................... 178 materializmi da meqanicizmi ...................................................... 179 neomeqanicizmi ............................................................................................. 182 adamiani da manqana ................................................................................. 184 9

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Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame vitalizmi neovitalizmi taliz vitalizmi da neovitalizmi taliz vitalizmis cneba ..................................................................................... 188 vitalizmis Camoyalibeba ................................................................. 189 neovitalizmi ................................................................................................ 191 Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe sicocxlis arse seba sicocxlis arseba cocxli biologiuri entelexia ..................................................................... 194 anTropuli entelexia ......................................................................... 197 nawili meoTxe tele logi leo gia teleologia Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli teleologiis safuZvlebi fuZvle teleologiis safuZvlebi le gi mizani _ teleologiuri moZRvrebis fuZemdebeli cneba ...................................................................................................................... 200 mizanSewoniloba da kanonzomiereba .................................. 202 teleologiis struqtura ............................................................... 204 Tavi meo Tavi meore tele logi leo gia kosmologiuri teleologia osmologiu mologi iudaistur-qristianuli kreacionistuli teleologia .................................................................................................. 206 kosmologiuri kreacionizmi da teleologia ......... 209 kosmologiur-teleologiuri dizaini ............................. 211 kosmologiuri dizaineri ............................................................... 214 mesa same Tavi mesame biologiu tele logi leo gia biologiuri teleologia gi organuli teleologia .................................................................... 218 darvinis evoluciuri Teoria da teleologia ...... 221 Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe anTropuli tele logi leo gia anTropuli teleologia Tropu

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adamiani da cxoveli, homo teleologicus ................................... 224 kosmologiur-anTropuli principebi ................................. 227 kosmologiur-anTropuli teleologia. anTropocentrizmi .................................................................................. 230 Tavi mexu xuTe Tavi mexuTe socialuri teleologia socialuri teleologia ci le gi individualuri da socialuri miznobrioba ............. 234 sazogadoebis struqturuli elementebi da maTi 236 miznebi Tavisufleba, aucilebloba da miznobrioba ............ 237 nawili mexuTe Semecnebis Teoriis Zire reu probleme oblemebi Semecnebis Teoriis Zireuli problemebi mecnebi Sesavali sava Sesavali Teoriuli gonebis struqtura .................................................. 241 Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli oble dakvirvebadobis problema akvirvebadobis problema virvebadobi Semecnebis genezisis problema ................................................. 244 dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretaciis kritika .................................................................... 245 dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi da samyaros mecnieruli suraTi ..................................................... 250 principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebis axali sazrisi ............................................................................................................... 252 principuli dakvirvebadobis ormagi buneba ............... 255 Tavi meo Tavi meore mecne operacionaluri Semecneba peracionaluri Semecneba raci lu winaswari SeniSvnebi ............................................................................. 258 operacionalizmi, rogorc filosofiuri mimarTuleba .................................................................................................. 259 operaciis tipebi ...................................................................................... 263 brijmenis operacionalizmis kritika ............................... 267 operaciis roli Semecnebis procesSi .............................. 271 11

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nawili meeqvse fsevdoabsoluturi nose logi seo gia fsevdoabsoluturi gnoseologia evdoabsolutu Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli lati codnis relatiuroba odnis relatiuroba ni absoluturisa da relatiuris cnebebis sazrisi 276 codnis struqtura ................................................................................. 278 codnis relatiurobis wyaroebi ............................................. 281 winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codna ............................. 283 Tavi meore Tavi meo fsevdoabsoluturis Teoriis safuZvlebi fuZvle fsevdoabsoluturis Teoriis safuZvlebi evdoabsoluturi gnoseologiuri relativizmis kritika da absoluturis Zieba ................................................................................ 285 fsevdoabsoluturis cneba ............................................................ 287 fsevdoabsoluturis formebi .................................................... 289 Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame fsevdoabsoluturi odna fsevdoabsoluturi codna evdoabsolutu konvencionaluri Semecnebis buneba .................................... 295 mecnieruli Teoria ............................................................................... 306 Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe fsevdoabsoluturi Rirebule rebuleba fsevdoabsoluturi Rirebuleba evdoabsolutu RirebulebiTi cnobierebis relatiuroba .................... 314 fsevdoabsoluturi ideali ......................................................... 316 subieqturi da `intersubieqturi~ ideali ................... 321

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Tavi mexuTe Tavi mexuTe xu fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali marTa fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali evdoabsolutu $98. samarTlebrivi normebis relativisturi Teoriis kritika ................................................................................................................ 324 $99. absoluturi samarTlis Zieba: bunebiTi da saerTaSoriso samarTali ............................................................... 327 $100. fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali ................................................ 331

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nawili meSvide epistemologi istemologia epistemologia Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli nis fuZvle mecnieruli codnis safuZvlebi ecnieruli odni safuZvlebi ni mecnieruli codnis empiriuli da racionaluri safuZvlebi .................................................................................................. 336 mecnieruli codnis obieqturi da subieqturi mxareebi ........................................................................................................... 337 mecnieruli codna _ subieqtur-obieqturi fenomeni .......................................................................................................... 339 Tavi meo Tavi meore anviTarebis rega mecnierebis ganviTarebis garegani da ecnierebis ganviTarebi garegani ni bi Sinagani aqtorebi naga tore Sinagani faqtorebi eqsternalizmi .......................................................................................... 341 internalizmi ............................................................................................ 344 sinTezuri koncefcia ....................................................................... 345 Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame anviTarebis nonzomie mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba ecnierebis ganviTarebi kanonzomi reba ni bi mecnierebis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modeli 348 karl poperis falsifikaciis Teoria ........................... 349 mecnieruli codnis revoluciuri ganviTarebis Teoria .............................................................................................................. 351 Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe nis unqci mecnieruli codnis funqciebi ecnieruli odni funqcie ni axsna da aRwera _ mecnieruli codnis funqciebi ...................................................................................................... 360 winaswarxedvis funqcia ................................................................. 365 socialuri funqcia ........................................................................... 368

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saxelTa saZiebeli ................................................................................................ 370 damateba sergi avalianis naSromebis bibliografia ............................... 378

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nawili pirveli mecnieruli ontologia


Tavi irve veli Tavi pirveli tologiis neba mecnieruli ontologiis cneba ecnieruli ontologi ni ontologi tologiis saga gani $1. ontologiis sagani
termini ontologia pirvelad r. gokleniusma (1613) ixmara im mecnierebis aRsaniSnavad, romelic arsis uzogades kanonzomierebas swavlobs, xolo ufro gvian kr. volfma mas moqalaqeobrivi ufleba daumkvidra. istoriulad ki am filosofiuri mecnierebis avtors aristotele warmoadgens, romelic werda: aris iseTi mecniereba, romelic ganixilavs arsebuls, rogorc aseTs, da imas, rac arsebuls, rogo sebu gorc mas TavisTavad aqvs. igi ar aris arc erTi kerZo mecnierebis igiveobrivi. arc erTi sxva mecniereba ar ikvlevs arsebuli rogo sebulis, gorc aseTis, zoga bunebas, seTi gad neba arsebulis, rogorc aseTis, zogad bunebas, aramed yvela isini misi (arsebulis) raime nawils gamoyofen da Semdeg am nawilis mimarT ganixilaven imas, rac misi kuTvnili aRmoCndeba.1 aristoteles ar hqonda arc metafizikisa da, miT umetes, arc ontologiis terminebi, Tumca am cnebebis Sinaarsi uTuod gaaCnda, radgan igi maTi sagnebis Sesaxeb msjelobs da Tan maT mecnierebas uwodebs, saxeldobr filosofiur mecnierebas. isic udavoa, rom aristotele metafizikasa da ontologias erTmaneTTan aigivebda. maTi gansxvaveba ufro gvian moxda, kerZod, laibnic-volfis skolaSi. volfma da misma mowafeebma ontologia metafizikis erT-erT nawilad gamoacxades fsiqologiis, kosmologiisa da bunebrivi Teologiis gverdiT, Tumca mas pirveli adgili miakuTvnes da, maSasadame xazi gausves mis upirates Rirebulebas. volfs ekuTvnis wigni Philosophia prima sive ontologia (pirveli filosofia anu on1

aristotele, metafizika, 1003 a, 21-32 (xazgasma Cvenia. s.a.)

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tologia). aq aristoteles memkvidreoba Cans. aristotele xom saganTa (arsis) pirveladi mizezebis Semswavlel mecnierebas pirvel sibrZned Tvlida! maSasadame, ontologiis sagania arsi, rogorc aseTi, mTeli sinamdvilis arseba, substanciuri arseba. amis safuZvelze zogjer ontologiasa da filosofias identurad Tvlian. filosofiis sagans mTeli sinamdvilis anu arsebulis rogorc aseTis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba warmoadgens; magram arsis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba ontologiis kvlevis sagania. am azriT isini marTlac erTmaneTs emTxveva. magram filosofiisa da ontologiis erTmaneTTan gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. vinaidan termini filosofia krebsiTi filosofiuri mecnierebebis aRmniSvnelia; igi moicavs ontologiasac, gnoseologiasac, istoriis filosofiasac, naturfilosofiasac, filosofiur anTropologiasac, eTikasac, esTetikasac da a. S. maT Soris ontologias pirveli adgili uWiravs, anu igi aris pirveli filosofia, filosofiur mecnierebaTa alma mater, vinaidan yvela zemoCamoTvlili filosofiuri mecnierebebis sagnebis uzogades kanonzomierebas Seiswavlis. amrigad, ontologiisa da filosofiis igiveobis Sesaxeb laparaki mxolod garkveuli pirobiT SeiZleba. saerTod ki ontologia sxva filosofiuri mecnierebebisagan principulad gansxvavdeba. arsi, rogorc ontologiis sagani, uzogadesia; am doneze ki arsi da arseba erTmaneTs emTxveva. maT Soris gansxvaveba ufro dabali zogadobis sferoSia. arsis sferos ekuTvnis yovelgvari arsebuli, maT Soris movlenebic. magram arseba da movlena sxvadasxvaa. ramdenadac arsebac arsebobs, amdenad igi arsia, magram yvela arsebuli arseba rodia. arsi uzogadesi cnebaa, romelic, Sinaarsisagan mTlianad daclilia, ris gamoc mas hegeli ararsTan aigivebda. arsebis fundamentur niSans obieqturoba, TavisTavadoba, damoukidebloba warmoadgens. obieqturi damoukidebels niSnavs, uwinares yovlisa, subieqtisagan, adamianisagan damoukidebels. swored amitom ontologiis sagani _ 16

arsi, rogorc aseTi anu mTeli sinamdvilis (substanciuri) arseba _ adamianis cnobierebisagan sruliad damoukidebelia. es imasac niSnavs, rom ontologiis ageba SeuZlebelia subieqtivizmisa da relativizmis poziciebze. haidegeris fundamenturi ontologia, romelic uSualod arss ki ar ikvlevs, aramed arsis sazriss (Sinn von Sein), ar SeiZleba ontologiad CaiTvalos. sazrisis problemis kvleva, rogorc n. hartmanma miuTiTa, ontologiis kompetencias ar Seadgens. magram rogor aris SesaZlebeli laparaki obieqturi, TavisTavadi, adamianis cnobierebisagan sruliad damoukidebeli sinamdvilis Sesaxeb? am sakiTxs imanenturisa da transcendenturis urTierTobis problemamde mivyavarT. aris Tu ara cnobierebaSi asaxuli realoba im samyaros suraTi, romelic cnobierebis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad arsebobs? sxvagvarad es niSnavs sakiTxs, Tu rogor aris SesaZlebeli imanenturidan transcendenturze gadasvla, xom ar aris Cveni rwmena obieqturi realobis asaxvis Sesaxeb saRi azri anu gulubryvilo realizmi? es urTulesi sakiTxia, romlis gadawyvetis ZiebaSi mravali filosofosi amaod daSvra da win araviTari perspeqtiva ar Cans. hegeli am sakiTxis gadawyvetis gareSe agebs Tavis ontologias TxzulebaSi logikis mecniereba (pirveli ori wigni). es niSnavs, rom igi obieqturi realobis arsebobasa da misi asaxvis, anu imanenturidan transcendenturze gasvlis SesaZleblobaSi arc eWvobs. obieqturi, cnobierebisagan damoukidebeli realobis arsebobis da misi asaxvis SesaZleblobis postulirebis gareSe ara marto ontologias ver avagebT, aramed saerTod SeuZlebeli iqneba mecnierebaze, gansakuTrebiT sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebze laparaki. ainStaini werda: amRqmeli subieqtisagan damoukidebeli garegani samyaros arsebobis rwmena mTeli bunebismecnierebis safuZvelSi imyofeba.1 da Semdeg: arc erT fizikoss ar sjera, rom garegani
1

. , , . IV, ., 1967, . 136

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samyaro cnobierebisagan iyos warmoebuli... ratom daainteresebda vinmes varskvlavebi, Tuki darwmunebuli ar iqneboda, rom isini sinamdvileSi arseboben?1 amrigad nebismieri mecniereba garegani samyaros realobis postulirebas axdens, Tvlis, rom arsebobs obieqturi realoba, romelsac adamianis cnobiereba asaxavs. igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs ontologiis sferoSic, romelic iqidan amodis, rom arsebobs obieqturi realoba, arsi da misi arseba, romlis gamokvleva ontologiis sagans Seadgens.

arsi struqtura sis uqtu $2. arsis struqtura


arsis cneba, rogorc aRvniSneT, uzogadesia, ris gamoc igi araviTar gansazRvras ar eqvemdebareba. arsi sxvas arafers ar niSnavs, garda arsebobisa da amaSia misi uzogadesoba. arsebobs mTebi, zRvebi, varskvlavebi, Cveni azrebi, gancdebi, moCvenebebi da TviT halucinaciebic ki. yvela maT arsebobis (arsis) niSani Tanabrad miewereba. maT Soris gansxvaveba mxolod arsebobis wesSia arsebobi wesSia sebobis esSi da ara TviT arsebobaSi. swored es arsebobis wesi safuZvlad uZevs arsis formebis diferenciacias. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben realursa ide lur arss. dea ovlenalena realursa da idealur arss realuri arsi aris movlenaamyaro, yaro Ta samyaro romelic uSualod grZnobad aRqmaSi gveZleva da, maSasadame, empiriul sinamdviles warmoadgens. es aris, aristoteles sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, CvenTvis pirveli sinamdvile, vinaidan Semecnebis procesi misi mocemulobiT iwyeba. realuri arsis kriteriumad, ZiriTad niSnad e. huserli da n. hartmani droSi arsebobas Tvlian. arsis am sferos miekuTvneba ara mxolod bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi, aramed Cveni fsiqikuri gancdebic, vinaidan isinic droSi arsebulia.

iqve, gv. 263

18

realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro ori struqturuli fenisagan Sedgeba: materialuri realuri arsi (mTematerialuri realuri arsi teri bi, zRvebi, varskvlavebi da a. S.), romlebic drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs anu ganfenilia, sxeulobrivia, nivTieria1 da aramaterialuri realuri arsi romelic mxolod ramateri luri realuri arsi materia si, droSi arsebobs; aseTia fsiqikuri gancdebi, sazogadoebrivi movlenebi da sxva misTanani. realuri arsi, rogorc droSi arsebuli, ganuwyveteli moZraobisa da cvalebadobis procesSi imyofeba da, rac mTavaria, relaturia. misi relaturoba imas niSnavs, rom igi raRacis, ufro ZiriTadis, farulis gamovlenas warmoadgens. movlenis arseboba imaze migvaniSnebs, rom igi raRac ufro arsebiTis gamovlenaa. vaSlis Camovardna aris misi arsebis _ msoflio arsebis sebi mizidulobis kanonis _ movlena (gamovlena). movlenas azri aqvs mxolod misi arsebis mimarT mas arsebisagan damimarT; marT moukidebloba ar gaaCnia. amaSi mdgomareobs misi relaturoba. amrigad, realuri arsidan, rogorc movlenaTa samyarodan, gadavdivarT arsis ufro Rrma, ufro zogad, ufro arsebiT formaze. es aris arsebaTa samyaro romelic idearsebaTa amyaro, seba yaro aluria da, maSasadame, arc drosa da sivrceSi arsebobs. TavisTavad idealuri arsic ori sferosagan Sedgeba, rasac arsebaTa gansxvaveba ganapirobebs: specialuri peci luri cia arsebani sebani, absolutu solutuarsebani anu specialur arsebaTa samyaro da absolutuarsi arsebaTa arseba, seba seba ri arsi anu arsebaTa arseba ukanaskneli instanciis arseba. arseba aqvs yvelafers, realuri arsis yvela sferos; magram vinaidan isini realuri arsis specialuri sferoebis arsebebia, amitom mizanSewonilia maT speciapeci cia luri arsebani sebani, peci lur arse cia seluri arsebani xolo maT erTobliobas specialur arsebaTa amya yaro baTa samyaro vuwodoT. specialuri arseba, rogorc arseba, zogadobiT, damoukideblobiT, aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba. msoflio mizidulobis kanoni ara mxolod vaSlis, aramed yvela vardnili sxeulis arsebaa, xolo TiToeu-

materialuri~ da nivTieri identuri cnebebia; materialuri mxolod nivTieri SeiZleba iyos.

19

li maTganisagan damoukidebelia; mas realuri arsis _ movlenaTa samyaros _ mimarT aucilebeli xasiaTi aqvs. magram arseba aqvs ara mxolod realuri arsis sagnebsa da movlenebs, aramed mTel sinamdvilesac _ arsis yvela sferos; igi specialuri arsebebisagan uzogadesobiT, uzenaesi damoukideblobiT anu obieqturobiTa da aseve uzenaesi aucileblobiT, usasrulobiT gansxvavdeba. aseTia absoluturi arsi anu absoluturi arseba absoabsolutu soluturi arsi absolutu soluturi arseba; seba luturis doneze arsi da arseba erTmaneTs emTxveva. igi aris sinamdvilis ukanaskneli instanciis arseba anu substanciuri arseba. yvela arseba, rogorc arseba, substanciuria, TavisTavadia, obieqturia, damoukidebelia, magram specialuri arsebani arasruli substanciebia, vinaidan damoukideblobas, obieqturobas jer kidev ar miuRwevia uzenaes donemde. substanciuri arseba ki srul substancias, absolutur usasrulobas warmoadgens. igi aris mTeli sinamdvilis Ziri, safuZveli da, kidev metic, Semoqmedi. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom absoluturi arsi sxva araferia, garda RmerTisa, romelic, cxadia, aseve uzenaesi idealurobiT xasiaTdeba. maSasadame arsebobs arsis sami sfero: realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro, specialur arsebaTa samyaro da absoluturi arsi anu ukanaskneli instanciis arseba; es sferoebi, romlebic imave dros arsis doneebs warmoaddoneebs neeb gens, gansazRvravs adamianuri codnis, rogorc arsis fundamenturi gansazRvrulobebis asaxvis doneebs, romlebzec am wignis meeqvse nawilSi gveqneba laparaki.

obieqturis struqturu bieqturi uqturuli done nee $3. obieqturis struqturuli doneebi
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom ontologiis sagania TavisTavad, obieqturad arsebuli arsi. magram obieqturoba miewereba yvelafers, rac adamianis cnobierebis gareSe arsebobs, TviT movlenaTa samyarosac ki, romelic, cxadia, ontologiuri kvlevis sagani ar aris. ontologiis sagania araa nebismieri arsi (arsebuli), aramed arsi ro20

gorc aseTi, romelic obieqturobis specifikuri formiT xasiaTdeba. swored amitom saWirod migvaCnia obieqturis cnebis sazrisis gamokvleva. obieqturis cneba filosofiaSi sxvadasxva azriT ixmareba, magram yvela SemTxvevaSi obieqturi niSnavs damoukidebels, TavisTavad arsebuls. am azriT obieqturisa da subieqturis cnebebs erTmaneTs upirispireben. subieqturi subieqtze damokidebuls niSnavs, obieqturi ki subieqturisagan damoukidebels. maSasadame, damoukideblobis cneba obieqturis cnebis mTavar Sinaarss warmoadgens. magram damoukideblobis cnebasac mravali mniSvneloba aqvs. igi viTardeba arsis sxvadasxva doneebis Sesabamisad da am logikuri ganviTarebis procesSi oTx ZiriTad formas (dones) gaivlis. yoveli arsebuli damoukideblobis anu obieqturobis raRac doneze imyofeba. amis gareSe misi arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. is, rac mxolod sxvazea damokidebuli, rasac TavisTavSi araviTari safuZveli, araviTari TavisTavadoba anu damoukidebloba ara aqvs, arsebobas ver SeZlebs. amrigad, yovelgvari arsebuli damoukideblobis anu obieqturobis raRac, Tundac mcire (umcires) dones atarebs. aseTia, magaliTad, Cveni fsiqikuri fenomenebi _ gancdebi, emociebi _ romelic calkeul subieqts ekuTvnis, maSasadame, subieqturia, magram ara mxolod subieqturi, aramed igi obieqturobis raRac dones flobs; sxvagvarad misi arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. saxeldobr, isini Cveni nebisagan raRacdagvarad damoukidebelia. Cven ar SegviZlia roca movisurvebT gvixarodes an vwuxdeT. es Cvens nebaze ar aris damokidebuli da amdenad obieqturia. es aris obieqturobis yvelaze dabali, pirveli done, romelic calkeuli subieqtis nebisagan damoukideblobaSi gamoixateba. obieqturobis ufro maRali, meore done maSin aris, rodesac iseT fenomenebTan gvaqvs saqme, romlebic calkeuli, individualuri cnobierebisagan damoukidebelia, magram damokidebulia cnobierebaze saerTod. aseTia ininersubieqturi subieqturi, tersubieqturi rogorc obieqturobis ufro maRali do21

ne, vinaidan am SemTxvevaSi individualur cnobierebaze damokidebulebis safexuri ganvlilia. aseTia, magaliTad, sivrce da dro kantis transcendentalur esTetikaSi, gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba, romelic, rogorc azri, cnobierebis gareSe ar arsebobs, damokidebulia masze, magram calkeuli individisagan damoukidebelia. is azri, rom samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami udris ori swori kuTxis jams, rogorc azri, cnobierebis gareSe ar arsebobs da, maSasadame, mis arsebobazea damokidebuli, magram igi damoukidebelia calkeuli adamianis nebaze. kidev ufro maRali donis damoukidebloba anu obieqturoba gvaqvs garegani sagnebisa da movlenebis sferoSi, vinaidan isini damoukidebelia ara mxolod calkeuli, aramed saerTod adamianisagan; isini arsebobs cnobierebis gareT da maTi arseboba, intersubieqturi fenomenebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianis cnobierebis arsebobas ar saWiroebs. marTalia, obieqturobis am doneze sagnebi da movlenebi adamianisagan damoukidebelia, magram isini damokidebulia erTmaneTze. sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris arsebobs mWidro urTierTkavSiri, urTierTdamokidebuleba; isini erTmaneTis arsebobas ganapirobeben, gancalkevebiT arseboba ar SeuZliaT. es niSnavs, rom obieqturoba anu damoukidebloba jer kidev ar aris sisruliT ganxorcielebuli; obieqturobas jer kidev ar miuRwevia umaRles donemde. arsi Tavis logikur ganviTarebaSi mxolod maSin miaRwevs obieqturobis uzenaes dones, rodesac saerTod moixsneba damokidebuleba rogorc subieqtisagan, ise yovelgvari arsebulisagan, anu rodesac obieqturoba sisruliT ganxorcieldeba. amgvari obieqturi iqneba absoluturi arsi, ukanaskneli instanciis realoba. amrigad, absolutu soluturi obieqturis logikuri bieqturi giku anviTarebis viTarebi absoluturi aris obieqturis logikuri ganviTarebis umaRlesi done aRle ne, umaRlesi done romelSic damokidebuloba, ralatiuroba anu araobieqturoba mTlianad moxsnilia. maSasadame, arsebobs obieqturobis oTxi sxvadasxva forma anu ierarqiuli done dabalidan maRlisaken, nak22

lebad obieqturidan absoluturi obieqturobisaken. absolutur arsSi obieqturoba _ damoukidebloba _ sisruliT ganxorcielebulia. damokidebulebis doneebi imave dros relatiuris doneebs warmoadgens. damokidebuli aris relatiuri da, piriqiT, relatiuri niSnavs imaze damokidebuls, ris mimarTac arsebobs. relatiuroba mimarTebaSi yofnas niSnavs; relatiurs ar SeuZlia imis gareSe arseboba, rasTan mimarTebaSic imyofeba. obieqturis pirvel formaSi Cveni gancdebi Cvens cnobierebasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs, maszea damokidebuli da amaSia misi relatiuroba. aseve intersubieqturi transcendentalur cnobierebazea damokidebuli; sagnebi da movlenebi ki damokidebulia erTmaneTze. maSasadame, obieqturobis winare sami forma (done) relatiuria; mxolod absoluturi arsia relatiurobisagan mTlianad daclili da sisruliT ganxorcielebuli obieqturoba. SeiZleba gviTxran, rom mimarTebaSi yofna anu relatiuroba yovelTvis ar niSnavs damokidebulebas, magaliTad, sivrcesa da droSi mimarTeba (zeviT, qveviT, marjvniv, marcxniv, win, ukan, adre, gvian da a. S.). cxadia, vrceul-drouli relatiuroba gansxvavebulia im tipis relatiurobisagan, sadac damokidebuleba ufro aSkara da realuria (magaliTad, mcenareebis arsebobis damokidebuleba siTboze, sinaTleze, tenianobaze, sicocxlis damokidebuleba atmosferoze, mamis damokidebuleba Svilebze da piriqiT); magram damokidebulebas verc vrceul-drouli relaturobis SemTxvevaSi avcdebiT. nebismieri sagani imitom aris es (da ara sxva), rom arsebobs sxvac, raime xdomiloba imitom moxda adre, rom sxva xdomilobani ufro gvian moxda. amrigad, vrceul-drouli mimarTebani, saboloo jamSi, damokidebulebas gulisxmobs. es niSnavs, rom relatiurobis yvela forma damokidebulebis Semcvelia.

ontologi rogo tologia, gorc mecniereba ecni $4. ontologia, rogorc mecniereba
23

dazustebas moiTxovs is debuleba, rom ontologia aris mecniereba arsis anu arsebulis, rogorc arsebulis Sesaxeb. arsis sferos miekuTvneba yovelgvari arsebuli. igive iTqmis arsebulis Sesaxeb. arsebulia movlenaTa samyaroc, magram igi ara marto ontologiis sagani ar aris, aramed arc specialuri mecnierebebis kvlevis obieqts Seadgens. es ukanasknelni ikvleven sinamdvilis kanonebs, movlenaTa arsebas. niutons vaSlis Camovardna ki ar ainteresebda, aramed misi safuZveli, arseba anu msoflio mizidulobis kanoni. arseba, kanoni, cxadia, uSualod ar Seimecneba; igi SegrZnebebSi _ uSualo dakvirvebaSi _ ar gveZleva. misi Semecneba mxolod mis gamovlenaze _ movlenaTa samyaroze _ dakvirvebis Sedegad SeiZleba. nebismieri arseba, kanoni racionaluri gziT Seimecneba empiriul sinamdvileze dakvirvebis Sedegad. movlenebi arsebis Semecnebis saSualebaa da meti araferi. mecnierebis interesis uSualo obieqts movlenaTa samyaros arseba warmoadgens ara TviT es movlenebi. nebismieri arseba gamovlindeba; gamouvleneli arseba ar arsebobs, vinaidan arsebas azri aqvs movlenebis mimarT, iseve rogorc piriqiT: movlena arsebis gamovlenas niSnavs. arseba ki uSualod ar gveZleva. igi, rogorc hegeli ambobda, brwyinavs movlenebSi. racionaluri Semecneba niSnavs movlenebis gziT arsebis Semecnebas. TviTon movlenebis namdvili Semecnebac maTi arsebis Semecnebas niSnavs. magram rogorc zeviT ($2) vTqviT, arseba sxvadasxvanairia. sinamdvilis calkeuli sferoebis arsebas _ specialur arsebebs _ specialuri mecnierebani swavlobs, magram mTeli sinamdvilis arseba _ substanciuri arsi _ filosofiis, kerZod, ontologiis Seswavlis sagania. maSasadame, ontologiis sagans absoluturi arsi (da ara nebismieri _ relatiuri _ arsi) warmoadgens. ontologia ontologi tologia moZRvreba absolutu oZRvre solutur arsi Sesaxeb sis saxe aris moZRvreba absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb. hegeli ambobda, rom ar arsebobs araviTari filosofia absolutur-

24

ze moZRvrebis gareSe... filosofia aris mecniereba absoluturis Sesaxeb.1 magram rogor aris SesaZlebeli absoluturi arsis anu substanciuri arsebis Semecneba? es niSnavs: rogor aris SesaZlebeli ontologia, rogorc mecniereba? arseba, rogorc vTqviT, uTuod gamovlindeba da gamovlenis gziT Seimecneba. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda mecnierebis arseboba. aseTia nebismieri arseba, ara mxolod specialuri arsebani, aramed substanciuri arsebac, absoluturi arsi, romelic agreTve gamovlindeba da am gamovlenaze dakvirvebis gziT Seimecneba. samyaroSi arsebuli gasaocari kanonzomiereba _ bunebis kanonebi cocxali samyaros kanonebis CaTvliT _ absoluturi arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. sxvagvarad es niSnavs, rom specialur arsebaTa samyaro _ specialur mecnierebaTa kvlevis sagani _ absoluturi arsis anu substanciuri arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. specialur arsebaTa samyaros Semecnebas substanciuri arsebis Semecnebamde mivyavarT. amaSi gamoixateba filosofiisa (pirveli filosofiis anu ontologiis) da specialur mecnierebaTa aucilebeli kavSiri. swored amitom filosofia _ uwinares yovlisa, misi mTavari dargi ontologia _ aris mecniereba, codnis dargi. misi sagani _ absoluturi arsi _ imave gziT da imave meTodiT Seimecneba, rogorc specialur mecnierebaTa sagani anu specialur arsebaTa samyaro. maT Soris gansxvaveba maTi sagnebis gansxvavebas emyareba da ara am sagnebis meTods. ontologia aris mecniereba codnis ontologi tologia mecniereba ecni ba, dargi, mecnierulad dasabuTebuli sistema, Tumca specialuri mecnierebebisagan principulad gansxvavebuli disciplina. aseTia mecnieruli ontologia, rogorc tradiecni ruli ontologi nie tologia ciuli ontologiuri sistemebisagan arsebiTad gansxvavebuli mecniereba. aristoteles ontologia mecniereba iyo, xolo mas Semdeg Sua saukuneebisa da TviT axali drois _ Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT _ ontologiam speku1

, , . I (. ), . . 1929, . 70.

25

laciuri xasiaTi miiRo, mecnierul codnas mowyda da TviTonac mecnieruli Sinaarsi dakarga. ontologiis mecnierulobis dasabuTebis cdebi hegelis filosofiaSi gvxvdeba. me ganzraxuli mqonda _ wers hegeli _ xeli Semewyo filosofiis daaxloebisaTvis mecnierebis formebTan, im mizanTan, romlis miRwevis SemTxvevaSi mas SeiZleboda uari eTqva Tavis saxelwodebaze sibrZnis siyvaruli da gamxdariyo namdvili codna.1 tyuilad ki ar uwoda hegelma Tavis mTavar Txzulebas logikis mecniereba, romlis ori mTavari nawili ontologiur sistemas warmoadgens. magram, samwuxarod, hegels es mizani bolomde ganuxorcielebeli darCa.

mecnieruli ontologi ecni tologia metafizika. tafizika $5. mecnieruli ontologia da metafizika. metafizikis transformacia tafiziki ansformaci metafizikis transformacia
axla saWiroa gavarkvioT, Tu ra urTierTobaa mecnierul ontologiasa da metafizikas Soris; SesaZlebelia Tu ara metafizika, rogorc filosofiuri disciplina? metafizikis fuZemdebelia aristotele, Tumca metafizikuri ideebi manamdec arsebobda. im wignSi Camoyalibebul ideebs, romelsac andronike rodoselma metafizika uwoda, aristotele Tvlida mecnierebad RvTaebis Sesanie bad mecni reba xeb. es niSnavs, rom metafizika imTaviTve Camoyalibda rogorc mecniereba, codnis dargi. igi, rogorc sinamdvilis uZiriTadesi, pirveladi mizezebis Semswavleli mecniereba, miCneuli iyo yvela sxva mecnierebaTa `dedoflad~, anu mecnierebaTa mecnierebad, `pirvel sibrZned~. `yvela mecniereba ufro aucilebelia, vidre igi, magram masze ukeTesi arc erTi ar aris (aristotele). metafizika, anu mecniereba RvTaebis Sesaxeb, aristoteles esmoda rogorc moZRvreba RmerTis anu mTeli sinamdvilis arsebis, absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb. absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb moZRvreba ki aris ontologia. amdenad
1

, , . IV( ), ., 1859. . 3.

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aristoteles filosofiaSi metafizika da ontologia identuri cnebebia. marTalia, aristoteles arc erTi termini ar hqonda, magram metafizikisa da ontologiis, rogorc erTi da igive disciplinis cneba udavod gaaCnda. ontologia da metafizika erTmaneTisagan kr. volfma ganasxvava; saxeldobr, ontologia metafizikis erT-erT ZiriTad nawilad miiCnia kosmologiis, fsiqologiisa da bunebrivi Teologiis gverdiT. Sua saukuneebSi religiuri msoflmxedvelobis gavleniT metafizikis cnebam transformacia ganicada. metafizika gaiges rogorc zebunebrivi realobis anu principulad daukvirvebadi arsis Sesaxeb moZRvreba, romelic, cxadia, mecnierul dasabuTebas ar eqvemdebareba anu mecnierebas ar warmoadgens. amitom masSi SesaZlebelia yvelaferi ise moCmaxo, rom sicruis mxilebis ar geSinodes (kanti). ase dakarga metafizikam yovelgvari SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba da codnis sferodan rwmenis sferoSi gadabargda. kantma, romelsac mxedvelobaSi hqonda amgvari _ transformirebuli _ metafizika, daasabuTa, rom igi ar aris mecniereba. wminda bunebismecnierebisa da wminda maTematikis analizis safuZvelze man daadgina, rom mecniereba sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobebisagan Sedgeba. metafizika ki, rogorc spekulaciuri moZRvreba, romelic mowyvetilia ara marto mecnierebas, aramed agreTve fizikuri (empiriuli) samyaros kanonzomierebis codnas, martooden aprioruli msjelobebis sistemaa, romelsac sinTezuri xasiaTi ara aqvs, anu Cvens codnas ar afarToebs. es niSnavs, rom metafizika ar aris mecniereba. kantis es mosazreba Cven udavod migvaCnia, Tumca vfiqrobT, rom igive Sedegis miReba sxva gziTac SeiZleba, rac kidev ufro ganamtkicebs kantis poziciebs. mecnierebis sagani principulad dakvirvebadia; sxvagvarad igi mecnierebis sagnad ar gamodgeba, vinaidan principulad daukvirvebadze (Seumecnebadze) mecnierebas ver avagebT, codnas ver CamovayalibebT. principuli dakvirvebadobisa da saerTod dakvirvebadobis princips am wignis mexuTe 27

nawilSi ganvixilavT; amJamad ki winaswar mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom principuli dakvirvebadobis SesaZlebloba codnisa da rwmenis gammijnavi kriteriumia. maSasadame, metafizika, rogorc moZRvreba principulad daukvirvebadi arsis Sesaxeb, ar aris mecniereba. kantma uaryo metafizika, rogorc mecniereba, magram aq gaCerda. mas araferi ar uTqvams imis Sesaxeb, aris Tu ara metafizika filosofiuri disciplina, SesaZlebelia Tu ara metafizikuri filosofia. am problemis gadawyvetas ki iseTive didi mniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc kantis mier metafizikis aramecnierulobis dasabuTebas. am problemis gadawyvetas win unda uswrebdes imis gamokvleva, aris Tu ara filosofia mecniereba (cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi laparakia filosofiur da ara specialur mecnierebaze). Tu filosofia aris mecniereba, xolo metafizika ar aris mecniereba, maSin metafizikuri filosofia SeuZlebelia, xolo, Tu piriqiT, filosofia ar aris mecniereba, maSin SeiZleba metafizikur filosofiaze laparaki. aseTia elementaruli logika, romliTac metafizikuri filosofiis SesaZleblobis problemis gadawyvetisas unda vixelmZRvaneloT. am problemis gadawyvetis mcdelobas kvlav dakvirvebadobis principamde mivyavarT, romelsac, rogorc vTqviT, safuZvlianad am wignis mexuTe nawilSi ganvixilavT. iqve mocemuli iqneba filosofiis mecnierulobis Cveneuli dasabuTeba. amjerad ki mxolod imis aRniSvniT davkmayofildebiT, rom mTeli Cveni Semecneba cdiT iwyeba (kanti). sxvagvarad es imas niSnavs, rom principuli grZnobadi dakvirvebadoba aris mTeli Cveni codnis amosavali. zemoT, vfiqrobT, sakmaod davasabuTeT, rom absoluturi arsi, rogorc mTeli sinamdvilis ukanaskneli instanciis arseba, romelic pirveli filosofiis anu ontologiis sagans warmoadgens, empiriul sinamdvileSi gamovlindeba da am gamovlenis gziT, e. i. gaSualebiT dakvirvebadia, SemecgaSu lebi Sua biT nebadia. arseba uSualod ar gveZleva, miT umetes uzogadesi _ absoluturi _ arseba. igi gamovlenis gziT Seimecneba. es niSnavs, rom ontologiis sagani principulad dak28

virvebadia, rac codnisa da rwmenis gammijnav kriteriums warmoadgens. aqedan daskvna; filosofia aris mecniereba, codnis dargi, logikurad dasabuTebuli sistema. aqedan gamomdinareobs metafizikuri filosofiis SeuZlebloba; metafizika, rogorc principulad daukvirvebadis Sesaxeb moZRvreba, aris rwmenis da ara codnis sfero. amaSi gamoixateba metafizikis transformacia mecnierebidan _ codnidan _ rwmenamde. miuxedavad imisa, rom metafizika ar aris arc mecniereba da arc filosofia, igi udides rols TamaSobs adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi.

antiontologi tiontologiu Teoriebis kritika riti $6. antiontologiuri Teoriebis kritika


antiontologiur filosofiur Teoriebs miekuTvneba fenomenalizmi misi yvela nairsaxeobiT (pozitivisturi fenomenalizmi, kantis fenomenalizmi da sxva), romelic mxolod fenomenebis _ movlenebis _ arsebobas aRiarebs, mxolod maT Tvlis Semecnebadad, xolo arsebaTa samyaros Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofs. am koncefciis mTavari Secdoma, Cveni azriT, is aris, rom igi movlenasa da arsebas erTmaneTisagan wyvets. movlena arsebis gamovlenaa da Tu erTs aRiareb, maSin meores uaryofa SeuZlebeli gaxdeba. vinc arsebas uaryofs, man movlenac unda uaryos da absoluturi nihilizmis poziciebze dadges, rac absurdul mdgomareobas warmoadgens. aseve SeuZlebelia movlenebis Semecnebaze laparaki, Tuki maTi arsebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uarvyofT. movlenis WeSmariti Semecneba misi arsebis Semecnebas niSnavs, vinaidan movlenas azri aqvs mxolod arsebis mimarT, xolo arseba aris is, ris safuZvelzec movlena arsebobs. marTalia, kantis mixedviT (hegelisagan gansxvavebiT), movlena ar aris arsebis gamovlena, magram aqac arsebis Semecnebadoba movlenis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. ontologias kategoriulad uaryofen neokantianelebic (koheni, natorpi da sxv.), romlebmac kantis filosofia nivTi TavisTavadisagan, rogorc obieqturi realobi29

sagan, gawmindes da ontologia atavizmad gamoacxades. magram ontologiis uaryofas saerTod Teoriuli azrovnebis uaryofamde mivyavarT. samarTlianad SeniSnavs n. hartmani: Teoriuli azrovneba, romelic safuZvelSi ontologiuri ar iqneba, saerTod ar iarsebebs da saerTod SeuZlebelia.1 ontologiis sagani adamianis cnobierebis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad arsebobs. swored amitom umarTebuloa egzistencialur ontologiaze laparaki, kerZod, haidegeris anTropologiuri filosofiis fundamentur ontologiad warmodgena. marTalia, haidegeri miznad isaxavs TavisTavad arsebuli arsis kanonzomierebis gamokvlevas, magram Tvlis, rom arsis bunebis gamokvleva SeuZlebelia arsis sazrisis (Sinn von Sein) winaswari dadgenis gareSe. am naSromis mizania _ wers igi Tavis mTavar TxzulebaSi arsi da dro _ arsis sazrisis Sesaxeb sakiTxis konkretuli damuSaveba.2 maSasadame, saqme exeba ara TviTon arss, aramed arsis sazriss, sazrisis Sesaxeb moZRvreba ki ar SeiZleba iyos ontologia. swored amitom n. hartmani mkacrad akritikebs haidegers, Tvlis, rom masTan sakiTxi arsebulis, rogorc arsebulis, Sesaxeb moxsnilia3 haidegerTan, amtkicebs igi, arsi da arsis mocemuloba erTmaneTSia areuli (Verwechselt ist). sazrisi yovelTvis adamianis arsebobas gulisxmobs.4 marTlac, sazrisis Sesaxeb msvlelobisas subioeqtizms ver avcdebiT, xolo subieqtivizmis poziciebidan ontologiis ageba SeuZlebelia. erTi sityviT, haidegeris fundameturi ontologia aris ara ontologiuri moZRvreba, aramed egzistencialuri anTropologia. ontologiasTan SeuTavsebadia agreTve pluralisturi Teoriebi, vinaidan ontologia mxolod monizmis principze SeiZleba aigos. pluralizmi araTanamimdevruli
1

N. Hartmann. Neue Wege der Ontologie. Systematische Philosophie, herausgegeben von N. Hartmann, Stuttgart, Brl. 1942, 119. 2 M. Heidegger, Sein und Zeit, Tubingen, 1957, S. 2 3 N. Hartmann, Zur Grundlegung der Ontologie, Brl. Lpz., 1953, S. 43. 4 iqve. gv. 82

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moZRvrebaa. igi istoriulad yovelTvis monizmiT mTavrdeboda. TviTon demokrites atomisturi moZRvrebac ki, romelic pluralizmis klasikur nimuSs warmoadgens, monizmis poziciebidan SeiZleba avxsnaT. atomebi xom erTmaneTisagan sruliad damoukidebelia, urTierTarsebobas ar saWiroebs. isini arian TavisTavad arsebuli, TviTsafuZvlis mqone substanciebi. es ki sxva araferia, garda monizmisa. erTaderT substancias, rogorc monizmis princips, filosofiis istoriaSi verc erTi pluralisturi Teoria ver ascda. laibnicis monadologia RmerTis cnebiT mTavrdeba. RmerTi erTia _ wers igi _ da es erTi RmerTi kmara. RmerTi ki gagebulia rogorc mTeli sinamdvilis substancia, pirvelsafuZveli. igive iTqmis dekartis dualizmis Sesaxeb, romelic monizmiT mTavrdeba. materialuri da idealuri substanciebis garda dekarti uSvebs mesame _ WeSmariti, usasrulo _ substanciis arsebobas. aseTia RmerTi, romelic pirvel or substancias iqvemdebarebs. am SemTxvevaSi dekarti dualizmidan monizmze gadadis. ontologiasTan SeuTavsebadia agreTve antisubstanciuri Teoriebi; swored amitom uaryofs pozitivizmi ontologiis SesaZleblobas. gansakuTrebuli adgili uWiravs n. hartmanis ontologias, romelic agreTve pluralizmis safuZvelzea agebuli. n. hartmani substanciis Secvlas fenebis TeoriiT (Schichtentheorie) cdilobs. realuri da idealuri arsis dualizmis daSveba n. hartmans saSualebas ar aZlevs, rom ontologia erTian principze moiazros. igi akritikebs klasikur ontologiur Teoriebs, romlebic monizmis princips emyareboda da Tavisi ontologiuri koncefciis siaxles monizmis uaryofaSi xedavs. sinamdvileSi monizmi nebismieri ontologiuri Teoriis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. raimes axsna, garkveva yovelTvis erTi amosavali principis safuZvelze SeiZleba; principTa simravle _ pluralizmi _ Tavis sagans mTlianobaSi, erTianobaSi ver moiazrebs, ris gamoc sistemurobas iqneba moklebuli. monizmis principis 31

rols ki ontologiaSi substanciis _ absoluturi arsis (arsebis) _ daSveba asrulebs. substanciis cneba filosofiaSi uZvelesia, magram yoveli Zveli uaryofas rodi imsaxurebs.

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Tavi meo Tavi meore realuri arsi realuri arsi materialuri teri aramaterialuri ramateri $7. materialuri da aramaterialuri realuri arsi realuri arsi
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom arsis fundamenturi formebia realuri da idealuri arsi, romlebic erTmaneTisagan droSi arsebobis niSniT gansxvavdeba. realuri arsi droSi arsebobs, idealuri ki zedroulia. isic vTqviT, rom realuri arsis struqturuli formebia materialuri da aramaterialuri realuri arsi, romelTagan pirveli nivTobriv realobas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, sivrcesa da droSi arsebobs, xolo meore _ mxolod droSi. materialuri realoba anu materia bunebismecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis Seswavlis obieqtia. miuxedavad amisa, jer kidev ar arsebobs materiis cnebis damakmayofilebeli, sayovelTaod aRiarebuli gansazRvreba. ra aris materia _ wers italieli fizikosi t. reje _ am kiTxvaze amJamad pasuxi ar arsebobs. ... rac kidev ufro cudia, Cvens msjelobaSi SeiZleba mivideT materiis arsebis absoluturad gansazRvris principul SeuZleblobamde.1 miuxedavad amisa, Zveli droidan cnobilia da amJamadac udavod unda CaiTvalos, rom materialuri niSnavs nivTiers, romlisganac yvela materialuri sagani Sedgeba. ase esmodaT materiis cneba jer kidev winasokratul filosofosebs, xolo Semdeg platonsa da aristoteles. maTi azriT, materia, romelic nivTierebas warmoadgens, materialuri sxeulebis qmnadobis masalaa. rogorc oqrosagan keTdeba sxvadasxva nivTi, magram oqro yvelgan oqrod rCeba, aseve yvela konkretuli sagani Sedgenilia nivTierebisagan (materiisagan), romelic yovelTvis ucvlelia. materialurs ara mxolod drois, aramed sivrciTi ganzomilebebic aqvs, anu sivrcesa da droSi imyofeba.
1

T., , ., 1985, . 96.

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platoni da aristotele laparakobdnen pirvelmateriis Sesaxeb, romelic realur samyaroSi ar arsebobs, magram miRebulia materialuri sxeulebisagan nivTierebis azrobrivi abstraqciis Sedegad. pirvelmateria uformoa, usasruloa da bunebis mxolod da mxolod metafizikur sawyiss warmoadgens. materialuri arsis specifika swored nivTobriobaa; vrceuloba ki misgan warmoebulia, vinaidan nivTobrivi ar SeiZleba ar iyos vrceuli. xolo droSi arseboba imas niSnavs, rom igi ganuwyvetlad moZraobs, icvleba, qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. swored amitom zogjer materiis atributad moZraobas Tvlian (f. engelsi), rac sworad ar migvaCnia Semdegi garemoebis gamo: atributi ara mxolod sayovelTao da aucilebeli niSania, aramed specifikuric, e. i. iseTi, romelic mas yvela danarCeni arsebulisagan ganasxvavebs. moZraoba ki aseTi ar aris, vinaidan moZraobs, icvleba ara mxolod materialuri realuri arsi, aramed aramaterialuri realuri arsic (magaliTad, fsiqikuri procesebi); kidev metic, icvleba idealuric, magaliTad, Cveni azrebi, ideebi, pirovnuli da sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba. swored amitom moZraobas materialuri arsis atributad, mis specifikur niSnad ver CavTvliT. materialur arss sxva mravali niSanic aqvs, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania masisa da energiis urTierTgardaqmnadoba, romelsac ainStainis mier aRmoCenili kanoni (E=mc2) adasturebs. nivTiereba SeiZleba gardaiqmnas energiad da piriqiT. sazRvari velsa da nivTierebas Soris iSleba.1 am ideas emyareba energetizmis axali forma, romelsac haizenbergi ase ayalibebs: mTeli materia erTi da erTaderTi substanciisagan _ energiisagan _ Sedgeba, romelic sxvadasxva formiT gamovlindeba.2 xSirad am faqtSi materiis maradiulobis uaryofas xedaven, vinaidan nivTiereba materialuri realuri arsia,
1 2

. , . . IV, . 510-511. . , . .,1953, . 100-101.

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xolo energia aramaterialuri realuri arsi; masis gadaqceva energiad da piriqiT, ki niSnavs materialuri realuri arsis gardaqmnas aramaterialur realur arsad da piriqiT. aramaterialuri realuri arsis erT-erT mTavar niSans droSi arseboba warmoadgens, romelic jer kidev aristoteles droidan moZraobis zomad iyo miCneuli. droSi arseboba moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaSi yofnas niSnavs. uZravi ki maradiulia, zedroulia. zogjer laparakoben idealuri arsis moZraoba-cvalebadobis Sesaxeb, magram am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia logikuri da ara realuri moZraoba; magaliTad, logikuri azrovnebis formebis (cneba, msjeloba, daskvna) urTierTgadasvla an geometriuli figurebis moZraoba da a. S. ar aris realuri, droSi arsebuli procesi. amrigad, realuri moZraoba-cvalebadoba yovelTvis droSi sruldeba an, ufro zustad, dro TviTon aris moZraoba-cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi, xolo idealuri obieqtebis moZraoba zedroul anu logikur xasiaTs atarebs. drois Sesaxeb ufro vrclad am wignis meore nawilSi naturfilosofiis problemebTan dakavSirebiT gveqneba msjeloba; amitom am SemTxvevaSi naTqvamiT davkmayofildebiT. droSi arsebuli samyaro aris realuri arsi, romelsac ufro xSirad movlenaTa samyaros uwodeben. am samyaros kuTvnilebaa, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ara mxolod materialuri arsi (materialur sxeulTa samyaro), aramed aramaterialuri realuri arsic (fsiqikuri procesebi, bunebrivi da sazogadoebrivi movlenebi), romlebic, materialuri arsisagan gansxvavebiT, mxolod droSi arsebobs; realuri arsis orive sfero ganuwyvetlad moZraobsa da icvleba, e. i. droSi imyofeba. moZravsa da cvalebads antikuri filosofosebi SemTxveviTs uwodebdnen. aucileblobiT arsebuli, maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba icvlebodes; SemTxveviTi aris is, rasac arsebobac SeuZlia da ararsebobac an amgvarad arsebobac da sxvagvarad ar-

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sebobac. es niSnavs, rom misTvis arseboba an ararseboba, amgvarad an sxvagvarad arseboba aucilebeli ar aris. realuri arsis amgvari gageba ZiriTadad sworia, magram misi hipertrofireba ar SeiZleba. saxeldobr, ar SeiZleba im daskvnis gakeTeba, rom TiTqos buneba aris moCveneba, ararsi (qsenofane, parmenide, Zenoni, platoni). movlenaTa samyaro, rasakvirvelia, realuria, magram, rogorc droSi arsebuli _ cvalebadi _ arsi, SemTxveviTobisa da aucileblobis garkveuli doneebis matarebelia. bunebaSi ar arsebobs absoluturad aucilebeli, an absoluturad SemTxveviTi sagnebi da movlenebi. aucileblobis garkveuli donis gareSe isini arsebobas ver SeZlebdnen, magram aucileblobasTan erTad SemTxveviTobasac Seicaven, ris gamoc maT arsebobac SeuZliaT da ararsebobac, mdgradobac da cvalebadobac. mdgradobas aucilebloba ganapirobebs, xolo cvalebadobis SesaZleblobas SemTxveviToba uzrunvelyofs. roca aucileblobis done SemTxveviTobis dones gacilebiT Warbobs, maSin vlaparakobT aucileblobaze, xolo rodesac piriqiT xdeba, maSin saqme gvaqvs SemTxveviTobasTan. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis gareSe realuri arsis mdgradobacvalebadoba SeuZlebeli iqneba. movlenaTa samyaro ar aris mxolod SemTxveviTi Tundac imitom, rom igi arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. magram, meore mxriv, igi imave mizeziT ar aris mxolod aucilebeli, vinaidan arsebis gamovlenaa da ara TviTon arseba. realuri arsis ufro maRal dones sicocxle warmoadgens. marTalia, sicocxles idealuri sawyisebi aqvs da, maSasadame, realur arsze, miT umetes materialurze ar daiyvaneba, magram igi mainc biologiuri fenomenia da realobis sferos miekuTvneba. sicocxles materialuri arsisagan Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtiurobis unari ganasxvavebs. Sinagani Zala sicocxlis arsebas warmoadgens, magram es Zala yvela cocxal arsebaSi erTnairi rodia. arsebobs sicocxlis doneebi, romlebic Sinagani Zalis intensivobis doneebs Seesabameba. aseT doneebs warmoadgens mcenareebi, cxovelebi da adamianebi, romlebic imave dros si36

cocxlis sxvadasxva formebia. sicocxlis fenomeni vrclad iqneba ganxiluli am wignis mesame nawilSi; amitom mis Sesaxeb amjerad mets arafers vityviT. sicocxlis ganviTarebis umaRlesi done _ adamiani _ ori gansxvavebuli sawyisisagan _ realuri da idealuri arsisagan _ Sedgeba. misi biologiuri struqtura da fsiqikuri procesebi realuri arsis sferos ekuTvnis, romelic mudmiv moZraobasa da cvalebadobaSia; aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli. sul sxvagvaria meore _ idealuri _ sawyisi, suli (, Geist), romelic cocxal arsebas adamianad aqcevs. cxadia, aq laparakia gonier sulze, romelsac zogjer gons uwodeben da ara safSvinvelze (, Seele), romelic sxva araferia, garda fsiqikisa. adamianis am dualistur bunebaze axal droSi dekartma gaamaxvila yuradReba, Tumca igi cnobili iyo jer kidev antikuri filosofosebisaTvis. ori sawyisi erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli rodia. adamianis suli marTavs sxeuls, adamianad aqcevs materialur, pasiur organizms. es sakiTxic saTanado adgilze ufro detalurad iqneba ganxiluli. fsiqika sxeulze metad mobiluria, cvalebadia, aqtiurobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo fsiqikuri procesebidan nebeloba gansakuTrebuli aqtiurobiT gamoirCeva. nebeloba aris Zala, romlis saSualebiTac Cven vakeTebT imas, risi gakeTebac Cvens uSualo moTxovnilebas ar warmoadgens. azrovnebis istoriaSi didi kamaTi iyo da axlac grZeldeba nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb deterministebsa da indeterministebs Soris. nebelobis absolutur Tavisuflebasa an absolutur gansazRvrulobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. nebeloba garkveulwilad gansazRvrulicaa da Tavisufalic. am urTulesi problemis ganxilva Cvens axlandel interesebs scildeba. amjerad mxolod imis TqmiT davkmayofildebiT, rom Tavisuflebis gareSe nebeloba ar arsebobs; nebelobis arsebobis faqti ukve niSnavs mis Tavisuflebas, iseTi donis Tavisuflebas, romelic determinizmis farglebidan ar gadis.

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realuri arsi relatiuroba sis lati sasrulo asruloba $8. realuri arsis relatiuroba da sasruloba
realuri arsi _ movlenaTa samyaro _ relatiur arss warmoadgens. misi relatiuroba, uwinares yovlisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi siRrmiseuli arsis anu arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. mas mxolod misi arsebis mimarT aqvs azri anu misi arseboba mis arsebazea damokidebuli. amas niSnavs misi relatiuroba. relatiuri aris is, rac sxvasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs. am azriT relatiuroba damokidebulebis aRmniSvnelia. relatiuri sxvazea damokidebuli, Tavisi arsebobis safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs. misi damoukidebloba minimaluria, rac misi arsebobisaTvis sakmarisi ar aris. movlenaTa samyaros relatiuroba Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebam, gansakuTrebiT fizikam, damajereblobiT daasabuTa. sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis relatiuroba ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Seqmnis Semdeg udavod iTvleba. magram realuri arsis relatiuroba amiT ar amoiwureba. relatiuria nivTi, Tviseba da TviT mimarTebac. nivTis Sesaxeb msjeloba misi Tvisebebis mixedviT SeiZleba; Tviseba ki aris sagnis gansazRvruloba, romlis gareSe igi araraobas warmoadgens.1 amaSi mdgomareobs nivTis relatiuroba. meore mxriv Tvisebac relatiuria, vinaidan igi nivTis Tvisebaa da mis gareSe ar arsebobs. nivTi ar arsebobs Tvisebebis gareSe da, piriqiT, Tviseba nivTis gareSe, amaSia maTi relatiuroba, urTierTdamokidebuleba. relatiuroba xom damokidebulebis aRmniSvnelia. nivTi Tavis Tvisebas sxva nivTTan mimarTebaSi gamoamJRavnebs, gamomJRavnebamde ki mas mxolod potenciurad flobs da ara aqtualurad. Svilis dabadebamde mamakaci mxolod potenciurad aris mama, xolo aqtualurad am Tvisebas mxolod Svilis dabadebis Semdeg iZens. adamiani mSoblebis mimarT aris Svili, xolo maTi gardacvalebis
1

, ., . V. ., 1937, . 585.

38

Semdeg am Tvisebas kargavs. mimarTebaSi Tvisebis gamomJRavneba am Tvisebis Seqmnas ki ar niSnavs, aramed potenciurad arsebulis gamovlenas, mis ganamdvilebas. yvela SemTxvevaSi nivTisa da Tvisebis relatiuroba eWvs ar iwvevs. nivTi relatiuria mniSvnelobis mixedviTac; igi sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva Tvisebas iZens. sveticxovlis taZari xelovnebis nimuSia mxolod moazrovne adamianisaTvis da ara cxovelebisa da velurebisaTvis. igive taZari qristianTaTvis wminda adgilia, mahmadianTaTvis ki ara da a.S. nebismieri relatiuri sasrulia; relatiuroba sasrulobas niSnavs; sxvasTan mimarTeba, sxvaze damokidebuleba mas sasrulad aqcevs. relatiuroba orgvaria: subieqturi da obieqturi. pirveli subieqtze damokidebulebis aRmniSvnelia, meore ki _ obieqtze damokidebulebisa. am ukanasknelis qveS saganTa da movlenaTa urTierTganpirobebuloba igulisxmeba. orive SemTxvevaSi damokidebuleba, relatiuroba sasrulobis maCvenebelia. realuri arsis sferoSi anu movlenaTa samyaroSi usasruloba ar arsebobs.

dialeqti tika sasruli amyaros asru yaro $9. dialeqtika _ sasruli samyaros kanonzomi reba nonzomie kanonzomiereba
dialeqtika aris moZRvreba Sinagani winaaRmdegobis Sesaxeb, romelsac igi moZraobisa da cvalebadobis, progresisa da ganviTarebis wyarod Tvlis. dialeqtikis mixedviT, yvelaferi gaorebulia dapirispirebul mxareebs Soris, romlebic ganuwyveteli brZolisa da urTierTuaryofis procesSi imyofeba, rac moZraobasa da ganviTarebas uzrunvelyofs. moZraobisa da cvalebadobis Sedegad realuri arsis sagnebsa da movlenebs Soris urTierTganpirobebuloba myardeba, rac samyaros mTlianobas ganapirobebs; ar arsebobs erTmaneTisagan absoluturad izolirebuli sagnebi da procesebi. yvelaferi damo39

kidebulia erTmaneTze da urTierTarsebobas ganapirobebs. es niSnavs, rom realuri arsis yoveli binadari sasruli da relatiuria. urTierTdamokidebuleba maT sasrulobasa da relatiurobas asabuTebs. es niSnavs, rom dialeqtika aris sasruli samyaros anu realuri arsis kanonzomiereba. marTalia, dialeqtikuri koncefcia amas ar aRiarebs, Tvlis, rom dialeqtikur (Sinagan) winaaRmdegobas universaluri xasiaTi aqvs, sinamdvilis yvela sferoze vrceldeba, magram dialeqtikis arsebidan es ar gamomdinareobs. winaaRmdegoba, urTierTganpirobebuloba mxolod sasrulisa da relatiuris kanonzomierebaa; usasrulobis sferoSi SeuZlebelia raime winaaRmdegobisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis arseboba; is xom absoluturis sferoa; absoluturoba ki TavisTavadobis, umaRlesi donis obieqturobis aRmniSvnelia. es kargad icoda jer kidev nikolo kuzanelma, romelmac winaaRmdegoba sasruli samyaros kanonozomierebad miiCnia, xolo usasrulobis anu absoluturis sferoSi xdeba dapirispirebulTa damTxveva (Coincidentia oppositorum), romelic yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis moxsnas niSnavs. arsebiTad aseve SeiZleba gavigoT udidesi dialeqtikosis hegelis filosofiuri sistema. winaaRmdegoba anu dialeqtikuri kanonzomiereba absoluturi sulis ganviTarebis (TviTSemecnebis) procesSia, misi mamoZravebelia, xolo mas Semdeg, rac igi ganviTarebas daamTavrebs (Seicnobs Tavis Tavs) wydeba ganviTarebis procesic da misi mamoZravebeli Sinagani winaaRmdegobac. absoluturis sfero winaaRmdegobisa da dapirispirebisagan Tavisufalia. erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben negatiursa da pozitiur anu uaryofiTsa da dadebiT dialeqtikas. pirveli SemTxvevaSi dapirispirebulni mxolod (unaSTod) uaryofen erTmaneTs, xolo uaryofis Sedegad arafers ar adgenen (kantis antinomiebi), dadebiTi anu pozitiuri dialeqtika (magaliTad, hegelis dialeqtika) ki Tvlis, rom dapirispirebulni ara mxolod uaryofen, aramed am uaryofis gziT kidec adgenen erTmaneTs; urTierTdapirispirebulni imave dros urTierTarsebobas ganapirobebs. amrigad, Te40

zisisa da antiTezisis dapirispireba, urTierTuaryofa sinTezis miRebiT sruldeba, romelic pirveli oris jami ki ar aris, aramed TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi momentis SenarCuneba da amiT ganviTarebis procesSi aRmasvla, Zvelis uaryofa da axlis dafuZneba, romelic ufro gvian winamorbedis beds gaiziarebs. rogorc uaryofiTi, aseve dadebiTi dialeqtika maTi obieqtebis sasrulobasa da relatiurobas asabuTebs. winaaRmdegoba yvelgan da yvela SemTxvevaSi sasrulibisa da relatiurobis maCvenebelia. es miT umetes Cans dadebiT dialeqtikaSi, roca urTierTuarmyofelni imave dros da imave urTierTuaryofis gziT erTmaneTs adgenen. dadebiTi imitom arsebobs, rom arsebobs uaryofiTi da piriqiT; maT erTmaneTis mimarT aqvT azri. aseve iTqmis subieqtisa da obieqtis, mizezisa da Sedegis, arsisa da ararsis, Sinaganisa da gareganis da a. S. Sesaxeb. yvela am SemTxvevaSi sasrulobasa da relatiurobasTan gvaqvs saqme.

mizezobri bis sauf zezobrio uflo $10. mizezobriobis sauflo


mizezobriobis kanonis arseboba realuri arsis sferoSi kidev erTi sabuTia am sferos sasrulobisa da relatiurobisa. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ZiriTad niSans (kriteriums) warmoSoba warmoadgens. mizezobrivi kavSiri geneturi kavSiria. warmoSoba ki drouli procesia, warmomSobi droSi win uswrebs warmoSobils, anu mizezi ufro adrea, vidre Sedegi. es niSnavs, rom mizezobrioba drois gareSe SeuZlebelia. drois cneba fundamentur rols TamaSobs kauzalur determinaciaSi. am garemoebas hiumem gansakuTrebuli yuradReba dauTmo da drois cnebis rolis hipertrofireba moaxdina mizezobriv koncefciaSi. saxeldobr man mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri droSi Tanamimdevrobaze daiyvana (Post hoc, ergo, propter hoc), rac Semdgom Tanamedrove pozitivistebma mizezobriobis kriteriumad CaTvales da droSi Tanamimdevroba mizezobriobas gauigives sityva mizezi _ wers m. Sliki _ yoveldRiur 41

cxovrebaSi mets arafers aRniSnavs, garda xdomilobaTa Tanamimdevrobisa (regularity of sequence).1 mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri droSi Tanamimdevrobaze ar daiyvaneba, magram is ki marTalia, rom droSi Tanamimdevroba mizezobrivi kavSiris erT-erTi fundamenturi niSania. saxeldobr, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri drouli wesrigia, droSi Tanamimdevrobis aRmniSvnelia. mizezi da Sedegi moqmedebania; mizezobrioba ki aris moqmedebis gadacema mizezidan Sedegze, xolo moqmedebis gadacema dros saWiroebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom mizezi, rogorc moqmedeba, win uswrebs Sedegs. maTi erTdrouli arseboba SeuZlebelia. TviT sinaTlis sxivi, romelic uswrafes signals warmoadgens, gavrcelebisaTvis dros saWiroebs. mizezobriv kavSirs, rogorc moqmedebis gadacemis erT-erT formas, drouli xasiaTi aqvs. droSi arseboba ki sasrulobas niSnavs. droSi arsebuls aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli e. i. sasrulia. absoluturi da usasrulo ki zedroulia, maradiulia. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri mxolod sasruli, droSi arsebuli realuri arsis kanonzomierebas warmoadgens. fizikur samyaroSi yvelaferi mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirSi imyofeba, e. i. sasrulia. realuri arsis sasruloba ar niSnavs imas, rom igi TiTqos usasrulobas mTlianad mowyvetilia. realuri arsi _ movlenaTa samyaro _ ufro Rrma realobis, saxeldobr, specialur arsebaTa samyaros da, sabolood, substanciuri arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens. arseba ki usasruloa. es niSnavs, rom realuri arsi Tumca TavisTavad sasrulia, magram igi rogorc idealuri arsis _ usasrulo arsebis _ gamovlena, usasrulobasac ziarebulia, Tumca ara uSualod, aramed gaSualebiT. arsi erTia; realuri da idealuri, movlena da arseba, sasruli da usasrulo _ erTi da igive arsis sxvadasxva mxareebia.

M. Schlick, Causality in everyday life and in recent science. ix. kr. Readings in philosophical analysis, H. Feigl and W. Sellars (eds). N.Y. 1949, p. 516.

42

Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame idealuri arsi dealuri arsi relatiurida absoluturisaken lati dan soluturisake $11. relatiuridan absoluturisaken
realuri arsis relatiurobis mtkiceba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs relativizms, absoluturis gamoricxvas da martooden relatiuris arsebobis aRiarebas. TviTon is faqti, rom movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, relativizmis winaaRmdeg laparakobs. movlena relatiuria, vinaidan igi arsebis gamovlenas warmoadgens da maszea damokidebuli. amrigad, arseba da movlena erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli ki ar aris, aramed erTi da igive sinamdvilis ori sxvadasxva mxarea. arsebisa da movlenis dualizmi, rac platonis filosofiidan momdinareobs, hegelma sisruliT daZlia da monisturi msoflmxedveloba Camoayaliba. movlena _ wers hegeli _ arafers iseTs ar gviCvenebs, rac arsebaSi ar iyos da arsebaSi araferia iseTi, rac ar gamovlindeba.1 am monisturi koncefciidan relatiuris ukmaroba da absoluturis aucilebloba gamomdinareobs. realuri arsi TviTon amJRavnebs idealuri arsis _ misi arsebis _ aucileblobas. realuri arsi idealuri arsis gareSe ar SeiZleba arsebobdes; es niSnavs, rom movlena ar arsebobs arsebis gareSe, ris gamovlenasac igi warmoadgens. idealuri arsi yovelTvis absoluturi rodia. specialuri arsebani, rogorc arsebani, idealuria, grZnobad cdaSi ar gveZleva; magram idealuris am doneze relatiuroba mTlianad rodia daZleuli. marTalia, specialuri arsebani, rogorc arsebani, ufro axloa absolutur arsTan, vidre realuri arsi, magram absoluturis done umaRles wertils mxolod substanciur doneze aRwevs.

, , .1 (), .. 1929, . 232.

43

specialuri arsebani ar aris absoluturi, magram rogorc arsebani ufro absoluturia, vidre relatiuri, arsebani, sebani amitom igi movlenaTa samyaros mimarT absoluturi arsis funqcias asrulebs. realuri arsis arseboba absoluturi arsis gareSe SeuZlebelia. planki marTalia, rodesac amtkicebs, rom yoveli relatiuri ukanasknel safuZvelSi raime TavisTavadTan, absoluturTan aris dakavSirebuli... absoluturi warmoadgens aucilebel, myar amosaval wertils.1 m. plankis mTeli msjeloba imis dasabuTebas emsaxureba, rom relatiurs mivyavarT absoluturisaken. es mosazreba CvenTvis sruliad misaRebia. absoluturi arsis uaryofas relativizmsa da fenomenalizmamde mivyavarT, rac ara mxolod realur, aramed logikur Secdomasac warmoadgens. fenomenalizmi nihilizmiT mTavrdeba; arsebis uaryofa movlenis uaryofasac niSnavs, vinaidan movlena aris arsebis gamovlena, xolo orive maTganis uaryofa totaluri nihilizmia. kidev metic, wminda relativizmsa da fenomenalizms ara mxolod mecnieruli azrovnebis uaryofamde, aramed agreTve adamianTa urTierTobis moSlamdec mivyavarT, igi SeuZlebels xdis adamianTa praqtikul saqmianobas. es garemoeba kargad SeniSnes jer kidev platonma da aristotelem sofisturi relativizmis kritikis procesSi. swored absoluturis, erTniSnas Ziebis Sedegad aristotelem Camoayaliba winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, romlis Tanaxmad SeuZlebelia erTi da igive erTdroulad ekuTvnodes da arc ekuTvnodes erTsa da imaves erTi da igive azriT.2 absoluturis, erTniSnas uaryofas adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis tragikuli Sedegebi moaqvs; SeuZlebeli iqneba ara mxolod azrovneba da metyveleba, aramed adamianTa praqtikuli moRvaweobac. absoluturi da relatiuri, idealuri da realuri, arseba da movlena erTi da igive sinamdvilis sxvadasxva formebia, sxvadasxva doneebia relatiuridan absolutu-

1 2

. , , , 1925. . 41 , , . . 1934, . 63.

44

risaken logikuri ganviTarebis gzaze. amdenad yvela SemTxvevaSi monisturi principi batonobs. maT Soris gansxvavebis dadgena, rac marTlac aucilebelia, abstraqciis gziT xdeba.

relatiur absolutu latiur- soluturi arsi $12. relatiur-absoluturi arsi


realuri arsis sfero relatiuria, romelic specialur arsebaTa samyaros gamoavlens. TviTon specialuri arsebanic, iseve rogorc nebismieri arseba, idealuria, sivrcisa da drois gareSe imyofeba, maT vrceulobisa da droulobis niSnebi ar miewereba. es niSnavs, rom idealuri ar aris mxolod cnobierebis, subieqturi arsis kuTvnileba. igi obieqturad, adamianis cnobierebis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad arsebobs. aseTia arsebaTa samyaro _ absoluturis sfero, obieqturobis, damoukideblobis uzenaesi done. magram specialuri arsebani mxolod absoluturi rodia. yoveli arseba, rogorc arseba, substanciurobis, damoukideblobis, TavisTavadobis niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. magram imis gamo, rom specialuri arsebani aris swored specialuri, sinamdvilis ama Tu im sferos arseba da ara mTeli sinamdvilisa, maTi absoluturoba, damoukidebloba Semofarglulia, SezRudulia sinamdvilis im sferoTi, romlis arsebasac warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom specialuri arseba arasruli arsebaa, arasruli substanciaa, sisrule, damoukidebloba aklia. erTi sityviT, specialuri arsebani relatiur-absoluturia, gardamavali safexuria relatiuridan absolutur arsze, gaorebulia, orive maTganis niSans atarebs. amas niSnavs misi relatiur-absoluturoba. specialur arsebaTa samyaro, misi ormagi bunebis miuxedavad, ufro metad absoluturis sferos miekuTvneba, misken aris midrekili, vidre relatiuris sferos. mis relatiurobas martooden SemosazRvruloba qmnis da sxva araferi. sxva mxriv ki igi, rogorc arseba, idealuria, 45

Tumca misi idealuroba, iseve rogorc absoluturoba, naklovania, sisruliT ar aris ganxorcielebuli. msoflio mizidulobis kanoni, rogorc vardnili sxeulebis arseba, mTeli sinamdvilis arsebas rodi warmoadgens. amdenad igi substanciuri arsebisagan principulad gansxvavebulia, Tumca maT Soris _ rogorc arsebebs Soris _ naTesaoba arsebobs. specialuri arseba, rogorc relatiur-absoluturi arsi, usasruloc aris da sasrulic. igi, rogorc arseba, rogorc substancia usasruloa, magram rogorc arasruli substancia, sasrulia, anu igi sasrul-usasrulobas warmoadgens. amgvar usasrulobas dekarti indefinitum-s uwodebda, xolo spinoza _ Tavis gvarSi usasrulos. specialuri arsebani swored aseT SezRudul usasrulobas, anu sasrul-usasrulobas warmoadgens.

pirveladi irveladi me radi meo di $13. pirveladi da meoradi dealuri fenomeni nome idealuri fenomeni
specialuri arsebani, rogorc arseba substanciuri arseba, seba arsebis pirvelad idealur fenomens warmoadgens. rogorc realuri, ise idealuri arsis yvela fenomeni, substanciuri arsebis gamovlinebania, misi fenomenebia. aseTia TviTon specialuri arsebanic, ris gamoc substanciuri arseba arsebaTa arsebas anu ukanaskneli instanciis arsebas warmoadgens. magram ramdenadac ontologia aris moZRvreba substanciuri arsebis fenomenebis, misi gamovlinebis Sesaxeb, amitom mas SeiZleba substanciuri arsis ubstanciu stanci arsi sis fenomenologi nomenologia fenomenologia vuwodoT. pirvelad idealur fenomenebs specialuri arsebani warmoadgens, vinaidan isini ZiriTadia e. w. meoradi idealuri fenomenebis mimarT. am ukanasknels miekuTvneba logikuri, maTematikuri, WeSmariteba, Rirebuleba, cnobiereba da sxva misTanani, romelTac arsis struqturaSi fundamenturi adgili ar uWiravT, idealuri arsis birTvs ar Seadgens. 46

arseba, rogo seba gorc ide luri arsi dea $14. arseba, rogorc idealuri arsi
arsebas, rogorc idealur fenomens, realuri arsisagan, rogorc ukve vTqviT, ZiriTadad zedrouloba ganasxvavebs; droSi arseboba warmoSoba-mospobis anu qmnadobis mdgomareobaSi yofnas niSnavs, idealuri ki zedroulia. garda am fundamenturi niSnisa, idealuri da realuri arsi erTmaneTisagan sxva niSniTac gansxvavdeba; realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro damokidebulia idealur arsze, saxeldobr, im arsebaze, romlis gamovlenasac igi warmoadgens. arseba ki, rogorc arseba, damoukidebelia, TavisTavadia da amdenad substanciuria. es miT umetes iTqmis ukanaskneli instanciis arsebaze, absolutur, substanciur arsze. realuri arsi idealurisagan imaTac gansxvavdeba, rom igi konkretulia, unikaluria; idealuri arsi ki zogadi da abstraqtulia. rasakvirvelia, SeiZleba vilaparakoT arsebis specifikur niSnebze, magram es mis konkretulobasa da individualobas rodi niSnavs. amasTan dakavSirebulia is ganmasxvavebeli niSanic, rom realuri arsi grZnobad-aRqmadia, arseba ki uSualod ar gveZleva. misi Semecneba mxolod da mxolod gaSualebiT, gamovlenis gziT SeiZleba. specialuri arsebani erTgvari damakavSirebelia, Sua rgolia realur arss, romelic relatiuria, da absolutur anu substanciur arsebas Soris. miuxedavad am ganmasxvavebeli niSnebisa, realuri da idealuri arsi erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli rodia. isini erTi da igive sinamdvilis ori sxvadasxva mxarea. samyaro erTia, monisturia; masSi gansxvavebis aRmoCena mxolod abstraqciis gziT SeiZleba. sxvagvarad es niSnavs arsebisa da movlenis ganuyrelobas. movlena arsebis gamovlenaa da, cxadia, mis gareSe ar arsebobs. fenomenalizmi, romelic mxolod movlenaTa samyaros arsebobas aRiarebs da arsebaTa samyaros arse47

bobas uaryofs, logikurad winaaRmdegobrivi da ususuri moZRvrebaa. arsebis gareSe movlenis cnebac azrs kargavs, vinaidan ar aris is, ris gamovlenasac igi warmoadgens. maSasadame, Tu arsebobs movlena, aucileblad unda arsebobdes arsebac. meore mxriv, Tu ar arsebobs movlena, maSin arc arseba iarsebebs, vinaidan logikurad arsebas movlenis mimarT aqvs azri. magram es ar niSnavs arsebis TavisTavadobis, damoukideblobis, substanciurobis uaryofas. arsebisa da movlenis dualizmis daZleva aristoteledan daiwyo da hegelis filosofiaSi zenits miaRwia. arsebisa da movlenis urTierTobaSi, miuxedavad maTi ganuyrelobisa, arsebas gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. movlena xom sxva araferia, garda arsebis gamovlenisa. xSirad arsebasa da kanons erTmaneTTan aigiveben imis gamo, rom maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo. erTic da meorec arsebiTia, Sinagania, zogadia. miuxedavad am saerTo niSnebisa, maT Soris ufro ZiriTadia ganmasxvavebeli, specifikuri niSnebi. saxeldobr, kanoni arseba ki ar aris, aramed arsebaTa mimarTeba anu arsebiTi mimarTebaa. arsebaTa mimarTeba seba marTe arsebiTi mimarTeba sebi marTebaa vinaidan kanoni aris arsebaTa mimarTeba, xolo mimarTeba, nivTsa da TvisebasTan erTad, relatiuria, amitom kanoni, rogorc mimarTebi, aris relatiuri. misi relatiuroba ZiriTadad imaSi vlindeba, rom kanoni realuri arsis Semadgeneli nivTebisa da movlenebis kanonia, maT gareSe ar arsebobs, maTzea damokidebuli. garda amisa, kanoni relatiuria Tundac imitom, rom igi aris gabatonebuli tendencia (k. marqsi), kerZod igi gamoxatavs sagnebisa da movlenebis moZraoba-cvalebadobis tendencias. SeiZleba calkeulma xdomilobam am tendenciisagan gadauxvios, magram es mxolod imis maCvenebelia, rom bunebis kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT arasodes ar sruldeba. garda amisa, kanoni, rogorc mimarTeba, aris wesrigi; nebismieri wesrigi ki damokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. amaSic mdgomareobs kanonis relatiuroba.

48

magram kanoni mxolod relatiuri rodia. mas aqvs absoluturi arsis iseTi niSnebic, rogoricaa mdgradoba, ucvleloba, umaRlesi donis invariantoba. amaSi gamoixateba misi nawilobrivi absoluturobac da misi, rogorc kanonis noni kanonis, arsebobac. mxolod cvalebadi da relatiuri kanonad arsebobas ver SeZlebda; kanoni procesebis ganmeorebadobis, igiveobis gamomTqmelia, Tumca absoluturad ganmeorebadoba an ganumeorebadoba (Sebrunebadoba _ Seubrunebadoba) bunebaSi ar arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom bunebis kanonebi absoluturi aucileblobis niSniT ar xasiaTdeba. maSasadame, kanoni erTsa da imave dros absoluturicaa (arsebiTi mimarTebaa, zogadia) da relatiuric; aucilebloba, romelic kanonis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania, absoluturi rodia. kanoni rogorc kanoni absolukanoni, noni turi unda iyos, magram igi, rogorc realuri arsis kanorealuri arsi kano sis noni, ni relatiuria. Tumca kanonze msjelobisas misi relatiurobis ugulebelyofa xdeba da martooden absoluturis saxiT warmogvidgeba. sxvagvarad igi kanonis funqcias ver Seasrulebs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, idealuri arsis meorad fenomenebs miekuTvneba logikuri da maTematikuri arsi, WeSmariteba, codna saerTod. Rirebuleba da a. S. maT ontologiur statusze laparaki SesaZlebelia maTi obieqturi Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT. magaliTad, logikis kanonebi, daskvnebi, msjelobebi, Tumca adamianis cnobierebis gareT ar arsebobs, magram mis nebaze ar aris damokidebuli. amaSi mdgomareobs maTi obieqturoba. aseve iTqmis maTematikuri operaciebis, WeSmaritebis, codnisa da Rirebulebis Sesaxeb. WeSmariteba azris Sinaarsia, maSasadame, subieqtis cnobierebaSi arsebobs, magram misgan damoukidebelia. SeiZleba mTeli kacobrioba Secdes, magram WeSmaritebas amiT araferi daakldeba. WeSmariteba arsebobs TavisTavad (rogorc b. bolcanos aleTologiis Teoriis damcvelebi amtkiceben). igi ontologiuri Sinaarsis mflobelia anu TviTon warmoadgens ontologiur ontologi tologiur eSmaritebas mariteba WeSmaritebas. samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami ori swori kuTxis jamis toli iyo manamdec, vedre mas adamiani aRmoa49

Cenda. aseT WeSmaritebas S. nucubiZe uwodebs WeSmaritebas TavisTavad, romelic arsis igiveobrivia, magram realuri arsisagan gansxvavebiT, droul-vrceuli ar aris, maSasadame, idealuria. rodesac am ontologiur WeSmaritebas (WeSmaritebas TavisTavad) adamiani aRmoaCens maaRmo Cens moa ns, Sin igi gaxdeba gnoseologiuri WeSmariteba (S. nucibiZis nose logi seo giu eSmariteba, mariteba terminiT, WeSmariteba CvenTvis). Semecnebis procesi sxva araferia, garda Semmecnebeli subieqtis mier ontologiuri WeSmaritebis aRmoCena, misi gacxadeba. ontologiuri WeSmariteba gaucxaddeba Semmecnebel subieqts, ris Sedegad igi gnoseologiur WeSmaritebad iqceva. gnoseologiuri WeSmaritebis obieqturoba, adamianis nebisagan damoukidebloba ontologiuri WeSmaritebidan momdinareobs, misi memkvidrea. aseve iTqmis codnis Sesaxeb, romlis obieqturoba karl hoperma sakmaod daasabuTa da damatebiT argumentacias aRar saWiroebs. arsebiTad aseTivea Rirebulebis obieqturobac. yvela es sakiTxebi qvemoT wignis Sesabamis TavebSi ufro dawvrilebiT iqneba ganxiluli.

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Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe absoluturi arsi absoluturi arsi solutu materialuri arsi substanci robi teri sis ubstanciu bis $15. materialuri arsis substanciurobis problema oble problema
idealuri arsis uzenaes dones absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba warmoadgens. specialur arsebaTa samyaroc idealuria, magram am doneze idealuroba jer kidev ar aris sisruliT ganxorcielebuli. specialuri arsebani maTi ormagi anu dialeqtikuri bunebis gamo relatiurobisa da sasrulobisagan Tavisufali ar aris. absoluturi arsi, swored imitom aris absoluturi, rom relatiurobisa da sasrulobis natamalsac ar Seicavs. igi erTaderT srulfasovan arsebas warmoadgens, romelSic damoukidebloba, TavisTavadoba anu obieqturoba umaRles dones aRwevs. absoluturi arsi aris ukanaskneli instanciis arseba, substanciuri arseba. filosofiis istoriis mTel manZilze davobdnen imis Sesaxeb, substancia materialuria Tu idealuri. am problemis ori, diametrulad urTierTsapirispiro gadawyveta safuZvlad edo ori ZiriTadi _ aseve diametrulad urTierTsapirispiro msoflmxedvelobis _ materializmisa da idealizmis _ arsebobas. am problemis gadawyvetaze sruliadac ar aris damokidebuli materiis, rogorc obieqturi realobis sakiTxi. materiis realoba faqtia, romelic sadavod mxolod imas miaCnia, visac realobis grZnoba daukargavs. materiis arseboba faqtia, magram aseTive faqti rodia materialuri substanciis arseboba. erTi sityviT, problemas ubstanciis stanci warmoadgens materialuri substanciis arseboba. SesaZlebelia Tu ara materia, rogorc substancia? am problemis gadasawyvetad aucilebelia substanciuri arsis fundamenturi niSnebis analizi. didma ontologistebma, parmenidedan dawyebuli hegelis CaTvliT, sruliad naTlad Camoayalibes substanciis ZiriTadi niS51

nebi (atributebi). Tu es niSnebi axasiaTebs materias, maSin problema dadebiTad gadawydeba, xolo Tu ara, maSin SeuZlebelia materialur substanciaze laparaki. substanciis upirveles niSans upiroboba anu absoluturoba warmoadgens. igi arafriT ar aris ganpirobebuli, Tavisi arsebobis safuZveli Tavis TavSi aqvs. substanciuri upiroboba usasrulobas niSnavs. substancia usasruloa im azriT, rom is ar aris garedan ganpirobebuli, dasrulebuli. amiT substanciuri usasruloba yvela sxva tipis (raodenobrivi, potenciuri, aqtualuri, droSi, sivrceSi, eqstensiuri da intensiuri da a. S.) usasrulobisagan gansxvavdeba. garda amisa, substancia usasruloa drois mixedviT, anu igi maradiulia. droSi arsebuli cvalebadi da warmavalia; substancia, rogorc zedrouli, maradiulia. igi arc warmoSobila da arc moispoba. substancia, rogorc yovelgvari arsebulis qvemdebare (aristoteles termini rom vixmaroT), aqtiuri Zala unda iyos; sxvagvarad igi marad qmnadi da cvalebadi sinamdvilis safuZvlad ver ivargebda. maSasadame, substanciis Semdeg fundamentur niSans aqtiuroba warmoadgens. Tu imasac davumatebT, rom substancia, rogorc am saocrad mowyobili, uzenaesad dizainirebuli materialuri samyaros Semoqmedi, gonieric unda iyo, romelic miznobrivad warmarTavs qmnadobis process, maSin es niSnebi yvela erTad substanciis cnebis dasaxasiaTeblad aucilebeli da sakmarisi aRmoCndeba. akmayofilebs Tu ara materiis cneba substanciuri arsebis am niSnebs? odiTve cnobilia da dRemde udavod aris miCneuli, rom materiis fundamentur niSans sivrcesa da droSi ganfeniloba anu nivTobrioba warmoadgens. sivrcesa da droSi ganfenili nivTieria, sxeulebrivia da, piriqiT, nivTiereba, materialuri sxeulebi sivrcesa da droSi arsebobs. magram zemoT vnaxeT, rom sivrcesa da droSi arsebobs is, rac realur arss (movlenaTa samyaros) miekuTvneba; realuri arsi ki relatiuri da sasrulia; mas asrulebs is, ris gamovlenasac warmoadgens. es imas niSnavs, rom igi ar aris absoluturi, rac substan52

ciuri arsebis erT-erTi fundamenturi niSania. substancia ar SeiZleba iyos relatiuri da sasruli. meore mxriv droSi arseboba sasrulobas niSnavs; droSi is arsebobs, rac qmnadobis (warmoSoba-mospobis) procesSi imyofeba anu maradiuli ar aris. materialur samyaroSi arsebuli sagnebi da movlenebi maradiulobis niSans moklebulia. magram iqneb TviTon materialuri samyaro, rogorc universumi, aris maradiuli? Tanamedrove kosmologiuri Teoriebi asabuTebs kosmologiuri kreacionizmis ideas; saxeldobr, imas, rom samyaro didi afeTqebis (Big bang) Sedegad Seiqmna. manamde araferi ar arsebobda _ arc dedamiwa, mze, planetebi, varskvlavebi da TviT elementaruli nawilakebic ki. es niSnavs materialuri samyaros maradiulobis uaryofas. am sakiTxs wignis momdevno nawilSi ufro vrclad ganvixilavT; amJamad ki imis aRniSvniT davkmayofildebiT, rom materia ar aris maradiuli da, maSasadame, mas substanciis arc es niSani miewereba. da, bolos, SesaZlebelia Tu ara laparaki materiis aqtiurobis, kerZod TviTaqtiurobis Sesaxeb? sul cota, platonisa da aristoteles droidan, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT empedoklesa da anaqsagoraze, Tvlidnen, rom materia aris pasiuri, inertuli nivTiereba, romelsac ara aqvs araviTari Sinagani Zala, araviTari TviTaqtiurobis unari. misi aqtiuroba garegani biZgis Sedegia. aseTi garegani biZgia empedoklesTan siyvaruli da siZulvili, anaqsagorasTan _ goneba (nus), platonsa da aristotelesTan zebunebrivi, RvTaebrivi Zalebi da a. S. es idea sabolood daasabuTa niutonis meqanikis pirvelma kanonma, romelic cnobilia inerciis principis saxelwodebiT da amtkicebs, rom materialuri sxeulebi manam inarCunebs Tavis (moZrav an uZrav) mdgomareobas, vidre gareSe Zala ar gamoiyvans maT am mdgomareobidan. maSasadame, niutoni Tvlida, rom materia aris inertuli, pasiuri, yovelgvar Sinagan Zalas, TviTaqtiurobis unars moklebuli. amis Sesabamisad igi icavda pirveli biZgis Teorias; RmerTma aamoZrava inertuli materialuri samyaro, xolo Semdeg 53

moZraobis raodenoba inaxeba da sxeulidan sxeuls gadaecema. niutonis safuZvelze kantic da hegelic materias Tvlidnen TavisTavad usicocxlod, pasiur, inertul nivTierebad. miuxedavad amisa, materialistebi (holbaxi, moleSoti, biuxneri, dicgeni, marqsistuli materializmi) laparakobdnen materiisa da Zalis ganuyrelobaze, anu materiis aqtiurobaze, Tumca am ideis dasabuTebas isini ver axerxebdnen. xSirad laparakoben mzis energiaze, vulkanebze da TviT atomuri bombis Sesaxebac ki, rac TiTqos materiis aqtiurobas, TviTaqtiurobas asabuTebs, magram aviwydebaT, rom es aris materialuri sxeulebis urTierTqmedebis da ara materiis Sinagani aqtiurobis Sedegi. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi eleqtroba cal-calke araviTar moqmedebas ar avlens; mxolod maTi urTierTqmedeba iwvevs reaqcias, gamoavlens aqtiurobas. aseve urani 235 bunebaSi sruliad uwyinrad arsebobs da araviTari afeTqeba ar xdeba. atomuri bombi nivTierebis sxvadasxva nawilakebis urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. amrigad, udavoa, rom materias ara aqvs araviTari TviTmoqmedebis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unari. materialuri samyaros erT-erT uzenaes kanons inerciis kanoni warmoadgens. maSasadame, aRmoCnda, rom materias ara aqvs substanciuri arsis iseTi fundamenturi niSnebi, rogoricaa absoluturoba, usasruloba, maradiuloba, TviTaqtiuroba. materia teri nivTobrivi, sxe lebri arsi romelic gan ivTobrivi xeu rivi si, meli anmateria aris nivTobrivi, sxeulebrivi arsi, romelic ganfenilia sivrcesa nili ivrce dro roSi inertulobiT xasiaTdeba. ertulobi siaTdeba fenilia sivrcesa da droSi da inertulobiT xasiaTdeba materiis cnebis am gansazRvrebidan gamomdinareobs, rom materia ar aris substancia, SeuZlebelia materialuri substanciis Sesaxeb laparaki.

antisubstanciu tisubstanci Teoriebis kritika riti $16. antisubstanciuri Teoriebis kritika


filosofiis istoriaSi arsebobda da arsebobs iseTi mimarTulebani, romlebic saerTod uaryofs substanciis cnebis saWiroebas, Tvlis, rom samyaros axsna-gageba 54

substanciis cnebis gareSe ara mxolod SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic. aseT mimarTulebas, uwinares yovlisa, empiristuli, subieqtur-idealisturi da gnoseologiuri filosofiuri Teoriebi miekuTvneba. gamonaklisis saxiT amave Tvalsazriss iziarebs zogierTi ontologistic (magaliTad, n. hartmani). empiristuli filosofiuri mimarTulebidan substanciis cnebis winaaRmdeg axal droSi j. berkli, d. hiume da maTi Tanamedrove mimdevrebi _ pozitivistebi _ ibrZvian. berklim arsebobis (realobis) kriteriumad aRqma gamoacxada; substancia ki aRqmaSi ar gveZleva; maSasadame, is ar arsebobs. marTalia, igi mxolod materialur substancias uaryofda, magram Tu mis princips (esse est percipi) Tanamimdevrulad daicavda, maSin nebismieri substanciis _ rogorc materialuris, aseve idealuris _ uaryofamde mividoda. ufro Tanamimdevrul antisubstanciur poziciebze dadga hiume, romelmac empiristul principebTan SeuTavsebadobis gamo saerTod uaryo substanciis, arsebis cneba. berklisa da hiumes antisubstanciuri koncefciis Secdoma maT amosaval empiristul principSia. aRqma, empiriuli dakvirveba, grZnobadi STabeWdilebebis miRebis SesaZlebloba ar SeiZleba realobis kriteriumad CaiTvalos. es rom ase iyos, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda ara mxolod substanciis arseboba, aramed saerTod nebismieri zogadisa, vTqvaT, bunebis kanonebisa, radganac isini grZnobad cdaSi, uSualo dakvirvebebSi ar gveZleva. es ki bunebismecnierebis uaryofis absurdul Sedegebamde migviyvanda, vinaidan nebismieri mecnierebis, maT Soris bunebismecnierebis mizans Tavisi obieqtis kanonis Semecneba warmoadgens. am arguments Zala aqvs Tanamedrove pozitivizmis (neopozitivizmis) antisubstanciuri poziciis mimarTac, vinaidan neopozitivistebic realobis kriteriumad principul (grZnobad) dakvirvebas Tvlian, romlis qveS uSualo dakvirveba igulisxmeba. es niSnavs, rom Tanamedrove pozitivizmi am SemTxvevaSi arsebiTad berklisa da hiumes antisubstanciur moZRvrebas iziarebs. principuli dak55

virvebadobis cnebis Semotana arsebiT siaxles ar warmoadgens, vinaidan mis qveS kvlav uSualo dakvirvebis SesaZlebloba esmiT. es ki niSnavs, rom verc pozitivistebi da verc maTi ideuri winaprebi _ berkli da hiume _ substanciis cnebis uaryofas ver axerxeben. maTi antisubstanciuri Tvalsazrisi kritikas ver uZlebs. antisubstanciuri moZRvrebis ricxvs miekuTvneba fr. nicSes filosofiac. igi wamoayenebs yovlad absurdulsa da usafuZvlo Teziss RmerTis sikvdilis Sesaxeb, romelic arsebiTad absoluturi Rirebulebis uaryofad da relativizmis dafuZnebad unda gavigoT. es ki sxva araferia, garda substanciuri realobis uaryofisa, vinaidan materialuri substanciis SeuZleblobis gamo, razec zemoT gvqonda laparaki, erTaderT substancias RmerTi, rogorc idealuri substancia, warmoadgens. specialur literaturaSi cnobilia, rom f. nicSe TviTon mixvda, Tu raoden didi ziani (qaosi, relativizmi da nihilizmi) SeiZleba moitanos absoluturi arsis uaryofam, ris Sedegad man zekacis cnebas mimarTa, romelic absoluturis surogatia, magram Zalian cudi surogati, ulmobeli da amoraluri arseba. humanur qristianul morals f. nicSem amoraluri morali daupirispira. zekaci angrevs Zvel Rirebulebebs da qmnis axals, romelic iseve absoluturia, rogorc Zveli. maS, ra azri hqonda Zveli absoluturi Rirebulebis uaryofas, Tu viciT, rom absoluturi Rirebulebani adamianTa sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebis momwesrigeblis rols TamaSobs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia? f. nicSem ver SeZlo absoluturis anu substanciuri realobis uaryofa. misi cda marcxiT damTavrda. miT umetes, rom uaRresad humanursa da moralur qristianul RmerTs man mizantropuli da amoraluri urCxuli, qeraTmiani gaqnili zekaci daupirispira. ufro seriozulsa da angariSgasawev antisubstanciur poziciebze dganan is filosofosebi, romlebic substanciis cnebas filosofiuri argumentebiT uaryofen. aseTia, magaliTad, m. haidegeri, romelic ontologiis 56

sagnad arsis sazriss Tvlis da faqtobrivad ontologiis cnebis qveS filosofiuri anTropologia esmis. magram ontologiis ageba anTropologiur poziciebze SeuZlebelia. ontologia arsze (ufro zustad, absolutur arsze anu substanciur arsebaze) moZRvrebaa. n. hartmanma haidegeris fundamenturi ontologiis kritikisas aCvena, rom haidegeri msjelobs ara arsze, aramed arsis sazrisze, rasTanac ontologias saqme ara aqvs. TviTon n. hartmanic sakuTar ontologias pluralizmis principze afuZnebs da, maSasadame, substancias, rogorc monizmis princips, uaryofs. Cven vfiqrobT, rom monizmis principis gareSe ontologiis ageba SeuZlebelia; mravali amxsnelis daSveba yvelafers auxsnels tovebs. pluralisturi Teoriebi filosofiis istoriaSi pirdapir an arapirdapir yovelTvis monizmiT mTavrdeboda. maSasadame, azrovnebis istoria gvaswavlis substanciis _ absoluturi arsis _ rogorc sinamdvilis mravalferovnebis amxsnelis, aucileblobas. antisubstanciur moazrovneTa jgufs ekuTvnis s. aleqsanderic, romelic Tumca Tavs ikavebs substanciis Sesaxeb msjelobisagan, magram mTeli misi emerjentuli evoluciis Teoria sivrce-drois cnebazea agebuli. sivrce-dro, misi azriT, aris pirveladi realoba, saidanac mTeli samyaro warmoiSoba. samyaros warmoSobamde arsebobda sivrce-dro, romelic s. aleqsanders esmis rogorc moZraoba. emerjenciis saboloo mizezs RvTaeba warmoadgens, miuxedavad amisa igi arc RvTaebas da arc sivrcedros substanciad ar Tvlis, rac adgils tovebs gaugebrobisaTvis. substanciis cnebis qveS xom sxva araferi igulisxmeba, garda materialuri samyaros Semoqmedisa, romelic uaRresi aqtiurobiT xasiaTdeba. substanciuri arsis, rogorc samyaros absoluturi sawyisis uaryofas relativizmsa da anarqizmamde mivyavarT. relativizmis safuZvelze ki mecnieruli Teoriis ageba SeuZlebelia. kidev metic, relativizmi Semecnebis, azrovnebisa da azris gamoTqmis SesaZleblobis gamomricxvelia. absoluturi adamianis sulieri cxovrebis er57

TaderTi sayrdenia. yvela antisubstanciuri Teoriis mTavar Secdomas am garemoebis gauTvaliswinebloba warmoadgens.

absolutu soluturi arsi substanci ubstanciu arse seba $17. absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba
Tu zemoTqmulis safuZvelze davuSvebT substanciuri arsis arsebobas, rac Cven udavod migvaCnia, maSin bunebrivia daisvas sakiTxi misi ricxvis Sesaxeb. ramdeni substancia arsebobs _ erTi Tu mravali? am sakiTxis gadawyvetis ori SesaZlebeli variantis mixedviT Camoyalibda monisturi da pluralisturi koncefciebi, romelTagan pirveli erTi da erTaderTi substanciis arsebobas aRiarebs (monos _ erTi), meore ki mravali (pluralis _ mravali) substanciis arsebobas. dualizmi (dualis _ ori) pluralizmis saxeobaa, romelic ori substanciis aRiarebiT kmayofildeba. filosofia, rogorc cnobilia, monizmiT daiwyo; pirveli filosofosebi (Talesi, anaqsimandre, anaqsimeni, parmenide) monistebi iyvnen. pluralisturi koncefcia agreTve berZnul (winasokratul) filosofiaSi Caisaxa. empedoklem samyaros asaxsnelad oTxi principi (stiqioni) Semoitana. magram pluralisturi Teoria dasrulebuli saxiT atomistikaSi warmosdga. axal filosofiaSi ki pluralisturi koncefcia idealizmis safuZvelze SeimuSava laibnicma (monadologia). zemoT aRvniSneT, rom filosofiis istoriaSi cnobili pluralisturi Teoriebi araTanamimdevrobiT xasiaTdeba, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom pluralizmi yovelTvis monizmiT mTavrdeba. dekarti ori substanciis Sesaxeb laparakobda, magram orive maTgani arasruli substanciebia; isini warmoSobilia RmerTis mier da, maSasadame, arc maradiulobiT xasiaTdeba. RmerTi aris namdvili, usasrulo substancia (infinitum). maSasadame, dekartis dualizmi monizmiT damTavrda.

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daaxloebiT igive SeiZleba iTqva laibnicis Sesaxeb. monadebi sulieri substanciebia, magram maradiulobis niSani arc maT axasiaTebT, vinaidan isini RmerTis Semoqmedebis produqtebia, RmerTma warmoSva. es niSnavs, rom monadebi ar aris namdvili substanciebi. namdvili, WeSmariti substancia ki aris RmerTi, rogorc samyaros Semoqmedi, prestabiluri harmoniis avtori; RmerTi ki erTia da es erTi RmerTi kmara (laibnici). es niSnavs monizms. laibnicis pluralisturi koncefcia monizmiT mTavrdeba. daaxloebiT analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs pluralizmis sxva warmomadgenelebTanac, rac monisturi filosofiis sasargeblod laparakobs. substanciis cnebidan gamomdinareobs, rom igi mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos. SeiZleba arsebobdes mxolod erTi da erTaderTi substancia (spinoza). substanciis yvelaze mTavar niSans, mis arsebas, atributs upiroboba anu absoluturoba warmoadgens. substancia arafriT ar aris ganpirobebuli da arc SeiZleba iyos misi erTaderTobis gamo. upiroboba (absoluturoba) ki mis usasrulobas niSnavs. substancias Tavisi safuZveli Tavis TavSi aqvs, rasac spinozam TviTmizezi (causa sui) uwoda da Tavisuflebas gauigiva. substanciis TviTsafuZvlianoba imas niSnavs, rom igi Tavisi Tavisaken aris mimarTuli (sxva arc arsebobs) anu refleqsuria. amgvar refleqsurobas hegelma WeSmariti usasruloba uwoda, rogorc Tavis TavSi mobrunebuloba, Tavis TavTan mimarTeba (hegeli). absoluturi arsis anu substanciuri arsebis meore ZiriTad niSans is warmoadgens, rom igi samyaroSi universaluri kanonzomierebis saxiT gamovlindeba. es kanonzomiereba imdenad zusti, mizanSewonili da miznobrivia, iznobrivi nobrivia rom misi warmodgena gonobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. rodesac Zveli berZnebi logosis Sesaxeb laparakobdnen, maSin mis qveS samyaros kanonzomierebis gonier Semoqmeds anu RmerTs gulisxmobdnen. uaRresad dizainirebuli samyaros faqti uzenaesi dizaineris anu Semoqmedis gareSe SeuZlebelia. nu SiSobT yvelgan ganacxadoT _ werda 59

dekarti mis megobar mersens _ rom RmerTma ise daadgina bunebis kanonebi, rogorc suvereni (umaRlesi xelisufali _ s. a.) awesebs kanonebs Tavis samflobeloSi. niutoni kategoriulad gamoricxavda samyaros gamaognebeli kanonzomierebis SemTxveviT warmoSobas. es mizezi brma da SemTxveviTi ar yofila, aramed gansacvifreblad gawafuli meqanikasa da geometriaSi (niutoni). samyaroSi kanonzomiereba, niutonis mixedviT, mZleTa-mZle da brZenTaubrZenesi arsebis zraxviT da nebiT damyarda. substanciuri arseba, rogorc hegeli ambobda, absolutur igiveobas warmoadgens. masSi ar aris da arc SeiZleba iyos raime winaaRmdegoba, vinaidan, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, winaaRmdegoba sasrulobisa da relatiurobis maCvenebelia; absoluturSi ki yovelgvari winaaRmdegoba moxsnilia. substanciuri arsebis, rogorc arsebis arseboba imaarsebis sebi sac gulisxmobs, rom arsebobs is (sasruli) samyaro, romlis arsebasac igi warmoadgens. igi, sxva (specialur) arsebaTagan gansxvavebiT, aris ukanaskneli instanciis arseba. substanciuri arsebis Semdegi fundamenturi niSania SemoqmedebiToba. materialuri samyaro, romlis uzenaes kanons inerciis principi warmoadgens, Semoqmedebis unars moklebulia Sinagani Zalis uqonlobis gamo. Sinagani Zala cocxal organizmebSic arsebobs, riTac isini materialuri sxeulebisagan gansxvavdeba. cocxal organizmebSi arsebuli Sinagani Zala substanciuri TviTSemoqmedebiTobis unaris gamolenaa. maT Soris gansxvaveba ara mxolod intensivobis xarisxSia (raodenobrivia), aramed Tvisebrivic. substanciuri Sinagani Zala xom uzenaesi aqtiurobiT xasiaTdeba.

mecnieruli ontologi ecni tologia filosofi losofiu $18. mecnieruli ontologia da filosofiuri Teologi gia Teologia

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mecnieruli ontologia aris erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi ontologiuri disciplina. arsebobs agreTve metafizikuri da religiuri ontologiac, romelTa sagans agreTve absoluturi arsi anu substanciuri arseba warmoadgens. metafizika, rogorc zemoT davasabuTeT, ar aris arc mecniereba da arc filosofia. igi aris spekulaciuri moZRvreba arsis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, romlis Semecnebas specialuri mecnierebebisagan sruli izolaciiT cdilobs. swored amitom mas ara aqvs damsabuTebeli Zala, aramed mxolod da mxolod rwmenis sferos miekuTvneba. aseve rwmenis sferoa religiuri ontologia, rogorc moZRvreba absoluturi arsis anu RmerTis Sesaxeb; religiuri ontologiac metafizikuria, Tumca isini igiveobrivi ar aris. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom religiuri ontologiis sagania RvTaebrivi arsi, rogorc substanciuri arseba; metafizikuri ontologia ki amiT ar Semoifargleba, aramed nebismier principulad daukvirvebad realobaze moZRvrebas warmoadgens. magaliTad, imis rwmena (da ara codna), rom mikronawilaks erTdroulad aqvs impulsic da koordinatic (Tumca igi principulad daukvirvebadia), metafizikur ontologias Seadgens, magram mas religiuri rwmenis xasiaTi ara aqvs. metafizikuri ontologia SeiZleba iyos idealisturic, religiuric, materialisturic da an arc erTi maTgani (indiferentuli maT mimarT). magaliTad, zemoaRniSnuli debuleba mikronawilakis koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad arsebobis Sesaxeb arc materialisturia da arc idealisturi. metafizikuri ontologiis am formebs, mecnierulisagan gansxvavebiT, is aerTianebT, rom isini rwmenis da ara codnis sferoa. aRsaniSnavia is garemoebac, rom ainStains misi Tanamedroveni metafizikosad imitom Tvlidnen, rom igi aRiarebda iseTi realobis arsebobas, romelic cdaSi ar gveZleva da arc arasodes ar mogvecema (eleqtronis koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad arseboba, mizezobrioba mikrosamyaroSi da sxv.); igi principulad daukvirvebadia.

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mecnieruli ontologia yvela maTgan imiT gansxvavdeba, rom igi codnis sferoa, dasabuTebadi sistema; amaSi mdgomareobs misi mecnieruloba. igi, rogorc damoukidebelo filosofiuri disciplina, dakvirvebadobis principis axali (gnoseologiuri) interpretaciis safuZvelze warmoiSva, romelic ufro dawvrilebiT am wignis mexuTe nawilSi iqneba gaanalizebuli, rac kidev ufro cxadyofs mecnieruli ontologiis cnebas. manamde ki imas vityviT (gavimeorebT), rom mecnieruli ontologiis sagania substanciuri arseba, absoluturi arsi, romelic araviTar relatiurobas ar Seicavs. araviTari filosofia ar arsebobs _ ambobs Selingi _ garda moZRvrebisa absoluturis Sesaxeb... filosofia aris mecniereba absolutze. am SemTxvevaSi filosofiis cnebis qveS ontologia igulisxmeba. zemoT isic aRvniSneT, rom substanciuri arsebis anu absoluturi arsis cnebis qveS sxva araferi igulisxmeba, garda RmerTisa. materialuri substancia SeuZlebelia. materialur samyaroSi araferi ar aris absoluturi, upirobo, aramed yvelaferi ganpirobebuli da relatiuria. am azriT materialuri samyaro ar SeiZleba iyos mecnieruli ontologiis sagani. erTi sityviT, mecnieruli ontologia, saboloo jamSi, aris moZRvreba RvTaebrivi sinamdvilis anu RmerTis, rogorc absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb. magram cnobilia, rom RmerTze moZRvreba aris Teologia. am azriT mecnieruli ontologia aris Teologia. magram gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT filosofiuri da religiuri Teologia. RmerTis Sesafilosofi losofiu religiu ligi Teologi gia xeb msjelobs filosofosic da Teologic. pirveli maTgani RmerTis cnebas absoluturi arsis poziciebidan ikvlevs. aseTia mecnieruli ontologia, anu filosofiuri Teologia, romelic mecnierebas, codnis dargs warmoadgens. RmerTi, rogorc samyaros substanciuri arseba, realuri arsis sferoSi anu movlenaTa samyaroSi gamovlindeba da am gziT Seimecneba. nebismieri arsebis _ maT Soris substanciuri arsebis _ Semecneba misi gamovlenis gziT SeiZleba. samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba RvTaebrivi ar62

sis gamovlenaa. es aris RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis fizikur-Teologiuri argumenti, romlis uaryofa kantSi ver SeZlo. Tu am TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT mecnierul ontologias, rogorc filosofiur Teologias, aRmoCndeba, rom filosofosTa umravlesoba (yovel SemTxvevaSi obieqturi idealistebi) filosofiuri Teologiis warmomadgenlebi iyvnen. parmenides moZRvreba absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb, platonis moZRvreba ideebze, aristoteles koncefcia pirveli mamoZraveblis Sesaxeb, axal droSi dekartis, laibnicis, spinozas, hegelis da sxva mravali filosofois naazrevi unda gavigoT, rogorc iseTi filosofiuri Teologia, romelic aris filosofiuri mecniereba ecni reba nie ba, codnis dargi, romelic imave dros mecnierul ontologias warmoadgens. magram sul sxvaa religiuri Teologia, rogorc moZRvreba principulad daukvirvebad zebunebriv arsze, romlis Semecneba SeuZlebelia da romelic SeiZleba mxolod gvwamdes. religiur TeologiaSi, filosofiuri Teologiisagan gansxvavebiT, ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba iyos raime dasabuTeba. religia krZalavs RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebis mcdelobas imis gamo, rom misi arseboba postulirebulia da, maSasadame, araviTar dasabuTebas ar saWiroebs. igi rwmenis sferoa da ara codnisa, religiaa da ara mecniereba. swored amitom RmerTis cneba, rogorc es i. m. boxenskim miuTiTa, filosofiaSi gvian Semodis, vinaidan igi sabuTdeba; religiur TeologiaSi ki araviTari dasabuTeba ar xdeba, ris gamoc RmerTis cneba imTaviTve mocemulia. religia RmerTis cnebidan amodis. miuxedavad am principuli gansxvavebisa, filosofiuri da religiuri Teologiebi, ara marto ar aris erTmaneTisagan mowyvetili, aramed isini urTierTarsebobas saWiroeben. filosofiuri Teologia ar SeiZleba ar sargeblobdes religiuri warmodgenebiT, romelic bibliaSia Camoyalibebuli. es aSkarad emCneva filosofiuri Teologiis bevr warmomadgenels. meore mxriv religiuri Teologiac saWiroebs filosofiur Teologias. kidev metic, re63

ligiuri TeologiisaTvis filosofiur Teologias sasicocxlo mniSvneloba aqvs. es aris codnisa da rwmenis urTierToba. rwmena subieqturi fenomenia; martooden mis safuZvelze aTeizmis damarcxeba Znelia, SeuZlebelia, vinaidan aTeizmic rwmenaa. am mxriv maT Tanabari mniSvneloba aqvT. magram rodesac religiuri Teologia moixmars (gamoiyenebs) filosofiuri Teologiis mier RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebas anu rodesac igi am dasabuTebas daemyareba, maSin aTeizmi ganiaraRebulia. rwmena, SeerTebuli codnasTan, didi Zalaa, aTeizmisaTvis dauZleveli. aqedan is daskvnac SeiZleba gamovitanoT, rom filosofia, kerZod, filosofiuri Teologia religiur Teologiaze maRla dgas, vinaidan masSi codna da rwmena gaerTianebulia. is, rac viciT, kidec gvwams, magram ara piriqiT, rac gvwams, yovelTvis ar viciT. aseTia, mokled, Cveni Sexeduleba mecnieruli ontologiis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, romelic mWidrod ukavSirdeba Teoriuli filosofiis sxva disciplinebs. swored amitom qvemoT Teoriuli filosofiis problemebis analizis procesSi bevri zemoganxiluli sakiTxi damatebiT dasabuTebasa da sinaTles SeiZens.

literatura literatura teratu 1. s. avaliani, mecnieruli ontologia, Tb. 1994. 2. . , , . 1980. 3. . , c , ix. kr.
. 1973.

4. s. avaliani, mecnieruli ontologia da Teologia,


religia, #10-11, 1994. 5. s. avaliani, obieqturis cnebis ontologiuri sazrisi ix. kr. dialeqtika da logika, Tb. 1987. 6. s. avaliani, Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis materialisturi Tezisis kritika, ix. filosofiuri Ziebani, IV, 2000.

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7. s. avaliani, mecnierebis ontologiuri sawyisebi, macne (filosofiis seria), #1-2, 2004.

8. . , , ,
, 2006.

9. S. Avaliani, Transformation of Metaphysics, filosofiuri Ziebani, Tbilisi, 2006

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nawili meore naturfilosofia


Tavi pirveli naturfilosofiis sagani $19. naturfilosofiis cneba
uwinares yovlisa, ganmartebas saWiroebs cneba naturfilosofia, anu bunebis filosofia. termini naturfilosofia romaelma filosofosma senekam (pirveli saukune qristes Semdeg) Semoitana, rogorc bunebis Sesaxeb moZRvreba, anu bunebismecniereba. amgvari gageba Sinaarsobrivad senekamde gacilebiT adre gvxvdeba. ufro winare filosofosebze, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT, aristoteles Txzuleba fizika faqtobrivad fizikis filosofias anu naturfilosofias warmoadgens. bunebis filosofiis _ am yovlismomcveli cnebis _ diferenciacia da sakuTriv bunebis filosofiis anu naturfilosofiis Camoyalibeba moxda XVII-XVIII saukuneebSi, roca mas gamoeyo, jer fiziologia, xolo Semdeg specialur-mecnieruli moZRvreba bunebis Sesaxeb anu, bunebismetyveleba, rogorc bunebis kanonzomierebis Semswavleli kompleqsuri mecniereba. swored aqedan iwyeba naturfilosofiis namdvili istoria, vinaidan amieridan igi damoukidebeli filosofiuri disciplina gaxda. am progresul nabijs Tan dahyva seriozuli nakli, romelmac didxans daabrkola bunebis Sesaxeb filosofiuri moZRvrebis ganviTareba. saxeldobr Camoyalibda Tvalsazrisi wminda bunebisfilosofiis anu naturfilosofiis Sesaxeb, romelic bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis dadgenas bunebismecnierebis calkeuli dargebis miRwevebis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe cdilobda. es niSnavs, rom naturfilosofia iqca spekulaciur moZRvrebad bunebis Sesaxeb, ramac saxeli gautexa naturfilosofias, ris 66

gamoc misi SemecnebiTi Rirebuleba saerTod uaryofil iqna. Zveli naturfilosofiis uaryofis saqmeSi gadamwyveti roli Seasrula bunebismecnierebis mZlavrma ganviTarebam XIX-XX saukuneebSi. erTi SexedviT naturfilosofia da bunebismecnierebis filosofia erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli dargebia. pirveli aris uSualod bunebis Sesaxeb filosofiuri moZRvreba, xolo meore _ bunebismecnierebis filosofiuri analizi. ase mxolod maSin gveCveneba, roca naturfilosofiis cnebis qveS vigulisxmebT tradiciulad damkvidrebul spekulatur _ bunebismecnierebisagan mowyvetil _ filosofiur moZRvrebas bunebis Sesaxeb. amis gareSe naturfilosofiisa da bunebismecnierebis filosofiis cnebebs Soris mxolod da mxolod lingvisturi gansxvavebaa. bunebismecnierebis filosofiis mier dadgenili uzogadesi kanonzomiereba bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebaa, xolo es ukanaskneli yvela SemTxvevaSi dadgenilia bunebismecnierebis aRmoCenebis filosofiuri analizis safuZvelze. swored es garemoeba hqondaT mxedvelobaSi Selings, hegels, uaxles droSi n. hartmans da TviT pozitivist h. raixenbaxs, roca naturfilosofiisa (bunebis filosofiisa) da bunebismecnierebis filosofiis cnebebs sinonimuri mniSvnelobiT xmarobdnen. Cvens wignSic am or cnebas erTi da igive mniSvneloba eqneba, Tumca Zveli naturfilosofia, anu spekulaciuri filosofiuri moZRvreba bunebis Sesaxeb, romelic angariSs ar uwevs bunebismecnierebis sxvadasxva dargis aRmoCenebs, CvenTvis sruliad miuRebelia. aqve minda sityva-sityviT gavimeoro is, rasac am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT vwerdiT Cveni wignis XX saukunis naturfilosofia winasityvaobaSi; mkiTxveli winaswar minda gavafrTxilo, rom es wigni ar damiweria arc maTTvis, vinc uaryofs filosofias, rogorc mecnierebas, Tvlis mas adamianis gonebis Tavisufali Semoqmedebis produqtad, specialuri mecnierebisagan izolirebul msoflmxedvelobad da ar maTTvis, vinc ver xedavs gansxvavebas filosofiasa da specialur mecnierebebs Soris, 67

uaryofs filosofiis damoukideblobasa da mis did SemecnebiT Rirebulebas. wignis avtori mecnieruli filosofiis poziciebze dgas da orive ukiduresoba misTvis principulad miuRebelia. saRad moazrovne mecnierma orive maTgani unda uaryos, Tu surs, rom mis naazrevs mecnieruli Sinaarsi hqondes. am poziciebidan aris dawerili mTeli wigni da, gansakuTrebiT, misi meore nawili (naturfilosofia). axali naturfilosofia, romelic ZiriTadad antikuri naturfilosofiis meTodologiiT xelmZRvanelobs, ar SeiZleba movwyvitoT bunebismecnierebas, romlis miRwevebis filosofiuri analizis gareSe bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis dadgena SeuZlebelia. am gagebiT naturfilosofia aris igive bunebismecnierebis filosofia. magram es ar SeiZleba gavigoT, rogoc naturfilosofiis damoukideblobis uaryofa, Tundac misi suverenuli uflebebis SezRudva. naturfilosofia anu bunebismecnierebis filosofia bunebismecnierebasTan mWidro kavSirSi myofi, magram misgan damoukidebeli filosofiuri disciplinaa; mas aqvs sakuTari sagani da meTodi, sakuTari cnebebi da kategoriebi, romelTac arc erTi sxva mecniereba ar swavlobs da ar moixmars, garda naturfilosofiisa. bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, romelic naturfilosofiis sagania, mxolod bunebismecnierebis aRmoCenebis filosofiuri analizis Sedegad SeiZleba dadgindes. magram, meore mxriv, es iseTi kanonzomierebaa, romelTanac sakuTriv bunebismecnierebis arc erT dargs xeli ar miuwvdeba.

adgili $20. naturfilosofiis sagani da misi adgili sxva filosofiur mecnierebebs Soris
naturfilosofia, rogorc erT-erTi filosofiuri mecniereba, bunebismecnierebisagan gansxvavebiT, swavlobs bunebis iseT (uzogades) kanonzomierebas, romelic yvela sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebs aerTianebs. aseTia, maga68

liTad, sivrce, dro, moZraoba, mizezobrioba da a. S. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT, naturfilosofiis mizans, mis sagans bunebis, rogorc aseTis, arsis gamokvleva warmoadgens. aqedan cxadia misi damokidebuleba ontologiasTan, saerTod filosofiasTan. ontologiis sagania arsis uzogadesi kanonzomiereba, naturfilosofia ki am arsis erTerTi sferos _ bunebis _ uzogades kanonzomierebas swavlobs. swored amitom n. hartmani, sruliad samarTlianad, naturfilosofias specialur ontologias uwodebs, vinaidan igi, misi azriT, specialur kategoriebs ikvlevs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom naturfilosofia aris ontologiisadmi daqvemdebarebuli filosofiuri mecniereba, msgavsad sxva filosofiuri mecnierebebisa. maT Soris gansxvavebas isic qmnis, rom arsis cneba filosofiaSi ori mniSvnelobiT moixmareba; erTi mxriv igi moicavs yovelgvar arsebuls _ rogorc materialurs, ise idealurs _ xolo, meore mxriv, viwro mniSvnelobiT arsi niSnavs materialur samyaros anu bunebas. pirvel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs zogad ontologiasTan meore SemTxvevaSi ki nazogad ontologiasTan tologiasTan, turfilosofiasTan, rogorc specialur ontologiasTan speci cia ontologiasTan tologiasTan. aristotele marTali iyo, rodesac laparakobda pirveli da meore filosofiis Sesaxeb. meore filosofiad igi fizikas Tvlida, aristoteles fizika ki Tanamedrove gagebiT aris naturfilosofia. ontologiisa da naturfilosofiis msgavseba-gansxvavebis Sesabamisad, erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba maTi kategoriebic. arseba da movlena, arsi da ararsi, absoluturi da relatiuri, sasruli da usasrulo, forma da Sinaarsi, SesaZlebloba da sinamdvile da sxva msgavsi uzogadesi kategoriebi, romlebic saerToa sinamdvilis (arsis) yvela sferosaTvis, ontologiis kategoriebia, xolo mizezobrioba, aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba, sivrce da dro da a.S. naturfilosofiuri kategoriebia, vinaidan isini mxolod bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis gamomTqmeli cnebebia. aqac aSkarad Cans zogadi da specialuri ontologiebis gansxvaveba arsis cnebis orgvari _ farTo da viwro _ gagebis mixedviT. 69

arsis uzogadesi kategoriebi sinamdvilis specialur sferoebSi garkveuli specifikiT gamovlindeba. magaliTad, absoluturisa da relatiuris kategoriebi naturfilosofiaSi gamoiyeneba sivrcis, drois, moZraobis mimarT; forma da Sinaarsi aqvs bunebis sagnebsa da movlenebs, aseve iTqmis arsebisa da movlenis, SesaZleblobisa da sinamdvilis da sxva ontologiuri kategoriebis Sesaxeb. magram es araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar iZleva ontologiisa da naturfilosofiis erTmaneTSi aRrevis safuZvels, vinaidan pirvel SemTxvevaSi am cneba-kategoriebs uzogadesi sazrisi aqvs, meore SemTxvevaSi ki specialuri sazrisi. naturfilosofiaSi, iseve rogorc yvela sxva filosofiursa da arafilosofiur mecnierebaSi, ontologiis kanonebi da kategoriebi specifikurad funqcionirebs. dasasrul mokled SevexebiT naturfilosofiisa da sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa urTierTobas. naturfilosofia arc bunebismecnierebaze daiyvaneba da arc maTgan izolirebulad arsebobs; magram SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom pozitivistebis kvaldakval, naturfilosofia gavigoT, rogorc bunebismecnierebis mxolod logikuri analizi da meti araferi? amgvari koncefcia principulad miuRebelia Tundac imitom, rom igi naturfilosofiis, rogorc suverenuli filosofiuri mecnierebis, gauqmebas niSnavs. naturfilosofia, rasakvirvelia, awarmoebs bunebismecnierebis miRwevebis logikur analizs, magram amiT ar kmayofildeba. bunebismecnierebis logikuri analizi naturfilosofiis uSualo mizani ki ar aris, aramed bunebis uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Semecnebis saSualeba. bunebismecniereba aris naturfilosofiis empiriuli safuZveempiriu piri safuZvefuZve li, li romlis filosofiuri analizis Sedegad bunebis Sesaxeb uzogades daskvnebs akeTebs. es niSnavs, rom, erTi mxriv, naturfilosofiisaTvis bunebismecnierebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, xolo, meore mxriv, bunebismecnierebis calkeuli dargebi aseve aucileblobiT saWiroebs naturfilosofias da, saerTod, filosofias. bunebismecnierebis safuZvlad naturfilosofiuri ideebi Zevs. sxva sityvebiT: naturfilosofia aris bunebismecnierebis logikuri salogikuri sagiku 70

fuZveli. fuZveli es niSnavs, rom naturfilosofiasa da bunebisveli mecnierebas Soris aucilebeli kavSiria. filosofiis saWiroebas mxolod is bunebismetyveli uaryofs, visac Tavisi saqmec kargad ar esmis. didi bunebismetyvelni ki (ainStaini, bori, planki, borni, haizenbergi da sxv.) sabunebismetyvelo kvlevis procesSi filosofiamde midiodnen da filosofiur Txzulebebsac ki werdnen.

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Tavi meore materia $21. materiis cneba


materiis cneba filosofiuri azrovnebis erT-erTi uZvelesi da urTulesi cnebaa. evropuli filosofia swored am cnebis SemotaniT daiwyo. rodesac Talesi laparakobda wylis, rogorc samyaros pirvelsawyisis Sesaxeb, maSin mis qveS materialur sinamdviles gulisxmobda. mas Semdeg TiTqmis 25 saukunis ganmavlobaSi materiis filosofiuri Teoriis sxvadasxva varianti SemuSavda, romelTagan arc erTi damakmayofilebeli ar aRmoCnda. XIX saukunis damdegidan daltonis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze materiis problemam filosofiidan bunebismecnierebaSi gadainacvla da mas Semdeg materiis specialur kanonzomierebas bunebismecniereba ikvlevs. magram sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebi materiis swored speci cia specialur kanonzomierebas swavlobs, xolo zogadi kanonzomiereba, romelsac materiis cneba unda asaxavdes, mxolod da mxolod filosofiuri kvleva-Ziebis prerogativas warmoadgens. specialur mecnierebebs ar ZaluZT (da maT arc evalebaT) materiis zogadi cnebis SemuSaveba; magram materiis calkeuli formebis kanonzomierebis codnis gareSe materiis zogadi kanonzomierebis Semecneba, materiis cnebis dadgena SeuZlebelia. amaSi mdgomareobs filosofiisa da specialur mecnierebaTa kavSiris aucilebloba. isini xom erTi da igive codnis sxvadasxva doneebia da, maSasadame, erTmaneTs avsebs, erTmaneTis gareSe arseboba ar SeuZliaT. arsebobs materiis cnebis mravali gansazRvreba, romelTagan arc erTi ar aris sayovelTaod aRiarebuli. erT-erTi aseTi gansazRvreba warmoadgens materiisa da cnobierebis, rogorc materialurisa da idealuris urTierTdapirispirebas. am gansazRvrebis mixedviT, materialuria yvelaferi, rac adamianis cnobierebis gareSe arse72

bobs, xolo yvela danarCeni _ cnobierebis fenomenebi _ materialuris asaxvas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, idealuris sferos miekuTvneba. aseTia materialisturi koncefcia, romelsac dialeqtikuri materializmic aRiarebda. es koncefcia, marTalia, materiasa da cnobierebas, rogorc materialursa idealurs, erTmaneTs upirispirebs, magram materiis cnebas materialursa da mainc ver ayalibebs. cnobierebis gareSe bevri ram iseTi arsebobs, romelTa gaerTianeba erT cnebaSi SeuZlebelia: arsebobs materialuri sxeulebi, movlenebi, romelTac sxeulebrivi arsi ar gaaCniaT, bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebi, klasebi, erebi, TviTon sazogadoeba da a. S., romelTa gaerTianeba erT cnebaSi, miT umetes, maTi CaTvla materialurad SeuZlebelia. TviTon cnobierebis mTeli sferoc ar SeiZleba idealurad CaiTvalos. idealuri ar aris, magaliTad, fsiqikuri procesebi, romlebic droSi arsebobs da gansakuTrebuli mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. misgan sruliad gansxvavebulia logikuris sfero, romelic droulobis gareSea da namdvil idealurs warmoadgens. yvela am naklovanebaTa gamo SeuZlebelia materiis cnebis gansazRvra cnobierebis gareSe da misgan damoukideblobis mixedviT. aranakleb mcdaria materiis cnebis leninuri gansazRvreba, romlis mixedviT, materia aris obieqturi realoba, romelic adamians SegrZnebebSi, aRqmebSi eZleva da cnobierebaSi aisaxeba. aseT obieqtur realobas aramaterialuri realuri arsic warmoadgens, magram mas materias ver vuwodebT. magaliTad, ekonomikuri, politikuri, da a. S. viTareba arsebobs obieqturad, e. i. adamianis cnobierebisagan damoukideblad, romelTac Sinagani grZnobis organoebis saSualebiT kidec aRviqvamT, magram isini arc materialuria da, miT umetes, arc materias warmoadgens. materiis cnebis gansazRvrebaTa Soris yvelaze gavrcelebulsa da istoriulad damkvidrebuls, agreTve yvelaze ufro misaRebs is gansazRvreba warmoadgens, rome73

lic materias nivTierebasTan aigivebs, Tvlis, rom materialuri niSnavs nivTiers, sivrcesa da droSi ganfenils. dekarti erTmaneTTan aigivebda materias, sxeulsa da sivrceSi ganfenils. am SemTxvevaSic, cxadia, rom materiis cnebis qveS sxva araferi igulisxmeba, garda nivTierebisa. eleqtromagnituri velis aRmoCenis Semdeg materiis cneba gaafarToves da mis qveS, nivTierebis garda, velic moiazres. arsebuli materialuri _ werda rusi fizikosi s. i. vavilovi _ moZravi materia, or ZiriTad formaSi warmogvidgeba _ rogorc nivTiereba da rogorc sinaTle.1 arsebobs iseTi Tvalsazrisic, romelic materiis cnebas, nivTierebasTan erTad, energiasac miakuTvnebs, raTa axsnas Tanamedrove fizikis mier aRmoCenili kanonzomiereba nivTierebisa da energiis urTierTgadasvlis Sesaxeb. Tu energias materiis erT-erT saxed miviCnevT, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneba laparaki materiis ganfenilobis Sesaxeb sivrcesa da droSi da verc SegrZnebebSi materiis mocemulobis Sesaxeb vilaparakebT, vinaidan energiis yvela forma (magaliTad, potencialuri energia) SegrZnebebSi ar gveZleva. am da sxva msgavsi siZneleebis gamo materiis cnebis es gansazRvrebac miuReblad migvaCnia. jer kidev adreuli antikurobis droidan materianivTiereba saganTa qmnadobis masalad iTvleboda da mas pirvelmaterias uwodebdnen. ase Camoyalibda pirveli monisturi filosofiuri Teoriebi jer kidev ionur skolaSi. es, miT umetes, iTqmis platonisa da aristoteles Sesaxeb, romlebic pirvelmaterias, rogorc sagnebis qmnadobis masalas, gaurkvevel, usasrulo da inertul masad Tvlidnen. materia, aristoteles mixedviT, SesaZleblobaa, romelic mxolod formis miRebis Semdeg iqceva sinamdviled da konkretuli sagnebis saxiT warmosdgeba. pirvelmateria, rogorc masala, gagebuli iyo rogorc inertuli, pasiuri, Sinagan Zalas, Semoqmedebis unars moklebuli masa. misgan materialuri samyaros qmna1

. . , . ., . IV, ., 1956, . 190.

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doba mxolod aramaterialur Zalas SeeZlo. aseT Zalas anaqsagorasTan goneba (nus) warmoadgens, romelsac moZraobaSi mohyavs inertuli pirvelmateria-nivTiereba. aristotelesTan forma aris idealuri da garkveulobis Semoqmedi. erTi sityviT, marTalia, inerciis kanoni niutonma aRmoaCina, magram materiis inertulobis ideas sul cota 25 saukunis istoria aqvs. pirveli biZgis Teoriis (romelsac niutonic iziarebda) Camoyalibebac materiis inertulobis ideam ganapiroba. amrigad, materiis, rogorc nivTierebis, koncefcia sxva TeoriebTan SedarebiT ufro racionaluria. swored amitom qvemoT materiis cnebis qveS yovelTvis nivTierebas vigulisxmebT. aqve SevniSnavT, rom Cvens wignSi bunebismecnierebis filosofia (Tbilisi, 1974) Camoyalibebuli materiis cneba amJamad CvenTvis sruliad miuRebelia. im dros, roca zemoxsenebuli wigni iwereboda, sxvagvarad materiis Sesaxeb msjeloba SeuZlebeli iyo. materiis substanciurobis Teoria marqsistuli materializmis Tvalsazrisia, Cvens mizans ki maSin am gabatonebuli Tvalsazrisis gadmocema warmoadgenda; sapirispiro Tvalsazrisi, romelsac axla vicavT, maSin tabudadebuli iyo. erTi sityviT, materiis Sesaxeb Cveni axlandeli koncefcia diametrulad gansxvavdeba zemoxsenebul wignSi Camoyalibebuli koncefciisagan.

$22. materiis struqturuli analizi


rodesac laparakoben materiis struqturis Sesaxeb, maSin materiis cnebis qveS ZiriTadad nivTierebas gulisxmoben. nivTierebis struqturul elementebs ki mikronawilakebi warmoadgens. cnobili fizikosi karl fridrix fon vaiczekeri ambobs, rom Cven dRes materias vicnobT, rogorc elementarul nawilakebs.1 amrigad, materiis
1

Carl Friedrich von Weizscker, Die Einheit der Natur, Mnchen, 1981, s. 362.

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struqturis Sesaxeb moZRvreba aris moZRvreba elementaruli nawilakebis Sesaxeb. materiis atomisturi Teoria jer kidev Zvel saberZneTSi warmoiSva, romelic mravali saukunis manZilze erTaderT Teoriad iTvleboda. mxolod mas Semdeg, rac igi (XIX saukunidan) sabunebismetyvelo Teoria gaxda, daiwyo kvleva misi struqturuli elementebis anu mikronawilakebis Sesaxeb. d. i. mendeleevma qimiuri elementebis periodulobis kanonis aRmoCeniT atomistur Teorias sabolood daumkvidra adgili mecnierebaSi. amis Semdeg fiqrobdnen, rom nivTiereba korpuskulebisagan Sedgeba, energia ki _ talRebisagan. es niSnavda, rom nivTiereba wyvetadia, energia ki uwyveti. magram 1900 wels plankma aRmoaCina energiis kvantis arseboba, kerZod aRmoCnda, rom eleqtromagnituri talRebis energia gamosxivdeba da STainTqmeba calkeuli diskretuli ulufebis saxiT, romelTac energiis kvanti ewodeba. cota gvian (1905) ainStainma aRmoaCina sinaTlis kvantebi anu fotonebi. sinaTle gamosxivdeba da STainTqmeba kvantebis (fotonebis) saxiT, romelTa energia plankis formulis ( = h ) safuZvelze ganisazRvreba. sinaTle, ainStainis mixedviT, energiis kvantebis nakadia. amrigad, Tvalsazrisi, romelic nivTierebas wyvetadad Tvlida, xolo energias _ uwyvetad, mcdari aRmoCnda. energia, iseve rogorc nivTiereba, diskretulia, magram igi amave dros uwyveticaa, vinaidan sxvadasxva energiis kvantebi udidesi siCqariT misdevs erTmaneTs da uwyvetobas qmnis. wyvetadoba-uwyvetobis dasabuTebas warmoadgens nivTierebaTa Semadgeneli umciresi nawilakebis talRurkorpuskuluri bunebis aRmoCena: talRa uwyvetobis gamomxatvelia korpuskula ki wyvetadobisa. gasul saukuneSi materiis atomisturma Teoriam mZlavri aRmavloba ganicada; warmoiSva axali mecniereba _ kvanturi meqanika _ romelic materiis struqturas swavlobs. am saqmeSi didi wvlili miuZRvis planks, ainStains, bors, haizenbergs, borns da sxv. XIX saukunis damdegs materiis elementarul nawilakad atomi iTvle76

boda; Semdeg aRmoCnda atomis struqturuli nawilakebi: eleqtroni, protoni, neitroni, amJamad cnobilia ramdenime aseuli elementaruli nawilaki. TviTon es nawilakebic struqturuli erTeulebia da maTi CaTvla materiis dayofis ukanasknel sazRvrad, msgavsad klasikuri warmodgenisa atomis Sesaxeb, SeuZlebelia. atomuri fizikis ganviTarebam waSala gammijnavi sazRvari korpuskulasa da talRas Soris. eleqtrons ormagi buneba aqvs _ talRuri da korpuskuluri. amis aRmoCenas udidesi mniSvneloba hqonda materiis maradiulobis ideis kritikis TvalsazrisiT. magram amis Sesaxeb momdevno paragrafSi gveqneba msjeloba. atomuri fizikis erT-erTi didi aRmoCena iyo haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa principis Camoyalibeba, romelsac ara mxolod fizikuri, aramed didi filosofiuri mniSvnelobac aqvs. am principis Tanaxmad, SeuZlebelia mikronawilakebis koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad didi sizustiT gazomva. rac ufro zustad vzomavT erT-erT maTgans, miT ufro arazustia meoris gazomva. amodiodnen ra dakvirvebadobis filosofiuri principidan, kopenhagenis skolis fizikosebi (bori, haizenbergi, borni da sxv.). amtkicebdnen, rom mikronawilakebs erTdroulad ara aqvs koordinati da impulsi. aseTma daskvnam cxare kamaTi gamoiwvia borsa da ainStains Soris. es ukanaskneli Tvlida, rom mikronawilaks aqvs koordinatic da impulsic, magram maTi erTdroulad gazomva fizikas ar ZaluZs. amis safuZvelze ainStaini akeTebda daskvnas, rom kvanturi meqanika ver iZleva fizikuri realobis srul suraTs. bori da misi skola ki sawinaaRmdego Tvalsazriss icavdnen. haizenbergis principTan dakavSirebiT kidev ufro saintereso iyo is daskvna, rom Cven principulad ar SegviZlia vicodeT, Tu rogor moZraobda an sad imyofeboda mikronawilaki gazomvamde. mikronawilaki uSualod (TvaliT) ar Cans. xelsawyos, romelsac misi koordinatisa da impulsis gasazomvad vxmarobT da romelsac pirobiTad fizikosebi gazomvis subieqtur mxares uwodeben, gazomvis 77

procesSi SeSfoTeba Seaqvs gasazomi mikronawilakis mdgomareobaSi da, maSasadame, Cven vxedavT ara imas, ra mdgomareobaSic imyofeboda mikronawilaki Cvens dakvirvebamde (gazomvamde), aramed imas, rac Cven SeSfoTebis Sedegad masSi cvlileba SevitaneT. zogjer sruliad samarTlianad am aRmoCenis agnostikur interpretacias ewevian. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa kanonis safuZvelze borma SeimuSava damatebiTobis principi, romelic, zogadad aRebuli, niSnavs ori urTierTsawinaaRmdego Tvisebis urTierTdamatebas da erT suraTSi gaerTianebas; sinaTle xan talRiseburad moqmedebs, xan korpuskuliseburad, igi xan erT Tvisebas gamoavlens, xan meores. es ori suraTi, erTi mxriv, erTmaneTs gamoricxavs, xolo, meore mxriv, erTmaneTs avsebs. am ori suraTis erTmaneTTan damateba, boris mixedviT, qmnis kvanturi meqanikis srul suraTs. aRmoCenil iqna antinawilakebi; aseTia, magaliTad, antiprotoni, antineitroni. TviTon eleqtronsa da pozitrons urTierTsawinaaRmdego muxtebi aqvT. pirveli uaryofiTi muxtis mqonea, meore ki dadebiTisa. laparakoben bunebis kanonebis simetriul xasiaTzec. Tanamedrove naturfilosofia, uwinares yovlisa, ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriasa da kvantur meqanikas emyareba. qvemoT Sesabamis TavebSi mocemuli iqneba am fundamenturi sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebis safuZvelze Camoyalibebuli naturfilosofiuri koncefciebis analizi.

$23. materiis maradiulobis idea da Tanamedrove bunebismecniereba


materiis maradiulobis idea jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi Camoyalibda. berZeni filosofosebi Tvlidnen, rom materialuri sagnebis warmoSoba nawilebisagan Sedgenas niSnavs, xolo mospoba _ imave nawilebad daSlas. es idea jer kidev empedokles filosofiaSi gvxvde78

ba, sadac saganTa qmnadoba gagebulia, rogorc oTxi stiqionis (cecxli, wyali, miwa, haeri) SeerTeba an daSla. TviTon es stiqionebi ki maradiulia, nawilebad ar iSleba da, maSasadame, arc warmoiSoba da arc ispoba, aramed maradiulia. es, miT umetes iTqmis atomistur moZRvrebaze, romlis mixedviT, atomebi aris materialuri sagnebis dayofis sazRvrebi, ustruqturo nawilakebi, romlisganac yvelaferi Sedgeba. atomebis maradiulobas ki maTi ustruqturoba, simartive ganapirobebs. maT ara aqvT nawilebi da, maSasadame, maTi arc mospoba da arc warmoSoba ar SeiZleba. axal droSi, marTalia, aRmoCnda atomis struqturuli elementebi _ misi dayofadoba _ magram materiis maradiulobis idea SenarCunebul iqna. klasikuri bunebismecniereba, gansakuTrebiT fizika, romelic stiqiurad materializmis poziciebze idga, materiis maradiulobis ideas, cxadia, iolad ver Seeleoda; miT umetes, mas ver Seeleoda materializmi, romelic swored materiis maradiulobis ideazea dafuZnebuli. amrigad, Tumca materiis maradiulobis ideas safuZveli gamoecala, magram materialisturi msoflmxedveloba mainc ganagrZobda da ganagrZobs arsebobas. materiis Semadgeneli nawilakis _ atomis _ gayofa materiis maradiulobis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli pirveli faqti iyo, romelsac SemdgomSi, bunebismecnierebis ganviTarebis kvaldakval, kidev ufro TvalsaCino faqtebis aRmoCena mohyva. erT-erT aseT faqts warmoadgenda materiis anihilaciis aRmoCena. eleqtroni da pozitroni _ sapirispiro muxtebis mqone elementaruli materialuri nawilakebi _ urTierTSexvedrisas anihilirdeba anu materialur nawilakebad yofnas wyvets da energiad gardaiqmneba. materializmi am faqts materiis formebis urTierTgardaqmnas uwodebs, vinaidan energias, nivTierebasTan erTad, materiis Semadgenel nawilad moiazrebs da laparakobs materiis or formaze: nivTiereba da veli. magram Tu materiis cnebis qveS tradiciulad mxolod nivTierebas ga-

79

vigebT, maSin anihilaciis faqtis safuZvelze materiis gaqrobis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTeba aucilebeli gaxdeba. materiis gaqrobis idea materiis (nivTierebis) da energiis urTierTgardaqmnadobis safuZvelze kidev ufro aSkarad daadastura ainStainis mier aRmoCenilma kanonma masisa da energiis proporciulobis Sesaxeb (E=mc2). am kanonis Tanaxmad, `nivTiereba warmoadgens energiis uzarmazar marags da energia aris nivTiereba... nivTiereba iq aris, sadac didia energiis koncentracia, veli ki iq, sadac energiis koncentracia mcirea (ainStaini). energias aqvs masa, masa ki warmoadgens materias. amis safuZvelze nivTierebisa da velis gansxvaveba TiTqmis mTlianad iSleba. ainStainis am kanons f. franki aseT interpretacias aZlevs: ainStainis Teoriis Tanaxmad, materia SeiZleba gadaiqces energiad _ raRac aramaterialur arsebad, maSasadame, samyaros materialisturi aRwera, romelic materiis maradiulobas aRiarebs, uaryofilia Tanamedrove mecnierebis mier, romelic amJamad ufro SeTavsebadi gaxda RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis ideasTan. aseT interpretaciaze arc ainStaini ityoda uars. aris Tu ara energia materialuri? Tu iqidan amovalT, rom materialuri aris nivTieri, ganfenili sivrcesa da droSi, maSin energias materialurad ver CavTvliT, vinaidan mas sivrceSi ganfenilobis niSani aklia. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom raki igi ar aris materialuri, iqneba idealuri. energia arc materialuria da arc idealuri. araa swori dixotomia: materialuri an idealuri. bunebaSi bevri ram arsebobs, rac arc erTia da arc meore. masisa da energiis proporciulobis kanonTan dakavSirebulia haizenbergis energetizmi, romlis mixedviT, mTeli materia erTi da erTaderTi substanciisagan _ energiisagan _ Sedgeba, romelic sxvadasxva formiT gamovlindeba.1 sxva adgilze haizenbergi wers: yvela elementaruli nawilaki gakeTebulia erTi da imave sub1

. , , ., 1953, gv. 100-101.

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stanciisagan da erTi da igive masalisagan, romelsac Cven axla SegviZlia vuwodoT energia. erTi sityviT, Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi fexi moikida materiis (nivTierebis) maradiulobis kanonis uaryofam. magram materiis maradiulobis ideas yvelaze metad daupirispirda XX saukunis kosmologiuri Teoria, romelsac SeiZleba kosmologiuri kreacionizmi vuwodoT, vinaidan igi amtkicebs ararasagan samyaros qmnadobas. amis Sesaxeb momdevno paragrafSi gveqneba saubari.

$24. materiis maradiulobis problema da kreacionizmi kosmologiuri kreacionizmi


kreacionizmis idea uZveles ideaTa ricxvs ekuTvnis; igi jer kidev Zvel miTologiaSi gvxvdeba. hesiodes (VIII s. qristes win) TxzulebsSi Teogonia laparakia imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor Seiqmna qaosidan mTeli samyaro. qaosis cneba araras cnebis tolfasia. amdenad qaosidan kosmosis qmnadoba unda gavigoT rogorc kreacia, araradan qmnadoba. kreacionizmis idea miTologiidan filosofiaSi gadmovida da dasabuTebis gziT codnis xasiaTi miiRo. pirveli kreacionistuli idea, romlis qveS araradan samyaros qmnadoba igulisxmeba, bundovnad, magram arsebiTad anaqsimandrem (VI s. qristes win) gamoTqva. apeironi aris is, risganac mTeli samyaro warmoiSoba. apeironi usazRvros, gaurkvevels niSnavs. am azriT apeironidan samyaros qmnadoba arsebiTad araradan qmnadobas anu kreacias warmoadgens. ZiriTadad igive ideas vxvdebiT anaqsagoras (V s. qristes win) filosofiaSic. marTalia, igi laparakobs homeomeriebis narevidan gonebis (nus) garegani biZgis Sedegad samyaros qmnadobis Sesaxeb, magram es narevi anaqsimandres apeironisagan arafriT ar gansxvavdeba. mas ara aqvs araviTari gansazRvruloba, ar warmoadgens raime konkretul sagans. am SemTxvevaSic, Tu dasrulebuli kreacionistuli idea ara, misi analogi mainc gvaqvs. 81

ufro TvalsaCino da Camoyalibebuli forma hqonda religiur kreacionizms, romelic TiTqmis yvela religiaSi gvxvdeba. kreacionizmi yvelaze naTlad warmoCnda iudaur-qristianul religiaSi. Zveli aRTqma iwyeba sityvebiT: dasabamad hqmnna RmerTman cai da qveyanai (1.1). araradan Seqmna RmerTma mTeli samyaro. es aris religiuri kreacionizmis mTavari idea, romlis analogs, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, kosmologiur (mecnierul) kreacionizmSi vxvdebiT. mecnieruli kreacionizmi XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi Camoyalibda. yvelaferi imiT daiwyo, rom gasuli saukunis pirvel meoTxedSi amerikelma astronomma slaiferma aRmoaCina, rom mraval nisleulobaTa speqtraluri xazebi odnav midrekilia wiTeli an cisferi mxarisaken1 am movlenas Semdeg wiTeli wanacvleba ewoda, romlis asaxsnelad didma amerikelma astronomma e. p. hablma gamoiyena avstrieli fizikosis kr. dopleris mier 1842 wels aRmoCenili akustikisa da optikis erT-erTi ZiriTadi principi, romlis mixedviT, rxevebis sixSire damokidebulia rogorc rxevis wyaros, aseve damkvirveblis moZraobaze. SemdgomSi am kanons dopleris efeqti ewoda. talRebis rxevis sixSire ki mis fers gansazRvravs. kerZod, rodesac sinaTlis wyaro da damkvirvebuli erTmaneTs Sordeba, maSin rxevebis sixSire mcirdeba, rasac wiTeli feri Seesabameba, xolo, piriqiT, sinaTlis wyarosa da damkvirveblis miaxloebisas talRebis rxevebis sixSire izrdeba da Sesabamisad adgili aqvs iisfer wanacvlebas. dopleris efeqtis safuZvelze e. p. hablma wiTeli wanacvleba axsna, rogorc samyaros gafarToeba. wiTeli wanacvleba imis maCvenebelia, rom galaqtikebi gvSordeba (garbian), rac samyaros gafarToebas niSnavs. hablma aRmoaCina kanoni, romlis mixedviT, galaqtikebis daSorebis siCqare maTi manZilis proporciulia anu galaqtikebis wiTeli wanacvleba izrdeba daaxloebiT Cvenamde arsebu-

. , , ., 1981, c. 26.

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li manZilis proporciulad.1 rac ufro Cqara gvSordeba galaqtika, miT ufro wiTelia da, maSasadame, miT ufro Sorsaa Cvengan. amrigad, hablisa da sxva, misi Tanamedrove astronomebis gamokvlevebis safuZvelze dadginda, rom samyaro farTovdeba, galaqtikebi ganuwyvetlad Sordeba erTmaneTs ise, rogorc gabervis procesSi myofi burTis zedapirze aRniSnuli wertilebi erTmaneTs Sordeba. TiToeul galaqtikas Tavi warmoudgenia statikur mdgomareobaSi, romelsac sxva galaqtikebi Sordeba; magram sinamdvileSi yvela galaqtika erTnair mdgomareobaSia; samyaros gafarToeba swored maT urTierTdaSorebas niSnavs. amitom samyaro yvela galaqtikidan erTnairad Cans, ra mimarTulebiTac ar unda iyos mzera mipyrobili. es niSnavs samyaros izotropulobasa da erTgvarovnebas. am viTarebas gamoTqvams astronomiaSi kargad cnobili kosmologiuri principi. samyaros gafarToebis aRmoCenamde udavod iTvleboda, rom samyaro aris statikuri, ucvleli, stacionarul mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. am koncefciis sawinaaRmdegod 1922 wels azri gamoTqva rusma maTematikosma a. a. fridmanma, romelmac samyaros arastacionaruli (anu Ria) modeli SeimuSava. am modelis mixedviT, samyaro drois momentis Sesabamisad icvleba. es modeli ainStainis Teorias emyareboda sivrcis gamrudebis Sesaxeb; a. a. fridmani daaskvnida, rom gamrudebuli sivrce ar SeiZleba statikuri iyos. a. a. fridmanis gamokvlevis safuZvelze ainStainma radikalurad Secvala Tavisi Tvalsazrisi samyaros stacionaruli modelis Sesaxeb da Ria samyaros koncefcia relativisturad daafuZna. raki gairkva, rom samyaro farTovdeba, bunebrivia, rom gafarToebas dasawyisi unda hqondes. marTlac, astronomebi, astrofizikosebi da kosmologebi varaudoben, rom samyaros asaki daaxloebiT 15-20 miliardi welia.2

1 2

. , , . 27. . , , . 34, 37.

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yvelaferi ki imiT daiwyo, rom moxda didi afeTqeba (Big bang), rac samyaros Seqmnis, misi evoluciis dasawyiss warmoadgenda. afeTqebamde ki araferi ar arsebobda: arc materia, arc dro da arc sivrce. cxadia, zedmetia laparaki galaqtikebisa da kosmosis Sesaxeb. iyo mxolod raRac wertilis toli cecxlovani burTi, romelic uzarmazari gravitaciuli kolafsis mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda,1 romlis simkvrive wylis simkvrives aTas miliardjer aRemateboda, xolo temperatura as miliard graduss aRwevda. aseTi uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zalebisa da aseve uzarmazari temperaturis arsebobis pirobebSi, cxadia, SeuZlebeli iyo materialuri nawilakebis arseboba, romelic, Tanamedrove warmodgenebis mixedviT, materialuri samyaros struqturul elementebs warmoadgens. maS, ra iyo singularul mdgomareobaSi myofi cecxlovani burTi? igi ar iyo arc materia da arc idea; yvelaferi didi afeTqebis Semdeg warmoiSva. erTaderTi daskvna, romelic zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba gakeTdes, aris is, rom samyaro araradan warmoiSva. uaxlesi warmodgenebis mixedviT _ wers gamoCenili mecnieri da mecnierebis popularizatori p. devisi _ samyaros gadaqceva zustad araradan fizikur realobad moxda TviTneburad amofrqvevis darad. TviT sivrce da droc warmoiSva mxolod didi afeTqebis momentSi2 da, Semdeg: didi afeTqeba ar SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc nivTierebis beltis afeTqeba ukve arsebul vakuumSi, vinaidan sivrce da dro jer kidev ar arsebobda. samyaros Seqmnis mecnieruli suraTi Rrmad bibliuri aRmoCnda, vinaidan igi asaxavs ara marto materiis, aramed sivrcis dabadebasac... maSasadame, didi afeTqeba ar momxdara samyaroSi. es iyo TviTon samyaros dabadeba mTlianad da zustad ararasagan.3 araradan qmnadobis ideas astronomTa didi umravlesoba aRiarebs. gamoCenili kosmologi a. guTi, romelsac didi wvlili miuZRvis gafarToebadi samyaros Semu1 2

. , , .. 1985. 46, 53. . , , . 1989, . 13 3 iqve, gv. 22.

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SavebaSi, wers: xSirad amboben, rom muqTi sauzme (lanCi) ar arsebobs. magram samyaro, rogorc Cans, aseT muqT sauzmes warmoadgens. kacobriobas didi xania swamda, rom ex nihilo nihil fit (araradan araferi ar warmoiSoba). magram axla Cven SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom yvelaferi araradan warmoiSva1 amrigad, XX saukunis did kosmologTa mTeli Taoba: J. lemetri, g. a. gamovi, h. bondi, f. hoili, t. goldi, p. diraki, a. guTi da sxvebi sxvadasxva kuTxiT asabuTeben materialuri samyaros spontanur qmnadobas. bondi da goldi amtkiceben, rom samyaros gafarToeba araradan materiis ganuwyveteli spontanuri qmnadobis Sedegia. amitom samyaro yovelTvis wonasworobis mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. misi wonasworoba am SemTxvevaSi imas niSnavs, rom araradan materiis qmnadoba awonasworebs materiis ganmxoloebas gafarToebis Sedegad. swored amitom samyaros simkvrive ucvlelia.2 gamoCenili kosmologi f. hoili Tvlis, rom samyaros gafarToeba materiis ganuwyveteli qmnadobis Sedegia. materiis simkvrive samyaroSi imitom ar icvleba, rom materia spontanurad iqmneba. axal-axali materia ganuwyvetlad iqmneba... Tu zogjer gvekiTxebian saidan modis Seqmnili nivTiereba, maSin unda vupasuxoT: arsaidan ar modis; ubralod materia Cndeba, igi iqmneba. drois garkveul momentSi materiis Semadgeneli sxvadasxva atomi ar arsebobs. magram ufro gvian isini arsebobs... ufro Zveli Teoriebis Tanaxmad, samyaros mTeli nivTiereba myisierad unda gaCndes; amasTanave qmnadobis process didi afeTqebis forma aqvs. rac Semexeba me, es idea ufro ucnaurad meCveneba, vidre ganuwyveteli qmnadobis idea.3 amrigad, f. hoilis azriT, didi afeTqebis Sedegad materia erTbaSad ki ar iqmneba, aramed TandaTanobiT, ganuwyvetlad, rac amJamadac grZeldeba.
1

. , , . 1989, . 215. . , , " ", 4, 1976. 3 H. Hoyle, The Nature of universe, Oxford, 1950, p. 104-106.

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araradan qmnadobis ideis dasabuTebas emsaxureba kosmologiuri postulatic, romelic amtkicebs, rom samyaro saSualod erTnairia, ra adgilidanac ar unda ganvixiloT. erTi sityviT, es principi samyaros erTgvarovnebas amtkicebs. es ki niSnavs, rom samyaros nebismieri sferos gafarToebis Sedegad nivTierebis (materiis) saSualo simkvrive ucvleli rCeba. amis axsna ki SeuZlebelia araradan ganuwyveteli qmnadobis daSvebis gareSe. sxvagvarad rogor SeiZleboda samyaros gafarToebis pirobebSi nivTierebis simkvrivis SenarCuneba mis ganuwyveteli qmnadobis gareSe? samyaros evoluciis dadasturebam didi afeTqebis Teoriis safuZvelze sabolood uaryo bunebis maradiulobis idea, rasac jer kidev Zveli berZeni filosofosebi (gansakuTrebiT materialistebi), iziarebdnen da rasac nebismieri materializmi _Tanamedroveobis CaTvliT _ amtkicebda. dadginda, rom nebismieri ciuri sxeuli, TviT galaqtikebic ki, warmoSobilia da garkveuli drois Semdeg gaqreba. varskvlavebi energias iRebs rTuli TermobirTvuli reaqciebis Sedegad. magram rodesac energiis wyaro Semoileva, maSin isini Caqreba. daaxloebiT aTi miliardi wlis Semdeg varskvlavTa umravlesoba daiwveba.1 TviT mzec saSualod xuTi miliardi weli anaTebs da kidev daaxloebiT aT miliard wels gaanaTebs.2 mTeli samyaros asaksac, rogorc vTqviT, 15-20 miliardi wliT gansazRvraven. varaudoben samyaros sididesac, romelic miliardobiT galaqtikebisagan Sedgeba, romelTa Soris agreTve daaxloebiT ramdenime milioni sinaTlis wlis manZilia. Tanamedrove kosmologias ki jerjerobiT 12 miliardi sinaTlis wliT daSorebul galaqtikebze SeuZlia dakvirveba.3 miuxedavad amisa, ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Tanaxmad, samyaro sasrulia, magram ganusazRvreli. sivrcis simrude misi sasrulobis maCvenebe1

St. Hawking, Bleack holes and Baby Universes and other essays. N.Y. Toronto, London, Sydney, Auckland, 1988, p. 134. 2 T. , , . 45, 50. 3 iqve, gv. 43.

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lia. samyaros droSi sasrulobas amtkicebs Termodinamikis meore kanonic, romlis mixedviT, entropia ganuwyvetlad izrdeba, siTburi energia ifanteba. entropiis zrdas, a. s. edingtonis mixedviT, dasasruli eqneba, romelic maSin dadgeba, roca entropia maqsimums miaRwevs _ siTburi energia mTlianad gaTanabrdeba. am SemTxvevaSi moZraoba Sewydeba, rac samyaros sikvdils niSnavs. marTalia, am koncefcias bevri mowinaaRmdegec hyavs (varaudoben araentropiul procesebs), magram igi jer kidev uaryofili ar aris. vidre msjelobas ganvagrZobdeT, ar SeiZleba yuradRebis gareSe davtovoT religiuri da mecnieruli kreacionizmis msgavseba. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs araradan samyaros qmnadobis ideasTan. samyaro ar aris maradiuli; igi Seqmnilia da, maSasadame, droSi sasrulia. jer kidev platoni, xolo Semdeg avgustine amtkicebda, rom dro da sivrce samyarosTan erTad Seiqmnao. swored am ideas adasturebs Tanamedrove kosmologia. aseve materializmi dabejiTebiT amtkicebda materiis maradiulobas da masze agebda Tavis aTeistursa da antireligiur koncefcias. Tanamedrove kosmologiam es ideac gaacamtvera da materializmi faqtobrivad usafuZvlod darCa. bevri kosmologi Tvlis, rom araradan materiis qmnadobis idea ar ewinaaRmdegeba materiisa da energiis Senaxvis kanonebs. jer erTi, nebismieri energia ar inaxeba (magaliTad, energiis aragravitaciuli nawili) da, meore, energiis Senaxvis kanons, romelic empiriuli Sinaarsis kanonia, mniSvneloba aqvs gazomvis sizustis mxolod im farglebSi romelSic igi sruldeba. magram vinaidan Tanamedrove gazomvis sizuste sakmaod mcirea, amitom am kanonis darRvevis SemTxveva ar SeimCneva. es darRveva, Tavis mxriv, ganpirobebulia materiis ganuwyveteli qmnadobiT. h. bondi, romelmac t. goldTan erTad SeimuSava srulqmnili (perfect) kosmologiuri principi~, Tvlis, rom saSualod yovel 109 (erTi miliardi _ s. a.) welSi kubur decimetr sivrceSi iqmneba wyalbadis atomis masis toli masa... cxadia, rom qmnadobis aseT sixSi87

reze dakvirveba SeuZlebelia1. amrigad, materiisa da energiis Senaxvis kanoni, romelsac absolutur, sayovelTao mniSvnelobas miawerdnen, mxolod empiriuli Sinaarsis mqone kanoni aRmoCnda, xolo samyaros qmnadobis asaxsnelad es kanoni ar gamodgeba. bunebrivia, rom singularul mdgomareobaSi myofi kolafsirebuli cecxlovani burTis mimarT azrs hkargavs kiTxvebi: sad da rodis, vinaidan did afeTqebamde araferi ar arsebobda, maT Soris arc dro da sivrce. aseve singularuli cecxlovani burTis mimarT azrs hkargavs fizikuri kanonebi. fizikuri samyaro jer kidev ar arsebobs da, cxadia, arc fizikis kanonebi iarsebebs. gamoCenilma fizikosma jon uilerma maxvilgonivrulad Tqva: iq ar aris araviTari kanoni, garda im kanonisa, rom araviTari kanoni ar aris. es garemoebac imaze miuTiTebs, rom yvelaferi araradan daiwyo; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi nebismier arsebuls raRac kanoni, kanonzomiereba eqneboda. iq, sadac araviTari kanoni da kanonzomiereba ar aris, arc araferi SeiZleba iyos. da, ai, uecrad gaqra gravitaciuli Zalebi da igi antigravitaciulma _ ganzidvis Zalebma _ Secvales, ramac didi afeTqeba, samyaros evolucia da, maSasadame, samyaros araradan qmnadobis procesis dawyeba ganapiroba. cecxlovanma burTma katastrofuli siCqariT daiwyo gafarToeba da Sesabamisad temperaturis dacema. mecnierebi sakmao sizustiT angariSoben araradan samyaros qmnadobis procesis Tanamimdevrobas, samyaros evolucias. gamoCenilma amerikelma kosmologma stiven vainbergma _ nobelis premiis laureatma _ saxeli gaiTqva wigniT pirveli sami wuTi, romelSic aRwerilia samyaros evoluciis pirveli etapebi. didi afeTqebidan `sekundis erTi measedi nawilis Semdeg... samyaros temperatura daaxloebiT celsiusis asi aTas milion graduss udrida.2 aseTi temperaturis pirobebSi nivTierebis Cveulebrivi nawilakebis _

1 2

H. Bondi, Cosmology, Cambridge, 1960, p. 143. . , , c. 12.

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molekulebis, atomebis _ arseboba SeuZlebeli iyo. miuxedavad amisa, zogierTi elementaruli nawilakis _ eleqtronebis, pozitronebis, neitronebis _ garkveuli tipebi mainc arsebobda. samyaro sinaTliT iyo savse, sinaTle ki fotonebisagan Sedgeba, romelic energiisa da impulsis garkveul ulufas Seicavs. `es nawilakebi _ eleqtronebi, pozitronebi, neitronebi, fotonebi _ ganuwyvetlad ibadebodnen wminda energiisagan, xolo Semdeg Zalian swrafad kvlav anihilirdebodnen.1 erTi meaTedi sekundis Semdeg temperatura aTi aTas milion gradusamde daeca, xolo erTi sekundis Semdeg cecxlovani burTi dedamiwis toli gaxda. yvelaferi didi siswrafiT moZraobs, saocrad Sesqelebuli pirveladi plazma afrqvevs fotonebs, eleqtronebs, pozitronebs, neitronebs. sufevs qaosi da jer kidev ar arsebobs araviTari galaqtika, araviTari varskvlavebi da TviT atomebic ki. xuTi sekundis Semdeg plazma kvlav giganturi siswrafiT farTovdeba, temperatura aT miliard gradusamde ecema. materialuri da antimaterialuri nawilakebi erTmaneTs aqrobs. asi sekundis Semdeg temperatura erT miliard gradusamde ecema; warmoiSoba fotonebisa da neitronebis beltebi, dadebiTad damuxtuli liTiumi, heliumi, wyalbadis birTvebi sivrceSi dacuravs. isini izidavs uaryofiTad damuxtul eleqtronebs, magram maTTan gaerTianeba ar SeuZliaT, vinaidan jer kidev Zlieria maRali energiebis mqone sinaTlis nawilakebis Zala. samasi aTasi wlis Semdeg ibadeba atomebi. materia im zomamde gacivda, rom atomebis birTvebi warmoiSoba, fotonebis temperatura 3000 gradusia. warmoiSoba pirveli mZime elementebi: rkina da Jangbadi. erTi miliardi wlis Semdeg iqmneba samyaro. varskvlavebi sivrceSi ganlagdeba; atomebi kosmosur nislovan Rrublebs qmnis. moqmedebs gravitaciuli Zala. materia centrSi sqeldeba.

. , , c. 13-14.

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xuTi miliardi wlis Semdeg warmoiSva galaqtikebi, planetebi; samyarom srulyofili saxe miiRo, araradan qmnadobam samyaro warmoSva.* mainc saidan Seiqmna materia, rogor unda gavigoT araradan materiis qmnadoba? mecnierebi jer kidev ver iZlevian gadamwyvet pasuxs am kiTxvaze, magram varaudoben, rom nivTierebis nawilakebi gamosxivebis wminda energiisagan Seiqmna, nivTiereba warmoiSoba gamosxivebisagan (st. vainbergi). rusi kalifornieli fizikosis andrei lindes azriT, didi afeTqeba moxda vakuumis energiisagan. samyaroebis amgvari dabadeba, misi azriT, axlac grZeldeba. kosmologiuri da religiuri kreacionizmis ideebis damTxveva aq sruliad aSkaraa. kidev metic, bibliis mixedviT da Tqua RmerTman: iqmnen naTeli da iqmna naTeli (1.3.). kosmologiuri kreacionizmic samyaros dasabamad sinaTles asaxelebs. singularul mdgomareobaSi myofi cecxlovani burTi sinaTles afrqvevda. samyaro sinaTliT iyo savse (st. vainbergi). sinaTlis pirveladoba samyaros evoluciuri qmnadobis procesSi kreacionizmis orive variantisaTvis misaRebia. SemTxveviTi ar iyo is garemoeba, rom kreacionizmis idea belgielma Teologma da astronomma lemetrim 1927 wels Semoitana. igi Tvlida, rom samyaro TiTqmis wertilobrivi atomi-mamisagan warmoiSva, romelic afeTqda da dRemde farTovdeba.1 es idea ganaviTara rusma emigrantma georg gamovma (1904-1968), romelmac uzarmazari roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove kosmologiis ganviTarebaSi. maT mier SemuSavebuli gafarToebuli samyaros modelis mixedviT, atomebis warmoSobis Semdeg ciuri mtveri Sesqelda da warmoiSva varskvlavebi da galaqtikebi. moxda Tu ara namdvilad didi afeTqeba? ramdenad sandoa didi afeTqebis Teoria? fizikosebsa da kosmolo*

cnobebi aRebulia st. vainbergis wignidan `pirveli sami wuTi~, tulio rejes wignidan: `etiudebi samyaros Sesaxeb~ da germanuli Jurnalidan: `Hystory: Die Schopfung~ 20.XI, 1998 (monika vaineris statia). 1 . , , "", . 24, 4, 1935, . 225-226.

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gebSi didi afeTqebis Teoria eWvs ar iwvevs. unda vendoT Tu ara didi afeTqebis Teorias? svams kiTxvas italieli fizikosi t. reje da TviTonve pasuxobs: me saerTod am kiTxvas dadebiT pasuxs gavcemdi.1 saerTod am sakiTxze kosmologiaSi TiTqmis aRar davoben. gasuli saukunis 70-ian wlebSi astrofizikosebma caze didi afeTqebis kvali ipovnes susti eleqtromagnituri gamosxivebis saxiT, romelic Cvenamde sxvadasxva intensivobiT modis da romlis gazomva SeiZleba. es kosmosuri gamosxiveba 10-dan 15 miliardi wlisaa. am aRmoCenam erTxel da samudamod gafanta eWvi didi afeTqebis arsebobis Sesaxeb da, maSasadame, kreacionizmis ideam sabolood gaimarjva. amerikelma kosmologma alan guTma (Alan Guth) SeimuSava inflaciuri modeli, romlis mixedviT, Cveni samyaro mudmivi qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. igi adre ufro swrafad farTovdeboda, vidre axla. didi afeTqeba, am modelis mixedviT, niSnavs aCqarebadi gafarToebis procesSi myofi samyaros gatyorcnas. amJamad ki gafarToebis siCqare TandaTan mcirdeba da, bolos, ganmzidavi Zalebi gaqreba da kvlav miziduloba daiWers mis adgils, ris Sedegad moxdeba samyaros SekumSva, kvlav pirvandeli kolafsuri mdgomareobis aRdgena, rac samyaros gaqrobas niSnavs. didi SekumSva (big crunch) didi afeTqebis sapirispiro procesia, rac daaxloebiT 15 miliard welze adre ar SeiZleba moxdes.2 es aris samyaros erTgvari pulsacia, qmnadobis _ warmoSoba-mospobis _ procesi didi afeTqebidan did SekumSvamde da piriqiT, rac kosmologiuri kreacionizmis ideas kidev ufro mtkiced adasturebs. amrigad, inflaciis Teoria Tvlis, rom samyarom Tavisi arseboba vakuumis mdgomareobidan daiwyo, romelSic ar iyo arc nivTiereba da arc gamosxiveba. am vakuumSi iyo ganzidvis Zalebi, romelmac didi afeTqeba gamoiwvia.

1 2

. , , . 60. St. Hawking, Black holes. p. 137.

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carieli sivrce TviTneburad afeTqda kvantur vakuumSi arsebuli ganzidvis zemoqmedebiT.1 miuxedavad amgvari axsnisa, mainc auxsneli rCeba sakiTxi, Tu saidan movida es uzarmazari jer gravitaciuli, Semdeg antigravitaciuli Zalebi, rogor Secvala kolosaluri energiis gravitaciuli Zala aseve kolosalurma antigravitaciulma Zalebma, romlebmac didi afeTqeba gamoiwvia? an sad gaqreba mravali miliardi wlis Semdeg ganzidvis (antigravitaciuli) Zalebi da saidan gaCndeba kvlav aseve uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zalebi, romlebic samyaros gaqrobasa da gravitaciul kolafss (didi SekumSva) gamoiwvevs? am kiTxvebze pasuxi jer mecnierebas ara aqvs da saeWvoa, rom momavalSi eqnes. mecnierebas ar SeuZlia gadawyvitos bunebis ukanaskneli saidumloeba da imitom, rom saboloo jamSi Cven TviTon varT am saidumloebis nawili, romlis gadawyvetas vcdilobT~.2 qarTveli fizikosi g. nikobaZe wers: kiTxvebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu ratom daiwyo samyarom gafarToeba an ratom daiwyo mainca da mainc 15 miliardi wlis win an ra xdeboda manamde, upasuxod unda davtovoT; fizikam dRes es ar icis.3 es niSnavs, rom am tipis sakiTxebi mxolod da mxolod filosofiuri gansjis sagania, metafizikuri problemaa, romelsac ufro detalurad qvemoT ganvixilavT. samyaros erT-erT saocrebas e. w. Savi xvrelebis arseboba warmoadgens, romlis Seswavlis saqmeSi didi roli iTamaSa Tanamedroveobis udidesma kosmologma stefen houkingma. Savi xvrelebi gravitaciuli kolafsis mdgomareobaSi myofi samyaros analogiuria. uZlieres gravitaciul Zalas varskvlavi katastrofuli SekumSvis mdgomareobamde mihyavs. mizidulobis Zala ise didia, rom Sav xvrelSi veraviTari informacia ver aRwevs. aseTi uZlieresi gravitaciis pirobebSi dro Cerdeba, xolo masSi
. , , . 211-212. J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic Cosmological Principle, Oxford, #4, 1996, p. 123. 3 givi nikobaZe, Tanamedrove bunebismetyvelebis koncefciebi, Tb., 2000, gv. 68.
2 1

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raime nivTierebis arsebobis Sesaxeb laparakic zedmetia. rogorc cnobili fizikosi karl fridrix fon vaiczekeri ambobs, Cven dRes materias vicnobT, rogorc elementarul nawilakebs~, xolo elementaruli nawilakebis arseboba, Sav xvrelebSi SeuZlebelia uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zalisa da aseve uzarmazari temperaturis arsebobis pirobebSi. Savi xvreli yvelafers jojoxeTuri ZaliT STanTqavs, xolo Tavad ki araviTar informacias ar iZleva, radiotalRebi uZluria daZlios gravitaciuli Zalebis moqmedeba. magram es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqmis Savi xvrelebis Sesaxeb mecniereba araviTar informacias ar flobs. st. houkingi SeniSnavs, rom xvrelebi arc ise Savia, rogorc gvgonia.1 TviTon is faqti, rom misi arsebobis Sesaxeb raRac viciT, garkveuli informaciis miRebis SesaZleblobas adasturebs. kosmologebi varaudoben kosmosSi iseTi Savi xvrelebis arsebobas, romelTa masa mzis masas ramdenime milionjer da miliardjer aRemateba. maTi arseboba navaraudevia mravali galaqtikis centrSi, romelTa arsebobas afiqsireben giganturi teleskopis ainStainis saSualebiT, romelic dedamiwis xelovnurma Tanamgzavrma orbitaze gaitana. navaraudevia Savi xvrelis arseboba Cveni galaqtikis centrSic, romlis diametric daaxloebiT erTi milioni kilometria, xolo masa xuT milion mzis masas utoldeba.2 uZlieresi gravitaciuli Zalebis arsebobis gamo Sav xvrelSi siCqareebi zRvars aRwevs. magaliTad, meore kosmosuri siCqare, romelic dedamiwaze 11 km/sekunds udris, Sav xvrelSi sinaTlis siCqares (300000 km/sek) utoldeba. Savi xvrelebis warmoSobas varskvlavebis gravitaciuli kolafsiT xsnian. aseTi varskvlavebi SesaZlebelia warmoSobiliyo ufro patara ciuri sxeulebis mravaljeradi Sejaxebisa da Serwymis Sedegad.

1 2

St. Hawking, Black holes, p. 135. . , , . 37.

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Savi xvrelebi nivTierebas gardaqmnis energiad ainStainis formulis (E=mc2) mixedviT. Tanac es gardaqmna uzarmazari masStabiT xdeba, rac bevrad aRemateba Termodinamikur reaqciebSi arsebul procesebs. erTxans fiqrobdnen, rom Savi xvreli iseT sistemas warmoadgens, romelic Termodinamikis meore kanons ar eqvemdebareba. swored amitom dRis wesrigSi dadga Savi xvrelebis Termodinamikuri Tvisebebis Seswavla. am mimarTulebiT gadamwyveti sityva Tqva st. houkingma, romelmac maTematikuri analizis meTodis gamoyenebis safuZvelze daasabuTa, rom Savi xvrelebi garemoculia siTburi gamosxivebis SaravandediT, ris gamoc adgili aqvs garkveul entropiul procesebs. st. houkingisa da sxva mecnierebis gamokvlevebis Sedegad dadginda, rom Termodinamikis meore kanoni Sav xvrelebSic Zalas inarCunebs.1 Tu materialuri samyaro principulad erTgvarovania, e. i. Tu arsebobs bunebis erTgvarobis universaluri kanoni anu, sxvagvarad, Tu materialurobis Sesaxeb SegviZlia vimsjeloT im samyaros mixedviT, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, maSin Sav xvrelebs materialurs ver vuwodebT. maT ara aqvs arc erTi Cveni samyarosaTvis damaxasiaTebeli fundamenturi niSani anu, rogorc j. uileri ambobs, Sav xvrelebSi, iseve rogorc kolafsirebul samyaroSi, fizikis kanonebi Zalas hkargavs. es ki niSnavs, rom unda vilaparakoT Savi xvrelebis arabunebriv, zebunebriv statusze. amitom gasagebia, rom mas Teologebi jojoxeTs adareben, mis fizikur oreulad Tvlian. 1975 wels stefen houkingi, romlis saxelTan dakavSirebulia Savi xvrelebis Teoriis Seqmna, romis papis mecnierebaTa akademiam papi pius XI-is medliT daajildova mis mier Setanili wvlilisaTvis gravitaciuli kolafsis dargSi.2 Tanamedrove kosmologiam pasuxi gasca agreTve mravalsaukunovan kiTxvaze samyaros centris arsebobis Sesaxeb. ptolemeosma dauSva samyaros centris arseboba, rac
1 2

St. Hawking, Black holes p. 248-250. Eccles J. C., The Human Mystery, London, 1979, p. 25.

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samyaros sasrulobis mtkicebas niSnavda. rasac centri aqvs, sasrulia. aseT centrad igi dedamiwas miiCnevda, vinaidan sxva galaqtikebis arsebobas ar icnobda. kopernikma, romelsac agreTve Cveni galaqtika hqonda mxedvelobaSi, samyaros centrad mze miiCnia, xolo isini, vinc samyaros usasrulobas amtkicebdnen, centris arsebobas saerTod uaryofdnen. ase fiqrobda jordano bruno, romlis mixedviT, centri aris yvelgan. samyaros gafarToebis aRmoCenis Semdeg iseTi STabeWdileba iqmneboda, rom TiTqos Cven varT samyaros centrSi, magram es ase ar aris. sinamdvileSi araviTari centri ar arsebobs. iseve rogorc dedamiwas ara aqvs centri, samyarosac araviTari centri ar gaaCnia. dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom didi afeTqebisa da samyaros gafarToebis Teorias oponentebic hyavs, Tumca Zalian mcire, magram mainc. magaliTad, amerikeli kosmologi helton erpi (Halton Arp) Tvlis, rom wiTeli wanacvleba samyaros gafarToebas ki ar niSnavs, aramed materiis daZvelebas (Alterungsprozes). erpis koncefcia kosmologTa umravlesobisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. iyo dro, roca didi afeTqebisa da samyaros gafarToebis Teorias yofili sabWoTa kosmologebic uaryofdnen. magaliTad, werdnen, rom gafarToebuli samyaros hipoTeza mecnieruli TvalsazrisiT sruliad usafuZvloa.1 unda vivaraudoT, rom aseTi daskvnebi upiratesad ideologiuri mosazrebebiT keTdeboda, vinaidan kreacionizmis idea materialistur msoflmxedvelobas diametrulad upirispirdeba, romlis poziciebzec marqsistuli materializmi idga. kosmologiuri kreacionizmis Teoriam sabolood uaryo materiis maradiulobis idea, romelic nebismieri materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis mTavar sayrdens warmoadgens. saukuneebis manZilze udavod miCneuli materiisa da energiis Senaxvis kanoni Tanamedrove kosmologiam, sul rbilad rom vTqvaT, kiTxvis qveS daayena, xolo Se1

., ., , ., 1961, . 14.

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sabamisad religiurma msoflmxedvelobam axali argumentebi SeiZina da is, rac adre rwmenis sfero iyo, codnis, mecnierebis saxiT warmosdga.

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Tavi mesame sivrce da dro $25. sivrcisa da drois uzogadesi Tvisebebi


sivrce da dro materialuri arsis atributebia. materialuri realuri arsi anu materia sivrcesa da droSi imyofeba; sxvagvarad arseboba mas arc SeuZlia. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, materialuri samyaro ki ar aris sivrcesa da droSi, aramed sivrce da dro TviTon aris materialuri samyaros arsebobis formebi; aramaterialuri realuri arsi (magaliTad, fsiqikuri procesebi) ki mxolod droulobiT xasiaTdeba, e. i. mas aqvs drois samive momenti: warsuli, awmyo da momavali, rac realuri arsis relatiurobasa da sasrulobaze miuTiTebs; imas, rasac aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli, sasrulobisa da relatiurobis niSnebic miewereba. amaSi qvemoT araerTxel davrwmundebiT. klasikuri fizika da filosofia sivrcesa da dros materialuri arsisagan damoukidebel substanciebad Tvlida. niutonis mixedviT, arsebobs absoluturi sivrce da dro, rogorc carieli WurWeli (Container), romelSic moTavsebulia materialuri samyaro, ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis mier moxdenili mecnieruli revolucia, uwinares yovlisa, absoluturi, substanciuri sivrcisa da drois uaryofasa da maTi relatiurobis dasabuTebaSi gamoixateba.1 am debulebis dasabuTebas emsaxureba wignis mTeli winamdebare nawili. zogjer sivrcesa da fizikuri sxeulebis ganfenilobas erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen. magaliTad, dekarti werda: Cven arasodes ar vamyarebT gansxvavebas sivrcesa da sigrZiT, sifarTiT da siRrmiT ganfenilobas Soris.2 es

1 ufro vrclad ix. sergi avaliani, ainStaini, Tbilisi, 1983; agreTve, maTe mirianaSvili da sergi avaliani, albert ainStaini, Tb., 1972. 2

. , , . 1950, . 472.

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Tvalsazrisi Tumca zusti ar aris, magram gamarTleba mainc moepoveba, vinaidan ganfenilobis ganzomilebani igive sivrcis ganzomilebania. miuxedavad amisa, sivrcisa da ganzomilebis gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. sivrce ganfenilobaze ar daiyvaneba, vinaidan sivrcis cnebis qveS, garda ganfenilobisa, sivrciTi mimarTebebic igulisxmeba. amdenad dekartisa da misi mimdevrebis Tvalsazrisi sivrcisa da ganfenilebis igiveobis Sesaxeb calmxrivi iyo. sivrcis cnebis calmxrivobis daZlevamde ganfenili sididis cnebis analizs mivyavarT. sididis cneba relatiuria. yoveli sidide sxva sidideebTan garkveul mimarTebaSi imyofeba da miT dgindeba. romelime sxeulis sidideze laparaks azri ar eqneboda da igi saerTod SeuZlebelic ki gaxdeboda, rom ar arsebobdes sxva sidideebi, romlebic pirvels gansazRvravs, xdis mas daboloebulsa da garkveuls. amrigad, mocemuli sididis cnebas sxva sidideebis cnebamde mivyavarT, anu erTi calkeuli sidide yovelTvis gulisxmobs sxva sidideebis arsebobas. es niSnavs, rom sididis cneba relatiuria; es aris obieqturi _ subieqtisagan damoukidebeli _ relatiuroba. analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs yoveldRiur sityvaTxmarebaSic; rodesac vambobT Tbilisi didi qalaqia an ialbuzi maRali mTaa, maSin vgulisxmobT sxva qalaqebsa da sxva mTebs, romelTan mimarTebaSi vadgenT Tbilisis an ialbuzis sidides. aq naTlad Cans ganfenili sididis cnebis relatiuroba. amrigad, sxva sidideebisagan izolirebuli sididis Sesaxeb laparaki SeuZlebelia. ganfenilobas, _ wers a. s. edingtoni, _ romelic raimesTan mimarTebaSi ar imyofeba, araviTari azri ara aqvs. aba, warmoidgineT Tqveni Tavi martod marto araraobaSi myofi da Semdeg miTxariT Tu ra sididis xarT.1 materialur sxeulebs Soris yovelTvis arsebobs garkveuli sivrciTi mimarTebani: axlos, Sors, zeviT, qveviT, win, ukan da a. S, romlebic qmnis gar1

A. S. Eddington, The Nature of the physical world, Cambridge, 1929, p. 144.

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kveul sistemas, wesrigs materialur sxeulebs Soris. mamateri lur xeul ria ulTa urTierTganlagebis esri TierTganlagebi rigi terialur sxeulTa urTierTganlagebis wesrigi ki aris ivrce rce. sivrce sadac ar unda arsebobdes materialuri sxeulebi, maT Soris aucileblad iarsebebs garkveuli sivrciTi mimarTebani, garkveuli urTierTganlagebis wesrigi. aqedan materiisa da sivrcis ganuyreloba gamomdinareobs. materiis gareSe sivrcis arseboba, an, piriqiT, sivrcis arseboba materialuri sxeulebis gareSe iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc SeuZlebelia materialuri sxeulebis arseboba urTierTganlagebis wesrigis gareSe an piriqiT. materiisa da sivrcis ganuyrelobis problema sivrcis am gagebis safuZvelze gadawydeba. sivrce, rogorc materialur sxeulTa urTierTganlagebis wesrigi, relatiuria, vinaidan wesrigi saerTod damokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. ar arsebobs wesrigi mowesrigebulis, rogorc substratis, gareSe. am azriTac sivrce materialuri samyaros atributia da, maSasadame, carieli sivrce, romelSic araviTari materialuri sxeuli ar imyofeba, SeuZlebelia. es ki niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia absoluturi sivrcis arseboba. materialuri sxeulebis urTierTganlagebis (wesrigis) Secvla sivrcis Secvlas niSnavs. amasTanave urTierTganlagebis yvela SesaZlebeli wesrigi ekvivalenturia; ar arsebobs privilegiuri sivrciTi wesrigi. am mxriv sivrce, rogorc wesrigi, sxva saxis wesrigebisagan gansxvavdeba. magaliTad, anbanic an asoebis ganlageba sityvaSi garkveuli wesrigia, magram maT privilegiuri mniSvneloba aqvT, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom maTi wesrigis Secvla anbans an sityvas Secvlis; sivrciTi mimarTebis nebismieri cvlileba ki axal wesrigs qmnis, romelTagan TiToeuls ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. amis dasturia sivrciTi mimarTebis erTniSna deformacia, romelsac puankare aseTi magaliTiT ganmartavs: warmovidginoT, rom RamiT, rodesac gvZinavs, samyaro aTasjer gaizarda. deformacia Seexo yvelafers, rogorc gasazom sidideebs, ise sazom erTeulebs. diliT CvenTvis SeumCneveli darCeboda samyaros aTasjer gazrda misi erTniSnobis gamo da 99

TviT uzustesi gazomvebiTac ki mas ver aRmovaCendiT. rodesac samyaros gazrdaze vlaparakobT, maSin mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs Zveli sazomi erTeuli. es ki adasturebs sivrciTi mimarTebebis ekvivalenturobas da, sabolood, sivrcis relatiurobas. vinaidan sivrce materialuri sxeulebis urTierTganlagebis wesrigia, amitom SeuZlebelia sivrcis warmodgena sxeulebis gareSe. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes absoluturad carieli sivrce, rogorc amas jer kidev Zveli atomistebi amtkicebdnen da rasac niutonic iziarebda. carieli sivrcis uaryofa (romelic aristotelesTan iRebs saTaves) ki sivrcis relativisturi Teoriis damadaturebelia. amrigad, sivrce aris materialur sxeulTa urTierTganlagebis wesrigi, ris gamoc azrs hkargavs iseTi gamoTqmebi, rogoricaa sivrceSi arseboba, sivrceSi moZraoba da a. S. ase msjeloba SeeZlo imas, vinc absoluturi sivrcis (da drois) arsebobas aRiarebda. relativisturi Teoriis mixedviT ki amgvari gamoTqmebi mecnierul sazriss moklebulia. sivrcis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli gageba Suqs hfens adgilis bunebasac. absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teorias adgili esmoda rogorc damoukidebeli arsi, romelsac TiTqos sxeulisagan izolirebulad SeuZlia arseboba. adgilis aseTi gageba jer kidev piTagorel arxit tarentelTan gvxvdeba. aristotelem uaryo es Sexeduleba da adgili gaigo rogorc mocemuli sxeulis pirveli uZravi sazRvari da, maSasadame, adgili sxeulze damokidebulad warmoidgina, rac absoluturi sivrcis Teoriis uaryofas niSnavda. swored es hqonda mxedvelobaSi ainStains, rodesac m. jemeris wignis winasityvaobaSi SeniSnavda, rom aristoteles skola cdilobda absoluturi sivrcis cnebis gverdis Semovlaso. sxeulis adgilis dadgena niSnavs am sxeulis sivrciTi mimarTebebis aRmoCenas mis mosazRvre sxeulebTan. SeuZlebelia sxeulis adgilze laparaki absoluturad cariel sivrceSi. am ideis sailustraciod kvlav puanka100

res mivmarTavT: vTqvaT, vimyofebi parizis panTeonis moedanze da vambob, rom xval isev am adgilze moval. Tu absoluturi sivrcis arsebobas davuSvebT, maSin Cemi Sepirebis Sesruleba SeuZlebeli iqneba, vinaidan xvalamde dedamiwa am moedanTan erTad or milion kilometrze mets gaivlis. am adgilze mosvla imas niSnavs, rom xval amave manZiliT mivuaxlovdebi panTeons da mis axlo mdebare sagnebs, e. i. ganmeordeba sivrciTi mimarTebebis wesrigi Cemsa da am sagnebs Soris. rom ar arsebobdes panTeoni _ ambobs puankare _ maSin Cemi fraza yovelgvar azrs dakargavda _ sivrce araraobamde iqneboda dayvanili.1 sivrce da adgili arsebiTad erTia, sivrce aris sxeulTa urTierTganlageba, xolo urTierTganlageba niSnavs, rom am sxeulebs garkveuli adgili uWiravT. magram sxeulebs rom garkveuli adgili uWiravT, es niSnavs, rom isini urTierTganlagebaSi imyofeba. adgili aris konkretuli sivrce, anu sivrce konkretulad adgilis saxiT arsebobs. swored amitom, rodesac ainStaini sivrceze laparakobs, xSirad frCxilebSi svams sityvas adgili, e. i. sivrcesa da adgils, garkveuli azriT, erTmaneTTan aigivebs.2 sxva adgilze ainStaini ambobs, rom sivrce bneli sityvaa da umjobesia Tu mis nacvlad adgilze vilaparakebT.3 konkretuli sivrcis cneba safuZvlad daedo kartografiaSi axali mimarTulebis Camoyalibebas metakartografiis saxelwodebiT, romlis avtori iyo cnobili qarTveli kartografi al. aslanikaSvili. adgilis cnebis zemoaRniSnuli gagebidan gamomdinareobs misi relatiuroba; adgili relatiuria ara marto im azriT, rom igi sxeulis adgilia, maszea damokidebuli da mis gareSe ar arsebobs, aramed, uwinares yovlisa, imitom, rom igi sivrciTi mimarTebebis erTobliobaa. sxeulis adgili damokidebulia garkveul aTvlis sistemaze da misi mdebareoba aTvlis sistemiT aris gansazRvruli.
1

. , , ., 1920, c. 113. . , , IV. c. 345. 3 . , , . 1. ., 1965, c. 535.


2

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magaliTad, moskovi sankt-peterburgis mimarT samxreTiT mdebareobs, xolo Tbilisis mimarT _ CrdiloeTiT. amaSi mdgomareobs adgilis relatiuroba, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs sivrcis relatiurobas. dro sivrcisagan, uwinares yovlisa, momcvelobis ufro farTo masStabiT gansxvavdeba. sivrceSi mxolod materialuri sxeulebi arsebobs, dro ki vrceldeba ara marto materialuri, aramed aramaterialuri realuri arsis movlenebzec. yvelaferi, rac moZraobs, icvleba, droSi imyofeba. TviTon fsiqikuri gancdebic ki, romelTac sivrciTi ganzomilebani ar gaaCnia, droSi arsebobs; aseve warmoebis wesi, warmoebiTi urTierTobani, bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebi da a. S. sivrciTi TvisebebiT ar xasiaTdeba, Tumca isini arsebobs droSi; es niSnavs, rom maT aqvT warsuli, awmyo da momavali, _ drois samive momenti. gamoTqma: arsebobs sivrcesa da droSi arazustia, igi absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teorias ufro Seesabameba, romelsac sivrce da dro esmoda rogorc carieli WurWeli~, romelSic moTavsebulia samyaro. es Teoria, rogorc vTqvaT, uaryo axalma _ relativisturma _ fizikam. magram Cveulebriv sityvaxmarebaSi es gamoTqmebi SemorCa, romelmac SecdomaSi ar unda Segviyvanos. drois meore specifikuri niSania mobiluroba. drois arseba aris moZraoba. dro warmoudgenelia moZraobis gareSe, maSin roca sivrcis warmodgena moZraobis gareSe SesaZlebelia. moZraoba ar aris sivrcis specifika. marTalia, geometriaSi laparakoben moZraobis Sesaxeb, magram geometriuli moZraoba ar aris realuri (fizikuri) moZraoba; maTematikaSi drois cneba ar moixmareba. drois Semdegi specifikuri niSani is aris, rom igi Tanamimdevrobi wesrigi namimdevrobis esrigia Tanamimdevrobis wesrigia da ara Tanaarsebobisa (sivrce). drois momentebi ganlagebulia erTimeoris Semdeg da ara erTimeoris gverdiT. swored amitom dro erTganzomilebiania, realuri sivrce ki _ samganzomilebiani. dro sami momentisagan Sedgeba: warsuli, awmyo da momavali. am momentebidan aristoteles realurad mxolod awmyo miaCnda, vinaidan warsuli warsulia da ukve 102

aRar arsebobs; momavali ki jer ar damdgara. dagvrCa mxolod awmyo, romelic ganuwyvetlad gadadis warsulSi. aristotele Tvlida, rom awmyo aris sazRvari, romelic warsulsa da momavals erTmaneTisgan hyofs. magram awmyos araviTari ganzomileba ara aqvs, vinaidan igi myisieria, myisierad gadadis warsulSi. ra aris dro? ras niSnavs drois mimdinareoba, drois gavla? drois mimdinareobis Sesaxeb vmsjelobT garkveuli moZraobis Sesrulebis mixedviT, drom gaiara niSnavs imas, rom Sesrulda garkveuli moZraoba, moxda raRac movlena, Catarda raRac procesi. Tuki erTi movlenidan meore movlenamde araferi ar momxdara, araviTari moZraoba ar Sesrulebula da principulad arc SeiZleboda Sesrulebuliyo, maSin es movlenebi erTdrouli iqneba. aseve Tuki samyaroSi araviTari moZraoba ar sruldebodes, anu Tuki samyaro iyos absoluturad uZravi, maSin araviTari dro ar iarsebebda. sadac araferi ar xdeba, araviTari moZraoba ar sruldeba, iq arc dro arsebobs. magram samyaro, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, ganuwyvetlad moZraobs, icvleba, maSasadame, droSi imyofeba. moZraoba calkeuli procesebis saxiT sruldeba; yovel process aqvs dasawyisi da dasasruli, xolo am or punqts Soris ganvlil dros procesis xangrZlivoba ewodeba. dro, zogadi azriT, aris procesis xangrZlivoba. es, cxadia, ise ar unda gavigoT, rom TiTqos dros aqvs xangrZlivoba. ase esmoda dro klasikur azrovnebas, romelsac absoluturi sivrcisa da drois arseboba swamda. dro ar SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc substancia, xolo xangrZlivoba _ misi Tviseba. drois, rogorc xangrZlivobis, qveS procesis xangrZlivoba igulisxmeba; sakuTriv dros ki araviTari xangrZlivoba ara aqvs. ara marto dro ar arsebobs moZraobis gareSe, aramed arc moZraoba arsebobs drois gareSe. moZraobis substrats materialuri sxeulebi warmoadgens; dro ki moZraobis sazomia (aristotele). aqedan droisa da materialuri samyaros ganuyreloba gamomdinareobs. materiisa

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da moZraobis ganuyreloba materiisa da drois ganuyrelobasac niSnavs. moZraoba da cvalebadoba sxvadasxva mdgomareobaSi yofnaa. es mdgomareobani Tanamimdevrul wesrigs qmnis, romelic swor xazze wertilebis ganlagebas SeiZleba SevadaroT. erTi wertili ufro winaa meoreze, meore _ mesameze da a. S. drois enaze enaze es adre da gvianis wesrigs Seesabameba, romelic erTganzomilebiania. drois erTganzomilebianoba swored amas niSnavs. es mdgomareobani asimetriul wesrigs qmnis, romelsac progresuli xasiaTi aqvs da Sebrunebis SesaZleblobas praqtikulad gamoricxavs. moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa es Tanamimdevroba, wesrigi aris swored is, rac xangrZlivobis Sinaarss Seadgens. drois CaTvla xangrZlivobad arafris mTqmeli ar aris imaze miTiTebis gareSe, rac xangrZlivobis cnebis Sinaarss warmoadgens. amrigad, drois CaTvla xangrZlivobad niSnavs imas, rom dro aris moZraobisa da moZraobisa oZra valebadobis mdgomare baTa Tanamimdevari esrigi. lebadobi gomareo namimdeva rigi cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevari wesrigi swored amaSi gamoixateba drois relatiuri buneba. dros ki ara aqvs wesrigi, aramed TviTon aris wesrigi anu imis Tviseba, ris wesrigsac igi warmoadgens. dro araerTdroulad arsebulTa wesrigia, Tanamimdevrobis wesrigia da, maSasadame, damokidebulia imaze, risi wesrigic igi aris. amgvari gageba drois ara marto substanciurobis uaryofas, aramed agreTve realuri arsisa da drois ganuyrelobasac amtkicebs. wesrigi yovelTvis aris imis forma, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. am azriT dro realuri arsis arsebobis formas warmoadgens. garda fizikuri droisa, romelsac yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, Seexeba, SeiZleba vivaraudoT biologiuri da fsiqologiuri drois arsebobac. biologebis mier SemCneulia cxovelebSi biologiuri saaTi. aseTi saaTiT~ sargebloben, magaliTad, frinvelebi, romlebic erTsa da imave dros Tbil qveynebSi mifrinaven; mamlebi yivian erTsa da imave dros. aseTive zusti dro SeiniSneba fut104

krebSi, meduzebSi, ZaRlebSi da a. S. adamianic xSirad erTsa da imave dros iZinebs an iRviZebs, ku drois garkveul intervalSi gamoyofs an damalavs Tavs da a.S. aseT faqtebs SeiZleba biologiuri dro vuwodoT. kidev ufro aSkaraa fsiqologiuri drois arseboba. roca mxiarulobT, maSin dro swrafad gadis, mwuxarebisa da gaWirvebisas, piriqiT, dro gacilebiT xangrZlivia. ainStaini xumrobiT ambobda: Seyvarebul Wabuks satrfosTan gatarebuli erTi saaTi wuTad eCveneba, magram Tu mas gaxurebul Rumelze dasvamen, maSin wuTi saukuned moeCvenebao. baironi wers: adamianis goneba JamTa denas ganicdis ara saaTTan dakavSirebiT, aramed mas zomavs sitkboTi an mwuxarebiT misgan gancdiliT. aseTia fsiqologiuri dro, romelic agreTve moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa wesrigs warmoadgens da, maSasadame, relatiuria.

$26. sivrcis ganzomilebani


sivrcis ganzomilebis problemas maTematika ikvlevs, vinaidan sivrcis konkretuli Tvisebebis Sesaxeb mecnierebas geometria ewodeba. magram sivrcis buneba, misi uzogadesi Tvisebebi naturfilosofiuri kvlevis sagania. aseve iTqmis sivrcis ganzomilebebis Sesaxeb. sivrcis samganzomilebianobas geometria afiqsirebs. magram ratom aqvs sivrces sami da ara meti an naklebi ganzomileba, am sakiTxis kvleva geometriis miznebs scildeba da filosofiis prerogatives warmoadgens. hegeli ambobda, rom geometrias ar SeiZleba movTxovoT im faqtis aucileblobis dasabuTeba, rom sivrces swored sami ganzomileba aqvs, vinaidan geometria ar aris filosofiuri mecniereba.1 sivrcis samganzomilebianobis dasabuTebis mcdelobas xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. jer kidev piTagorelebi am problemis axsnas ricxvTa Teoriis safuZvelze cdilobdnen. maTi azriT, sivrce imitom aris samganzomilebiani,
1

, , . 2. , ., 1975, c. 47.

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rom sami sruli ricxvia. da, maSasadame, privilegiuri mniSvnelobis mqonea. TiTqmis yvela moazrovne kantamde sivrcis samganzomilebianobas im argumentis safuZvelze xsnidnen, romelsac sivrcis orTogonaluri RerZebis triadis argumenti ewodeba. saxeldobr, amtkicebdnen, rom sivrces sami ganzomileba imitom aqvs, rom sivrcis nebismieri wertilidan SesaZlebelia mxolod sami urTierTperpendikularuli sworis gavleba, romlebic sam marT kuTxes Seqmnis. kantma sivrcis samganzomilebianobis problema geometriidan fizikaSi gadaitana da niutonis msoflio mizidulobis kanons daukavSira. samganzomilebianoba, albaT, imis gamo warmoiSoba _ werda igi _ rom arsebul samyaroSi substanciebi erTmaneTze imgvarad moqmedebs, rom moqmedebis Zala manZilis kvadratis ukuproporciulia.1 puankarem sivrcis samganzomilebianoba adamianis Semmecnebel unars daukavSira. misi azriT, adamianis goneba isea mowyobili, rom sivrces aRiqvams, rogorc samganzomilebians. Cvens gonebas rom sxva unarebi hqondes, maSin gamoricxuli ar aris, rom sivrce aRiqvas rogorc samze meti an naklebi ganzomilebis mqone. amasTanave puankare amodioda ra Tavisi konvencionalisturi poziciebidan, Tvlida, rom CvenTvis sivrcis samganzomilebianoba ufro marjvea, ufro moxerxebulia, vidre sxva ganzomilebani.2 raixenbaxma sivrcis samganzomilebianoba mizezobriobis kanons daukavSira. mtkice mizezobrivi mimarTebebis dasadgenad aucilebelia sivrcis samganzomilebianobis daSveba; sxva SemTxvevaSi miviRebT mizezobriobis kanonis darRvevas _ kauzalur anomalias. maSasadame, misi azriT, sivrcis samganzomilebianobis mtkicebas obieqturi Sinaarsi aqvs; igi Seesabameba samyaroSi arsebuli mizezobriobis kanons.3

. , , . I, ., 1964, c. 71. . , , . 1920. c. 140. 3 H. Reichenbach, Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre., Brl. 1928, s. 314.

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sivrcis samganzomilebianobis mimzidveli axsna mocemulia Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi didi mecnieris st. houkingis wignSi Teoria yvelafris Sesaxeb; samyaros warmoSoba da bedi. man sivrcis samganzomilebianobis axsna anTropuli principis safuZvelze scada. adamians, am koncefciis mixedviT, sicocxle mxolod samganzomilebian sivrceSi SeuZlia. samze meti an naklebi ganzomilebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi iseTi rTuli arseba, rogoric adamiania, ver ganviTardeba. organzomilebian sivrceSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda kveba, sisxlis mimoqceva organizmSi da a. S. Cveni arseboba SesaZlebelia mxolod samganzomilebian sivrcesa da erTganzomilebian droSi.1 antropul princips, romelzec am wignis meoTxe nawilSi (teleologia) gveqneba msjeloba, teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. samyaro Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis; sxva samyaroSi adamianis arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. es idea uTuod yuradRebas imsaxurebs; aseve iTqmis sivrcis samganzomilebianobis da drois erTganzomilebianobis problemis axsnis Sesaxeb anTropuli principis poziciebidan. Cven vfiqrobT, rom sivrcis samganzomilebianobis axsna gacilebiT martivi gziT SeiZleba. ganzomileba aris mimarTuleba (magram ara piriqiT; yoveli mimarTuleba ar aris ganzomileba). fizikuri sxeulebi mravali mimarTulebiT aris ganfenili. yoveli wertilidan SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva mimarTulebiT swori xazis gavleba. amave dros yvela mimarTuleba ekvivalenturia, Tanabari Rirebulebis mqonea. ar arsebobs ZiriTadi da araZiriTadi mimarTulebani. magram realuri sivrcis geometriuaucilebe cilebeli sakmarisia akmarisi li Tvisebebis aRsawerad aucilebeli da sakmarisia mxolod sami mimarTuleba, iseTi mimarTulebani, romelTa saSualebiT srulad daxasiaTdeba fizikuri sxeulis geometriuli Tvisebebi. amrigad, sxeulis mdebareobis geometriuli Tvisebebis aRweris SesaZlebloba mimarTulebaTa arCevis kriteriumi unda iyos. is mimarTulebani, rom-

Stephlen Hawking, The Theory of everything. The origin and Fate of the universe, USA, 2002, p. 158-159.

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lebic am moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, iqneba sivrcis ganzomilebani, romelTac Cven ZiriTad mimarTulebebs vuwodebT. am azriT vambobT, rom realur sivrces mxolod sami ganzomileba aqvs da es warmoadgens sivrcis samganzomilebianobis kriteriums. rasakvirvelia, gasaTvaliswinebelia puankares is argumentic, romlis mixedviT sivrcis samganzomilebianoba adamianis Semmecnebeli gonebisaTvis ufro marjve da moxerxebulia, vidre sxva ganzomilebani. kidev ufro sayuradReboa anTropuli argumenti, romelic winasTan axlo kavSirSi imyofeba. am argumentis mixedviT sivrcis ganzomilebebidan sams mxolod imitom virCevT, rom igi Seesabameba adamianis materialur interesebs; kerZod, igi sxva ganzomilebebze ufro metad saWiroebs sam ganzomilebas, vinaidan is misi sicocxlis erT-erT aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens.

$27. geometriis relatiurobis problema


araevkliduri geometriis warmoSobamde evkliduri geometria miCneuli iyo erTaderT SesaZlebel geometriul sistemad da, maSasadame, misgan gansxvavebuli geometriis arsebobis SesaZleblobas principulad gamoricxavdnen. am poziciebze idga, magaliTad, kanti rodesac werda wminda gonebis kritikis pirvel nawils transcendentaluri esTetika. meore mxriv iyvnen iseTi moazrovneebic, romlebic evkliduri geometriis privilegiurobas amtkicebdnen araevkliduri geometriis mimarT; Tvlidnen, rom erTaderTi WeSmariti geometria aris evkliduri. am SemTxvevaSi isini im meTodologiuri wanamZRvridan amodiodnen, rom mravali _ miT umetes urTierTsapirispiro _ geometriebidan WeSmariti mxolod erTi SeiZleba iyos. amis argumentad ZiriTadad simartivesa da TvalsaCinoebas (intuiciurobas) asaxelebdnen. evkliduri geometria ufro martivi da TvalsaCinoa, vidre araevkliduri da amaSi xedavdnen mis 108

upiratesobas, magram isini ar iTvaliswinebdnen imas, rom arc erTi es Tavisebureba geometriuli sistemis WeSmaritebis sasargeblod ar laparakobs. raime SeiZleba iyos martivic da TvalsaCinoc, magram ar iyos WeSmariti. aseTia yvela Secdoma, romelsac fsiqologiuri sicxade axlavs, magram mainc Secdomaa. kidev metic, zogjer TvalsaCinoeba TviTon aris Secdomis wyaro. magaliTad, kiTxvaze: arsebobs Tu ara calgverda zedapiri? intuicia uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva, Tumca topologiidan kargad cnobilia misi arseboba. isic unda iTqvas, rom evklides geometriaSi yvelaferi rodia martivi da TvalsaCino. raixenbaxma scada araevkliduri geometriis gaTvalsaCinoebis SesaZleblobis dasabuTeba. igi amtkicebda, rom evkliduri geometriis TvalsaCinoebis safuZvels is warmoadgens, rom Cven vxmarobT (miCveuli varT) iseTi tolobis definicias, romelic mxolod evklidur sivrceSi gamodgeba. Tu tolobis definicias SevcvliT, maSin araevkliduri geometria iseve TvalsaCino gaxdeba, rogorc evkliduri. amiT raixenbaxs imis Tqma surs, rom evklidur geometrias araviTari upiratesoba ara aqvs. es niSnavs, misi azriT, rom evkliduri geometriis WeSmaritebaze, miT umetes, erTaderT WeSmaritebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. puankare, idga ra konvencionalizmis poziciebze, amtkicebda, rom sakiTxi geometriuli sistemebis WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb usazrisoa, vinaidan arc erTi geometria ar aris WeSmariti. SeiZleba vilaparakoT mxolod ama Tu im geometriuli sistemis simarjvis, moxerxebulobis da ara WeSmaritebisa da Semecnebis Sesaxeb. geometriuli aqsiomebi _ wers puankare _ ar aris arc sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobani, arc cdiseuli faqtebi; isini aris pirobiTi debulebani... aris Tu ara evkliduri geometria WeSmariti? am sakiTxs azri ara aqvs... erTi geometria ar SeiZleba ufro WeSmariti iyos, vidre meore. igi SeiZleba iyos

109

mxolod ufro marjve. evkliduri geometria rCeba da darCeba ufro marjved.1 rasakvirvelia, sworia is, rom geometriuli sistema aqsiomebis safuZvelze aigeba da, maSasadame, aqsiomebis arCevani geometriuli sistemis bunebas gansazRvravs. sworia isic, rom es arCevani Tavisufalia im moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT (Tavsebadoba, sisrule, damoukidebloba), romlis farglebSic arCevani xdeba. Tavisufali arCevani imitom aris SesaZlebeli, rom realur sivrces sxvadasxva Tviseba aqvs, rac sxvadasxva geometriuli sistemis Seswavlis obieqti xdeba. yvela geometriuli sistema ekvivalenturia im azriT, rom isini, rogorc realuri sivrcis sxvadasxva Tvisebebis Semswavleli mecnierebani, WeSmaritia. magram am sistemebs erTmaneTis Secvla ar SeuZliaT. evkliduri geometria kosmosur sivrceSi ar gamodgeba, aseve araevkliduri geometriis gamoyeneba evklidur sivrceSi zedmetia, vinaidan am sivrcis aRsawerad evkliduri geometriac kmara. erTi sityviT, evkliduri geometria WeSmaritia evkliduri sivrcis mimarT, magram ar aris WeSmariti araevkliduri sivrcis mimarT; sagani ki maT, rogorc gansxvavebul mecnierebebs, sxvadasxva aqvT. es niSnavs, rom arc erTi geometria ar aris privilegiuri mecniereba, Tumca yvela maTgani WeSmaritia TavianTi sagnebis mimarT, ramdenadac isini realuri sivrcis obieqtur Tvisebebs asaxaven. sivrce erTia da ara mravali, magram mas sxvadasxva mxareebi aqvs, rac sxvadasxva geometriuli sistemis Seswavlis sagania. amrigad, miviReT geometriis relatiurobis problemis konvencionalisturi gadawyvetis sapirispiro Sedegi. konvencionalizmi geometriis relatiurobis problemis gadawyvetas geometriuli sistemebis WeSmaritebis uaryofaSi xedavs. Cven ki vfiqrobT, rom am problemis gadawyveta SesaZlebelia yvela geometriuli sistemis WeSmaritebis aRiarebis safuZvelze. geometriuli sistemebi tolfasovania (ekvivalenturia) im azriT, rom yvela maT1

. , , c. 60-61.

110

gani WeSmaritia, e. i. realuri sivrcis sxvadasxva Tvisebis Semecnebas warmoadgens. amrigad, geometriis relatiuroba, e. i. sxvadasxva geometriuli sistemis ekvivalenturoba unda gadawydes am sistemebis WeSmaritebis aRiarebis pirobebSi. maTi ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba yvela maTganis WeSmaritad aRiarebaSi mdgomareobs. aqsiomebis konvenciuri xasiaTi, risi uaryofac ar SeiZleba, ar ewinaaRmdegeba maT SemecnebiT funqciebs; konvencia TavisTavad ar aris Semecneba, magram arapirdapir mas SemecnebiTi funqcia gaaCnia.1 es funqcia geometriis SemTxvevaSi sivrcis Tvisebebis SemecnebaSi gamoixateba. geometria aris mecniereba; es niSnavs, rom igi sinamdvilis Semecnebas warmoadgens, Semecneba ki WeSmaritebis Semecnebas niSnavs. araevkliduri geometriis aRmoCenam, romelic dakavSirebulia lobaCevskis, gausisa da boliais saxelebTan, uaryo tradiciuli Tvalsazrisi da daasabuTa principulad sxvagvari geometriuli sistemis SesaZlebloba, romelSic evklides geometriis V postulati (paralelobis aqsioma), romlis mixedviT, mocemuli sworis gareSe mdebare nebismieri wertilidan SesaZlebelia mxolod erTi sworis gavleba, romelic pirvels arasodes gadakveTs, Secvlilia sruliad sapirispiro (araevkliduri) aqsiomiT, romelic SesaZleblad Tvlis mocemuli sworis mimarT mravali paraleluri sworis gavlebas. araevklidur geometriaSi samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami, evklides geometriisagan gansxvavebiT, ar udris ori swori kuTxis jams. erTi sityviT, araevkliduri geometria principulad axal geometriul sistemas warmoadgens, romlis safuZvelze sxva geometriuli sistemebic (magaliTad, rimanis geometria) warmoiSva. araevkliduri geometriis warmoSobis Semdeg daisva sakiTxi imis Sesaxeb, Tu romelia WeSmariti geometria, romeli geometria Seesabameba realur sivrces _ evkli1

am debulebis dasabuTeba mocemulia Cvens wignSi: fsevdoabsoluturis filosofia, Tbilisi, 2006.

111

duri Tu araevkliduri? fizikas evkliduri geometria unda daedos safuZvlad, Tu sxva romelime geometria?... rogoria fizikuri samyaros geometria _ evkliduri Tu sxvagvari?1 es sakiTxi ar idga araevkliduri geometriis warmoSobamde, vinaidan igi erTaderT SesaZlebel geometriul sistemad iTvleboda. araevkliduri geometriis warmoSobam uaryo azri evkliduri geometriis erTaderTobis Sesaxeb (rasac kantis sivrcis Teoria emyareboda), ramac ganapiroba zemoaRniSnuli sakiTxis dasma WeSmariti geometriis Sesaxeb. rigi moazrovneebisa im daskvnamde mividnen, rom WeSmaritebis TvalsazrisiT yvela geometria tolfasovania, ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobisaa; ar arsebobs privilegirebuli geometria. es aris relatiurobis Teoriis arsi.

dro roi bieqtivacia eqtivaci $28. drois obieqtivacia


drois gansazRvreba, rogoc moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigisa, niSnavs, rom drois materialur substrats~, mis safuZvels moZraoba da cvalebadoba warmoadgens; dro da moZraoba, cxadia, sxvadasxvaa, magram dro ar arsebobs moZraobis gareSe. jer kidev aristotele dros uwodebda moZraobis zomas. maT Soris ara mxolod aucilebeli, aramed Sinagani, intimuri kavSiric arsebobs. iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia drois warmodgena moZraobis gareSe, aseve, piriqiT, SeuZlebelia moZraobis warmodgena drois gareSe. maradiuloba drois sapirispiro cnebaa, igi drois gamoricxvaa, romelic uZraobis cnebasTan kavSirSia. droisa da moZraobis am Sinagani, aucilebeli kavSiridan gamomdinareobs, rom moZraobis kanonzomiereba drois kanonzomierebaSi specifikurad aisaxeba. cnobilia, rom moZraoba da cvalebadoba, romelsac realuri arsis
1

. , , . I I. . 1966, c. 180.

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sferoSi universaluri mniSvneloba aqvs (yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba; realuri arsis _ movlenaTa samyaros _ sferoSi araferi ar aris zedrouli, maradiuli), araTanabrobiT xasiaTdeba, rasac bunebaSi arsebuli sxvadasxva Zalebis zemoqmedeba iwvevs. es Zalebi cvlis moZravi sxeulebis moZraobis ritms _ aCqarebs an anelebs mas. am mxriv gamonakliss arc ciuri sxeulebi (varskvlavebi, planetebi) Seadgens, romelTa moZraobis raodenoba absoluturi sizustiT arasodes ar meordeba. kidev ufro mobiluria organuli samyaro, romelic Sinagani da garegani Zalebis mudmivi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba. aRarafers vambobT fsiqikur procesebze, romelic gansakuTrebuli araTanabari moZraobiT gamoirCeva. amrigad, adamianis rogorc Sinagan, ise garegan samyaroSi yvelaferi sxvadasxva siCqariT moZraobs da icvleba; xolo vinaidan dro aris moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi, amitom yvela moZrav sistemas Tavisi dro aqvs, romlebic erTmaneTisagan, moZraobisa da cvalebadobis gansxvavebuli ritmis Sesabamisad, gansxvavebulia. yovel aTvlis sxeuls (koordinatTa sistemas) _ wers ainStaini _ Tavisi sakuTari dro aqvs; drois Cvenebas mxolod maSin aqvs azri, rodesac naCvenebia aTvlis sxeuli, romelsac igi Seesabameba~.1 aseTia lokaluri~, adgilobrivi~, anu sakuTari dro~, romelic yovelTvis garkveul aTvlis sistemas gulisxmobs da yvela maTgans ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. ar arsebobs privilegiuri~, anu absoluturi dro~. magram es garemoeba adamianis praqtikul cxovrebaSi mTel rig uxerxulobebs qmnis. Tu adamianebi lokaluri, anu relatiuri droiT isargeblebdnen, maSin maTi kavSiri SeuZlebeli gaxdeboda da, saerTod, SeuZlebeli iqneboda adamianTa sazogadoebis arseboba. swored es garemoeba aucilebels xdis erTiani drois~ SemoRebas anu lokaluri drois uaryofas, drois sayovelTao sazomis dawesebas.
1

. , , . I, . 544

113

es erTiani, sayovelTao dro romelsac konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs da, maSasadame, garkveuli TviTneburi SeTanxmebis Sedegia, aris drois obieqtivacia. sxvadasxva ritrois bieqtivacia eqtivaci mis mqone moZraobebidan, romelTac TavisTavad ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvT da, maSasadame, TavianTi bunebiT relatiuria lati relatiuria, Cven virCevT erT-erTs, vTqvaT, dedamiwis brunvas RerZis garSemo an saaTis isrebis moZraobas danomril ciferblatze da mas drois sazomad _ saaTad _ vxmarobT. amiT vaxdenT relatiuri (lokaluri) drois gaobieqturebas, mis gaabsoluturebas, anu vqmniT fsevdoabfsevdoab evdoabsolutur dros. lutu solutur dros xelovnurad gaobieqturebuli dro privilegiur mniSvnelobas iZens da sayovelTao, savaldebulo drod iqceva. yvela adamiani valdebulia daemorCilos~ am xelovnurad gaabsoluturebul dros, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi yalbia, fiqtiuri droa, realur viTarebas ar asaxavs. saaTebis gamoyenebis wyalobiT _ wers ainStaini _ drois cneba obieqturi xdeba.~1 da, Semdeg mxolod am cnebis (obieqturi drois cnebis _ s. a.) wyalobiT adgilobrivi drois idea farTovdeba, gadaiqceva ra igi idead drois Sesaxeb fizikaSi.~2 drois obieqtivacias, rogorc vTqviT, konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs, TviTneburi SeTanxmebis Sedegia. magram es SeTanxmeba mTlad TviTneburi rodia; igi garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes (magaliTad, moZraobis Tanabroba da sxv.). isev ainStains mivmarToT: saaTad SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas nebismieri fizikuri movlena, Tu SesaZlebelia misi ganmeoreba imdenjer, ramdenic aucilebelia. Tu aseTi xdomilobis Tavsa da bolos Soris arsebul intervals aviRebT erTdroulad, maSin drois yoveli intervali SegviZlia gavzomoT am fizikuri procesis ganmeorebiT. yvela saaTi, umartivesi saaTiT yvelaze srulqmnil saaTebamde, am ideaze dafuZnebuli.~3 obieqtivirebuli dro, marTalia, fsevdoabsoluturia, magram igi adamianTa cxovrebaSi WeSmariti, absolu1 2

. , , . IV, c. 470 iqve, gv. 270 3 iqve, gv. 470

114

turi drois funqcias asrulebs; xolo sakuTriv absoluturi dro~ ki, romelsac klasikuri fizika varaudobda, ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes. drois obieqtivaciis sailustraciod warmovidginoT, rom davkargeT drois angariSi _ ar viciT romeli saaTia. SevdivarT oTaxSi, sadac ramdenime saaTia, magram yvela maTgani sxvadasxva dros aCvenebs, Tumca isini Tanabari siCqariT moZraobs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, cxadia, SeuZlebelia yvela saaTiT sargebloba; aucilebeli xdeba absoluturi~, privilegirebuli drois daweseba. erTaderTi gamosavali am SemTxvevaSi is aris, rom drois axali aTvla SemoviRoT, e. i. am mravali, ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis saaTebidan erT-erTi TviTneburad avirCioT da yvela danarCeni mis mixedviT gavasworoT. amiT arCeuli saaTis isrebis Cveneba privilegiur mniSvnelobas SeiZens, etalonad~, absolutur~ drod gadaiqceva. misi privilegiuroba da absoluturoba imaSia, rom amieridan Cven valdebuli varT, rom Cveni saaTebi mis mixedviT gavasworoT da Cveni saqmianobac mis mixedviT vawarmooT. aseTi gaobieqtivirebuli anu xelovnurad gaabsoluturebuli drois sazomi etalonebia grinviCis, moskovis da a. S. saaTebi. vimeorebT, rom am etalonebis upiratesobas is qmnis, rom isini maqsimaluri TanabrobiT muSaobs, maqsimalurad (SesaZleblobis farglebSi) gamoricxulia maTze gareSe (bunebrivi) Zalebis zemoqmedeba. es imasac adasturebs, rom adamianis mTeli moRvaweoba _ praqtikulic da Teoriulic _ absoluturis gareSe SeuZlebelia.

dro rois kauzalu luri Teoria $29. drois kauzaluri Teoria


drois cnebis gansazRvrebidan (dro, rogorc moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi~) gamomdinareobs, rom dro mxolod erTganzomilebiani wesrigia. xdomilobaTa Tanamimdevroba mxolod erTganzomilebiani SeiZleba iyos. 115

es udavo faqti warmoSobs droSi Tanamimdevrobis kriteriumis povnis problemas: ris safuZvelze SegviZlia vamtkicoT, rom erTi movlena moxda meoreze adre an gvian? SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom am funqciis Sesruleba saaTs SeuZlia, vinaidan igi aCvenebs wesrigs adresa~ da gvians~ Soris. magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris, vinaidan saaTi aris Seqmnili am wesrigis mixedviT; igi sxva araferia, garda drois wesrigis ilustraciisa; swored amitom drois wesrigis problema kvlav problemad rCeba. am problemis gadasawyvetad naturfilosofiaSi sxvadasxva mosazreba Camoyalibda: maT Soris yvelaze popularulia drois kauzaluri Teoria, romelic problemis gadawyvetas mizezobriobis kanonis safuZvelze cdilobs. es Teoria amtkicebs, rom droSi Tanamimdevrobis anu drois wesrigis kriteriums mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris arseboba warmoadgens. mizezi droSi win uswrebs Sedegs; amitom Tu cnobilia rom erTi movlena aris meore movlenis mizezi, maSin advilad davadgenT maT Soris droul Tanamimdevrobas, pirveli movlena ufro adre moxda, vidre meore. am Teoriis elementebi jer kidev laibnicTan gvxvdeba, xolo Semdeg hiumem da kantma xazi gausves mizezobriobisa da droSi Tanamimdevrobis kavSirs. magram yvelaze mniSvnelovani mainc isaa, rom es Teoria ainStainmac gamoiyena. igi wers: ~xdomilobaTa drouli wesrigi invariantulia (lorencis gardaqmnebis mimarT) sxvadasxva damkvirveblisaTvis maSin da mxolod maSin, rodesac ganxiluli xdomilobani SeiZleba dakavSirebuli iqnas signalebiT, e. i. mizezobrivi jaWvebiT, romlebic gadaadgildebian~ iseTi siCqariT, romelic ar aRemateba sinaTlis siCqares sicarieleSi~. es niSnavs, rom A da B xdomilobani droSi Tanamimdevaria mxolod maSin, Tu SesaZlebelia maTi dakavSireba sinaTlis signalis saSualebiT, romelic mizezobrivi moqmedebis gadamcemis rols asrulebs.

116

am Teoriis logikur nakls warmoadgens wre dasabuTebaSi~ (circulus vitiosus). droul Tanamimdevrobas mizezobrivi kavSiris safuZvelze davadgenT, magram mizezobrivi kavSiris dadgena TviTon moiTxovs winaswar drouli kavSiris codnas. marTlac, mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris principuli SesaZleblobis qveS yovelTvis xdomilobaTa drouli Tanamimdevroba igulisxmeba. ase moveqeciT mojadoebul wreSi~. aseTive mdgomareoba gvaqvs ainStainTanac, romelic Tvlis, rom ori xdomiloba droSi Tanamimdevaria (erTi ufro adrea meoreze) mxolod maSin, Tu arsebobs sinaTlis signalis saSualebiT maTi dakavSirebis SesaZlebloba; magram dakavSirebis SesaZleblobis qveS arsebiTad isev am xdomilobebis droSi Tanamimdevroba igulisxmeba. amrigad, miviReT tavtologia: ori xdomiloba droSi Tanamimdevaria maSin, Tu isini droSi Tanamimdevaria. analogiuri viTareba gvaqvs mizezobriobis SemTxvevaSic. mizezi, cxadia, droSi win uswrebs Sedegs, magram saidan gavigoT, rom or xdomilobas Soris mizezobrivi (geneturi) kavSiria, e. i. erTi warmoSobs meore, Tu maT Soris ubralo drouli Tanamimdevrobaa? am sakiTxs isev hiumesTan mivyavarT. am siZnelis daZleva h. raixenbaxma e. w. markirebis meTodiT~ scada, Tumca es cdac warumatebeli aRmoCnda (j. uitrou). miuxedavad am logikuri naklisa, drois kauzalur Teorias warmatebiT iyeneben rogorc bunebismecnierebaSi, ise bunebismecnierebis filosofiaSi. sinaTlis signali, romelic cariel sivrceSi Tanabari da zRvruli siCqariT vrceldeba, xdomilobaTa droSi Tanamimdevrobis dasadgenad gamoiyeneba. kerZod, sinaTlis signalis mudmivobas emyareba ainStainis relatiurobis specialuri Teoria, romelic erT-erTi postulatis rols asrulebs.

erTdro lobi problema Tdrou bis oble $30. erTdroulobis problema


drois kauzaluri Teoria drois mxolod or moments _ warsulsa da momavals _ exeba; drois mesame mo117

menti _ awmyo _ kidev ufro didi sirTuleebis winaSe ayenebs mecnierebis filosofias, vinaidan masTan dakavSirebulia sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis problema, romelic ainStainis relatiurobis specialuri Teoriis birTvs warmoadgens. niutonis fizika absoluturi sivrcisa da drois cnebebidan amodioda, romlis safuZvelzec absoluturi erTdroulobis arsebobas uSvebda. am koncefciis safuZvels agreTve moqmedebis myisieri gadacemis (actio in distans) hipoTezac warmoadgenda, romelic klasikur fizikaSi udavod iTvleboda. aseve udavod iyo miCneuli sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdrouloba, vinaidan sinaTlis signali, romlis myisierad gavrcelebas varaudobdnen, iolad daadgens sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobas. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam, absoluturi sivrcisa da drois uaryofasTan erTad, sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis absoluturi erTdroulobis dadgenis SesaZleblobac uaryo sinaTlis signalis gavrcelebis sasrulobisa da axlomoqmedebis principis safuZvelze. sinaTlis sxivi zRvruli siCqariT vrceldeba, magram misi siCqare usasrulo mainc ar aris (300000 km/sek.). es niSnavs, rom sinaTlis sxivis gavrceleba dros saWiroebs da, maSasadame, Sorsmoqmedebis princips cvlis axlomoqmedebis principi, rac erTdroulobis relatiurobasa da, maSasadame, absoluturi erTdroulobis SeuZleblobas ganapirobebs. sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis absoluturi erTdroulobis dadgena SeuZlebelia, vinaidan sinaTlis signalis gavrceleba dros saWiroebs. absoluturi erTdrouloba principulad daukvirvebadia, ris gamoc mas ara aqvs mecnieruli sazrisi. erTaderTi erTdrouloba, romelzec mecniers SeuZlia msjeloba, aris relatiuri. Tu or xdomilobas Soris drois intervali metia im intervalze, romelic sinaTlis signals esaWiroeba am or xdomilobas Soris manZilis gasavlelad, maSin maTgan erT-erTi absoluturad adrea meoreze, xolo Tu maT So118

ris drois intervali naklebia im intervalze, romelic sinaTlis signals esaWiroeba maT Soris arsebuli manZilis gasavlelad, maSin ar arsebobs am or xdomilobas Soris mizezobrivi moqmedebis gadacemis SesaZlebloba da, maSasadame, isini erTdroulia. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs relatiur da ara absolutur erTdroulobasTan. erTdroulobis relatiuroba, h. raixenbaxis mixedviT, sqematurad ase SeiZleba warmovidginoT: vTqvaT A wertilidan t1 droSi gavuSviT sinaTlis signali dedamiwidan mzeze.

Ct3 Bt2 At1


am manZilis gasavlelad sxivs 8 wuTi esaWiroeba. sxivi mzeze mivida t2 droSi, airekla da t3 droSi kvlav dedamiwaze dabrunda. Tu sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis Tezisidan amovalT (ainStaini swored aqedan amodis), maSin

t2 =

t3 t1 . magram t3 t1 sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis 2

pirobebSi udris 16 wuTs, xolo drois am intervalSi bevri ram iseTi SeiZleba moxdes, romlis droul wesrigs

t2 -Tan ver davadgenT kvlav sinaTlis siCqaris sas-

rulobis gamo. yvela xdomiloba, romelTac adgili hqondaT t1-mde, e. i. sinaTlis signalis gaSvebamde da t3-is Semdeg, e. i. sinaTlis signalis ukan dabrunebis Semdeg, unda ganxilul iqnas rogorc absoluturad adre~ da gvian~, xolo danarCeni xdomilobani, romelTac adgili hqondaT

t3 t1 droSi, e. i. sinaTlis signalis gagzavnisa da ukan


brunebis intervalSi,

t2 -is erTdroulia. es niSnavs er-

Tdroulobis relatiurobas, romelic fizikuri TvalsazrisiT sinaTlis siCqaris sasrulobas, xolo filosofiuri TvalsazrisiT dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiur 119

princips emyareba, romelic krZalavs mecnierul msjelobas principulad daukvirvebadi fenomenebis Sesaxeb (amis Sesaxeb ufro vrclad am wignis mexuTe nawilSi gveqneba laparaki). ainStainis erTdroulobis relativisturi Teoria agreTve logikur wres Seicavs. saxeldobr, erTdroulobis dadgena winaswar saWiroebs sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis codnas (sinaTle AB da BC manZilebs tol droSi gadis), xolo sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobis dadgena (gazomva) TviTon moiTxovs erTdroulobis codnas. ase moveqeciT logikur wreSi erTdroulobis dadgenasa da sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobas Soris.1 am garemoebas gansakuTrebuli dabejiTebiT raixenbaxma gausva xazi.2 am siZnelidan gamosavals ainStaini imaSi xedavs, rom sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivobas postulated iRebs da mis safuZvelze agebs relativistur erTdroulobis Teorias. mtkiceba _ wers igi _ rom sinaTle AM da BM manZilebs erTsa da imave dros gadis, sinamdvileSi ar aris wanamZRvari namZRvari, hipoTeza poTe wanamZRvari an hipoTeza sinaTlis fizikuri bunebis Sesaxeb, aramed mtkiceba, romelic SeiZleba gavakeToT Tavisufali arCevanis safuZvelze, raTa erTdroulobis gansazRvrebamde mivideT.~3

dro rois mimarTule marTuleba $31. drois mimarTuleba


sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis Teoria drois bunebis raodenobriv (metrikul) daxasiaTebas iZleva. magram dros aqvs Tvisebrivi mxareebic, romlis qveS, uwinares yovlisa, drois mimarTuleba igulisxmeba. drois mimarTulebis problemis sagania imis garkveva, Tu ramdeni mimarTuleba aqvs dros; igi erTmimarTu1 2

. , , . I, c. 541-542 H. Reichenbach, Philosophie der Raum-Zeit-Lehre, Brl. Leipzig, 1928. ix. agreTve, s. avaliani, hans raixenbaxis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1961 3 . , , . I, . 542

120

lebiania Tu ormimarTulebiani? es niSnavs: dro Sebrunebadia Tu Seubrunebadi? vinaidan dro erTganzomilebiania, mas albaT mxolod erTi mimarTuleba SeiZleba hqondes, magram rogor unda davadginoT drois Sebrunebadoba Tu Seubrunebadoba? ra aris drois mimarTulebis kriteriumi? mkvlevarTa absoluturi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom dro Seubrunebadi da erTmimarTulebiani wesrigia. sxvagvarad _ drois Sebrunebis SemTxvevaSi _ samyaro yiramala iqneboda dayenebuli; sikvdili dabadebaze adre moxdeboda, sasjeli iqneboda danaSaulamde, mka _ Tesvamde da a. S. maSasadame, dro ar SeiZleba Sebrunebadi iyos; igi Seubrunebadi anu erTmimarTulebiani wesrigia. ra aris drois mimarTulebis kriteriumi? erTi ram cxadia, rom raki dro Seubrunebadi da, maSasadame, erTmimarTulebiania, amitom drois mimarTulebis kriteriumic aseTi unda iyos. bunebaSi arsebobs rogorc Sebrunebadi, ise Seubrunebadi procesebi. meqanikuri moZraoba Sebrunebadia, Termodinamikuri ki Seubrunebadi. amitom Tvlian, rom drois mimarTulebis kriteriumia entropiis zrda _ svla wesrigidan uwesrigobisaken. aseTia, magaliTad, gazebisa da siTxeebis Sereva, wvis procesi, siTbos gadasvla Tbili sxeulidan civ sxeulSi da a. S. entropiis zrda _ wesrigidan uwesrigobisaken svla _ romelic erTmimarTulebiania, miCneulia drois erTmimarTulebianobis kriteriumad. Cven vfiqrobT, rom es koncefcia seriozul kritikas imsaxurebs Semdegi garemoebebis gamo: pirveli bolirveli, veli cmanma Camoayaliba Termodinamikis meore kanonis statistikuri interpretacia da daadgina, rom entropiis zrdas statikuri aucileblobis xasiaTi aqvs. es niSnavs, rom Tu mocemuli gvaqvs Caketili fizikuri sistema, maSin did umravles SemTxvevaSi entropia izrdeba, magram calkeul SemTxvevaSi unda vivaraudoT misi Semcirebis SesaZleblobac, e. i. Termodinamikuri procesis Sebruneba. maSasadame, entropiis zrda ar warmoadgens absolutur aucileblobas. magram vinaidan entropiis zrda metad saal121

baToa, xolo Semcireba _ naklebad saalbaTo, amitom, bolcmanis mixedviT, entropiis zrda drois mimarTulebas Seesabameba, Tumca mas statistikuri xasiaTi aqvs. meomeo re, re entropiis Teoriis mTavar nakls is warmoadgens, rom igi winaswar uSvebs drois erTmimarTulebianobas da Semdeg iwyebs iseTi procesis Ziebas, romelic drois erTmimarTulebianobas Seesabameba; es niSnavs, rom winaswar daSvebulia is, rac kvleva-Ziebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes. am Secdomas logikaSi Petitio principii ewodeba, e. i. roca dasabuTeba winaswar dasabuTebulad gulisxmobs imas, rac dasabuTebis Sedegs unda warmoadgendes. amrigad, entropiis TeoriaSi drois mimarTulebis kriteriumis problema dayvanilia drois mimarTulebis maCveneblis povnaze. am SemTxvevaSi drois erTmimarTulebianoba ki ar sabuTdeba, aramed iZebneba misi erTmimarTulebianobis ilustratori da aseTad miCneulia entropiis zrda. mesame, same mesame entropiis Teoria ara marto ver asabuTebs drois erTmimarTulebianobas, aramed, piriqiT, saboloo jamSi mis uaryofamde midis. es aSkarad gamoCnda entropiis Teoriis im variantSi, romelic a. s. edingtonma SeimuSava. entropiis zrda ar SeiZleba usasrulo iyos; odesme siTburi energia samyaroSi gaTanabrdeba, e. i. entropia Sewyvets zrdas da miviRebT samyaros siTbur sikvdils~. am SemTxvevaSi, am Teoriis Tanaxmad, iqneba dro, magram mas ar eqneba mimarTuleba, rac arsebiTad drois uaryofas niSnavs, vinaidan dro mimarTulebis gareSe ukve aRar aris dro. meoTxe entropiis zrda Termodinamikuri (SemeoTxe, oTxe ubrunebadi) procesebis maxasiaTebelia, magram bunebaSi arsebobs Sebrunebadi procesebic (magaliTad, meqanikuri moZraoba), romelic agreTve droSi sruldeba. entropiis zrdam ZiriTadad Termodinamikuri procesebis drois mimarTuleba SeiZleba gvaCvenos, maSin roca es kriteriumi Sebrunebad procesebze ar gamodgeba. Riad rCeba sakiTxi, Tu ris safuZvelze SeiZleba ganisazRvros Sebrunebadi procesebis drois mimarTuleba? drois erTmimarTulebianobis kriteriums xom universaluri mniSvneloba unda hqondes, e. i. Tanabrad exebodes yvela procesis _ ro122

gorc Seubrunebadis, aseve Sebrunebadis _ drois mimarTulebas? drois mimarTulebis problema unda gadawydes drois arsebis analizis safuZvelze. drois arseba ki aris moZraoba. bunebaSi arsebobs Sebrunebadi da Seubrunebadi procesebi, magram ar arsebobs absoluturi Sebrunebadoba an Seubrunebadoba. swored amitom arc drois absoluturi Seubrunebadobis Sesaxeb SeiZleba laparaki. drois mimarTulebas moZraobis mimarTuleba gansazRvravs, vinaidan dro ar aris substancia, igi ar arsebobs moZraobisagan damoukideblad. Tu moxda saswauli da Sebrunda yvela bunebrivi procesi, Sebrundeba droc. aseve iTqmis calkeul procesebzec, vinaidan yvela process _ moZraobis TiToeul formas _ mdgomareobaTa sakuTari Tanamimdevroba anu sakuTari dro~ (ainStaini) aqvs. magram drois mimarTulebis dasadgenad aucilebelia erT-erTi saxis moZraobis drois obieqtivacia, misi gaabsolutureba da am gziT drois mimarTulebis kriteriumis dadgena; cxadia, aseT SemTxvevaSi ufro marjvea Seubrunebadi procesebidan erT-erTis arCeva da misi gaabsolutureba _ kriteriumad gadaqceva. mxolod amdenad aqvs gamarTleba entropiis zrdis arCevas drois mimarTulebis kriteriumad, miuxedavad mTeli misi naklovanebebisa.

123

kan anti nebismecni reba bismecnie $32. kanti da bunebismecniereba


kanti winakritikul periodSi upiratesad bunebismetyveli iyo da ara filosofosi. igi leqciebs kiTxulobda geologiaSi, fizikaSi, geografiaSi, kosmologiaSi da a. S., werda iseT specialur sabunebismetyvelo Temebzec ki, rogoricaa miwisZvris mizezebi, qaris buneba, cis zogadi Teoria, dedamiwis daberebis problema, dedamiwis brunva RerZis garSemo da a. S. kritikul periodSi kants bunebismecnierebis specialuri problemebisaTvis ukve aRar ecala da mTeli gonebrivi energia Teoriuli (Semecnebis Teoria) da praqtikuli (eTika, esTetika) filosofiis problemebis kvlevas moaxmara. miuxedavad amisa, kantis transcendentaluri filosofia bevrad aris davalebuli imdroindeli bunebismecnierebisagan. am mxriv gansakuTrebul interess iwvevs klasikuri fizikisa da evkliduri geometriis gavlena kantis sivrcisa da drois Teoriaze (transcendentaluri esTetika). kantis wminda gonebis kritikis~ pirveli nawilis _ transcendentaluri esTetikis _ sabunebismetyvelo safuZvels niutonis fizika da evklides geometria warmoadgens. ueWvelia, rom kanti kargad icnobda galilei-niutonis klasikur meqanikas, gansakuTrebiT niutonis moZRvrebas absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. niutoni orgvari _ absoluturi da relatiuri _ sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb laparakobda. namdvil, WeSmarit sivrced da drod igi absolutur sivrcesa da dros Tvlida, romelic materiisagan damoukidebelia, arsebobs TavisTavad, yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSe da romelSic, rogorc absoluturad cariel WurWelSi, moTavsebulia samyaro. sivrcesa da dros ara aqvT raime arsebiTi kavSiri imasTan (materiasTan), rac masSi imyofeba. meore mxriv arsebobs fizikuri, relatiuri, grZnobadi sivrce da dro, romelic SegrZnebebSi gveZleva, gazomvadia, ar arsebobs materiisagan damoukideblad, sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxvagvarad warmosdgeba, SemTxveviTi da, maSasadame, moCvenebiTia~. 124

kantma TiTqmis ucvlelad miiRo niutonis absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria, magram mas subieqtivisturi Sinaarsi misca. Tuki niutoni sivrcesa da dros materialuri samyaros adgilsamyoflad (WurWlad~) Tvlida, kantma isini intuiciis wminda, apriorul formebad gamoacxada da sivrcisa da drois niutoniseuli Teoria cnobierebis enaze Targmna. sivrce da dro, rogorc wminda mWvretelobis aprioruli formebi, niutonis absoluturi sivrcisa da drois aslebia imisagan gamoklebiT, rom pirvels wminda gnoseologiuri Sinaarsi aqvs da niutonis TeoriisaTvis damaxasiaTebel obieqturobas moklebulia. kantic laparakobs sivrcisa da drois obieqturobis Sesaxeb, magram mis qveS sxva araferi igulisxmeba, garda intersubieqturobisa, rac niutoniseul obieqturobisagan principulad gansxvavdeba. niutonis absolutur _ cariel _ sivrcesa da dros kantTan sivrcisa da drois aprioroba Seesabameba. araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar SeiZleba warmovidginoT, rom ar arsebobs sivrce, maSin roca Zneli ar aris warmovidginoT, rom masSi araviTari nivTi ar aris.~1 es ki sxva araferia, garda niutonis absoluturi sivrcisa da drois cnebebis gnoseologiuri interpretaciisa. klasikuri fizikis gavlena kantis sivrcisa da drois Teoriaze kidev ufro naTlad Cans TxzulebaSi: bunebismecnierebis metafizikuri sawyisebi~, sadac kanti, niutonis msgavsad, laparakobs absoluturad carieli sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb, romelSic moTavsebulia materia. sivrce da dro materiis adgilsamyofelia. TviTon sivrcisa da drois cnebis gansazRvrebac kants niutonidan aqvs aRebuli. igi, iseve rogorc niutoni, laparakobs orgvar sivrcesa da droze _ absolutursa da relatiurze, romelTagan, agreTve niutonis kvaldakval, absolutur sivrcesa da dros namdvil, WeSmarit sivrced da drod Tvlis, xolo relatiuris moCvenebiTobas~, araWeSmaritebas~ amtkicebs.
1

. , , . III, . 130

125

kantis sivrcisa da drois Teoria aseve davalebulia evkliduri geometriisagan, romelsac erTaderT SesaZlebel geometriul sistemad da, maSasadame, evklidur sivrces erTaderT SesaZlebel sivrced Tvlida. es sruliad bunebrivic iyo, vinaidan kantis dros ar arsebobda sxva fizika da geometria, garda klasikuri fizikisa da evkliduri geometriisa, romelTac kanti klasikuri azrovnebis absolutur formebad Tvlida. evkliduri geometria da klasikuri fizika, amtkicebs kanti, aris erTaderTi SesaZlebeli geometria da fizika, romelTac, rogorc apriorul formebze agebul mecnierebebs, aucilebeli da sayovelTao mniSvneloba aqvT. kanti ara marto ar eWvobda evkliduri geometriisa da niutonis fizikis absoluturobaSi, aramed Tvlida, rom principulad SeuZlebelia sxvagvari geometriisa sxva fizikuri principebis arseboba, garda klasikuri fizikisa da evkliduri geometriis principebisa. kantis gardacvalebidan 22 wlis Semdeg (1826) Seiqmna axali (lobaCevskis) geometria, xolo 101 wlis Semdeg ainStainma Camoayaliba relatiurobis specialuri Teoria, rogorc niutonis absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoriis sapirispiro moZRvreba. es niSnavda klasikuri azrovnebis formebis erTaderTobis da maTi absoluturi mniSvnelobis uaryofas. am garemoebam sabunebismetyvelo safuZveli gamoacala kantis transcendentalur moZRvrebas sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. cxadi gaxda, rom SeuZlebelia geometriis gamocxadeba sinTezur-apriorul mecnierebad. geometria gadaiqca fizikis ganStoebad~ (a. ainStaini), rac geometriuli debulebebis apriorulobis Sesaxeb msjelobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. geometria sinTezuri mecnierebaa, magram ara aprioruli. amasTanave gairkva, rom aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba apriorulobas rodi niSnavs. mecnierebis kanonebi sayovelTao da aucilebeli mniSvnelobis mqonea, magram isini aprioruli ar aris. TviTon puankarec, romelic kantis filosofiis gavlenas ganicdida, uaryofda geometriuli debulebebis

126

sinTezur-apriorulobas da maT ubralod konvenciebad Tvlida. es, miT umetes, iTqmis bunebismecnierebis Sesaxeb, romelsac kanti agreTve sinTezur-apriorulobas miawerda. bunebismecnierebis sagans realuri arsis (bunebis) kanonzomiereba Seadgens da, cxadia, mis apriorobaze laparaki zedmetia. marTalia, kanti laparakobda wminda~ bunebismecnierebasa da maTematikaze, magram aseTi sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs. wminda~ dro da sivrce carieli, absoluturi sivrce da droa, romelTa arseboba axalma (relativisturma) fizikam erTxel da samudamod uaryo. realuri sivrce da dro aris is, romelsac niutoni relatiurs~, grZnobads~, moCvenebiTs~ uwodebda. amrigad, axalma bunebismecnierebam (fizikam) da maTematikam (geometriam) uaryves kantis moZRvreba sivrcisa da drois apriorobis Sesaxeb. swored amitom ainStaini, romelic kantis filosofiis kargi mcodne iyo, principulad daupirispirda kantis moZRvrebas sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb. mxedvelobaSi hyavda ra kanti da kantianelebi, ainStaini werda: me darwmunebuli var, rom filosofosebma damRupveli gavlena moaxdines mecnieruli azrovnebis ganviTarebaze, gadaitanes ra zogierTi fundamenturi cneba cdis sferodan, sadac isini Cveni kontrolis qveS imyofeba, apriorobis miuwvdomel simaRleze; vinaidan Tundac aRmoCndes, rom ideaTa es samyaro ar SeiZleba cdidan iqnas gamoyvanili logikuri gziT da igi garkveuli azriT aris adamianis gonebis pirmSo, romlis gareSe araviTari mecniereba araa SesaZlebeli, ideaTa es samyaro mainc iseve nakleb iqneboda damokidebuli Cveni SegrZnebis bunebisagan, rogorc tansacmeli adamianis sxeulis formisagan. es gansakuTrebiT sworia sivrcisa da drois cnebebis mimarT. faqtebis gavleniT fizikosebi iZulebuli gaxdnen daemxoT isini apriorobis olimpidan, raTa wesrigSi moeyvanaT isini da gamoyenebisaTvis gasagebi gaexadaT.~1
1

. , , . III, . 66, . 605

127

magram amaSi kanti sruliadac ar aris damnaSave, imis dros arsebuli bunebismecniereba da maTematika sxvagvari daskvnebis gakeTebis saSualebas ar iZleoda. axali fizikisa da geometriis Camoyalibebas unda mohyoloda da kidec mohyva kantis sivrcisa da drois Teoriis rRveva. moswrebulad ambobs yofili kantianeli hainrix Solci: kanti rom xelaxla dabadebuliyo, TviTon isic ki ar iqneboda kantianeli.~1

H. Scholz, Das Vermchtnis der Kantschen Lehre von Raum und von der Zeit, KantStudien. Bd. XXIX, H. , 1924, s. 65

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Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe moZraoba oZrao ra moZraobis relativisturi Teoria oZra lativistu $33. moZraobis relativisturi Teoria
absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria, romelsac antikurobidan XX saukunis damdegamde gabatonebuli mdgomareoba eWira, absoluturi moZraobis koncefciis sayrdeni iyo. istoriidan cnobilia, rom rogoricaa warmodgenebi sivrcisa da drois Sesaxeb, isevea gagebuli moZraobis buneba. marTlac, jer kidev Zveli drois atomistebi (magaliTad, demokrite), romlebic absoluturi sivrcisa da drois arsebobas aRiarebdnen, Tvlidnen, rom moZraoba aris sxeulis gadaadgileba erTi absoluturi adgilidan meore aseTsave absolutur adgilze. absoluturi adgilis cnebis qveS ki isini cariel sivrces moiazrebdnen, rasac moZraobis aucilebel pirobad Tvlidnen. aqve cxadia, rom maT mxedvelobaSi hqondaT martooden meqanikuri moZraoba, xolo sxva saxis moZraobas arc icnobdnen. am koncefciis winaaRmdeg pirvelad aristotelem gailaSqra, romelmac uaryo carieli sivrcis arseboba da, winaaRmdeg zemoxsenebuli Tvalsazrisisa, im daskvnamde mivida, rom, ~arc erTi sagani ar SeiZleba moZraobdes, Tu arsebobs sicariele.~1 moZraoba, amtkicebs igi, ar aris sivrceSi adgilgadanacvleba Tundac imitom, rom carieli sivrce ar arsebobs. moZraoba aris sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba, romelic, cxadia, gulisxmobs im sagnebis arsebobas, romelTa mimarTac moZravi sxeuli adgils icvlis. swored amitom sicarieleSi (Tuki aseTi arsebobdes), romelSic araviTari sagani ar aris, da, maSasadame, arc sivrciTi mimarTebania, moZraoba SeuZlebelia. amrigad, carieli sivrce, aristoteles mixedviT, ara marto ar aris moZraobis aucilebeli piroba, aramed,
1

aristotele, fizika IV, 8, 214

129

piriqiT, Tuki carieli sivrce arsebobdes, maSin moZraoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. amrigad, aristotelem pirvelma gaakritika absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria da, masTan erTad, moZraobis relativisturi gagebac Camoayaliba, Tumca maSin jer kidev adre iyo laparaki drois, sivrcisa da moZraobis relativisturi Teoriis srulyofilad Camoyalibebaze. absoluturi moZraobis Teoriis damcvelebi moZraobas gansazRvravdnen absoluturi adgilis mixedviT. absoluturi moZraoba _ werda niutoni _ aris sxeulis gadaadgileba misi erTi absoluturi adgilidan meoreze.~1 da Semdeg: sruli, absoluturi moZraoba sxvagvarad ar SeiZleba iqnas gansazRvruli, Tu ara uZrav adgilTa saSualebiT.~2 es niSnavs, rom absoluturi moZraoba ganisazRvreboda absoluturad uZravi sxeulebis arsebobiT. laparakobden `uZrav varskvlavTa cis,~ samyaros uZravi centris~ da sxvaTa Sesaxeb, romelTa mimarT moZraobas absolutur moZraobad Tvlidnen. samyaros uZravi centris arseboba jer kidev nikolo kuzanelma uaryo, xolo Semdeg jordano brunom. miuxedavad amisa, am ideas TviT niutonis moZRvrebaSic vxvdebiT. absoluturi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis paralelurad, romelTac niutoni namdvils~, WeSmarits~ uwodebda, aRiarebdnen agreTve relatiuri sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis arsebobasac, romelTac igive niutoni, fizikurs~, grZnobads~, moCvenebiTs~ uwodebda imis gamo, rom isini damokidebulia aTvlis sistemaze da icvleba mimarTebis SecvlasTan erTad. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam daamtkica, rom namdvili, WeSmariti sivrce da dro relatiuria da ara absoluturi. amis Sesabamisad uaryofil iqna absoluturi moZraobis cnebac. vinaidan ar arsebobs absoluturi sivrce da dro, ar arsebobs arc absoluturi moZraoba. aristoteles Tvalsazrisma moZraobis, rogorc sivrciTi
1 2

. , , c. 31 iqve, gv. 36

130

mimarTebebis cvalebadobis Sesaxeb da agreTve mis mier absoluturad carieli sivrcis (adgilis) uaryofam sapatio adgili daimkvidra ainStainis relativistur TeoriaSi. sivrcis relativisturi gagebis safuZvelze adgilic relativisturad iqna gagebuli. adgili aris mocemuli sxeulis sivrciTi mimarTebani sxva sxeulebTan. swored amitom davam imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris moZraoba _ adgilis cvlileba Tu sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba, azri dakarga; relativisturad gagebuli adgili igive sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistemaa. magram klasikur azrovnebaSi adgili sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistemas ki ar niSnavda, aramed absoluturad cariel adgils, ris gamoc mas adgilis aristoteliseuli (relativisturi) gageba principulad upirispirdeboda. moZraobis gageba, rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlilebisa, mis relatiurobas niSnavs; moZraoba yovelTvis raRacis mimarT sruldeba. es `raRac~ aris aTvlis sistema, romlis mimarT dgindeba sxeulis moZraoba an uZraoba. aTvlis sistemis erT-erT ZiriTad niSans ki uZraoba warmoadgens. marTalia, absoluturi uZraoba bunebaSi ar arsebobs, magram aTvlis sistema, romelic TavisTavad raRacis mimarT moZraobs, mocemuli moZravi sxeulis mimarT uZravad ganixileba. rodesac vambobT, rom matarebeli moZraobs 60 kilometris siCqariT, maSin aTvlis sistemad viRebT rkinigzis liandagebs, vagzlis baqans an sxva raime sagans, romelsac pirobiTad uZravad vTvliT. cxadia, moZraobis aRwera, sivrcis koordinatebTan, drosac gulisxmobs. moZraoba drosa da sivrceSi sruldeba da, maSasadame, sivrcis sami da drois erTi koordinatiT aRiwereba. es aris oTxganzomilebiani samyaros idea, romelic ainStainma sivrce-drois~ (sivrcisa da drois universaluri kavSiri) saxelwodebiT Semoitana. yvela aTvlis sistema ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobisaa; maT Soris gansxvaveba martooden simarjvisa da moxerxebulobis mixedviT SeiZleba arsebobdes. amasTanave sxva131

dasxva aTvlis sistema erTsa da imave moZraobas sxvadasxvagvarad aRwers. swored amitom aTvlis sistemis Secvla moZraobis raodenobrivi da Tvisebrivi mxareebis Secvlas iwvevs. matarebeli, romelic liandagebis mimarT 60 km. siCqariT moZraobs, baqanze mimavali mgzavris mimarT imave dros sxva siCqariT imoZravebs. es damokidebulia imaze, Tu ra siCqariT an ra mimarTulebiT moZraobs baqanze myofi mgzavri. kidev metic, igive matarebeli meore matareblis mimarT, romelic imave siCqariT da mimarTulebiT moZraobs, uZravia. aTvlis sistemas fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs moZraobis aRweris procesSi. aqedan cxadia, rom SeuZlebelia vikiTxoT, Tu romelia maT Soris namdvili~, WeSmariti~ moZraoba, rogorc amas adgili hqonda klasikur azrovnebaSi. vinc aseT kiTxvas dasvams, igi uTuod gulisxmobs, rom am mravalgvari SesaZleblobebidan WeSmaritia mxolod erTi, e. i. ver dauZlevia warmodgenebi absoluturi moZraobis Sesaxeb. moZraobis absoluturoba mis sayovelTaobas niSnavs, rac sruladac ar upirispirdeba moZraobis relativistur Teorias. moZraoba erT drosa da erT mimarTebaSi, rasakvirvelia, absoluturia, erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba. amis gareSe SeuZlebeli iqneboda moZraobis moazreba, misi gageba. relatiuri moZraoba mocemuli mimarTebis farglebSi absolutur mniSvnelobas iZens. es idea jer kidev aristotelem gamoTqva winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis logikuri kanonis Camoyalibebis dros. ar SeiZleba, rom erTsa da imave sagans, erTsa da imave drosa da mimarTebaSi mieweros da arc mieweros erTi da igive niSani. konkretul drosa da mimarTebaSi moZraoba erTniSnaa, erTniSnoba ki absoluturis gnoseologiur surogats warmoadgens, es niSnavs, rom moZraoba absoluturisa da relatiuris erTianobas warmoadgens. arsebobs moZraobis kinematikuri da dinamikuri aRwera. pirveli ubralod adgilis cvlilebas aRniSnavs. magaliTad, rodesac Citi gadaufrens saxls, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom ara marto Citi icvlis mimarTebas saxlis mimarT, aramed, piriqiTac, saxli icvlis mimarTebas Citis 132

mimarT. Tu Cits avirCevT aTvlis sistemad, e. i. CavTvliT mas uZravad, maSin saxli moZraobs Citis mimarT, Citi ki gaCerebulia. magram Tu aTvlis sistemaa saxli, maSin Citi moZraobs saxlis mimarT, saxli ki gaCerebulia. am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia moZraobis kinematikuri aRwera; magram moZraobis dinamikuri aRwera maSin gvaqvs, roca laparakia mamoZravebel Zalebze. bunebaSi, rogorc wesi, adgili aqvs dinamikur moZraobas, romelic Zalebis zemoqmedebas gulisxmobs. TviTon adgilis gadanacvlebac anu sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia. moZraobis dayofa kinematikurad da dinamikurad pirobiTia; realuri moZraoba yovelTvis dinamikuria.

moZraobis formebi oZra orme $34. moZraobis formebi


moZraobas universaluri xasiaTi aqvs; realuri arsis sferoSi yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba, ganuwyveteli gardaqmnis procesSi imyofeba. moZraoba, cxadia, mimarTulebiania. mis mimarTulebasa da raodenobas masze moqmedi Zalebi gansazRvravs. miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba vilaparakoT moZraobis formebis Sesaxeb. moZraobis yvelaze martiv, magram yvelaze ufro gavrcelebul formas meqanikuri moZraoba warmoadgens, romlis qveS ZiriTadad materialur sxeulTa adgilgadanacvl;eba igulisxmeba. bunebaSi arsebul procesTa umravlesobas meqanikuri xasiaTi aqvs. swored amitom mas istoriulad yvelaze adre da yvelaze ukeT icnobdnen. zogjer mas moZraobis erTaderT formad Tvlidnen da yvelafris axsnas mis mixedviT cdilobdnen (magaliTad, Zveli atomistebi da, saerTod, meqanistebi). TviTon maSinac ki, roca cnobili gaxda moZraobis sxva formebis arseboba, meqanistebs yovelgvari moZraoba meqanikurze dahyavT da TviT cocxal organizmSi mimdinare biologiuri procesebis axsnas meqanikis kanonebiT cdilobdnen. meqanicizmma gansakuTrebiT YimZlavra niutonis meqanikis Camoyalibebis Semdeg. meqanikis kanonebs universaluri mniSvnelo133

ba mianiWes da adamianic manqanasTan gaaigives. mecnierebs didi Zalisxmeva dasWirdaT meqanicizmis dasaZlevad, Tumca igi jer kidev araiSviaTad iCens Tavs rogorc aracocxali, ise cocxali samyaros axsnis procesSi. meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis daZleva pirvelad aristotelem scada da Tanac sakmaod warmatebiT. man meqanikuri moZraoba gaigo rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvalebadoba, riTac man safuZveli Cauyara moZraobis relativistur koncefcias. manve pirvelma mogvca moZraobis formebis klasifikacia. igi laparakobda moZraobis eqvsi formis Sesaxeb: warmoSoba, mospoba, zrda, Semcireba, Tvisebrivi cvalebadoba da sivrceSi gadaadgileba, romlis qveS meqanikuri moZraoba igulisxmeba. rasakvirvelia, es klasifikacia amJamad aradamakmayofilebelia, magram istoriulad igi wingadadgmuli nabiji iyo levkipe-demokrites meqanistur msoflmxedvelobasTan SedarebiT. filosofiaSi cnobilia moZraobis formebis klasifikaciis ara erTi mcdeloba, romelTagan arc erTi sayovelTao aRiarebiT ar sargeblobs. f. engelsma moZraobis xuTi forma daasaxela: meqanikuri, fizikuri, qimiuri, biologiuri da socialuri. am klasifikacias jer kidev komunisturi reJimis pirobebSi akritikebdnen. SeiZleba vilaparakoT moZraobis formebis sam ZiriTad jgufze: araorganul bunebaSi, organul bunebasa da socialur sferoSi, romelTagan TiToeuli, Tavis mxriv, moZraobis qveformebs moicavs. araorganul bunebaSi moZraobis ZiriTad formas meqanikuri moZraoba warmoadgens, organul bunebaSi aseTive ZiriTadi formaa sicocxle, xolo sazogadoebaSi _ calkeuli individebisa Tu socialuri jgufebis politikuri, nacionaluri, ekonomikuri Tu kulturuli moZraoba. moZraobis es formebi ierarqiul kibes qmnis martividan rTulisaken, dabalidan maRlisaken. ganviTareba moZraobaa, magram ara piriqiT, yoveli moZraoba ar aris ganviTareba. ganviTareba memkvidreobasTan aris dakavSirebuli da moxsna-Senaxvis~ dialeqtikuri principis mixedviT sruldeba. ganviTarebis kriteriumis problema kvlav 134

problemad rCeba; yoveli axali ganviTarebuli rodia, iseve rogorc yoveli Zveli ganuviTarebels ar niSnavs. TviTon Zvelisa~ da axalis~ cnebebic kriteriums saWiroebs.

moZraobis dialeqti oZra tika $35. moZraobis dialeqtika


moZraoba da cvalebadoba, zogadad aRebuli, aris mdgomareobis cvlileba. meqanikuri moZraoba ki aris adgilis gadanacvleba _ sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba. es faqtia da masze arc aravin davobs. sadavo da gasarkvevia, Tu rogor xdeba es gadasvla~, anu rogor xdeba moZraoba? moZraoba faqtia da mas aravin ar uaryofs, magram moZraobis SesaZlebloba ki axsnas saWiroebs. Zenoni, romelic moZraobis SesaZleblobis logikurad moazrebas SeuZleblad Tvlida, TviTon moZraobas, rogorc faqts, ar uaryofda. ar kmara imis Tqma, rom moZravi sxeuli drois mocemul momentSi am adgilze imyofeba. `am adgilze yofna~ uZraobas niSnavs da ara moZraobas. moZraoba maSin gvaqvs, roca moZravi sxeuli drois nebismier momentSi kidec imyofeba da arc imyofeba am adgilze, anu ganuwyvetlad gadis am adgilidan, gadadis sxva adgilze. moZraoba erTdroulad aris mocemul adgilze yofnac da aryofnac. amaSi mdgomareobs moZraobis dialeqtika, misi Sinagani winaaRmdegoba da moZraobis problemis mTeli sirTule. moZraobis problemas swored am winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis logikurad moazrebis SesaZlebloba warmoadgens. rogor unda gavigoT moZravi sagnis erTdroulad yofnac da aryofnac mocemul adgilze? Tu amis axsna ar moxerxda, maSin moZraobis buneba gaugebari darCeba. Zenoni moZraobis SesaZleblobis uaryofamde swored am logikurma siZnelem miiyvana. moZraobis winaaRmdegobrivi bunebis dasaxasiaTeblad vxmarobT or cnebas: erTi da igive dro~ da erTi da igive adgili~. vnaxoT, ra igulisxmeba am cnebebSi. 135

erTi SexedviT, erTi da igive dro~ erTdroulobas niSnavs. erTdrouloba ki aris drois intervalis gamoricxva. ori xdomilobis erTdrouloba imas niSnavs, rom erTi xdomilebodan meore xdomilobamde araviTar dros ar gauvlia. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom klasikur azrovnebaSi daSvebuli iyo moqmedebis myisieri (zedrouli) gadacemis SesaZlebloba, ris safuZvelzec laparakobdnen sivrceSi daSorebuli ori xdomilobis absoluturi erTdroulobis Sesaxeb. magram es warmodgenebi Secvala axlomoqmedebis principis Semotanam, romelic sinaTlis siCqaris sasrulobidan amodis da, maSasadame, absoluturi erTdroulobis dadgenis SesaZleblobazec uars ambobs. Tu am TvalsazrisiT ganvixilavT moZraobis dialeqtikur bunebas, maSin aRmoCndeba rom erTi da igive dro~ ar SeiZleba niSnavdes erTdroulobas _ drois intervalis gamoricxvas, vinaidan es iqneboda myisieri moZraoba, e. i. moZraoba drois gareSe, rac droisa da moZraobis ganuyrelobis ideas ewinaaRmdegeba. myisierebaSi moZraoba SeuZlebelia; moZraobas procesis xasiaTi aqvs, xangrZlivobis mqonea anu drois garkveul intervalSi sruldeba.sxeulis yofnas da aryofnas am adgilze anu mocemuli adgilidan ganuwyvetel gasvlas myisierebis cneba ver gamoxatavs. es niSnavs, rom `erTi da igive dro~ ar SeiZleba niSnavdes myisierebas, e. i. absolutur erTdroulobas, aramed drois garkveul intervals, rac moZraobis arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia. SeiZleba gviTxran, rom Tu es asea, maSin ratom ar vambobT `sxvadasxva dros?~ Tu `sxvadasxva drois~ cnebas movixmarT, maSin kvlav moZraobis uaryofamde mivalT, vinaidan sxeulis yofna sxvadasxva dros erTsa da imave adgilze mis uZraobas niSnavs da ara moZraobas. moZraoba mxolod maSin SeiZleba iyos, Tu sxeuli aris da arc aris erTsa da imave dros mocemul adgilze anu ganuwyvetlad gadis am adgilidan; xolo ganuwyvetlad gasvla~ drois SualedSi SeiZleba. maSasadame, erTsa da

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imave dros~ cnebis qveS drois garkveuli intervali igulisxmeba da ara absoluturi erTdrouloba. rodesac vambobT, rom moZraoba sruldeba awmyoSi~, maSin awmyos~ cnebis qveS drois erT-erTi (warsulisa da momavlis gammijnavi) momenti ki ar igulisxmeba, romelic myisieria, da araviTari ganzomileba ara aqvs, aramed drois garkveuli intervali, rac procesis xasiaTs atarebs da SesaZlebels xdis moZraobas. awmyoSi _ myisierebaSi _ moZraoba SeuZlebelia. analogiurad unda gavigoT erTi da igive adgilis~ cneba. absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoria adgilis cnebis qveS absolutur adgils gulisxmobda. aseT SemTxvevaSi marTlac gaugebari iqneba erTsa da imave adgilze yofnac da aryofnac~. relativistur Teorias ki adgili esmis rogorc sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistema, romelTa cvlileba moZraobas warmoadgens. sivrciTi mimarTebebis cvlileba ki uTuod procesis xasiaTs atarebs da, maSasadame, droSi sruldeba. Tu moZravi sxeuli mdgomareobas (adgils, anu sivrciTi mimarTebebis sistemas) ganuwyvetlad ar icvlides, maSin iqneboda uZraoba ganuwyvetlad nuwyve da ara moZraoba. sivrciTi mimarTebebis (adgilis) cvlileba ki droSi xdeba. amrigad, adgilis relativisturi cneba iolad xsnis moZraobis dialeqtikas _ erTsa da imave dros yofnasac da aryofnasac erTsa da imave adgilze. siZneles is qmnida, rom dro da adgilic gagebuli iyo klasikuri _ absoluturi sivrcisa da drois _ Teoriis mixedviT. moZraobis winaaRmdegobrivi (dialeqtikuri) buneba imaSic gamoixateba, rom moZraoba agreTve erTsa da imave dros aris wyvetadic da uwyvetic. moZraobis wyvetadobisa da uwyvetobis problema ZvelisZvelia. Zenonis aporiebi moZraobis Sesaxeb am problemasTan aris dakavSirebuli. es problema ki imdenad rTulia, rom dResac ar aris amoxsnili. jer kidev aristotele aRniSnavda, rom Zenonis aporiebs moZraobis Sesaxeb sivrcisa da drois uwyvetobis daSveba iwvevs. Zenoni Tvlida, rom sivrce da dro uwyve137

tia, uwyveti ki usasrulod iyofa; swored amitom moZraoba SeuZlebelia; moZrav sxeuls ar SeuZlia usasrulod dayofadi sivrcisa da drois gavla. vidre igi mTel manZils gaivlis, aucilebelia, rom jer am manZilis naxevari gaiaros. magram naxevari manZilic TavisTavad mTelia, romlis gasavlelad aucilebelia kidev naxevari manZilis gavla da a. S. usasrulod, moZravi sxeuli mocemul manZils verasodes ver gaivlis. Tuki sivrce wyvetadi iyos, e. i. gasavleli manZili rom wyvetadi wertilebisagan Sedgebodes, maSin am wertilebis ricxvi ragind bevric ar unda iyos, mainc sabolood sasruli iqneba, xolo sasruli ricxvis wertilebis gavla SesaZlebelia. magram sivrcis ganuwyvetloba usasrulod dayofis SesaZleblobas qmnis, xolo am pirobebSi ki moZraoba SeuZlebelia. am siZnelezea agebuli aporia ku da aqilevsi~, gatyorcnili isari~ da sxv. aristotele da hegeli SeniSnavdnen, rom Zenoni winaswar sazRvars uwesebs aqilevss, romlis gadalaxvis nebas ar aZlevs. naxevari gzis gavla~ sazRvris dawesebas da misi gadalaxvis akrZalvas niSnavs. Tu aqilevss sazRvris gadalaxvis nebas miscemT, maSin igi kus ara marto daeweva, aramed kidec gauswrebs. Zenoni, cxadia, ar uaryofda moZraobas, rogorc empiriul faqts; igi moZraobis SesaZleblobis martooden logikur siZneleebs aCvenebda. es siZneleebi ki marTlac iseTia, rom misi damakmayofilebeli axsna Tanamedrove urTulesi logikur-maTematikuri meTodebiTac ki ar xerxdeba. Zenonis aporiebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, sivrcisa da drois uwyvetobis daSvebas emyareba. swored amitom jer kidev aristotele sivrcisa da drois uwyvetobis uaryofis safuZvelze cdilobda Zenonis aporiebis daZlevas. igi gatyorcnili isris~ Sesaxeb aRniSnavda, rom es aporia ganuwyveteli axlas~ daSvebas emyareba, rac swori ar aris . dro ar Sedgeba ganuwyveteli axlaebisagan~, iseve rogorc sivrce ar Sedgeba ganuwyveteli wertilebisagan. 138

maSasadame, saWiroa gairkves, moZraoba, sivrce da dro wyvetadia, Tu uwyveti an orive erTad? moZraoba ori momentisagan Sedgeba _ cvalebadobisa da mdgradobisagan. maTi erTmaneTisagan mowyvetis SemTxvevaSi buneba gaurkveveli darCeba. Tu uarvyofT cvalebadobas da mxolod mdgradobas davuSvebT, maSin moZraoba xelidan gagviqreba, vinaidan mdgradoba uZraobaa da ara moZraoba. meore mxriv, Tu mxolod cvalebadobas dauSvebT da mdgradobis moments gamovricxavT, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneba raime garkveulis Tqma moZravsa da cvalebad sagnebsa da movlenebze. swored aseT Secdomas uSvebda kratili, romelmac heraklites dialeqtika sofistikad aqcia. kratilis mixedviT, sinamdvilis Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba, vinaidan raimes Tqma garkveulis Tqmas niSnavs, xolo amis saSualebas ganuwyveteli cvalebadoba ar iZleva; vidre raimes vityviT, igi Seicvleba, sxva gaxdeba. amitom araferze arafris Tqma ar SeiZleba. kratili aseT ukiduresobamde miiyvana moZraobidan mdgradobis momentis gamoricxvam. mdgradobisa da cvalebadobis momentebis erTianoba moZraobaSi imas niSnavs, rom procesi, uwinares yovlisa, rCeba rogorc procesi, e. i. igi grZeldeba, Tumca misi Sinaarsi ganuwyvetlad icvleba. magram myisierad arc Sinaarsi icvleba. cvalebadobis drouli xasiaTi mis xangrZlivobas niSnavs, es ki imis gamomTqmelia, rom cvalebadoba Tavis TavSi mdgradobasac Seicavs. cvalebadobisa da mdgradobis momentebis erTianoba arsebiTad igivea, rac wyvetadobisa da uwyvetobis erTianoba moZraobaSi; amrigad, moZraoba absoluturisa da relatiuris, erTsa da imave adgilze yofnisa da aryofnis, mdgradobisa da cvalebadobis anu wyvetadobisa da uwyvetobis momentebis erTianobas warmoadgens. amaSi mdgomareobs moZraobis dialeqtikuri buneba.

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Tavi mexu xuTe Tavi mexuTe determinizmi da indeterminizmi determinizmi indeterminizmi terminiz determiniz aucileblobisa cileblobi SemTxveviTobis emTxveviTobi $36. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis nebebis sazrisi bebi azri cnebebis sazrisi
determinizmi da indeterminizmi, rogorc urTierTdapirispirebuli Teoriebi, naturfilosofiaSi aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebaTa mimarTebis alternatiul gagebebs emyareba. determinizmi aucileblobis cnebidan amodis, indeterminizmi ki _ SemTxveviTobis cnebidan. brZolas am Teoriebs Soris mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs, rac amJamad Cvens uSualo interess ar warmoadgens. Cveni mizania imis gamokvleva, Tu rogoria an rogori unda iyos Tanamedrove naturfilosofiuri warmodgenebi aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb, rac, Tavis mxriv, determinizmisa da indeterminizmis arsisa da urTierTmimarTebis garkvevas emsaxureba. aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebis pirveli seriozuli gansazRvreba aristotelem mogvca, romelic dRemde Zalas inarCunebs. aucilebeli aris is, rac sagnis arsebidan gamomdinareobs, xolo, piriqiT, rac ar gamomdinareobs, aris SemTxveviTi. saxlis mSeneblisaTvis aucilebelia mSeneblobis codna, magram SemTxveviTia, Tu mas arfaze dakvra ecodineba, vinaidan igi misi, rogorc mSeneblis, arsebidan ar gamomdinareobs. aseve musikosma rom mSeneblobac icis SemTxveviTia, xolo musikis codna _ aucilebeli. aqedan gamomdinareobs, jer erTi, is, rom SemTxveviTi aris is, rasac SeuZlia arsebobac da ararsebobac. musikosma SeiZleba icodes an ar icodes mSenebloba, iseve rogorc mSenebelma _ musika. SemTxveviTi gulgrilia arseboba-ararsebobisadmi. meore, SemTxveviTobac da aucileblobac relatiuria, mxolod garkveul mimarTebaSi arsebobs. musikis codna aucilebelia mxolod musikosisaTvis, magram igi SemTxveviTia mSeneblisaTvis. 140

es niSnavs, rom aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebebs ara aqvT absoluturi sazrisi anu ar arsebobs absoluturad SemTxveviTi an absoluturad aucilebeli. zemoTqmulidan im daskvnis gakeTebac SeiZleba, rom ar arsebobs wminda SemTxveviTi, e. i. iseTi, romelic TavisTavSi araviTar aucileblobas ar Seicavs da aseve wminda aucilebeli, romelic SemTxveviTobis natamalsac Tavis TavSi ar atarebs. ase rom ar iyos, maSin pirvel SemTxvevaSi sagani arsebobas ver SeZlebda, vinaidan nebismieri arsebuli raRacdagvarad mizezobrivad ganpirobebuli da amdenad aucilebelicaa, xolo meore (wminda aucileblobis) SemTxvevaSi sagnis moZraoba da cvalebadoba SeuZlebeli iqneboda da, maSasadame, samyaro iqneboda mkacri aucileblobiT Sekruli, uZravi, ucvleli arsi, romelsac ar eqneboda araviTari warsuli an momavali, araviTari istoria. ai, ra absurdul Sedegebamde mivyavarT absoluturi aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebebis daSvebas. ganuwyveteli da sayovelTao moZraobisa da cvalebadobis faqti amgvari aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. raki ar arsebobs absoluturi aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba anu maTi polusebi~, amitom unda davuSvaT maTi sxvadasxva xarisxebis, doneebis arseboba. zogi ram xarisxebi done bis risxebis, nee metad aucilebelia da nakleb SemTxveviTi, zogi ki, piriqiT. erTi bavSvis dabadeba ufro aucilebelia, vidre tyupebisa, miT umetes samtyupisa. mgzavrs rom manqana ar daejaxos ufro aucilebelia, vidre dajaxebis SesaZlebloba, Tumca aseTi SesaZlebloba gamoricxuli ar aris. aseve kamaTlebis eqvsi gagorebidan yvela eqvsianis mosvla ufro metad SemTxveviTia, vidre erTi gagorebiT eqvsianis miReba da a. S. albaTobis Teoria swored aseT SemTxveviTobaTa kanonzomierebas swavlobs. aqedan cxadia, rom realuri arsis sferoSi aucilebloba da SemTxveviToba cal-calke ki ar arsebobs, aramed yovelTvis erTad aris mocemuli. logikurad _ kategoriebis doneze _ cxadia, SesaZlebelia aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cal-calke warmodgena, magram rea141

lurad (bunebaSi) isini yovelTvis erTadaa, erT mTlian suraTs qmnis, rac relatiuri aucileblobisa da SemTxveviTobis cnebebidan gamomdinareobs. zogjer SemTxveviTobas gansazRvraven rogorc aucileblobis gamovlenis formas, rac agreTve am cnebebis relatiuri bunebidan gamomdinareobs. adamianis sikvdili aucilebelia; magram is, rom mas dRes TavSi daeca aguri da mokvda, SemTxveviTia. igi SeiZleboda momkvdariyo ara dRes, aramed ramdenime wlis Semdeg, ara aguris TavSi dacemiT, aramed raRac sxva daavadebiT. yvela am SemTxvevaSi aucilebloba ama Tu im konkretul (SemTxveviT) formaSi gamovlindeba. erTmaneTisgan unda ganvasxvavoT mizezobrivi da aramizezobrivi aucilebloba (determinacia). pirveli warmoSobasTan, Zalis cnebasTan, moqmedebis gadacemasTan aris dakavSirebuli, meore ki aseT niSnebs ar atarebs. gaTboba rom aucileblad gafarToebas iwvevs an CaquCis dartyma rom minas amsxvrevs mizezobrivi aucileblobaa, magram matareblisa da TviTmfrinavebis ganrigsa da maT moZraobas Soris aucilebeli kavSiri, aramizezobriv aucileblobas warmoadgens. aseTive aramizezobrivi aucileblobaa logikuri aucilebloba (wanamZRvrebidan danaskvis gamomdinareoba), teleologiuri xasiaTis aucilebloba (aucilebelia rom wavide megobarTan, bazarSi, sxva qveyanaSi da a. S.), funqciuri aucilebloba (wrexazis radiusis gazrda aucileblad iwvevs wrexazis gazrdas) da sxva. am ori tipis aucileblobis gansxvaveba kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba momdevno paragrafSi, rodesac mizezobrivi determinizmis fundamentur niSnebs davaxasiaTebT. determinizmi aris moZRvreba aucileblobis Sesaxeb, romelic Tanabrad exeba rogorc mizezobriv, ise aramizezobriv aucileblobas. amitom swori ar arian isini, visac determinizmis cneba mizezobriv aucileblobaze dahyavT, Tumca mizezobriv (kauzalur) determinizms sxva tipis determinaciul kavSirebs Soris privilegiuri mniSvneloba aqvs.

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mizezobri determinizmis fundamenturi zezobrivi terminizmi undamentu $37. mizezobrivi determinizmis fundamenturi iSne nebi niSnebi
mizezobrioba, uwinares yovlisa, aris kavSiri; magram kavSiri SeiZleba iyos aucilebelic da SemTxveviTic. mizezobrioba swored aucilebel kavSirs warmoadgens. am aucilebe kavSirs cilebel avSi azriT laparakoben mizezobrivi determinizmis Sesaxeb. mizezsa da safuZvels laibnicamde erTmaneTTan aigivebdnen (Causa sive ratio~ _ mizezi anu safuZveli~). mizezi marTlac aris Sedegis warmoSobis safuZveli; magram safuZvlis cneba ufro farToa. magaliTad, arsebobs iseTi realuri da logikuri safuZveli, romelic mizezi ar aris. saxlis safuZveli (saZirkveli) ar aris saxlis aSenebis mizezi. ase rom ar iyos, maSin saZirkvlis damTavrebas uSualod mohyveboda saxlis aSeneba, vinaidan mizezi imTaviTve warmoSobs Sedegs. aseve logikur daskvnaSi wanamZRvrebi safuZvels warmoadgens, magram ara mizezs. mizezi yovelTvis garkveul pirobebSi sruldeba, romlis gareSe mizezobrivi kavSiri SeuZlebelia. piroba ar aris mizezi, vinaidan Sedegs warmoSobs ara piroba, aramed mizezi garkveul pirobebSi. atmosfero sicocxlis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa, magram ara mizezi; atmosfero ar warmoSobs sicocxles. zogjer mizans mizezTan aigiveben; jer kidev aristotele mizans erT-erT mizezad Tvlida. miuxedavad bevri saerTo niSnisa, maTi gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. mizani cnobieri elementia; igi mxolod adamians aqvs, mizezobrioba ki obieqturi samyaros kanonzomierebaa. garda amisa, mizani uSualod ar warmoSobs Sedegs, mizezobriobaSi ki warmoSoba ZiriTadia. mizezobrivi kavSiri mxolod geneturi SeiZleba iyos. mizezobrioba kanonzomierebis arsebobis safuZvekanonzomi rebi nonzomie bis lia; maT Soris imdenad mWidro kavSiria, rom zogjer erTmaneTTan aigiveben (lukreciusi, bernuli, helmholci da sxv.). magram maTi gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba, vinaidan kanonis cneba kavSiris gamomxatvelia; mizezobrivi kavSiri ki universaluri kavSirurTierTobebis erT-erTi saxea da 143

ara erTaderTi. arsebobs aramizezobrivi kavSiri, iseve rogorc aramizezobrivi kanonebi. mizezobriobis problemis erT-erTi urTulesi sakiTxia kriteriumis sakiTxi. arsebobs sxvadasxva Tvalriteriumis teri sazrisi mizezobriobis kriteriumis Sesaxeb. d. hiumem aseT kriteriumad droSi Tanamimdevrobis ganmeorebadoba miiCnia. gaTbobas yovelTvis mosdevs gafarToeba; amasTanave pirveli droSi yovelTvis win uswrebs meores. droSi Tanamimdevrobis mravalgzis ganmeorebis Sedegad Cven miveCvieT, rom gaTbobas uTuod mohyveba gafarToeba. aqedan keTdeba daskvna: gaTboba aris gafarToebis mizezi (post hoc, ergo, propter hoc~ _ amis Semdeg, maSasadame, amis gamo~). am ideas moric Slikic iziarebs, oRond aqcents momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobaze akeTebs. sityva mizezi _ wers igi _ yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sxvas arafers ar niSnavs, garda mimdevreobis regularobisa (regularity of sequence) imitom, rom sxva araferi ar gamodgeba im mtkicebis Sesamowmeblad, romelSic mizezobrioba gamoiTqmeba.~1 da Semdeg: winaswarmetyvelebis dadastureba aris mizezobriobis erT-erTi kriteriumi.~2 am koncefciis winaaRmdeg is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom arc droSi Tanamimdevroba da arc momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZlebloba mizezobriobis specifikuri niSani ar pecifiku cifikuri aris. erTic da meorec SesaZlebelia mizezobriobis gareSec; dRe-Ramis, zamTar-zafxulis Tanamimdevroba momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas iZleva, magram maT Soris mizezobrivi kavSiri ar aris. frinvelebis gadafrena Tbil qveynebSi droSi win uswrebs zamTars da mis safuZvelze zamTris mosvlac SeiZleba viwinaswarmetyveloT, magram frinvelebis gadafrena rodia zamTris mosvlis mizezi. kriteriumi ki uTuod specifikuri unda Tuod iyos.

Mozitz Schlick, Causality in everyday life and in recent science. ix. kr. Readings in Philosophical Analysis (ed. by Herbert Feigl and Willfrid Sellars) N. Y. 1949, p. 516. 2 Moritz Schlik, Das Kausalgesetzt in der gegenwrtigen Physik, ix. Jurn. Die Naturwissenschaften, 1931, H. 7, s. 150

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ufro mizanSewonilia, rom mizezobriobis kriteriumad miviCnioT warmoSoba, geneturi kavSiris arseboba. miarmoSoba geneturi avSiris moSoba, netu Siri zezi yovelTvis warmoSobs Sedegs; sadac mizezobriobaa, iq uTuod geneturi kavSiria, xolo, piriqiT, sadac geneturi kavSiria, iq uTuod mizezobriobasTan gvaqvs saqme. es niSnavs, rom geneturoba, warmoSoba aris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris specifikuri niSani, misi kriteriumi. es kriteriumi ki droSi Tanamimdevrobasac gulisxmobs da momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobasac iZleva. cxadia, es kriteriumi unaklo rodia; yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi saidan unda gavigoT, rom namdvilad gaTbobam gamoiwvia gafarToeba? saRi azris doneze amas ver davasabuTebT da SeiZleba mizezobriobis Sesaxeb kvlav mimdevrobis regularobis mixedviT vilaparakoT, magram mecnierebas amis dasabuTeba SeuZlia. mizezobriobis obieqtebi, cxadia, sagnebi da movlenebia, xolo TviTon mizezobrioba, rogorc procesi, aris moqmedebis gadacema; geneturi kavSiri swored amas niSnavs. minis gatexvis mizezi CaquCi ki ar aris, aramed CaquCis dartyma, adamianis sikvdilis mizezi maxvili ki ar aris, aramed maxvilis Cacema. yovelgvari moqmedeba Zalas saWiroebs. amitom Zalian xSirad mizezobriobis cnebas Zalis cnebasTan akavSireben. mizezebi... _ werda niutoni _ aris is Zalebi, romelic sxeulze unda gamoviyenoT, raTa moZraoba warmovSvaT~.1 pozitivizmi, piriqiT, uaryofda Zalis cnebas mizezobriobis koncefciaSi, ris Sedegad mizezobrioba esmoda ara rogorc moqmedebis gadacema, aramed rogorc funqciuri kavSiri. mizezobrioba, rogorc moqmedebis gadacema, dros saWiroebs. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi Sorsmoqmedebis principi axlomoqmedebis principma Secvala, romlis mixedviT moqmedebis gadacema myisieri ki ar aris, aramed yoveli Suamavali punqtis gavliT xdeba, rac sinaTlis siCqaris sasrulobasa da moqmedebis gadacemisaTvis drois saWi1

. , . . . , . VII, 1936, . 34

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roebas asabuTebs. aqedan ki is gamomdinareobs, rom mizezi, rogorc warmomSobi, DdroSi win uswrebs Sedegs, rogorc warmoSobils. am koncefcias zogjer droSi winswrebis princips~ uwodeben. mizezisa da Sedegis erTdroulad arseboba SeuZlebelia, Tumca am Tvalsazrissac warsulSi bevri damcveli hyavda. erT-erT argumentad TviTmizezobriobis cnebas asaxelebdnen. magram TviTmizezobrioba (magaliTad spinozasTan) niSnavs ara mizezobriobis erT-erT saxes, aramed TviTsafuZvels uazrobaa TviTsafuZvels iTsafuZvels. imis daSveba, rom raime TviTon warmoSobs Tavis Tavs anu TviTmizezia. miT umetes substanciis warmoSobaze laparaki (spinozasTan da, saerTod) SeuZlebelia. mizezobriobis kriteriumidan gamomdinareobs mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris asimetriuloba. mizezi warmoSobs Sedegs, magram ara piriqiT, Sedegi ar warmoSobs mizezs; mizezobrivi kavSiri sworxazobrivia da, maSasadame, arasodes wres ar qmnis. SeuZlebelia, rom Sedegma sakuTari mizezi warmoSvas. es xom absurdia! mizezebi da Sedegebi erTgvar jaWvs qmnis. erTi mizezi aris meoris Sedegi, xolo Sedegi, Tavis mxriv, sxva Sedegis mizezia da a. S. magram es jaWvi~ arasodes badiseburi ar aris, arasodes ar aris daxSuli. mizezobrivi jaWvis Riaoba sworxazobriv wesrigs warmoadgens. amrigad, mizezobriobis fundamenturi niSnebia aucilebloba, kanonzomiereba, geneturoba, moqmedebis gadacema, mizezsa da Sedegs Soris drois mixedviT Tanamimdevroba (e. w. winswrebis principi~), asimetriuloba. magram mizezobriobis fundamenturi niSnebi amiT ar amoiwureba. erT-erT aseT fundamentur niSans albaToba warmoadgens, romelzec qvemoT gveqneba laparaki. magram manamde saWirod migvaCnia klasikuri warmodgenebis analizi aucileblobis Sesaxeb saerTod da, kerZod, mizezobrivi aucileblobis Sesaxeb.

$38. klasikuri determinizmi klasikuri determinizmi lasiku terminiz


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klasikuri determinizmis istoria mraval saukunes moicavs. igi, sul cota, demokritedan iwyeba da XX saukunis ocian wlebamde grZeldeba. axal droSi igi laplasma (1749-1827) Teoriad Camoayaliba da samyaros mecnieruli suraTis saxiT warmoadgina, ris gamoc zogjer laplasis determinizms~ uwodeben. cxadia, am xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze mas iseTi genialuri oponentebic hyavda, rogoric iyo aristotele, magram am garemoebas misi popularobisaTvis xeli ar SeuSlia. klasikur determinizms zogjer meqanistur Teoriad Tvlian, vinaidan mas samyaro warmodgenili hqonda rogorc mkacri mizezobrivi aucileblobiT Sekruli, saidanac SemTxveviToba da Tavisufleba absoluturad gamoricxulia. adamians ar SeuZlia samyaroSi arsebuli usasrulo mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Semecneba, ris gamoc igi SemTxveviTs uwodebs imas, risi mizezic ar icis. es niSnavda SemTxveviTobis obieqturobis uaryofas, mis subieqtivistur gagebas. erTi sityviT, klasikuri determinizmi Tvlida, rom samyaroSi arsebobs mxolod absoluturi mizezobrivi aucilebloba da araviTari SemTxveviToba an Tavisufleba. klasikuri determinizmis es mizezobrivi koncefcia universaluri kanonzomierebis pretenziiT gamodioda, vinaidan igi emyareboda j. s. milis mier formulirebul bunebis erTgvarobis kanons, romelic absoluturi sivrcisa da drois Teoriidan amodioda da amtkicebda, rom bunebis kanonebi, maT Soris mizezobriobis kanonic, samyaroSi erTnairad sruldeba sivrcisa da drois koordinatebisagan damoukideblad. absoluturi sivrce da dro homogenuria (erTgvarovania), rac mizezobriobis kanonis mdgradobas ganapirobebs. aqedan gamomdinare, klasikuri determinizmi mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris ZiriTad niSnad awmyos codnis safuZvelze momavali mdgomareobis zusti winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas Tvlida. mkacri determinaciuli kavSirebis arseboba imis saSualebas gvaZlevs, rom Tu viciT procesis sawyisi (awmyo) mdgomareoba, maSin iolad Sev147

ZlebT momavlis winaswarxedvas (gamoangariSebas), saxeldobr imas, Tu ra SedegiT SeiZleba es procesi damTavrdes; awmyo warmoSobs momavals; amitom awmyos sruli codna momavlis sruli codnis garantia. mizezi yvelgan da yovelTvis erTnairad moqmedebs, rac momavlis winaswarxedvis saSualebas gvaZlevs. aseTia klasikuri determinizmis koncefciis amosavali princepebi. klasikuri determinizmi samyaroSi arsebuli universaluri aucileblobis cnebis orgvari gagebis SesaZleblobas iZleva; erTi mxriv, daSvebulia, rom arsebobs martooden absoluturi aucilebloba, rac moZraobisa da cvalebadobis, warmoSobisa da mospobis (qmnadobis) anu sxvagvarad yofnis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs; samyaro aris statikuri, rkinis xundebiT Sekruli sinamdvile. magram moZraobisa da cvalebadobis, qmnadobis arsebobis faqti bunebis amgvar gagebas uaryofs. meore mxriv, laplasi laparakobs kerZod mizezobrivi aucileblobis Sesaxeb, rac moZraobisa da cvalebadobis SesaZleblobas ara marto ar gamoricxavs, aramed, piriqiT, gulisxmobs. mizezobrioba, rogorc geneturi kavSiri, qmnadobas warmoadgens, Tumca am qmnadobas fataluri aucileblobis xasiaTi aqvs. yvelafers aqvs mizezi da, maSasadame, yvelaferi mkacrad determinirebulia. ar arsebobs araviTari SemTxveviToba, araviTari nebis Tavisufleba. SemTxveviToba da Tavisufleba laplasis samyaros mecnieruli suraTidan gamoricxulia. zogjer klasikur determinizmsa da fatalizms erTmaneTTan aigiveben, rac swori ar aris. maT Soris naTesaoba~ imiT amoiwureba, rom orive maTgani absoluturi aucileblobis cnebidan amodis, magram sxva mxriv isini principulad gansxvavdeba. klasikuri determinizmi SesaZleblad Tvlis, rogorc momavlis, ise warsulis Semecnebas (gamoangariSebas~) awmyos parametrebis safuZvelze. fatalizmi ki yovelgvari Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofs imis gamo, rom momavals awmyo ki ar gansazRvravs, aramed bedi (fatalis bediT gansazRvruloba), romelic Seumecnebadia; drois momentebs (warsuli, awmyo da momavali) 148

Soris yovelgvari kavSiri gawyvetilia; amitom momavali Seumecnebadia. Zveli berZnebi swored imitom mimarTavdnen misnebs (orakulebs), rom momavlis Semecnebas SeuZleblad Tvlidnen. absoluturi mizezobrivi aucilebloba uaryofs ara marto adamianis nebis Tavisuflebas, aramed istoriuli procesebis Tavisuflebasac. adamiani da mTeli samyaro gagebulia rogorc manqana, romelsac mxolod garegani Zalebi marTavs (am koncefcias emyareboda frangi filosofosis lametris Tezisi: adamiani manqanaa~). advili warmosadgenia am msoflmxedvelobis uaryofiTi Sedegebi. aseT pirobebSi ar iarsebebs danaSaulisa da sasjelis sistema, SeuZlebeli iqneba codvebis monanieba, vinaidan miCneulia, rom danaSaulisa da codvebis mizezi adamianSi ki ar aris, aramed garemoSia; safuZveli ecleba ara mxolod religias, aramed sazogadoebas saerTod. kidev metic, Tu nebeloba ar aris Tavisufali, anu, rac igivea, Tu ar arsebobs nebeloba (nebeloba Tavisuflebis gareSe SeuZlebelia; cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia ara absoluturi, aramed relatiuri Tavisufleba), maSin ar iarsebebs arc adamiani, rogorc pirovneba. igi marTlac manqana iqneba da ara cocxali arseba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli Sinagani Zalebis arsebobis gareSe warmoudgenelia. ai, ra damRupvel Sedegebamde mivyavarT klasikur determinizms. miuxedavad am uaryofiTi Sedegebisa, klasikuri determinizmis erT-erT ZiriTad damsaxurebas adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis sasrulobis, maTi SezRudulobis mtkiceba warmoadgens. adamians ar SeuZlia samyaroSi arsebuli usasrulo mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis Semecneba. amitom ar SeiZleba Cvens Semecnebas yvelaferSi vendoT da uarvyoT imis arseboba, rac misTvis miuwvdomelia. marTalia, am ideas klasikur determinizmSi mxolod SemTxveviTobis uarsayofad xmarobdnen, magram mas gacilebiT meti mniSvneloba aqvs. sxvas rom Tavi davaneboT, es idea religiaSi udidesi mniSvnelobis mqonea. aTeistebs religiuri saswaulebi imitom ar swamT, rom adamia149

nis gonebas maTi axsna, Semecneba, gageba ar SeuZlia. es pozicia adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis usasrulobas emyareba, rac, samwuxarod, swori ar aris. saxareba~ gveubneba: kacTa mier SeuZlebel ars, ara RmerTisaganaca, rameTu yovelive SesaZlebel ars RmerTisa mier~ (mark. 10. 27). es niSnavs: rac kacisaTvis, rogorc sasruli arsebisaTvis SeuZlebelia, SesaZlebelia RmerTisaTvis, rogorc usasrulo arsebisaTvis. amitom religiuri saswaulebis uaryofa imis gamo, rom igi Cveni sasruli gonebisaTvis miuwvdomelia, ar SeiZleba. marTlac, adamianis rogorc fizikuri, aseve sulieri Zalebis sasruloba faqtia. roca ainStaini amtkicebda, rom kvanturi meqanika ar aris sruli, maSin mxedvelobaSi hqonda adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis sasruloba. swored am sasrulobis gamo, ainStainis azriT, adamians ar SeuZlia eleqtronis zusti koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad gazomva (Semecneba), Tumca isini sinamdvileSi arsebobs. kvanturi meqanika, rogorc mecniereba, romelic adamianis sasruli gonebis nayofia, am mizeziT sruli ar aris.

kauzalu luri indeterminizmi determiniz $39. kauzaluri indeterminizmi


klasikuri determinizmis winaaRmdeg kvanturma meqanikam seriozuli argumentebi wamoayena. man aCvena, rom samyaro ar aris agebuli iseT martiv, erTniSna mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirebze, rogorc amas meqanisturi determinizmi varaudobda. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri rTuli da mravalniSnaa. igi, kvanturi meqanikis fuZemdeblebis azriT, arc universaluria, vinaidan mikrosamyaroSi mizezobriobis kanoni ar moqmedebs. maqsveli kriteriumi~ (erTi da igive mizezi, sivrcisa da drois koordinatebisagan damoukideblad, erTsa da imave Sedegs iwvevs) atomur samyaroSi Zalas hkargavs. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobis kanoni SeuZleblad Tvlis absoluturi sizustiT momavlis winaswarxedvas awmyos parametre150

bis safuZvelze, rasac klasikuri determinizmi mizezobrivi kavSiris ZiriTad niSnad Tvlida. am kanonis mixedviT, mikronawilakebis zusti koordinatisa da impulsis gazomva (Semecneba) erTdroulad SeuZlebelia. rac ufro zustad ganvsazRvravT impulss, miT ufro arazusti iqneba koordinatis gansazRvris SesaZlebloba da piriqiT. es mimarTeba maTematikurad ase gamoixateba:

x Px
aq h aris plankis mudmiva,

h 2

x _ mikronawilakis koordinatis ganuzRvreloba, xolo Px impulsis ganuzRvreloba. vinaidan principulad SeuZlebelia mikronawilakis sawyisi mdgomarebis (zusti koordinatisa da impulsis) codna, amitom misi momavali mdgomareobis winaswarxedva SeuZlebelia. es niSnavs, rom klasikuri meqanikis mizezobriobis kanonis moTxovna daukmayofilebeli rCeba. aqedan daskvna: Tanamedrove atomuri fizika auqmebs mizezis da Sedegis kanons~ (v. haizenbergi). erTi sityviT, mTeli am msjelobis arsi oriode martivi debulebiT gamoiTqmeba: klasikuri mizezobrivi determinizmis ZiriTad niSnad miCneulia momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZlebloba awmyoSi arsebuli parametrebis safuZvelze. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobis kanoni ki amtkicebs, rom mizezobrivi procesis sawyisi mdgomareoba principulad ucnobia. aqedan keTdeba daskvna: SeuZlebelia sistemis momavali mdgomareobis winaswarxedva, anu mizezobriobis kanoni kvantur sferoSi ar funqcionirebs. am argumentis Sesaxeb is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom momavlis winaswarxedva sruliadac ar aris mizezobrivi procesis specifikuri niSani es niSani aqvs nebismier deterpecifiku cifikuri niSani. Sani minaciul kavSirs _ aucileblobis gamomTqmel debulebas _ kidev metic, TviT ubralo determinaciul kavSirebsac ki (magaliTad, matareblebis, TviTmfrinavebis ganri151

gis mixedviT SeiZleba maTi mosvla an wasvla viwinaswarmetyveloT; Teatris programis mixedviT mivxvdebiT speqtaklis msvlelobas, romelic jer ar dawyebula da a. S.). miT umetes, rom aRaraferi vTqvaT logikuri aucileblobis, safuZvel-Sedegis, piroba-Sedegis, funqciisa da argumentis aucilebeli kavSiris Sesaxeb. garda amisa, Tu momavlis winaswarxedvis SeuZleblobis safuZvelze uarvyofT aucilebeli (determinaciuli) kavSirebis arsebobas, maSin unda vTqvaT, rom atomur samyaroSi ar arsebobs araviTari aucilebeli kavSiri da, maSasadame, araviTari kanonzomiereba, aramed mxolod qaosi. magram aseT SemTxvevaSi rogor unda avxsnaT kvanturi meqanikis, rogorc mecnierebis, arseboba? mecniereba xom aris Tavisi sagnis kanonzomierebis asaxva, xolo sadac kanonzomiereba ar aris, iq mecnierebis arsebobis SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia. ai, ra absurdul Sedegebamde mivyavarT momavlis winaswarxedvis mixedviT mizezobrivi aucileblobis uaryofas. mizezobriobis kriteriumis Sesaxeb msjelobisas erTmaneTisagan unda gavarCioT misi ontologiuri da gnoseologiuri aspeqtebi. rodesac neopozitivistebi da maTi mimdevrebi momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas mizezobriobis kriteriumad Tvlian, maSin mxedvelobaSi aqvT gnoseologiuri kriteriumi. Semecnebis TvalsazrisiT momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZlebloba marTlac aris mizezobriobis erT-erTi (magram ara erTaderTi, ara specifikuri) niSani. Tumca aranakleb mniSvnelovania ganmeorebadoba (regularuloba), droSi Tanamimdevroba da sxv. magram ontologiuri TvalsazrisiT mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris kriteriumia geneturoba, warmoSoba. mizezi warmoSobs Sedegs. amitom aris, rom mizezi yovelTvis droSi win uswrebs Sedegs, Tumca droSi winswreba mizezobriobis specifika mainc ar aris. Tu mizezobriobis kategorias ontologiuri TvalTaxedviT SevxedavT, maSin moixsneba is argumenti, rasac fizikosebi ganuzRvrelobis Tanafardobis kanonTan dakavSirebiT ayeneben. haizenbergis kanoni geneturobis Se152

saxeb arafers ar laparakobs. amasTan isic unda aRiniSnos, rom mizezobrivi kavSiris kriteriumis kvlevisas upiratesoba ontologiur mxares ekuTvnis, vinaidan mizezobrioba ontologiuri kategoriaa; mas, cxadia, gnoseologiuri aspeqtic aqvs, magram ZiriTads mainc pirveli warmoadgens. pozitivistebi da maTi mimdevari fizikosebi mizezobriobis kriteriumad momavlis winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas Tvlian, xolo atomur fizikaSi aseTi SesaZleblobis arsebobas uaryofen, rasac isini ukontrolobis princips~ uwodeben. magram ukontrolobis principi~ dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principidan amodis, romelic samyaros mecnieruli suraTis kriteriumad principul dakvirvebadobas Tvlis. am SemTxvevaSic saqme gvaqvs gnoseologiur da ara ontologiur poziciasTan, rac ar SeiZleba sakmaod miviCnioT. roca laparakia mizezobriobis, rogorc realobis kanonis Sesaxeb, maSin logikurfilosofiuri argumentacia aranakleb (Tu ufro mets ara) rols TamaSobs, vidre specialur-mecnieruli mosazrebani. logikurad ki mizezobriobis SemosazRvra, misi universaluri mniSvnelobis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. materialuri samyaros sagnebi da movlenebi drosa da sivrceSi sasrulia. isini warmoiSoba, ganuwyvetlad cvalebadobs da, bolos, iRupeba. es niSnavs, rom bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi, cocxali samyaros CaTvliT, ganuwyveteli qmnadobis procesSi imyofeba. qmnadoba ki mizezobriobis ZiriTadi funqciaa; swored amitom aris geneturoba mizezobriobis ontologiuri kriteriumi. aqedan gamomdinareobs mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris universaluroba. ar aris da arc SeiZleba materialur samyaroSi arsebobdes iseTi ram, rasac Tavisi warmomSobi (mizezi) ar hqondes. es ki mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris universalurobas niSnavs. Cvens mizans, cxadia, klasikuri determinizmis dacva ar warmoadgens, aramed im siZneleebis Cveneba, rac Tan sdevs mis unaSTod uaryofas.

153

klasikuri mizezobrivi determinizmis winaaRmdeg meore argumentad Tvlian e. w. difraqciuli meseris~ cdis Sedegebs. gatyorcnili eleqtronebis umravlesoba erTi da igive traeqtoriiT moZraobs, meseris xvrelSi gadis da ekranze aisaxeba. magram erTeuli eleqtronebi erTsa da imave pirobebSi traeqtorias icvlis da sxva mimarTulebiT moZraobs. maSasadame, erTsa da imave sawyis pirobebSi sxvadasxva Sedegs viRebT, rac miaCniaT maqsvelis principis~ darRvevad, romelic aseTi SemTxvevebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. rusi maTematikosi da fizikosi a. d. aleqsandrovi wers: Tu difraqciis cdebSi mocemuli eleqtroni swored am adgilze moxvda, maSin bunebrivad ibadeba kiTxva: ratom?~ rogoria eqsperimentis pirobebis detali, romelic swored mocemuli efeqtis mizezi gaxda? magram ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze arc cda, arc Teoria am kiTxvaze araviTar pasuxs ar gvaZlevs... unda vaRiaroT, rom saZiebeli mizezi ar arsebobs yovel SemTxvevaSi kvantur doneze~.1 XX saukuneSi maTematikuri gamokvlevebiT dasabuTda SemTxveviTobis obieqturoba (r. mizesi), rac klasikuri determinizmis uaryofas niSnavda. am aRmoCenamac udidesi roli iTamaSa Zveli determinizmis uaryofis saqmeSi. es mecnieruli faqtebi safuZvlad daedo kvanturi meqanikis indeterministuli koncefciis Camoyalibebas _ mizezobriobis kanonis uaryofas atomur samyaroSi. kauzaluri indeterminizmis erT-erT ZiriTad Secdomas imaSic vxedavT, rom am koncefciis damcvelebi (neopozitivistebis CaTvliT) mizezobriobis cnebaSi martooden klasikuri (laplasis) determinizmis tipis mizezobrioba esmiT da gamoricxaven sxva (araklasikuri) tipis mizezobriobis (magaliTad, albaTuri mizezobriobis) arsebobas. klasikur determinizms mizezobrioba esmoda rogorc absoluturi aucilebeli kavSiri, xolo Tanamedrove de1

. . , ix. wignSi: , , , ., 1973, c. 349

154

terminizmi mizezsa da Sedegs Soris relatiuri aucileblobis arsebobas amtkicebs. Tu mizezobriobis kanonis universalurobas uarvyofT, maSin unda davuSvaT absoluturad SemTxveviTi movlenebis arseboba, rac absurdul Sedegebamde migviyvans. zemoT vTqviT, rom materialur samyaroSi yvelaferi qmnadobis (warmoSoba-mospobis) procesSi imyofeba, rac mizezobriobis (mizezobrivi aucileblobis) arsebobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. es ki, Tavis mxriv, absoluturi SemTxveviTobis gamoricxvas niSnavs. absoluturi SemTxveviTobis pirobebSi arsebobas veraferi ver SeZlebda, vinaidan iqneboda mxolod cvalebadoba mdgradobis gareSe; aseT samyaroSi ar iarsebebda araviTari kanonzomiereba, araviTari kanoni, vinaidan nebismieri kanonis erT-erT ZiriTad niSans aucilebloba warmoadgens. garkveuli kanonzomiereba TviTon SemTxveviT movlenebSic aris (winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi albaTobis Teoriis arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda). samyaros, rogorc mowesrigebuli mTlianis _ sistemis _ arseboba absoluturi SemTxveviTobis ararsebobas adasturebs. absoluturi SemTxveviTobis uaryofa, cxadia, ar niSnavs saerTod SemTxveviTobis uaryofas. jer kidev aristoteles droidan cnobilia, rom SemTxveviTobas relatiuri da ara absoluturi Sinaarsi aqvs. aristotele SemTxveviTs uwodebda imas, rac mocemuli sagnis arsebidan ar gamomdinareobs. es niSnavs, rom SemTxveviTs Tavisi safuZveli sxvaSi aqvs, mxolod sxvasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs, Tumca TavisTavad masac aqvs mizezi da, maSasadame, aucilebelia. kalatozma rom musika iswavla an musikosma _ kalatozoba, amas Tavisi mizezi hqonda, magram imave dros erTmaneTis mimarT SemTxveviTia. amas niSnavs SemTxveviTobis relatiuroba.

obieqtu bieqturi emTxveviTo TxveviToba mravalniS ravalniSna $40. obieqturi SemTxveviToba da mravalniSna mizezobri zezobrio mizezobrioba
155

cnobilia, rom laplasma deterministiuli Teoriis CamoyalibebasTan erTad, albaTobis subieqturi Teoriac Seqmna. misi albaTobis Teoria arc SeiZleboda sxvagvari yofiliyo, vinaidan, rogorc vTqviT, mas SemTxveviToba subieqturad (Cveni codnis naklebobis Sedegi) esmoda, xolo albaTobis Teoriis sagans SemTxveviToba warmoadgens. am Teorias, neopozitivistebis azriT, SemTxveviT procesebSi obieqturi kanonzomierebis arsebobis faqti uaryofs, romlis aRmoCena obieqturi albaTobis Teoriis (albaTobis sixSiris Teoriis~) damsaxurebaa. am Teoriis Tanaxmad, mravaljer ganmeorebuli erTi da igive cda garkveul kanonzomierebas avlens. kamaTlebis 600 gagorebisas daaxloebiT asjer (1/6) erTsa da imave Sedegs viRebT. rac ufro izrdeba kamaTlebis gagorebis ricxvi, miT ufro myardeba 1/6. am garemoebis axsna albaTobis subieqtivisturi poziciebidan SeuZlebelia. SemTxveviTobis obieqturoba Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi udavod iTvleba. magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs SemTxveviTobis TavisTavadoba, damoukidebloba da, am azriT, obieqturoba. SemTxveviToba obieqturia mxolod da mxolod adamianis cnobierebisagan (codnisagan) damoukideblobis azriT. sxva mxriv ki mas damoukidebloba _ obieqturoba _ ar gaaCnia. magram misi araobieqturoba subieqturobas ki ar niSnavs, aramed martooden relatiurobas, rac, rogorc aRvniSneT, jer kidev aristotelem SeniSna. SemTxveviTs aqvs mizezi, vinaidan yovel arsebuls, maT Soris SemTxveviTad arsebulsac, aqvs mizezi da, maSasadame, aucilebelia, vinaidan mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris erT-erT ZiriTad niSans aucilebloba warmoadgens. magram es mizeziT ganpirobebuli da amdenad aucilebeli movlena sxva movlenis mimarT SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos. magaliTad, adamianis gardacvaleba aucilebelia, magram igi rom ama da am daavadebiT (xoleriT, tifiT da sxv.) mokvda, aucilebeli ar iyo, aramed mxolod SemTxveviTi. magram am SemTxveviTobasac Tavisi mizezi hqonda da, maSasadame, aucilebeli iyo. hegeli ambobda, rom raime imitom ki ar aris SemTxveviTi, rom umizezoa, 156

aramed imitom, rom misi axsna Tavisi Tavidan SeuZlebelia. es niSnavs, rom SemTxveviTs erTsa da imave dros, magram sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi, aqvs da arc aqvs safuZveli. ramdenadac safuZveli aqvs, amdenad aucilebelia da msoflio mizezobriobis jaWvSia CarTuli, xolo ramdenadac ara aqvs (Tavis TavSi) safuZveli, amdenad SemTxveviTia. SemTxveviToba, miuxedavad misi unikalurobisa, mainc meordeba; ganmeorebadoba ki kanonis arsebobis safuZvelia. amitom arsebobs SemTxveviTobis kanonebic (kanonzomiereba SemTxveviT movlenebSi), romelsac albaTobis Teoria swavlobs. bunebis kanonebi moicavs rogorc aucileblobis, aseve SemTxveviTobis kanonebs. SemTxveviTobis kanoni, rogorc kanoni, SemTxveviTi rodia. mas iseve, rogorc nebismier kanons, aucileblobis niSani axasiaTebs. albaTobis Teoria SemTxveviTi movlenebis kanonzomierebas swavlobs, kanonzomiereba ki yovelTvis aucileblobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. am gagebiT samyaroSi yvelaferi kanonzomieria, anu araferi ar aris (absoluturad) SemTxveviTi. TviT braunis moZraobaSic ki kanonzomiereba da, maSasadame, garkveuli (statistikuri) aucilebloba figurirebs. SemTxveviTobis kanonebi iseve aucilebelia, rogorc mizezobrivi kanonebi~.1 SemTxveviTobis relativistur gagebas mizezobriobis koncefciaSi principuli cvlilebebi Seaqvs. mizezobriobis axali forma klasikuri tipis erTniSna mizezobriobisagan mravalniSnobiT gansxvavdeba. SemTxveviTobis obieqturad arseboba, rogorc absoluturi SemTxveviTobis, aseve absoluturi aucileblobis arsebobas uaryofs. am azriT mizezobrivi aucileblobac relatiuria. ar aris gamoricxuli mizezobrivi procesebis msvlelobaSi SemTxveviTi xdomilobis CarTva da amis Sedegad procesis mimarTulebis Secvla. amgvari intervencia marTlac ukontroloa~, rac mizezobrivi kavSiris albaTur xasi-

. , c , ., 1959, c. 48.

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aTs ganapirobebs. magram amis Sesaxeb qvemoT ufro vrclad gveqneba mjeloba. albaToba ar aris mizezobrivi kavSiris specifika; aseTia nebismieri aucilebloba, maT Soris mizezobrivic. absoluturi aucileblobis SeuZleblobas SemTxveviTobis obieqturoba ganapirobebs. amitom bunebis kanonebi absoluturi aucileblobiT rodi sruldeba. TviTon niutonis meqanikis kanonebic ki sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT miaxloebiTia da amdenad relatiuria. am garemoebas kvlav SemTxveviTi procesebis CarTva ganapirobebs. amis saukeTeso magaliTs mecnieruli saswaulebi warmoadgens. erT-erT aseT saswauls jinzis saswauli~ ewodeba, romelic amtkicebs, rom Teoriulad arsebobs imis SesaZlebloba, rom gaxurebul Rumelze dadgmuli wyali ki ar aduRdes, aramed gaiyinos. marTalia, amgvari SesaZlebloba ukiduresad mcirea, ris gamoc misi gamoricxva adamianTa praqtikul cxovrebaSi ara marto saWiro, aramed aucilebelicaa, magram Teoriulad misi uaryofa SeuZlebelia. es niSnavs, rom ar arsebobs cecxlze dadgmuli wylis aduRebis absoluturi aucilebloba. vimeorebT, rom am absoluturi aucileblobis gamoricxvaSi mTavar rols obieqturi SemTxveviTobis arseboba asrulebs. absoluturi aucileblobis uaryofidan saerTod aucileblobis (kerZod, mizezobrivi aucileblobis) uaryofa ar gamomdinareobs. aucilebloba universaluria im azriT, rom TviTon absoluturi aucileblobis SemzRudveli obieqturi SemTxveviToba TavisTavad umizezo anu SemTxveviTi rodia. ramdenadac mizezi SemTxveviTsac aqvs, amdenad isic aucilebelia. am azriT samyaroSi yvelaferi aucilebelia; araferi ar aris (absoluturad) SemTxveviTi, vinaidan aseTi ram, usafuZvlobis gamo, arsebobas verc SeZlebda. magram universaluri aucileblobis arseboba absolutur aucileblobas rodi asabuTebs. am SemTxvevaSi universaluri absoluturs ar niSnavs. d. bomi laparakobs ara mxolod erTi-mravalniSna, aramed agreTve mravalniSna-erTi mizezobrivi kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlis qveS imas gulisxmobs, rom ara mxolod 158

erTi mizezi iwvevs sxvadasxva Sedegs, aramed, piriqiTac, sxvadasxva mizezma SeiZleba erTi da igive Sedegi gamoiwvios. aseTi ram bunebasa da adamianTa cxovrebaSi xSirad xdeba. rkinis gaTbobam SeiZleba gamoiwvios ara marto gafarToeba, aramed darbilebac da, sabolood, gadnoba. adamianis organizmis gacivebam SeiZleba gamoiwvios surdoc da filtvebis anTebac. aseve, piriqiT, adamianis sikvdilis mizezi SeiZleba iyos gacivebac, infeqciuri daavadebac, daxrCobac, tyviac da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi sxvadasxva mizezi erTsa da imave Sedegs iwvevs. magram amgvar faqtebs araviTari kavSiri ara aqvs mizezobriobis mravalniSnobis problemasTan. saqme exeba imas, rom SeuZlia Tu ara erTsa da imave mizezs erTi da igive pirobebis TanxlebiT sxvadasxva Sedegi mogvces? Tu aseTi ram SesaZlebelia, maSin mizezobriobis kanoni marTlac Zalas kargavs, determinizms cvlis indeterminizmi. es ki TavisTavad samyaros mecnierul suraTSi dauZlevel winaaRmdegobebs warmoSobs. magram vidre am problemas SevexebodeT, rac Cveni kvlevis mTavar mizans warmoadgens, gvinda aRvniSnoT, rom albaTuri mizezobriobis cnebas, rac mizezobrivi kavSiris mravalniSnobis Sedegia, yvela rodi iziarebs. am koncefciis kritikosebs mizezobriobis albaTobis mtkiceba saerTod mizezobrioobis uaryofad (likvidaciad~) miaCniaT. albaTuri mizezobrioba, maTi azriT, iseTive uazro cnebaa, rogorc umizezo mizezobrioba~. aSkaraa, rom am Tvalsazrisis damcvelebs mizezobriobis cnebis qveS mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris absoluturi aucilebloba esmiT, rogorc es klasikur determinizmSi iyo gagebuli. mizezobriobis amgvari gageba, rarig konservatiulic ar unda iyos, mecnierul Rirebulebas ar aris moklebuli Tundac imitom, rom obieqturi SemTxveviToba, romelsac albaTuri mizezobriobis cneba emyareba, absoluturi SemTxveviToba rodia. TavisTavad mas, rogorc yvela arsebuls, mizezi aqvs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia. swored amitom albaTuri mizezobriobisa da aucileblobis cnebebi ufro nakleb Tanamimdevruli da racionaluria, vidre klasiku159

ri (laplasis) determinizmi. mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mravalniSnobis gageba friad rTulia. mizezobriobis logikur cnebas TiTqmis yovelTvis laplasis erTniSna mizezobriobis cnebamde mivyavarT. amaSi mdgomareobs klasikuri mizezobrivi determinizmis mimzidveloba da popularoba.

intervenci tervenciis Teoria $41. intervenciis Teoria


zemoT vaCveneT, rom mizezobriobis uaryofis mcdelobas ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobis principis safuZvelze mTel rig logikur winaaRmdegobebamde, saxeldobr, TviTon bunebis kanonebisa da, kidev metic, mecnierebis uaryofamde mivyavarT. momavlis winaswarxedvis (prognozirebis) SeuZleblobis mtkicebis safuZvelze mxolod mizezobriobis uaryofas ki ar miviRebT, aramed nebismieri aucileblobis Semcveli kanonisa, rac, sabolood, mecnierebis uaryofamde migviyvans. is avtorebi, romlebic haizenbergis principis safuZvelze mizezobriobas uaryofen, ar iTvaliswineben im absurdul Sedegebs, rac am uaryofas SeiZleba mohyves. mizezobriobis klasikuri koncefciis winaaRmdeg meore argumentad difraqciul meserSi TanamimdevrobiT gamavali eleqtronebis cdas miiCneven. viwro xvrelSi eleqtronebis umravlesoba TanamimdevrobiT garbis da ekranze aisaxeba; magram calkeuli eleqtronebi erTsa da imave pirobebSic ki mimarTulebas icvlis da sxva xvrelSi garbis. aqedan daskvnas akeTeben imis Sesaxeb, rom erTi da igive mizezi erTsa da imave pirobebSi sxvadasxva Sedegs gvaZlevs, amitom SeuZlebeli xdeba imis prognozireba, Tu romeli eleqtroni romel xvrelSi gaZvreba. momavlis prognozirebis SeuZleblobas ki klasikuri determinizmis moTxovnebis darRvevad Tvlian, rasac isini atomur samyaroSi mizezobriobis kanonis uaryofad miiCneven. klasikuri mizezobrivi determinizmis nacvlad laparakoben mizezobriobis axali formis Sesaxeb, romelic Zveli, erTniSna determinizmisagan gansxvavebiT, mraval160

niSnobiT xasiaTdeba, anu albaTuri xasiaTi aqvs. albaTuri mizezobrioba mravalniSnaa. difraqciis zemoaRniSnuli cda gvaCvenebs, amtkiceben albaTuri mizezobriobis damcvelebi, rom erTi da igive mizezi yovelTvis rodi gvaZlevs erTsa da imave Sedegs. Sredingeris gantolebebma daasabuTa, rom Cven ara gvaqvs da arc SeiZleba gvqondes mikronawilakis moZraobis winaswarxedvis absoluturi SesaZlebloba. mxolod imis winaswarxedva SegviZlia, Tu ras udris imis albaToba, rom mikronawilaki am adgilsa da am dros vipovniT. aq, cxadia, mizezobrioba gvaqvs, Tumca ara klasikuri tipisa. axali tipis _ albaTuri mizezobrioba _ ar atarebs absoluturi aucileblobis xasiaTs; igi mravalniSnaa, relatiuria. Tanamedrove mecnierebisa da mecnierebis filosofiis erT-erT did miRwevas marTlac warmoadgens klasikuri (absoluturi) mizezobriobis cnebisagan gansxvavebuli mizezobriobis cnebis _ albaTuri mizezobriobis _ aRmoCena. es udavo faqtia da masze kamaTi ar SeiZleba. miuxedavad amisa, Cven vTvliT, rom albaTuri mizezobriobis cneba Rrma filosofiur analizs saWiroebs, romlis Sedegad iseTi siZneleebi aRmoCndeba, romelTa axsna _ racionaluri gaazreba _ aucilebelia. am SemTxvevaSi, uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs SemTxveviTobis cneba, romlis Sesaxeb zemoT sakmaod vrclad vilaparakeT. saqme imaSia, rom albaTobis cneba yovelTvis SemTxveviTobis arsebobas gulisxmobs; albaToba SemTxveviTobis zomaa. amitom albaTuri mizezobriobis cneba Tavis TavSi SemTxveviTobasac gulisxmobs. fluqtuaciis movlenebi difraqciuli meseris cdis pirobebSi SemTxveviTad anu umizezod aris miCneuli. winaswar varaudoben, rom erTi da igive mizezi ar SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevdes. maSasadame, is movlenebi (am SemTxvevaSi eleqtronebis moZraoba), maTi azriT, romlebic saerTo kanonzomierebidan gamoeTiSeba, SemTxveviTia. es niSnavs, maTi azriT, umizezo anu SemTxveviTi movlenebis arsebobis daSvebas. bunebas marTavs _ wers d. bomi _ mizezobriobisa da SemTxveviTobis kanonebis narevi~. magram, vfiqrobT, zemoT 161

sakmaod damajereblad vaCveneT SemTxveviTi (sruliad umizezo) movlenebis arsebobis SeuZlebloba. samyaroSi yvelaferi Seqmnilia da, maSasadame, aucilebelia (mizezobrivi aucileblobis azriT). am gagebiT absoluturi SemTxveviToba ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes. SemTxveviTobis cnebas mxolod relatiuri sazrisi SeiZleba hqondes. aqve gasaTvaliswinebelia inerciis kanoni, romelic amtkicebs, rom garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe sxeulis mdgomareoba ar SeiZleba Seicvalos. fluqtuaciis movlenebi, e. i. calkeuli eleqtronebis traeqtoriis cvlileba _ mimarTulebis Secvla _ ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi iyos. igi uTuod raRac sxva Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia. marTlac, garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe rogor avxsnaT mizezobriobis albaToba, rogorc mravalniSnoba, rogor SeiZleba gavigoT is faqti, rom erTi da igive mizezi SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegs iwvevdes? am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia kvlav difraqciuli meseris cdis Sedegebi. mizezobrivi kavSiri im SemTxvevaSi gvaqvs, roca erTi movlena (mizezi) aucileblobiT warmoSobs meore movlenas (Sedegs). mizezobriobis erT-erT fundamentur niSans aucilebloba warmoadgens (magram yoveli aucilebeli kavSiri ar aris mizezobrivi). Tuki aseTi aucilebeli kavSiri ar aris, maSin mizezobriobis Sesaxeb laparaki SeuZlebelia. swored aucileblobis niSniT ukavSirdeba mizezobrioba kanonzomierebas; kanonzomiereba mxolod im pirobebSi SeiZleba arsebobdes, Tu erTi da igive mizezi erTsa da imave pirobebSi yovelTvis erTsa da imave Sedegs warmoSobs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, Tu meordeba mizezi (+ piroba) unda ganmeordes Sedegic. bunebaSi _ wers n. bori _ erTi da igive movlenebi erTsa da imave pirobebSi warmoiSoba~. Tu mizezi absoluturi sizustiT meordeba, maSin aseve absoluturi sizustiT ganmeordeba Sedegic. amaSi klasikuri determinizmi sworia.

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magram bunebaSi ar arsebobs absoluturad ganmeorebadi movlenebi da procesebi. samyaroSi yvelaferi individualuria, unikaluria, ganumeorebelia. amis Sesabamisad mizezisa da Sedegis kompleqsi absoluturi sizustiT arasodes ar meordeba. klasikuri determinizmi cdeboda, roca bunebis erTgvarobis principis safuZvelze mizezsa da Sedegs Soris absoluturad aucilebel, erTniSna kavSirs amyarebda. sinamdvileSi ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes aseTi aucilebloba da erTniSnoba materialur samyaros xdomilobaTa ganumeorebadobisa da unikalurobis gamo. amrigad, mizezis (da Sesabamisi pirobebis) absoluturi sizustiT ganmeoreba gamoricxulia. miuxedavad amisa, mizezi miaxloebiT aucileblad meordeba. amis gareSe pirobebis ganmeorebas araviTari azri ar eqneboda, vinaidan Sedegs warmoSobs mizezi da ara pirobebi. mizezisa da pirobebis ganmeoreba ki Sedegis ganmeorebis aucilebeli da sakmarisi pirobaa. amasTanave mizezobriv kavSirs Tan axlavs sxvadasxva (mravali) piroba, romelTac, cxadia, ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba ara aqvT. swored amitom aucileblad migvaCnia am pirobebis kvalifikacia, raTa vaCvenoT maTi roli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris ganxorcielebis saqmeSi. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT ZiriTadi da araZiZiriTadi riTa raZi ZiriTadi, Tadi arsebiTi sebi ararsebi arsebiTi riTadi anu arsebiTi da ararsebiTi pirobebi. ZiriTadi anu arsebiTia is pirobebi, romlebic, marTalia, ar warmoSobs Sedegs, magram gansazRvravs mis warmoSobas; maT gareSe mizezi ver warmoSobs Sedegs. magaliTad, Tesli mcenaris aRmocenebis mizezia, magram niadagi, tenianoba da a. S. aris Sedegis (mcenaris aRmocenebis) ZiriTadi anu arsebiTi pirobebi. erTsa da imave mizezma sxvadasxva pirobebSi SeiZleba sxvadasxva Sedegi mogvces. magaliTad, Tu adamians kuWi stkiva da Sesabamis wamals (mizezi) miiRebs, morCeba. magram Tu sxva adamiani imave wamals miiRebs, romelsac, garda kuWisa, iseTi daavadebac aqvs, romelsac mocemuli wamali vnebs, maSin SeiZleba mkurnaloba gamojanmrTelebiT ki ara, sikvdiliT damTavrdes. am163

rigad, erTma da imave mizezma sxvadasxva pirobebSi sxvadasxva Sedegi mogvca. amgvari pirobebi arsebiTia, ZiriTadia, vinaidan isini mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarTulebas gansazRvravs, magram arsebobs araZiriTadi, anu araarsebiTi pirobebic, romlebic xSirad mizezobriv process axlavs, YTumca masze gavlenas ver axdens. magaliTad, avadmyofma wamali SeiZleba miiRos diliT an saRamos, fexze mdgomma an mjdomarem, mxiarul an sevdian gunebaze da a. S. amas mizez-Sedegobriv kavSirze araviTari gavlenis moxdena ar SeuZlia. amrigad, erTsa da imave ZiriTad pirobebSi mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiri erTniSnad meordeba. es arsebiTi, ZiriTadi pirobebi rom mudam meordebodes, maSin mizezsa da Sedegs Soris iseTi mkacri aucilebloba iarsebebda, rogorsac klasikuri determinizmi varaudobda. magram SesaZlebelia Tu ara sawyisi pirobebis absoluturi sizustiT ganmeoreba? Tu aseTi SesaZlebloba ar arsebobs, maSin klasikuri (laplasis) determinizmi swori ar aris. cnobilia, rom samyaros saganTa da movlenaTa Soris arsebobs universaluri, usasrulo (yovel SemTxvevaSi praqtikuli usasrulobis~ azriT) kavSir-urTierTobebi. isini ganuwyvetlad moqmedeben erTmaneTze, cvlian procesis mimarTulebasa da msvlelobas, iwveven maT deformacias. garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis sisruliT gamoricxva rom SegveZlos, maSin mizezsa da Sedegs Soris absoluturad aucilebeli kavSiri iarsebebda da SesaZlebeli iqneboda absoluturi sizustiT momavlis winaswarxedva. klasikuri determinizmi swored aseT abstraqcias mimarTavda da angariSs ar uwevda realur viTarebas. amJamad kargad cnobilia, rom aseTi izolirebuli sistemebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. yoveli sxeuli, yoveli procesi gareSe Zalebis mudmivi zemoqmedebis qveS imyofeba, rac mis mdgomareobas cvlis. swored amitom absoluturi sizustiT araferi ar meordeba. rasakvirvelia, nebismieri procesis izolireba sxvadasxva met-naklebobiT SeiZleba, magram ara mTlianad. es niSnavs, rom ama Tu im 164

sxeulis an procesis sisruliT gamoTiSva samyaros saganTa da movlenaTa universaluri kavSir-urTierTobebidan SeuZlebelia. am garemoebas arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs mizezobrivi mravalniSnobis problemis kvlevisaTvis. ZiriTadi pirobebis ganmeorebis SemTxvevaSi Sedegi uTuod ganmeordeba. magram samyaroSi arsebuli usasrulo urTierTkavSirebisa da urTierTganpirobebulobis gamo gamoricxuli ar aris axali, moulodneli xdomilobis CarTva mizezobriobis qselSi, romelsac SeuZlia mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarTulebis Secvla. vuwodoT am moulodnel CarTvas kauzaluri intervencia, vinaidan xdomiloba moukauzalu luri intervenci tervencia lodnelad SeiWreba mizezobriv procesSi da cvlis mis mimarTulebas. mizezobrivi procesis sawyisi mdgomareobisas es xdomiloba an saerTod ar Canda da an Canda, magram iyo araZiriTadi, ararsebiTi piroba, magram rodesac igi mizezobriobis jaWvSi CaerTo, maSin igi arsebiTi gaxda da kidec Secvala mizezobrivi procesis mimarTuleba da miviReT moulodneli Sedegi. amaSi gamoixata mizezobriobis mravalniSnoba. vinaidan intervenciis SesaZleblobis sruli gamoricxva SeuZlebelia, amitom mizezsa da Sedegs Soris kavSiri ar SeiZleba absoluturi aucileblobis xasiaTs atarebdes, e. i. ar SeiZleba vamtkicoT, rom mocemuli mizezi (+piroba) uTuod ama da am Sedegs warmoSobs. amaSi mdgomareobs mizezobriobis mravalniSnobac, misi albaTuri xasiaTi da momavlis winaswarxedvis absoluturad sizustiT SeuZleblobac. magaliTad, Tu avadmyofi Sesabamis wamals miiRebs, maSin gamojanmrTeldeba. magram Tu mas wamlis miRebis procesSi cxvirs daaceminebs an daaxvelebs, maSin SeiZleba wamalma ki ar moarCinos (Tu sasunTq milSi gadascda), aramed daaxrCos. am SemTxvevaSi mizezi da sawyisi pirobebi igive iyo, magram sxva xdomilebis moulodneli intervenciis Sedegad sul sxva Sedegi miviReT. amrigad, absoluturi mizezobrivi aucileblobis SeuZlebloba anu mizezobriobis mravalniSnoba, upirveles yovlisa, dakavSirebulia intervenciis SesaZ165

leblobasTan, anu mizez-Sedegobrivi procesis msvlelobaSi axali Zalebis CarTvis gamoricxvis SeuZleblobasTan. b. rasels aseTi magaliTi moaqvs: zeviT asrolili qva Cveulebrivad Zirs vardeba; magram Tu igi arwivs Citi egona da gadaylapa, maSin qva aRar Camovardeba. anu mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarTuleba Seicvleba. meore magaliTi moaqvs d. boms; furceli Cveulebrivad zevidan qveviT vardeba, magram YTu qarma daubera, SeiZleba furceli qvevidan zeviT aitacos da ara miwaze daeSvas. orive SemTxvevaSi axali, moulodneli xdomilobis intervencia mizezobrivi jaWvis mimarTulebas cvlis. zogjer sinoptikosebs vsayvedurobT, rom maTi varaudi yovelTvis ar marTldeba. Tu intervenciis Teoriidan amovalT, maSin Cveni sayveduri usafuZvlo aRmoCndeba. sinoptikosebi sakmaod didi sizustiT angariSoben awmyoSi arsebuli atmosferuli monacemebis safuZvelze momavali dReebis aminds. gaTvaliswinebulia tendenciac kvlav awmyoSi arsebuli pirobebis safuZvelze. magram Tu gauTvaliswinebeli atmosferuli xdomilobani mizezobriv qselSi CaerTo, maSin advili SesaZlebelia prognozirebuli klimatis Secvla da, Sesabamisad, sinoptikosebis winaswarxedvis gayalbeba. amasTanave SeuZlebelia intervenciis prognozireba, vinaidan awmyoSi misi kvali ar Cans. am SemTxvevaSic mizezobrivi mravalniSnobis tipuri SemTxveva gvaqvs. analogiuri magaliTebi SeiZleba movitanoT samedicino praqtikidan. cxadia, TviTon am intervencias garkveuli mizezi aqvs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia. magram igi mocemuli mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris mimarT SemTxveviTia, aucilebeli ar aris. cxviris daceminebas an daxvelebas, rasakvirvelia, mizezi aqvs da, maSasadame, aucilebelia, magram araviTari aucilebloba ar arsebobs imisa, rom igi damTxveoda avadmyofis mier wamlis miRebis process. am ori aucilebeli procesis (wamlis miReba da cxviris dacemineba an daxveleba) mijnaze warmoiSoba SemTxveviToba, rogorc mosalodneli Sedegis Secvla da, maSasadame, mize166

zobriobis mravalniSnoba. am SemTxvevaSic aSkarad Cans SemTxveviTobis safuZvlianoba-usafuZvloba, anu misi relatiuri xasiaTi. SeiZleba Tu ara intervenciis winaswarxedva? erTi SexedviT, aseTi SesaZlebloba uTuod unda arsebobdes, vinaidan intervencia mizezobrivi aqtia da, maSasadame, aucilebelia. magram sinamdvileSi es ase ar aris. intervenciis SesaZleblobis winaswarxedva SeuZlebelia, vinaidan misi warmoSoba ar aris winaswar gansazRvruli da arc aucileblobas warmoadgens. TviTon intervencia, rogorc xdomiloba, mizezobrivi da amdenad aucilebelia, magram misi warmoSoba sruliadac ar aris winaswar aucilebeli. aucilebeli ar aris, rom arwivma zeviT asrolili qva gadaylapos da aseTis winaswarxedva arc aravis SeuZlia. magram is, rom man qva gadaylapa, amas mizezi hqonda (Citi egona) da TavisTavad arc SemTxveviTs warmoadgenda. aseve aravis SeuZlia imis winaswarxedva, rom avadmyofi wamlis miRebisas daaxvelebs an cxvirs daaceminebs. es marTlac ukontroloa~ (fizikosebis termini rom vixmaroT). winaswarxedvis am SeuZleblobas obieqturi, principuli xasiaTi aqvs da Cveni codnis naklebobaze ar aris damokidebuli. es niSnavs SemTxveviTobis obieqturobas, Tumca misi winaswarxedva absoluturi sizustiT SeuZlebelia. cxadia, misi prognozireba garkveuli albaTobiT SeiZleba, magram es sruliadac ar aris sakmarisi. intervenciis Teoria, romelsac Cven mkiTxvels vTavazobT, vfiqrobT, moxsnis im siZneleebs, rac mizezobriobis mravalniSnobis da albaTuri mizezobriobis cnebebTan aris dakavSirebuli. mizezobriobis mravalniSnobis damcvelebi difraqciuli meseris cdis safuZvelze laparakoben umizezobis anu SemTxveviTobis Sesaxeb martooden cdis sawyisi pirobebisa da Sedegis gaTvaliswinebis safuZvelze, magram yuradRebas ar aqceven imas, Tu ra SeiZleba moxdes am or punqts Soris, kerZod, mxedvelobaSi ar aris miRebuli axali, moulodneli xdomilobebis intervencia mizezobriobis jaWvSi, romelic erTeuli

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eleqtronebis traeqtorias Secvlis da gansxvavebul Sedegebs mogvcems. bunebis kanonebis relatiuroba, maTi miaxloebiTi xasiaTi intervenciis SesaZleblobis gamoricxvis SeuZleblobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. Tuki intervenciis SesaZleblobis zusti gansazRvra SegveZlos, maSin bunebis kanonebis dadgena absoluturi sizustiT iqneboda SesaZlebeli. intervenciis gamoricxva SemTxveviTobis gamoricxvas niSnavs, xolo misi SeuZlebloba bunebis kanonebis miaxloebiT, relatiur xasiaTs asabuTebs. maqs planki Tvlida, rom kvanturi fizikis samyaros suraTSi determinizmi iseve mkacrad batonobs, rogorc klasikur fizikaSi~. vinaidan SemTxveviT xdomilobebsac aqvs mizezi da, maSasadame, aucilebelia, amitom SemTxveviToba _ umizezobis azriT _ bunebaSi ar arsebobs. klasikuri determinizmi swored amas amtkicebda mxolod im gansxvavebiT, rom obieqtur SemTxveviTobas saerTod uaryofda da, maSasadame, aucileblobas absolutur mniSvnelobas aniWebda. Tanamedrove determinizmi ki uSvebs SemTxveviTobis obieqturad arsebobas, magram am cnebis qveS relatiuri da ara absoluturi Sinaarsi esmis. mizezobriobis uaryofa atomur samyaroSi klasikuri determinizmis mimarT meore ukiduresobas warmoadgens. Tu es ukanaskneli SemTxveviTobas obieqturi sinamdvilidan mTlianad gamoricxavda, kvanturi meqanikis kopenhagenuri interpretacia SemTxveviTobas (umizezobis azriT) kvantur samyaroSi obieqtur statuss aniWebs. vimeorebT, rom SemTxveviToba, rasakvirvelia, obieqturad arsebobs, magram arsebobs relatiuri da ara absoluturi azriT. is mosazreba, rom bunebaSi yvelafers aqvs Tavisi mizezi, ar arsebobs absoluturi (umizezoba) SemTxveviToba da am azriT yvelaferi aucilebelia, Tanamedrove determinizms klasikur determinizmTan aaxloebs, Tumca maT Soris principuli gansxvavebaa. samyaroSi arsebuli universaluri qmnadobis procesi mizezobriobis universaluri mniSvnelobis maCvenebelia. universaluri qmnadoba

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swored mizezobriobis universalurobis safuZvelze SeiZleba. amrigad, mizezobriobis mravalniSnobisa da masTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli SemTxveviTobis statusis problemebi kauzaluri intervenciis Teoriis safuZvelze SeiZleba gadawydes. esec ar iyos, ara mxolod intuicia, aramed gonebac (logika) gvkarnaxobs umizezo movlenebis SeuZleblobasa da, maSasadame, mizezobriobis kanonis universalurobas. swored amitom rarig damtkicebuli ar unda iyos mecnieruli faqtebiT mizezobriobis kanonis SezRudva, misi uaryofa sinamdvilis ama Tu im (vTqvaT, atomur) sferoSi, misi ukritikod miReba SeuZlebelia. empiriuli faqtebi filosofiur ganzogadebas moiTxovs da mxolod amis Sedegad SeiZleba gaxdes mecnieruli Teoriis safuZveli, miiRos mecnieruli faqtebis saxe.

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Tavi meeq eqvse Tavi meeqvse gazomvis Teoriis filosofiuri safuZvlebi gazomvis Teoriis filosofiu safuZvlebi zomvi losofi fuZvle gazomvis Teoriis logikuri nali zomvi giku lizi $42. gazomvis Teoriis logikuri analizi
gazomvis obieqts materialuri sinamdvilis raodenobrivi gansazRvruloba warmoadgens. raodenobrivi gansazRvruloba aris sidide. am azriT vambobT, rom gazomvis obieqti aris sidide. sididis cnebas maTematikaSic xmaroben. gazomvis obieqtebi ki aris fizikuri sidideebi, Tumca Tu gazomvas gavigebT rogorc saerTod sidideebis Sefardebas, maSin gazomvis cneba sinamdvilis yvela sferos moicavs. SesaZlebelia ara mxolod raodenobrivi, aramed Tvisebrivi sidideebis Sefardeba anu gazomva. yvelgan, sadac SeiZleba gamoviyenoT cnebebi: `ufro didi~ an `ufro mcire~, gazomvasTan gvaqvs saqme. gazomvis proceduris Casatareblad aucilebelia gasazomi sididisa da sazomi erTeulis arseboba. sazomi erTeuli ewodeba im sidides, romelTan Sedarebis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli xdeba imave gvaris gasazomi sididis raodenobrivi mxaris Sefaseba. sazomi erTeulebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. adamiani irCevs erT-erT fizikur sidides da mas sazom erTeulad xmarobs. fizikuri sidide, vTqvaT, metriani joxi, TavisTavad araviTari privilegiebiT ar sargeblobs, mas araviTari upiratesoba ara aqvs gasazom sidideebTan SedarebiT; magram mas Semdeg, rac Cven igi sazom erTeulad avirCieT, iqceva etalonad anu gaxdeba privilegiuri sidide, romelic Tavisi TvalsazrisiT~ afasebs yvelafers, magram TviTon ki arasodes ar aris Sefasebis obieqti. aravin ar moiTxovs sazomi erTeulis gazomvas, vinaidan aseTi moTxovna uazro iqneba. Tu sazomi erTeulis gazomvas daviwyebT, maSin igi iqneba ara sazomi erTeuli, aramed gasazomi sidide, romlis gasazomad sxva sazomi erTeulis arCeva dagvWirdeba. amaSi mdgomareobs sazomi erTeulis privilegiuri mniSvneloba. 170

magram sazomi erTeulis arCevani mTlad Tavisufali rodia; imisaTvis, raTa sidide sazom erTeulad avirCioT, saWiroa garkveul moTxovnebs sxvebze metad akmayofilebdes. erT-erTi aseTi moTxovnaa ucvleloba, mdgradoba. Tu sazomi erTeuli icvleba, maSin igi gasazomi sididis erTniSna aRweras ver mogvcems. bunebaSi arsebobs mravali globaluri xasiaTis Zalebi (gravitaciuli, siTburi da sxv.), romelTa zemoqmedebas yvela sxeuli eqvemdebareba. swored amitom absoluturad mdgradi, ucvleli sidideebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs. magram arsebul sidideTagan adamiani irCevs naklebad cvalebads, ufro mdgrads an uqmnis iseT pirobebs, rom maqsimalurad iyos daculi bunebrivi Zalebis zemoqmedebisagan. aseTia, magaliTad, sigrZis sazomi etaloni _ metri _ romelic platinisa (90%) da iridiumis (10%) narevisagan Sedgeba da specialurad dacul xelsawyoSi inaxeba. sazomi erTeulis meore fundamenturi moTxovna is aris, rom igi unda iyos imave gvaris sidide, rogoricaa gasazomi obieqti. sigrZes TermometriT an saaTiT ver gavzomavT, iseve rogorc temperatura an dro metriani joxiT ar gaizomeba. magram gasazomi sididisa da sazomi erTeulis erTgvarovneba ar niSnavs maT igiveobas. Saqars rkinis girebiT avwoniT, vinaidan maT saerTo Tviseba (wona) aqvT, Tumca Tvisebrivad erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. gasazomi sididec garkveul moTxovnebs unda akmayofilebdes. erT-erTi aseTi fundamenturi moTxovnaa nulovani mniSvnelobis arseboba. im sidideebs, romelTac nulovani mniSvneloba aqvT, erTmaneTze dadebiT gavzomavT (magaliTad sigrZes metriani joxiT), xolo sadac aseTi nulovani mniSvneloba ar aris (temperatura, dro), saWiro xdeba misi xelovnurad daweseba. magaliTad, temperaturis aTvlas viwyebT 00-dan, romelic yinulis dnobis temperaturas Seesabameba, drois aTvlas viwyebT 24 saaTidan da a. S. nulovani mniSvnelobis arCevani araviTar aucileblobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. SeiZleba temperaturis aTvla 5 an 7 (an sxva) gradusidan, aseve dro Se171

iZleba aviTvaloT 20 an 15 (an sxva) saaTidan. es arCevani konvenciur xasiaTs atarebs, romelic mxolod simarjvisa da moxerxebulobis mixedviT sruldeba. arCevanis erTaderT kriteriums swored es warmoadgens. gazomvis Sedegebi damokidebulia sazomi erTeulis arCevanze. erTi da igive sidide sxvadasxva sazomi erTeuliT gazomvisas sxvadasxva sididiT gamoisaxeb, romelTagan yvela WeSmaritia an, ufro zustad, arc erTi araa WeSmariti, vinaidan WeSmariteba-Secdomis cnebebi gazomvis proceduraSi ar gamoiyeneba. gazomvis WeSmaritebaSecdomis Sesaxeb laparaki mxolod sazomi erTeulis mimarT SeiZleba da ara mis gareSe. sazomi erTeulis arCevans ki SemecnebasTan saqme ara aqvs. igi TviTneburia, konvenciuri aqtia. magram pozitivizmi ar aris marTali, roca gazomvas saerTod ar Tvlis SemecnebiT aqtad. nebismieri konvencia, maT Soris sazomi erTeulis arCeva, TavisTavad ar aris Semecneba, magram mas SemecnebiTi funqcia aqvs. saxeldobr, vimecnebT gasazomi sididis Sefardebas sazom erTeulTan. sxva gza, sxva saSualeba gasazomi sididis raodenobrivi gansazRvrulobis Sesamecneblad ar arsebobs. gazomvas rom araviTari SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba ar hqondes, maSin bunebismecniereba, rogorc mecniereba, SeuZlebeli iqneboda, vinaidan bunebismecnieruli Semecnebis fundamentur meTodsa da saSualebas swored gazomva warmoadgens. sazomi erTeuli, rogorc privilegirebuli sidide, absolutur mniSvnelobas iZens. misi absoluturoba privilegirebul mdgomareobaSi gamoixateba. igi aris etaloni, sxvisi sididis Semfasebeli, xolo TviTon ki yovelgvari Sefasebis gareSe dgas. magram sazomi erTeulis absoluturoba TviTarsi rodia. igi Cvens mier Seqmnilia, Cven mivaniWeT mas privilegiuri mniSvneloba, vinaidan mis gareSe gazomvis proceduris Catareba SeuZlebelia. erTi sityviT, sazomi erTeuli Cvens mier gaabsoluturebuli relatiuria anu fsevdoabsoluturia, romlis Semotana aucilebelia adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRva-

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weobisaTvis da romelic WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs. am Temas qvemoT vrclad ganvixilavT. vinaidan zoma aris sazom erTeulTan gasazomi sididis Sefardebis gamoxatuleba, amitom igi Tavisi bunebiT relatiuria. roca vambobT, rom oTaxis farTobi aris 20 metri, maSin garkveul sazom erTeuls vgulisxmobT. sxva sazomi erTeulis mimarT oTaxis zoma sxvagvarad warmosdgeba. amaSia misi relatiuroba. amave dros erTi da igive gasazomi sididis sxvadasxva zoma sxvadasxva sazomi erTeulis mimarT ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobisaa. SeuZlebelia kiTxvis dasma, Tu romelia maT Soris WeSmariti. isini yvela WeSmaritia TavianTi sazomi erTeulis mimarT an, rac igivea, arc erTi ar aris WeSmariti, Tu WeSmaritebis cnebis qveS vigulisxmebT gasazomi sididis zomas sazom erTeulTan Sefardebis gareSe. sagans ara aqvs zoma TavisTavad, misi zoma dgindeba mxolod garkveul sazom erTeulTan mimarTebaSi. isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ar SeiZleba sididisa da zomis gaigiveba, rogorc amas adgili aqvs zogierTi pozitivistis naazrevSi. sxeuls aqvs sidide yovelgvari gazomvisagan damoukideblad, magram es sidide mxolod gazomvis, rogorc subieqturi saqmianobis, Sedegad zomis saxiT warmosdgeba, romelic, cxadia, gazomvis gareSe ar arsebobs da warmoadgens sazom erTeulTan gasazomi sididis Sefardebis gamoxatulebas.

sivrcisa ivrci dro rois riki problema kis oble $43. sivrcisa da drois metrikis problema
naturfilosofosebi davoben imis Sesaxeb, aqvs Tu ara sivrcesa da dros Sinagani, sakuTari metrika; klasikuri fizika, romelic sivrcesa da drois absolutur _ materiisagan damoukidebel _ sidideebad Tvlida, sivrcisa da drois Sinagani metrikis arsebobas amtkicebda. Tu arsebobdes absoluturi sivrce da dro, mas, cxadia, Sinagani metrika eqneba da, rogorc absoluturi sidideebi, araferze ar iqneba damokidebeli. magram sivrcisa da 173

drois relativisturma Teoriam absoluturi sivrcisa da drois uaryofasTan erTad maTi Sinagani metrikis arsebobac uaryo. sivrce da dro materialuri samyarosagan damoukideblad ar arsebobs. sivrce materialur sxeulTa urTierTganlagebis wesrigia, xolo dro _ moZraobisa da cvalebadobis mdgomareobaTa Tanamimdevrobis wesrigi. es niSnavs, rom sivrcisa da drois metrikuli Tvisebebi damokidebulia imaze, ris wesrigsac warmoadgens. es ki niSnavs sivrcisa da drois Sinagani metrikis arsebobis uaryofas. magram relativisturma Teoriam sivrcisa da drois gazomvis sferoSi axali sirTuleebi warmoSva. erT-erT aseT sirTules warmoadgens erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois momdevno intervalebis tolobis dadgena. Tu ori sxeuli erTad imyofeba, maSin maTi tolobis dadgena iolia. siZnele maSin warmoiSoba, roca sivrceSi erTmaneTisagan daSorebuli sidideebis tolobis dadgenas movisurvebT. rogor unda davadginoT sivrceSi daSorebuli monakveTebis toloba? magaliTad, rogor unda gavigoT, rom metri, romelsac sazom erTeulad vxmarobT, tolia sigrZis sazomi saerTaSoriso etalonisa (saarqivo metri), romelic sevrSi (parizis maxloblad) imyofeba? Tu am joxs parizSi waviRebT da saerTaSoriso etalons davazomebT, xolo Semdeg ukan wamoviRebT, amiT verafers davamtkicebT, vinaidan ar aris gamoricxuli bunebrivi Zalebis (gravitaciuli, siTburi da a. S.) zemoqmedebis Sedegad Cvens mier gazomili joxis deformacia transportirebis procesSi. miT umetes es sirTule Tavs iCens drois intervalebis gazomvis procesSi, vinaidan dro Tanamimdevrobis wesrigia da, maSasadame, misi intervalebi TanamimdevrobaSi da ara erTdroulad imyofeba; warsuli aRar arsebobs, momavali ki jer ar damdgara. uSualod yovelTvis mocemuli gvaqvs mxolod awmyo. am siZneleebis safuZvelze raixenbaxi uaryofs sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois intervalebis tolobis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas. marTlac, am SemTxvevaSi Semecne174

baze laparaki mxolod im pirobiT SeiZleba, Tu SevimecnebT imas, gamoiwvia Tu ara bunebrivi Zalebis zemoqmedebam gazomili monakveTebis deformacia an ra intensivobiT moqmedebda maTze es Zalebi; amis gareSe ki maT Semecnebaze laparaki marTlac SeuZlebelia.

mikronawilakis gazomvis problema ikronawilaki zomvi oble $44. mikronawilakis gazomvis problema
kidev ufro did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli mikronawilakis gazomvis problema. mikronawilakis mdebareobisa da siCqaris (koordinatisa da impulsis) gasazomad saWiroa sazomi xelsawyos gamoyeneba, romlis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia mikronawilakis mxolod zusti koordinatis an mxolod impulsis gazomva da ara orivesi erTdroulad. garda amisa, sazomi xelsawyodan gaSvebuli sxivi _ fotonebi _ ecema gasazom mikronawilaks, iwvevs mis SeSfoTebas da cvlis mis koordinatsa da impulss. amitom Cven moklebuli varT imis SesaZleblobas, rom gavigoT, Tu sad imyofeboda an ra siCqariT moZraobda mikronawilaki Cvens dakvirvebamde. dakvirvebis procesSi Cven SevaSfoTeT mikronawilakis mdgomareoba da, maSasadame, vxedavT ara imas, rac iyo TavisTavad (dakvirvebamde), aramed imas, rac Cveni Seqmnilia, Cveni Semoqmedebis produqtia. aqedan warmosdga subieqtisa da obieqtis ganuyrelobis koncefcia, maSin roca subieqtis qveS sazomi xelsawyo igulisxmeba. amis safuZvelze Camoyalibda e. w. xelsawyos idealizmi~, romelic cdilobs kvanturi samyaros suraTSi subieqtis Seyvanas anu kvanturi procesebis subieqtivistur axsnas. am koncefcias garkveulwilad kvanturi meqanikis fuZemdeblebic, gansakuTrebiT n. bori da v. haizenbergi TanaugrZnobdnen. es ukanaskneli werda: bunebis aRwera yovelTvis gulisxmobs adamians~.1 damkvirveblisa da dakvirvebis ganuyrelobis ideas icavs n. boric. cxovrebis harmoniis ZiebaSi ar unda dagvaviw1

W. Heisenberg, Das Naturbild der heutigen Physik, 1955, s. 12

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ydes, rom yofierebis dramaSi Cven erTdroulad mayureblebic varT da msaxiobebic.~1 manve SeimuSava e. w. damatebiTobis principi, romelic mikrosamyaros kanonzomierebis axsnas klasikuri fizikis enaze cdilobs. sinaTle gazomvis procesSi xan talRur Tvisebebs avlens da xan korpuskulurs, mikronawilakis xan zusti koordinati Cans da xan zusti impulsi. imisaTvis, raTa kvanturi samyaros axsnas mivaRwioT, saWiroa es urTierT gamomricxveli suraTebi erTmaneTs davumatoT da miviRoT sruli suraTi. cdis sxvadasxva pirobebSi miRebuli monacemebi... unda ganvixiloT rogorc damatebiTni im azriT, rom mxolod sxvadasxva movlenebis erTobliobas SeuZlia mogvces sinaTlis obieqtis Sesaxeb ufro sruli warmodgena.~2 subieqtisa da obieqtis ganuyrelobis ideis miuxedavad, fizikisa da naturfilosofiis bevri TvalsaCino warmomadgeneli Tvlis, rom samyaros fizikur suraTSi damkvirvebeli subieqti ar SeiZleba figurirebdes. igive haizenbergi wers, rom damkvirveblis Semoyvana ar SeiZleba arasworad gavigoT bunebis aRweraSi raRac subieqturi niSnebis Semotanis azriT. damkvirvebeli sivrcesa da droSi mimdinare procesebis martooden maregistrirebeli xelsawyos funqcias asrulebs da sruliadac ara aqvs mniSvneloba imas, damkvirvebeli adamiania Tu xelsawyo.~3 aseve h. raixenbaxi Tvlis, rom damkvirvebeli subieqti kvanturi samyarodan mTlianad unda gamoiricxos; es imiT mtkicdeba, rom damkvirvebeli piri SeiZleba fizikuri xelsawyoebiT SevcvaloT, magaliTad, fotoeleqtruli kameriT.~4

. , , ., 1961, c. 89 iqve, gv. 60-61 3 , . ix. wignSi: . ., 1989, c. 36 4 H. Reichenbach, Philosophic Foundations of Quantum Mechanics, Berkley, Los. Angeles, London, 1946, p. 15
2

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gazomvis problema, gansakuTrebiT kvantur meqanikaSi, kvlav problemad rCeba da dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobis obieqts warmoadgens.

literatura literatura teratu 1. sergi avaliani _ hans raixenbaxis filosofia (kriti2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.


kuli analizi), Tbilisi, 1961 sergi avaliani _ Tanamedrove pozitivizmis bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1964 . . ., 1968 sergi avaliani _ bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1974 maTe mirianaSvili, sergi avaliani _ albert ainStaini, Tbilisi, 1972 sergi avaliani _ ainStaini, Tbilisi, 1983 sergi avaliani _ bunebismecnierebis filosofiis istoriis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1983 sergi avaliani _ qarTuli naturfilosofiis istoriis narkvevebi, Tbilisi, 1984 sergi avaliani _ XX saukunis naturfilosofia, Tbilisi, 2004

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nawili mesame sicocxlis filosofia


winaswari SeniSvnebi naswa niSvne $45. winaswari SeniSvnebi
uwinares yovlisa unda SevniSnoT, rom sicocxlis filosofiis cnebaSi am SemTxvevaSi sicocxlis Sesaxeb mecnierebis _ biologiis _ filosofiuri safuZvlebi igulisxmeba da ara XIX-XX saukuneebis erT-erTi gavrcelebuli evropuli filosofiuri mimarTuleba, romlis TvalsaCino warmomadgenlebia nicSe, dilTai, bergsoni, Spengleri da sxvebi. es imasac niSnavs, rom saqme gvaqvs ara filosofiis istoriasTan, aramed mecnierebis filosofiasTan. biologiis filosofiuri problemebis kvlevas mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. igi, sul cota, aristoteledan iwyeba (Tu ufro adre ara). aristoteles moZRvreba entelexiaze sicocxlis filosofiis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani niSansvetia, romelsac dResac ar daukargavs mecnieruli mniSvneloba. aristoteles Semdeg TiTqmis yvela filosofosi metad an naklebad exeboda sicocxlis filosofiis problemebs da sxvadasxva aspeqtiT ikvlevda mas. XX saukuneSi ki am problemebiT biologebic dainteresdnen (h. driSi, l. fon bertalanfi, j. eklzi, C. Seringtoni da sxv.). erTi sityviT, sicocxlis filosofia anu biologiis filosofiuri problemebi soliduri mecnierebis saxiT warmosdga Tavisi mravalmxrivi da urTulesi problemebiT. cxadia, sicocxlis filosofiis yvela ZiriTadi problema ar gvikvlevia da maTze arc amJamad gveqneba msjeloba. Cveni interesis sagans warmoadgenda da warmoadgens mxolod erTi ZiriTadze ZiriTadi problema _ sicocxlis arsebis problema _ romelic Zveli droidan dRemde azrTa sxvadasxvaobis obieqts warmoadgens. aqamde aravis hqonia da arc SeiZleba hqondes, maT Soris am striqonebis avtors, pretenzia am problemis sabolood gadaWrisa. jerjerobiT yvelaferi varaudebisa da hipoTezebis donezea. unda vifiqroT, rom momavali 178

mkvlevarebi ufro met sinaTles mohfenen am problemas da WeSmaritebas ufro miuaxlovdebian. am rTul gzaze ki sicocxlis filosofiis sferoSi Catarebul gamokvlevebs fundamenturi rolis Sesruleba SeuZliaT.

Tavi pirve veli Tavi pirveli cocxali aracocxali cocxa cocxali da aracocxali xa sicoc cocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis proble sazRvre lema $46. sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis problema
nebismieri mecnieruli Teoriis amosavalsa da imave dros Sedegs misi sagnis cnebis gansazRvreba warmoadgens. es exeba sicocxlis cnebasac. swored amitom sicocxlis problemis mravalsaukunovanma istoriam am cnebis gansazRvrebis mravali cda mogvca, Tumca arc erTi maTgani sayovelTao aRiarebiT ar sargeblobs. am garemoebam zogierTi mkvlevari sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis SeuZleblobis mtkicebamde miiyvana. cnebis gansazRvrebis SeuZlebloba arsebis Seumecnebadobas niSnavs, vinaidan cneba arsebis asaxvas warmoadgens. xolo Tu raimes arseba Seumecnebadia, maSin masze mecniereba ar aigeba. magram biologiis, rogorc mecnierebis, arsebobis faqti sicocxlis arsebis Semecnebisa da misi cnebis gansazRvrebis principul SesaZleblobasac asabuTebs. miuxedavad amisa, sicocxlis problema biologiur problemaTa ricxvs ar miekuTvneba; igi filosofiuri problemaa, romlis gadawyveta biologiuri gamokvlevebis filosofiuri analizis gziT SeiZleba. biologia sicocxlis materialur substrats, organizmSi mimdinare biologiur procesebs swavlobs da ara TviTon sicocxlis problemas. mecnierebis istoriaSi cnobili sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebani meTodologiuri TvalsazrisiT or jgufad SeiZleba davyoT: substratulad da funqciurad. pirveli sicocxlis cnebas cocxal organizmSi mimdinare biologiuri an fizikur-qimiuri procesebis mixedviT gansazRvravs, meore ki organizmis mier Sesrulebuli fun179

qciis mixedviT. sicocxlis cnebis substratul gansazRvrebas iZleodnen Zveli atomistebi, romlebic sicocxles atomebis moZraobiT xsnidnen. aseve substratulia f. engelsis mieer sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvreba, rogorc cilovani sxeulebis arsebobis wesisa. am gansazRvrebebs aqcenti materialur mxareze gadaaqvT da arafers amboben sicocxlis funqciis Sesaxeb. sicocxlis cnebis funqciuri gansazRvreba ki meore ukiduresobaSi vardeba; sicocxle mxolod funqciur gamovlinebaze dahyavs da arafers ambobs substratis Sesaxeb. aseTia, magaliTad, sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvreba kibernetikuli kanonzomierebis safuZvelze, rasac adamianisa da manqanis gaigivebamdec ki mivyavarT. amrigad, rogorc substratuli, aseve funqciuri gansazRvrebani calmxrivobis gamo sicocxlis cnebis damakmayofilebel gansazRvrebas ver iZleva. sicocxlis cnebis funqciuri gansazRvreba gvxvdeba aristotelesTan, roca igi amtkicebda, rom moWrili xeli aRar aris xeli, vinaidan Tavis funqcias veRar asrulebs. k. poperi ki, piriqiT, substratuli gansazRvrebis momxrea; Citis bude, misi azriT, maSinac budea, Tu masSi Citebi ar binadroben, wigni mainc wignia, Tu igi aravis waukiTxavs da verc waikiTxavs. sicocxlis cnebis funqciuri da substratuli gansazRvrebani Tanabrad aradamakmayofilebelia. substratisa da funqciis erTmaneTisagan mowyveta ar SeiZleba. substrati funqciis substratia da igi mis gareSe ar arsebobs; aseve funqcia ar arsebobs substratis gareSe. raime jer unda arsebobdes da Semdeg ifunqcios. ararsebuls araviTari funqciis Sesruleba ar SeuZlia. Tu ar arsebobs bude, maSin Citebi an krazanebi versad dabinavdebian. amrigad, funqcia da substrati erTmaneTisagan ganuyrelia; amitom funqciuri da substratuli gansazRvrebani erTmaneTs avsebs, urTierTdamatebiTia. aseve iTqmis sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis Sesaxeb, romelic erTdroulad substratul-funqciuria. TviTon kibernetiku180

li manqanac, romelic organizmis calkeul funqciebs asrulebs, usubstrato rodia; misi substratia is struqtura, romelic gaaCnia. aseve organizmi asrulebs garkveul funqcias imitom, rom mas garkveuli substrati aqvs organizmSi mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebis saxiT. meore mxriv, Tu organizmi ar funqciobs (ar izrdeba, ar mravldeba da. a. S.), maSin mas cocxals ver vuwodebT. funqciis gareSe sicocxle SeuZlebelia, iseve rogorc SeuZlebelia substratis gareSe. Tu substrati ar funqciobs, maSin igi ar aris substrati, xolo, meore mxriv, funqcias Semsrulebeli sWirdeba substratis saxiT; funqcia substratis arsebobas gulisxmobs, ris funqciasac igi warmoadgens. sicocxlis substratis cnebis qveS xSirad materialur procesebs (nivTierebaTa cvla, fizikur-qimiuri procesebi da a. S.) gulisxmoben; swored amitom sicocxles zogjer gansazRvraven rogorc am materialuri procesebis safuZvelze funqciobas. organizmSi mimdinare fiziologiuri procesebi marTlac sicocxlis materialuri substratia, romlis gareSe sicocxle SeuZlebelia. magram es procesebi sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis sakmarisi rodia. ase rom ar iyos, mTeli samyaro cocxali iqneboda, vinaidan analogiuri procesebi bunebaSic mimdinareobs. TviTon fiziologiuri procesebic _ metabolizmi _ garkveuli Zalebis arsebobas gulisxmobs. maSasadame, arsebobs kidev raRac, rac SesaZlebels xdis sicocxlis process da TviT sicocxlis materialuri substratis funqcionirebas. es aris organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani Zala anu entelexia, romelic sicocxlis aramaterialur substrats warmoadgens.

cocxalisa xali aracocxalis urTierTo cocxa TierTobis $47. cocxalisa da aracocxalis urTierTobis proble lema problema
cocxalisa da aracocxalis urTierTobis problema sicocxlis filosofiis umTavressa da urTules proble181

mas warmoadgens. ra aris cocxalis (sicocxlis) ZiriTadi niSani, misi arseba da riTi gansxvavdeba igi aracocxalisagan? arsebobs Tu ara maT Soris gammijnavi zRvari? cnobilia am problemis gadawyvetis ori _ alternatiuli _ SesaZlebloba: an is unda vTqvaT, rom cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris principuli gansxvavebaa da, maSasadame, maTi erTmaneTze dayvana SeuZlebelia; rac, Tavis mxriv, niSnavs aracocxali anu materialuridan sicocxlis warmoSobis SeuZleblobis mtkicebas, da an, piriqiT, unda uarvyoT maT Soris principuli gansxvavebis arseboba da materialuridan (aracocxalidan) cocxalis _ aramaterialuris _ warmoSoba vamtkicoT, xidi gavdoT cocxalsa da aracocxals anu materialursa da idealurs Soris. pirvel Tvalsazriss vitalizmi, xolo meores meqanicizmi icavda; pirveli idealisturi moZRvrebaa, meore ki _ materialisturi. cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris arsebobs msgavsebac da gansxvavebac, magram es garemoeba imis safuZvels ar iZleva, rom isini erTmaneTze daviyvanoT an erTmaneTs movwyvitoT. yvelaze fundamenturi msgavseba maT Soris is aris, rom orive maTgani realuri arsis sferos kuTvnilebaa. cocxalic da aracocxalic, organulic da araorganulic movlenaTa samyaroSi arsebobs, uSualo grZnobad sinamdviles warmoadgens; magram es garemoeba arc maT igiveobas da, miT umetes, arc sicocxlis materialurobas ar asabuTebs. organizmi, cxadia, materialuria, magram TviTon sicocxle, romelic am materialur sxeuls axasiaTebs, materialuri rodia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, organizmi materialuria, magram sicocxlis arseba ar aris materialuri. sicocxlis arsebis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba; amJamad ki mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom cocxalisa da aracocxalis fundamentur ganmasxvavebel niSans Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris arseboba-ararseboba warmoadgens. materialuri (aracocxali) sxeulebi aseT unars moklebulia; maT uzenaes kanons inerciis kanoni warmoadgens, romelic odiTve gagebuli iyo rogorc 182

uZraobis, inertulobis, pasiurobis sinonimi. es kanoni swored imas amtkicebs, rom materialuri sxeuli inarCunebs Tavis (moZraobis an uZraobis) mdgomareobas, vidre gareSe Zala ar gamoiyvans am mdgomareobidan. es niSnavs, rom materialur (aracocxal) sxeuls TavisTavad, garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe, ar SeuZlia arc amoZraveba da arc SeCereba; erTi sityviT, mas ara aqvs Sinagani Zala, Sinagani aqtiurobis (TviTaqtiurobis) unari. amitom uwodeben mas mkvdar, usicocxlo sxeuls. swored es idea jer kidev antikur epoqaSi safuZvlad daedo animisturi da hiloZoisturi Sexedulebebis warmoSobas. erTic da meorec cnobierad Tu aracnobierad iqidan amodioda, rom inertuli, pasiuri, TviTmoqmedebis unars moklebuli mkvdaria, ar aris cocxali. moZraoba da moqmedeba gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebis gareSe, mxolod cocxals SeuZlia, magram vinaidan isini xedavdnen, rom bunebaSi yvelaferi moZraobs, icvleba, Tvlidnen, rom bunebac cocxalia, masSi cocxali sulebi budobs. maSasadame, hiloZoizmisa da animizmis safuZvels is genialuri idea warmoadgenda, rom sicocxlis fundamentur niSans, mis ganmasxvavebels aracocxalisagan, Sinagani Zalis, TviTaqtiurobis unaris arseboba warmoadgens. platonisa da aristoteles filosofiaSi am ideas srulad gacnobierebuli xasiaTi aqvs. igive idea safuZvlad daedo garegani biZgis Teoriis Camoyalibebas, romelsac niutonic ki iziarebda. samyaro inertulia, pasiuria anu mkvdaria; amitom mis asamoZraveblad aucilebelia garegani biZgi, romelic moZraobaSi moiyvans materialur samyaros, xolo Semdeg energia inaxeba, sxeulidan sxeuls gadaecema. antikur filosofiaSi am poziciebze jer kidev empedokle da anaqsagora idgnen. empedokle materialuri stiqionebis (cecxli, wyali, miwa da haeri) asamoZraveblad siyvarulisa da siZulvilis Zalebs mimarTavda; anaqsagora ki laparakobda gonebis (nus) Sesaxeb, romelic inertul materialur masas biZgs aZlevs. amrigad, udavod unda miviCnioT, rom Sinagani aqtiurobis, TviTaqtiurobis unaris arseboba cocxals diamet183

rulad ganasxvavebs aracocxalisagan. am koncefciis mowinaaRmdegeebi miuTiTeben materialur samyaroSi arsebul Zalebze, romelTac zogjer didi bunebrivi katastrofebis gamowvevac ki SeuZliaT (miwisZvrebi, vulkanebi, wyaldidobebi da a. S.) da Tvlian, rom Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtiurobis unari aracocxal materiasac axasiaTebs, amitom am niSnis mixedviT cocxalisa da aracocxalis gansxvaveba TiTqos SeuZlebelia. am Sexedulebis Secdomas Cven imaSi vxedavT, rom TviTmoqmedeba da reaqcia erTmaneTSia areuli. bunebaSi arsebuli aqtiuroba ZalTa urTierTqmedebis Sedegia da ara Sinagani Zalis gamovlena. ori _ sapirispiro _ Tviseba erTmaneTze moqmedebs da iwvevs reaqcias. dadebiTi da uaryofiTi eleqtroba calcalke araviTar reaqcias ar iwvevs; reaqcia mxolod maTi urTierTqmedebis Sedegia. TviT atomuri bombis mTavari komponenti urani-235 bunebaSi uwyinrad arsebobs; igi damangrevel Zalas mxolod maSin SeiZens, roca laboratoriul pirobebSi sxva elementebTan mouxdeba Sexeba. maSasadame, materialur samyaroSi arsebuli TviT urTulesi da uZlieresi reaqciebis arseboba arafers ar amtkicebs Sinagani Zalis (TviTaqtiurobis unaris), rogorc cocxali sxeulis fundamenturi ganmasxvavebeli niSnis winaaaRmdeg. es idea, rogorc vTqviT, Zveli droidan momdinareobs da sicocxlis filosofiis dargSi erT-erT did aRmoCenad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. nebismieri materializmi (maT Soris marqsistulic) Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis Teziss icavs, ris safuZvelzec materiis substanciurobis dasabuTebas cdilobs, magram yoveli amgvari mcdeloba marcxiT mTavrdeba.

$48. sicocxlis materialisturi Teoria sicocxlis materialisturi Teo coc teri tu


sul sxvagvarad esmis materializms cocxalisa da aracocxalis urTierToba; igi amodis Zalisa da materiis ganuyrelobis mcdari Tezisidan, romelic ara marto logikurad dausabuTebelia, aramed mecnierebasac (kerZod 184

inerciis kanons) ewinaaRmdegeba da cdilobs materia gaigos rogorc aqtiuri, SemoqmedebiTi arsi, romelsac sicocxlis Seqmnac ki SeuZlia. materialuri anu aracocxali arsisagan cocxalis warmoSobis SesaZleblobis mtkiceba cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris arsebiTi gansxvavebis uaryofas niSnavs. swored ase iqceva rusi bioqimikosi a. i. oparini, romelmac SeimuSava sicocxlis warmoSobis materialisturi Teoria. a. i. oparini, uwinares yovlisa, uaryofs cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris arsebiT gansxvavebas, rogorc aracocxali nivTierebidan sicocxlis warmoSobis aucilebel pirobas. organizmebi, amtkicebs igi, arafers iseTs ar Seicavs, rac araorganul bunebaSi ar moipovebodes. es imas amtkicebs, rom cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris bioqimiurad araviTari arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris, swored amitom qimikosebs... SeuZliaT xelovnurad daamzadon TiTqmis yvela naerTi, romelic organizmSi gvxvdeba.1 misi msjeloba iqamdec ki midis, rom laparakobs araorganuli sxeulebis (mTis zvavebis, denTis da a. S.) gaRizianebis (?) Sesaxeb, rac sruli absurdia. gaRizianeba cilovani sxeulebis arsebobasTan aris dakavSirebuli, ris gamoc araorganuli sxeulebis gaRizianebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. igi laparakobs agreTve nivTierebaTa cvlis Sesaxeb rkinis naWerSi, rac agreTve Seuwynarebeli Secdomaa, vinaidan nivTierebaTa cvla martooden garemosTan urTierToba ki ar aris, aramed agreTve (rac mTavaria) TviTganaxlebis, TviTwarmoebis procesi, romelic safuZvlad uZevs zrdas, gamravlebas, nivTierebaTa cvlis Sedegad asimilirebuli nivTierebis Tavis nawilad gardaqmnas. erTi sityviT, es imdenad rTuli procesia, romlis arsebobis daSvebas araorganul sxeulebSi srul absurdamde mivyavarT. mravali wlis win, a. i. oparinis azriT, dedamiwa gavarvarebul mdgomareobaSi imyofeboda. Semdeg igi TandaTan gacivda da orTqlis mdgomareobidan Txevad mdgomareobaSi gadavida. warmoiSva qimiuri elementebi, romelTa
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Soris iyo karbidebi, romlebic, avtoris azriT, dedamiwaze warmoSobili pirveli naerTebi iyo. xolo dedamiwis Semdgomi gacivebisas sxva naerTebis sinTezirebac moxda. karbidisagan SeiZleba naxSirwyalbadis miReba, rac, a. i. oparinis azriT, dedamiwaze pirvel organul naerTebs warmoadgenda. amis Semdeg igi iolad gadadis cilebze, romelTa gundebi anu koacervatuli wveTebi sicocxlis pirvel niSnebs atarebs, rac bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT gaizarda da gamravlda; bolos miviReT organizmis is formebi, romelTac Cven amJamad vxedavT.1 am koncefcias a. i. oparini pirvel xanebSi hipoTezad Tvlida, Semdeg ki Teoriis pretenzia gauCnda, rac srul unisonSi imyofeboda im dros gabatonebul marqsistul materialistur ideologiasTan. logikuri TvalsazrisiT oparinis Teoria mraval Secdomas Seicavs, romelTa analizisaTvis aq adgili ar aris.2 aRvniSnavT mxolod imas, rom igi meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis erT-erTi Semadgeneli nawilia. sicocxle a. i. oparins esmis, rogorc mxolod fizikur-qimiuri procesi, romelic araorganuli samyaros kanonzomierebiT iolad aixsneba. es ki meqanicizmia; mas, iseve rogorc nebismieri materialistur Teorias, saboloo jamSi meqanisturi xasiaTi aqvs. sicocxlis warmoSobis materialisturi Teoriis uSualo gagrZelebas warmoadgens darvinis evoluciuri Teoria, romelsac agreTve meqanisturi da, Tanamedrove TvalTaxedviT, erTob primitiuli Cans. darvinis mixedviT, evoluciis mamoZravebeli faqtorebia cvalebadoba, memkvidreoba da gadarCeva. am ukanasknels fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs organizmebis evoluciis procesSi. is organizmebi, romlebic garemos Seeguebian arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gamarjvebuli gamodian, gadarCeba da ganagrZobs gvaris arsebobas. susti ki iRu-

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peba. amdenad, bunebrivi gadarCeva cocxali samyaros evoluciis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens. darvini antiteleologistia. igi uaryofs bunebrivi gadarCevis miznobriv xasiaTs. polaruli daTvi, misi azriT, imitom ki ar aris TeTri, rom gadarCes, aramed imitom gadarCa rom TeTria. aseve Jirafs kiseri daugrZelda arsebobisaTvis brZolis procesSi. teleologias darvinis evoluciur TeoriaSi meqanicizmi cvlis. magram darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria obieqturad (misi avtoris msoflmxedvelobisagan damoukideblad) SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc lamarkis tipis imanenturi teleologiis dadasatureba. ratom ar SeiZleba rom bunebrivi gadarCevis obieqtur miznad cocxali samyaros evolucia miviCnioT? igi xom mizanSewonilobisagan arafriT ar gansxvavdeba? evoluciis procesi mimdinareobs gegmianad, romelic TiTqmis winaswarganzraxulad cocxali samyaros gadarCenas emsaxureba. bunebrivi gadarCeva da arsebobisaTvis brZola SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc sicocxlis gadarCenisa da Taobebis progresulad ganviTarebis saSualebebi. erTi sityviT, darvinizmis teleologiuri interpretacia sruliad SesaZlebelia. amitom filosofosTa garkveuli nawili (g. veteri, o. Spiulbeki, j. diui da sxv.) darvinizmis teleologiur xasiaTze laparakobs. l. fon bertalanfi miuTiTebs, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria meqanisturia, vinaidan igi ver xsnis cocxal samyaroSi mizanSewonilobis faqts. organizmis tendencias garemosTan Segueba ki ar warmoadgens, rogorc es darvins hgonia, aramed, piriqiT, misgan ganTavisufleba, tendencia avtonomiisaken. darvinis evoluciuri Teoria mravalmxriv kritikas imsaxurebs, romelTa Sesaxeb wignis am nawilis sxvadasxva TavSi gveqneba laparaki. saerTod ki darvinis evoluciur Teorias axla gacilebiT ufro meti kritikosi hyavs, vidre Tanamoazre. miuTiTeben, rom es iyo ara Teoria, aramed hipoTeza, romelic bolo wlebSi mSvidobianad daingra. laparakia im siyalbezec, romelsac am Teo187

riis damcvelebi ganzrax Cadiodnen. kategoriulad uaryofilia maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis hipoTeza. Tvlian, rom maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli arc erTi faqti ar arsebobs. miuTiTeben, rom adamianis msgavsi maimuni (piTekanTropi, sinanTropi, eoanTropi da sxv.) bunebaSi arasodes ar arsebobdnen. aranairi gardamavali rgoli adamiansa da maimuns Soris ar arsebobs.1 dasavleT evropis specialur literaturaSi xSirad vxvdebiT darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis mkacr kritikas, romelic am Teoriis ara mxolod meTodologiursa da msoflmxedvelobriv mxareebs Seexeba, aramed agreTve faqtobrivsac. XIX saukuneSi f. engelsi darvinis evoluciur Teorias miseuli (dialeqtikuri) materializmis sabunebismetyvelo-mecnierul dasabuTebad Tvlida. amJamad ki am dasabuTebam fiasko, ganicada.

sicoc cocxlis ZiriTadi niSne riTa nebi $49. sicocxlis ZiriTadi niSnebi
zemoT aRvniSneT, rom sicocxlis uZiriTades, fundamentur niSans, riTac cocxali da aracocxali erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba, warmoadgens Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris arseboba. organizmi, materialuri sxeulebisagan gansxvavebiT, ara marto eqvemdebareba gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebas, aramed TviTonac moqmedebs maTze, dadebiTad an uaryofiTad pasuxobs maT zemoqmedebas da amiT avlens Tavis Tavs, Tavis damoukideblobas, suverenulobas. es aris Tavisuflebis erTgvari silueti, surogati, romelic sxvadasxva doziT gvxvdeba sicocxlis ierarqiis sxvadasxva safexurze mdgom organizmebSi. am ierarqiis umaRles safexurs ki adamiani warmoadgens. Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris doneebis mixedviT SeiZleba vilaparakoT sicocxlis doneebis Sesaxeb. cocxalia mikroorganizmebic, mcenareebic, cxovelebic da TviT adamianic, magram isini sicocxlis erTi
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da igive doniT rodi cocxloben da arc erTnairi xarisxis Sinagani aqtiurobis unars floben. gaRizianebis unari, romelic TviT umartives organizmebs aqvT, Sinagani Zalis gamovlenaa. rodesac, magaliTad, Wiayelas SevexebiT da is daiklakneba, amiT igi Tavis Tavs avlens, Sinagani Zalis arsebobas adasturebs; igi xom amiT protests acxadebs Cveni zemoqmedebis gamo. aseve vardi gaiSleba siTbosa da mzis sxivebis gavleniT, ku Sexebisas Tavs damalavs da a. S.; yovelive es Sinagani Zalis, damoukideblobis, TavisTavadobis gamovlenaa da amdenad, garkveuli azriT, Tavisuflebis surogatia, misi primitiuli formaa, rac imas adasturebs, rom igi cocxalia; igi ara marto eqvemdebareba gareSe Zalebs, aramed SeZlebisdagvarad kidec zemoqmedebs maTze. aseTi ram materialur sxeulebs ar SeuZliaT. es Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtiurobis unari, romelsac mxolod organizmi flobs, raRac sxva warmomavlobisa, bunebrivi Zalebisagan gansxvavebulia da amaSia cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris principuli gansxvaveba. garda am uzogadesi niSnisa, sicocxles, sxva arsebiTi niSnebic aqvs, romlebic, erTad aRebuli, SeuZlebels xdis cocxalisa da aracocxalis gaigivebas. erT-erTi aseTi niSania TviTwarmoeba, TviTganaxleba. organizmSi ganuwyvetlad mimdinareobs aRdgeniTi procesebi, TviTganaxleba. analogiuri procesebi materialur samyaroSic gvxvdeba, magram isini garegani Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia. organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvla _ asimilaciisa da disimilaciis procesi _ aRdgeniTi procesebis arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. manqanac iRebs garedan nivTierebas (benzinis, zeTis da a. S. saxiT), magram mas Tavis nawilad ver gardaqmnis. amitom manqana mxolod cvdeba, regeneracia misTvis ucxoa. roca organizmSi daSlis procesi Warbobs aRdgeniTs, maSin igi berdeba, TandaTan sustdeba da, bolos, roca aRdgeniTi procesebi mTlianad Sewydeba, kvdeba. sicocxlis Semdegi niSania antientropiuloba, romelic TviTganaxlebis unarTan kavSirSia. materialur sam189

yaroSi entropia ganuwyvetlad izrdeba, warmoebs wesrigidan uwesrigobisaken svla, manqana cvTeba, rkina iJangeba, sagnebi Zveldeba da a. S. aRdgeniTi procesebi mxolod organul samyaros axasiaTebs. organizmi ebrZvis daavadebas. wamali mxolod damxmare saSualebaa gajansaRebisaTvis brZolaSi. Tu organizms aqtiurobis unari zedmetad daqveiTebuli aqvs, maSin wamali amaoa, igi gardacvlils ver gaacocxlebs. swored am aRdgeniT procesebSi gamoixateba organizmis antientropiuloba. cxadia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqmis organizmSi mxolod antientropiuli _ ganaxlebis _ procesi arsebobs. ase rom iyos, maSin sikvdilic ar iarsebebda. organizmSi ganuwyvetlad mimdinareobs asimilaciisa da disimilaciis, aRdgeniTi da daSliTi procesebi. es niSnavs, rom entropiis kanons organuli samyaroc emorCileba. magram roca daSla Warbobs aRdgenas, maSin sicocxle TandaTan qreba. sicocxlis ZiriTad niSnebs warmoadgens, agreTve, zrda, moZraoba da gaRizianeba. zogjer laparakoben araorganuli sxeulebis zrdis Sesaxebac (magaliTad: najer xsnarSi kristalebi); magram organuli sxeulebis zrda nivTierebaTa sinTezirebis anu anabolizmis Sedegia, araorganul sxeulebSi ki maT mxolod raodenobrivi xasiaTi aqvT. aseve iTqmis moZraobis Sesaxeb. materialuri sxeulebis moZraobas meqanikuri xasiaTi aqvs, gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebis Sedegia; organizmi ki moZraobs gaRizianebis Sedegad; mas umeteswilad `miznobrivi~ xasiaTi aqvs _ gaurbis mters, moipovebs sakvebs, ibrZvis sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da gaxangrZlivebisaTvis. gaRizianeba aris organizmis reaqcia garegan zemoqmedebaze. gamRizianebeli SeiZleba iyos bgera, temperatura da a. S. gaRizianeba sicocxlis erT-erTi specifikuri niSania, mxolod organul samyaros axasiaTebs. amitom Rrma Secdomaa araorganuli sxeulebis gaRizianebaze laparaki, rogorc amas a. i. oparini amtkicebs. igi gaRizianebad Tvlis orTqlmavlis amoZravebas berketis SemobrunebiT, denTis sawyobis afeTqebas naperwklis mier, zvavebis warmoqmnas haeris 190

mcire SerxeviT da a. S.1 etyoba, am mosazrebis avtors saerTod ar esmis gaRizianebis arsi; meqanikur procesebTan gaRizianebis gaigiveba elementaruli Secdomaa. sicocxlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania mTlianoba da mizanSewoniloba. cocxal sxeulebSi mimdinare procesebis, iseve rogorc organizmis nawilebis moqmedeba gasaocari mizanSewonilobiT, harmoniulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac organizmis mTlianobas qmnis. cocxali samyaros mizanSewonilobis erT-erT gamoxatulebas adaptacia _ garemosTan Segueba _ warmoadgens. amitom darvini organizmebis evoluciis erT-erT pirobad garemos Tvlida. garemos mxolod Zlieri organizmebi egueba, rac bunebrivi gadarCevis gziT evoluciis process ganapirobebs, romelic maRali kanonzomierebaTa da mizanSewonilobiT xasiaTdeba. organizmi, amtkicebs l. fon bertalanfi, Ria sistemas warmoadgens, romelsac garemosTan ganuwyveteli kavSiri aqvs. sicocxlis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania gamravleba, rogorc sicocxlis TviTwarmoebis mTavari saSualeba. organizmis zrda misi Semadgeneli ujredebis gamravlebis gziT warmoebs. cxovelebi sqesobrivi gziT mravldeba, romlis stimulsa da mamoZravebel Zalas sqesobrivi instinqti warmoadgens, rac agreTve organizmis Sinagani aqtivobis gamovlenaa. am instinqtis gareSe cxovelTa samyaro, maT Soris adamianebic, sul male gadaSendebodnen. sqesobrivi ltolva sicocxlis wyaros warmoadgens, saxeldobr, gvaris sicocxlisa. platoni ganayofierebis process ukvdavebasTan ziarebas uwodebda, xolo n. hartmani _ ukvdavebisaken ltolvas. am niSanTan mWidro kavSirSia sicocxlis Sedegi niSani _ istorizmi, romelic, Tavis mxriv, memkvidreobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. organizmi uaRresi dinamikurobiT xasiaTdeba; mas aqvs warsuli, awmyo da momavali, rogorc misi evoluciuri ganviTarebis gamomxatveli; ganviTareba ki memkvidreobis gareSe SeuZlebelia.
1

. . , , c. 25

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TviTSenaxva Senax $50. TviTSenaxva


organizmSi arsebuli Sinagani Zala, Sinagani aqtiurobis unari, uwinares yovlisa, mimarTulia sakuTari sicocxlis SenarCunebisa da gaxangrZlivebisaken. es bunebrivia, vinaidan biologiuri TvalsazrisiT sicocxle yvelaze Rirebulia; TviTSenaxva aris sicocxlis yvelaze fundamenturi niSani Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris Semdeg; igi aris uZlieresi instinqti, romelic sxvadasxva _ specifikuri _ formiT yvela cocxal arsebas axasiaTebs umartivesi organizmidan adamianis CaTvliT. TviTSenaxvis instinqtis arseboba mcenareebSic ki advili SesamCnevia. heliotropizmi, geotropizmi da sxva msgavsi faqtebi am mosazrebas adasturebs. es, miT umetes, iTqmis cxovelebze. adamianic, rogorc biologiuri arseba, sakuTari sicocxlis gadasarCenad yvelas da yvelafers gawiravs. magram am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs ara sakuTriv adamianTan, aramed cxovelTan. adamiani swored maSin aris adamiani, rodesac am biologiur instinqts daZlevs, roca TviTSenaxva misTvis ukve aRar warmoadgens umaRles Rirebulebas, aramed igi sxva _ ufro maRal _ Rirebulebebs daqvemdebarebulia. adamiani, rogorc adamiani Tavs gawiravs SvilebisaTvis, megobrisaTadami ni, mia vis, samSoblos an sxva umaRlesi RirebulebebisaTvis. es niSnavs, rom misTvis TviTSenaxva, sakuTari sicocxlis SenarCuneba da gaxangrZliveba umaRles Rirebuleba ukve aRar warmoadgens, anu igi amaRlda biologiur-cxovelur-instinqtebze da gaxda adamiani TviTSenaxva bioloadami ni. mia giuri fenomenia da ara anTropologiuri. TviTSenaxva ZiriTadad aracnobieria. mas eswrafvis mcenareebi, mwerebi, mikrobebi, organizmis calkeuli ujredebic ki. Wrilobis moSuSeba, daavadebuli organizmis ltolva gajansaRebisaken da sxva msgavsi faqtebi TviTSenaxvis instinqtis universalurobis maCvenebelia biologiur doneze. calkeul SemTxvevebSi TviTSenaxvas SeiZleba cnobieri xasiaTic hqondes; magaliTad, rodesac 192

adamiani mkurnalobs, wamlebs iRebs, isvenebs da a. S. maSin TviTSenaxvis mizniT xelmZRvanelobs, magram am SemTxvevaSi TviTSenaxva gacnobierebulia. am calkeuli SemTxvevebis gamoklebiT, TviTSenaxva, rogorc instinqti, aracnobieri fenomenia. gacnobierebuli instinqti ukve aRar aris instinqti. TviTSenaxva, cxadia, organizmSi arsebuli sasicocxlo Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris gamovlenaa. swored amitom organizmis TviTSenaxvis unari masSi arsebuli sasicocxlo Zalis proporciulia. vinaidan araorganul sxeulebs araviTari Sinagani Zala, araviTari Sinagani aqtiurobis unari ar gaaCniaT, amitom TviTSenaxvis instinqtic ara aqvT. materialuri sxeuli ar cdilobs Tavisi arsebobis SenarCunebas, vinaidan mas Tavisi Tavi ar gaaCnia, mxolod garegan faqtorebze aris damokidebuli. TviTSenaxvis universalurobas ar ewinaaRmdegeba TviTmkvlelobis faqtebi, vinaidan TviTmkvleloba fsiqikuri aqtia da ara biologiuri. adamianis organizmi TviTSenaxvisaken maSinac ki iswrafvis, roca TviTmkvlelobis aqti sruldeba. es kanonzomiereba SesaniSnavad aRwera l. tolstoim TxzulebaSi ana karenina. rogorc ki ana matareblis vagonebis borblebs qveS moeqca, maSinve gamoiRviZa masSi TviTSenaxvis instinqtma, scada zeze wamodgoma, magram amaod. TviTSenaxva da arsebobisaTvis brZola erTmaneTs hgavs, magram igiveobrivi araa. yovel SemTxvevaSi darvinTan maT Soris gansxvavebas ver vxedavT. arsebobisaTvis brZolas TviTSenaxvis instinqti ganapirobebs. organizmi imitom ibrZvis arsebobisaTvis, rom mas TviTSenaxvis instinqti amoZravebs. arsebobisaTvis brZola empiriuli faqtia, TviTSenaxva ki aseTi ar aris; igi arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gamovlindeba.

193

Tavi meo Tavi meore meqanicizmi da neomeqanicizmi meqanicizmi neomeqanicizmi qaniciz qaniciz meqaniciz qanicizmis cneba $51. meqanicizmis cneba
meqanicizmi aris meqanikuri kanonzomierebis gaabsolutureba, mTeli sinamdvilis an cocxali samyaros axsnis mcdeloba meqanikis kanonebiT. istoriulad meqanicizmi sxvadasxva formiT arsebobda. erT SemTxvevaSi mas hqonda globaluri xasiaTi _ mTeli sinamdvilis kanonzomiereba meqanikur procesebsa da kanonebze dahyavda. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, demokrites materializmi, romelic yvelafers, TviT Semecnebisa da cnobierebis, fsiqikisa da azrovnebis procesebs atomebis moZraobiT xsnida. amgvar meqanicizms SeiZleba kosmologiuri vuwodoT. misgan gankosmologiu mologi sxvavebulia biologiuri meqanicizmi romelic sicocbiologi giu meqanicizmi, qanicizmi xlis axsnas meqanikis kanonebiT cdilobs. aseTni iyvnen, magaliTad, e. w. vulgaruli materialistebi (foxti, moleSoti, biuxneri). cnobilia foxtis Tezisi: tvini iseve gamoyofs azrs, rogorc RviZli naRvels. TviTon dekartsac ki organizmi (gansakuTrebiT cxovelTa organizmi) esmoda rogorc manqana, romelsac meqanikis kanonebi marTavs. dekartis am poziciidan meqanicizmis mimarTulebiT kidev ufro Sors wavidnen XVIII saukunis frangi materialistebi. lametrim adamianic manqanasTan gaaigiva (adamiani manqanaa). es iyo anTropologiuri meqanicizmi arseanTropologiu Tropologi meqanicizmi. qanicizmi bobda, agreTve sociologiuri meqanicizmi (magaliTad, T. soci logi cio giu meqaniciz qanicizmi hobzi), romelmac sazogadoebis kanonzomiereba meqanicizmis poziciidan axsna. meqanicizmi antikur epoqaSi warmoiSva, magram meqanisturi ideebis aRorZinebas didad Seuwyo xeli galileisa da niutonis klasikuri meqanikis Camoyalibebam, romelic TavisTavad kacobriobis azrovnebis udidesi miRweva iyo. xSirad ise xdeba, rom did mecnierul aRmoCenas Tan 194

sdevs am aRmoCenis mniSvnelobis hipertrofireba da mis safuZvelze mTeli sinamdvilis axsnis mcdeloba. klasikuri meqanikis Camoyalibebam ganapiroba klasikuri meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis warmoSoba. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam universaluri relativizmis koncefcia warmoSva, boris damatebiTobis principi atomuri fizikidan fsiqologiasa da enaTmecnierebaSic ki gadaitanes da a. S. am did mecnierul aRmoCenebs, cxadia, araviTari brali ar miuZRviT meqanisturi msoflmxedvelobis dafuZnebaSi; igi mxolod Tanmdevi movlenaa, meti araferi. samyaroSi, cxadia, meqanikis kanonebi moqmedebs, magram samyarosa da, miT umetes, sicocxlis axsna martooden meqanikis kanonebiT SeuZlebelia. reduqcionizmi yalbi meTodia, romlis saSualebiT arc araorganuli, da miT umetes, organuli samyaros kanonzomierebis axsna SeuZlebelia.

$52. materializmi da meqanicizmi materializmi meqanicizmi teri qaniciz


meqanicizmi materialisturi mimdinareobaa; meqanikis kanonebi, romliTac igi mTeli sinamdvilis an am sinamdvilis ama Tu im sferos axsnas cdilobs, materialuri samyaros kanonebia. amitom SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom meqanistebi materialistebi arian; TviT bunebismetyveli meqanistebi materialisturi msoflmxedvelobis damcvelebs warmoadgenen. gamonakliss iSviaTad Tu SevxvdebiT. erT-erTi aseTi gamonaklisi moazrovne Cvens droSi bertran raseli iyo, romelic ukidures meqanistur poziciebze idga. igi werda: yvelaferi, rac cocxal materias ganasxvavebs, SeiZleba qimiaze daviyvanoT da amiT, bolos da bolos, fizikaze. ZiriTadi kanonebi, romlebic cocxal materias marTavs, albaT, igivea, romlebic wyalbadis atomis qcevas marTavs, saxeldobr, kvanturi meqanikis kanonebi.1 da, Semdeg: araviTari safuZveli ara gvaqvs vi1

. , ., 1957, c. 68.

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varaudoT, rom cocxal materias aracocxali materiisagan gansxvavebuli kanonebi marTavs. seriozuli safuZveli gvaqvs vifiqroT, rom yvelaferi, rac cocxal materiaSi arsebobs, Teoriulad SeiZleba fizikisa da qimiis terminebiT avxsnaT.1 ra msoflmxedvelobisac ar unda iyos am striqonebis avtori, amjerad igi uTuod mkacri meqanisti da tipuri materialistia. cocxali samyaros kanonebis gaigiveba fizikisa da qimiis kanonebTan, garda msoflmxedvelobrivi cTomilebisa, biologiis, rogorc damoukidebeli mecnierebis arsebobis uaryofasac warmoadgens. Tu fizikisa da qimiis kanonebs universalur mniSvnelobas mivawerT, maSin biologiis kanonebisaTvis adgili aRar rCeba. ara marto meqanicizmia materializmi, aramed nebismieri materializmic meqanicizmia. dialeqtikur (marqsistul) materializms meqanicizmis daZlevis pretenzia hqonda, magram es mxolod carieli sityvebi iyo. Tu materialuri samyaros kanonebs mTeli _ araorganuli da organuli _ samyaros safuZvlad gamoacxadeb, Tu CavTvli, rom organuli (cocxali) samyaro araorganulis (materialuris) ganviTarebis Sedegia, maSin zRvari cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris waSlilia. meqanicizmi ki sxva araferia, garda cocxali samyaros kanonzomierebis axsna aracocxalis safuZvelze, pirvelis reduqcia meoreze. swored amitom marqsistuli filosofiis antimeqanisturi pretenziebi sruliad usafuZvloa. klasikuri meqanicizmi dekartidan momdinareobs, rac Semdgom ara marto frangma materialistebma (holbaxi, didro, helveciusi), aramed bunebismetyvelTa erTma jgufma (rom aRaraferi vTqvaT moleSotis, biuxneris, foxtisa da sxvaTa Sesaxeb) aitaca da ukiduresobamde ganaviTara. meqanicizmis mZlavri nakadi jer kidev lamarkis evoluciur TeoriaSi Cans, Tumca laparakia meqanistTa ricxvs ver mivakuTvnebT.

. , c. 71.

196

ufro srulyofili formiT meqanicizmi darvinis evoluciur TeoriaSi warmosdga. teleologiis gamoricxva evoluciuri Teoriidan da evoluciis mamoZravebel erTaderT Zalad garemosTan Seguebis mtkiceba meqanicizmia. darvins organuli samyaro faqtobrivad esmis rogorc pasiuri, inertuli, Sinagan Zalas moklebuli, romelic mTlianad garemo pirobebis zemoqmedebas eqvemdebareba. amgvar koncefcias sxvas verafers davarqmevT, garda meqanicizmisa. yovel SemTxvevaSi darvinis evoluciuri Teoria meqanicizmis did dozas Seicavs. sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli meqanicizmi refleqtorul TeoriaSic gamovlinda, romlis fuZemdeblebia i. m. seCenovi da i. p. pavlovi. am Teoriis winaprad r. dekarts Tvlian, romlis refleqtoruli Teoria wmindad meqanisturia. seCenovsa da gansakuTrebiT pavlovTan meqanicizmi ufro zomieria; gaRizianebis gamomwvev pirvel mizezad isinic, dekartis msgavsad, garegan faqtors Tvlian, magram, dekartisagan gansxvavebiT, maT mixedviT, `garegani mizezebi moqmedebs Sinagani pirobebis saSualebiT.1 miuxedavad amisa, seCenovisa da pavlovis refleqtoruli Teoria Tavs ver aRwevs meqanicizms. es gansakuTrebiT igrZnoba i. m. seCenovis moZRvrebaSi Tavis tvinis refleqsebis Sesaxeb. seCenovi amtkicebda, rom yovelgvari adamianuri moqmedebis pirveli mizezi mis gareT mdebareobs.2 sxva adgilze igi wers: fsiqikuri aqtebi yovelgvari gamonaklisis gareSe, romlebic vnebiTi elementebiT ar aris garTulebuli... refleqsis gziT viTardeba. maSasadame, am aqtebidan gamomdinare yvela cnobieri moZraoba, romelTac Cveulebrivad nebelobiTs vuwodebT, mkacri azriT asaxulia (e. i. refleqsia).3 i. m. seCenovi urTules fsiqikur aqtebsac refleqsebad Tvlida. rac Seexeba i. p. pavlovis fiziologiur moZRvrebas, masSi me1

, . . , ., 1957, c. 176. . . ., 1947, c. 174. 3 iqve, gv. 148.

197

qanicisturi ideebi gacilebiT ufro SeniRbuli da rafinirebulia, Tumca uaryofili ar aris. meqanicisturi msoflmxedveloba sisruliT gamovlinda i. m. seCenovis mowafe ivane TarxniSvilis SexedulebebSi nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb, yovel SemTxvevaSi misi mecnieruli moRvaweobis pirvel wlebSi. TxzulebaSi nervuli sistemis roli cxovelTa moZraobaSi,1 i. TarxniSvili mTlianad uaryofs nebelobis Tavisuflebas da klasikuri (mkacri) determinizmis poziciebze dgeba. determinizmi am SemTxvevaSic materializmis Tanmdevi msoflmxedvelobaa.

neomeqaniciz qanicizmi $53. neomeqanicizmi


neomeqanicizmi, romelic XX saukuneSi Camoyalibda, klasikuri meqanicizmis memkvidrea. mas raime axali principuli xasiaTis mosazreba ar gamouTqvams klasikur meqanicizmTan SedarebiT. meqanicizmi klasikuri (niutonis) meqanikidan amodioda da misi kanonebis hipertrofirebas axdenda, neomeqanicizmi ki kibernetikis mier aRmoCenil kanonzomierebas emyareba, mis safuZvelze cdilobs organuli samyaros axsnas. Tu mecnierebis istorias gaviTvaliswinebT, neomeqanicizmis warmoSoba arc SemTxveviTi da arc moulodneli ar yofila. yovel did mecnierul aRmoCenas Tan axlavs eqspansiuroba, dauokebeli ltolva mTeli sinamdvilis mocvisaken, sakuTari daskvnebis eqstrapolaciisken sxva _ gansakuTrebiT momijnave _ mecnierebebze. es fundamenturi Tavisebureba kibernetikuli kanonzomierebis aRmoCenis procesSic gamovlinda. kibernetika aris mecniereba cxovelebisa da manqanis marTvisa da kavSiris Sesaxeb. magram kibernetikosebi ar dakmayofildnen araorganuli samyaros (kerZod, manqanebis) marTvis kanonzomierebis SeswavliT da cocxali samyaros ara marto marTvis, aramed misi mTeli funqcionirebis axsna scades. xelaxla aRorZin1

.. " ", ., 1972, 14.

198

da klasikur meqanicizmSi moaruli fraza adamiani manqanaa. neomeqanistebi laparakoben xelovnuri inteleqtis Sesaxeb, rac sxva araferia, garda adamianisa da manqanis gaigivebis mcdeloba. es erTxel kidev amJRavnebs meqanicizmisa da neomeqanicizmis sisxliT naTesaobas. rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia msjeloba cxovelebisa da manqanis marTvis saerTo kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, magram aucilebelia TiToeuli maTganis specifikis gaTvaliswineba. meqanikur moZraobas cxovelic (maT Soris adamianic) asrulebs, magram organizmis funqcionirebis dayvana meqanikur procesebze sruliad SeuZlebelia. cocxal samyaroSi mTavaria ara meqanikuri procesebi, aramed Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis, TviTaqtiurobis unari, romlis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe cocxali samyaros axsnis Sesaxeb laparakic ki SeuZlebelia. kibernetikis centralur ideas warmoadgens meqanizmebis, organizmebisa da adamianebis garkveuli erTianoba.1 es erTianoba, cxadia, TiToeuli maTganis specifikas ar iTvaliswinebs. amitom sicocxlis arsebis problema kibernetikaSi ar dgas da arc SeiZleba idges. piriqiT, igi, rogorc cocxali samyaros ZiriTadi niSani, ignorirebulia. es imiTac dasturdeba, rom kibernetikuli kanonzomierebis sferodan teleologia gamoricxulia. kibernetikosebi laparakoben ukukavSirebis Sesaxeb, romelTac TiTqos miznobrivi xasiaTi aqvs, magram maTi gaigiveba miznis cnebasTan SeuZlebelia Tundac imitom, rom miznis misaRwevad saWiroa nebeloba... nebeloba mxolod adamians ekuTvnis.2 araorganul sagnebs ara aqvT da arc SeiZleba hqondeT raime mizani. neomeqanicizmis erT-erT centralur punqts adamianisa da manqanis gaigiveba warmoadgens. marTalia, es idea kibernetikaSi ise uxeSad ar aris warmodgenili, rogorc amas adgili hqonda klasikur meqanicizmSi (lametri), magram maT Soris principuli gansxvaveba mainc ar aris. ro-

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gorc meqanistebi, aseve neomeqanistebi adamianisa da manqanis igiveobis Sesaxeb daskvnas akeTeben funqciuri msgavsebis mixedviT. magaliTad, cnobili rusi maTematikosi a. n. kolmogorovi svams kiTxvas da dadebiTad pasuxobs: `Tu manqana yvela im funqcias asrulebs, rasac adamiani, maSin ratom ar SeiZleba rom mas adamiani vuwodoT?1 funqciis mixedviT gansazRvrebis idea, rogorc zeviT vTqviT, aristoteledan momdinareobs. magram aristotelesTan funqciur gansazRvrebas garkveuli farglebi hqonda. Semdgomi epoqis moazrovneebma ki igi metismetad gaazviades, xolo substratuli gansazRvrebis mniSvneloba mTlianad daiviwyes. ase msjelobda k. marqsic, rodesac werda: rkinigza, romelzec mimosvla ar warmoebs, romelic, maSasadame, ar icviTeba, ar moixmareba, aris rkinigza mxolod dinamei-s da ara sinamdvilis mixedviT.2 aris meore ukiduresobac, roca funqcias mTlianad iviwyeben da sagans substratis mixedviT gansazRvraven. amis nimuSs k. poperis obieqturi codnis TeoriaSi vxvdebiT. rogorc funqciuri, aseve substratuli gansazRvrebani WeSmaritebis marcvals Seicavs da mTlianobaSi erTmaneTs avsebs, cal-calke orive mcdaria. amitom kibernetikosebis mier cocxali samyaros, kerZod, adamianis arsebis gansazRvrebis mcdeloba martooden funqciis mixedviT, Secdomad unda CaiTvalos. kibernetikis fuZemdebeli norbert vineri adamianisa da manqanis gaigivebiTac ar kmayofildeba da varaudobs adamianze ufro gonieri manqanis Seqmnis SesaZleblobas. doqtori eSbi fiqrobs, _ wers n. vineri, _ rom namdvilad SeiZleba manqanis Seqmna, romelic mis Semqmnelze ufro gonieria da amaSi me mas mTlianad veTanxmebi.3 es erTxel kidev asabuTebs meqanicizmisa da neomeqanicizmis ideur naTesaobas. kibernetikul meqanicizms anu
. . , , kr. , ., 1964, . 50-52 2 marqsi k. politikuri ekonomiis kritikisaTvis, Tb., 1953, gv. 267. 3 ., , , ., 1958, . 210
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neomeqanicizms arsebiTad araferi axali ar uTqvams sicocxlis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb da arc SeeZlo eTqva Tundac imitom, rom igi biologiis kompetenciaSi ar Sedis; biologiis gauqmebis mcdeloba anu kibernetikis eqspansia biologiaSi warumatebeli cdaa; aseTi cdebi mecnierebis istoriaSi mravalgzis cnobilia, romelTagan yvela marcxiT damTavrda. unda movelodeT, rom momavalSi kibernetikuli kanonzomierebis farglebi ufro mkafiod gamoikveTeba, rasac Sedegad neomeqanicizmis marcxi mohyveba. neomeqanicizmi droebiTi movlenaa. kibernetikis ganviTarebis Sedegad igi iseve datovebs asparezs, rogorc datova meqanicizmma meqanikis ganviTarebis kvaldakval.

adami mia manqa qana $54. adamiani da manqana


neomeqanicizmi, iseve rogorc meqanicizmis mTavar mizans adamiansa da manqanas Soris sazRvris waSla warmoadgens. orive maTganis meTodologiuri safuZveli materializmia. Tu sicocxle araorganuli materiis ganviTarebis produqtia, rogoc amas materializmi Tvlis, maSin cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris wyalgamyofi waSlilia da sicocxlis ganviTarebis TviT umaRlesi safexuri _ adamiani _ araorganuli (materialuri) samyaros kanonebiT SeiZleba aixsnas. materialistebis mixedviT, rodesac materiis ganviTareba Tavis tvinis struqturis dones miaRwevs, maSin warmoiSoba cnobiereba _ idealuri fenomeni. es niSnavs, rom cnobiereba mTlianad da unaSTod materialuri organos _ Tavis tvinis _ produqtia, misi funqciaa. neomeqanistebi am SemTxvevaSi kibernetikul manqanebze miuTiTeben, romlebic marTlac urTulesia dRemde cnobil manqanebs Soris. isini iseT funqciebs asruleben, romelic idealurisagan Znelad gansxvavdeba. neomeqanistebi amtkiceben, rom Tu kibernetikuli manqanis struqturas Tavis tvinis struqturis donemde aviyvanT, maSin mas warmoeqmneba adami-

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anis cnobierebis tolfasi cnobiereba. amas gulisxmobs xelovnuri inteleqtis cneba kibernetikaSi. biologebi, piriqiT, Tvlian, rom manqanis struqturis garTuleba cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris zRvars verasodes ver gadalaxavs, vinaidan organuli siTxiT savse boTli biologis xelSi tvinTan mniSvnelovnad ufro axlosaa, vidre yvelaze srulqmnili eleqtronuli manqana.1 neomeqanicizmi (iseve rogorc Tavis droze darvini) daskvnebs analogiis meTodis safuZvelze akeTebs, xolo am meTodiT gakeTebuli daskvnebi friad saalbaToa, apodiqturobas moklebulia da, maSasadame, dasabuTebad ver CaiTvleba. iseve rogorc C. darvini adamiansa da maRalganviTarebul maimunebs Soris msgavsebis safuZvelze akeTebda daskvnas maimunisagan adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, aseve neomeqanistebi yuradRebas amaxvileben adamianisa da manqanis msgavsebaze. Sedegebis mixedviT safuZvlis Sesaxeb gakeTebuli daskvnebi apodiqturobas (aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobas) moklebulia. izomorfizmi arasodes ar aris problemis gadawyvetis sakmao safuZveli anu garegani mxareebis analogia Sinagani procesebis Sesaxeb daskvnis gakeTebis sakmao safuZvels ar iZleva. leqsebs wers manqanac da poetic, magram poetur Semoqmedebas Rrma esTetikuri gancdebi axlavs, xolo manqanis gancdebze laparaki SeuZlebelia. manqanur azrovnebaze laparaki arsebiTad biheviorizmia. manqanasa da adamians marTlac bevri ram aqvT saerTo: orives garkveuli kavSiri aqvT garemosTan, iReben energiis wyaros, gardaqmnian da asruleben muSaobas. magram maT Soris mainc ufro meti principuli gansxvavebaa, vidre msgavseba. adamianis organizmi ara marto gardaqmnis garedan miRebul nivTierebas, aramed mas Tavis nawilad aqcevs, asimilacias axdens, rac organizmis TviTganaxlebas, zrdas da sicocxlisunarianobas ganapirobebs. araferi amis msgavsi TviT urTules manqanaSic ki ar xde1

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ba. marTalia, igi garedan miRebul nivTierebas gardaqmnis, magram Tavis nawilad ki ar aqcevs, aramed ubralod moixmars. nivTierebaTa miReba da gardaqmna ar iwvevs manqanis TviTganaxlebas, zrdas, gamravlebas da a. S. yovelive es niSnavs, rom garegani msgavsebis safuZvelze maTi igiveobis mtkiceba SeuZlebelia. manqana mxolod cvTeba, masSi entropiis zrda mimdinareobs; adamiansa da cxovelSi entropiulis gverdiT antientropiuli procesebic aris. amis dasturs regeneracia _ aRdgeniTi procesi _ warmoadgens. manqanaSi araviTari aRdgeniTi procesebi ar sruldeba, igi mxolod cvTeba. cocxal organizms, maT Soris adamians, TviTSenaxvis instinqti aqvs; igi ibrZvis sakuTari sicocxlis, sakuTari mes SenarCunebisa da gaxangrZlivebisaTvis. manqanisaTvis ki TviTSenaxvis instinqti ucxoa, vinaidan mas sakuTari Tavi, me ar gaaCnia. igi pasiuri, inertuli obieqtia, romelic adamianis mier micemuli programiT muSaobs. TviTSemoqmedebis unari manqanas ara aqvs. manqanis aqtiuroba adamianiseulia; yvelaferi, rasac manqana akeTebs, adamianis mier aris daprogramebuli. sakuTriv mas ki ar SeuZlia TviT umartivesi operaciis Sesruleba, magaliTad mimatebisa 1+1=2.1 cnobili kibernetikosi tiuringi adamianisa da manqanis identifikaciis SesaZleblobas algoriTmizaciis saerTo unarSi xedavs. magram algoriTmizacia jer kidev ar aris azrovneba. garda amisa, adamianisa da manqanis algoriTmizacias Soris principuli gansxvavebaa. adamianuri algoriTmizacia, iseve rogorc azrovnebis procesi, idealuri fenomenia, manqanaSi ki idealuris arsebobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. manqana TviTon _ adamianisagan damoukideblad _ arafers ar qmnis. yvelaferi winaswar daprogramebulia adamianis mier. manqana aris sufTa dafa, romelzec adamiani programas wers. adamianis cnobiereba da, saerTod
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misi organizmi ki memkvidruli TvisebebiT aris datvirTuli; misi sxeulic da inteleqtic xangrZlivi filogenezuri da ontogenezuri ganviTarebis produqtia. manqanur azrovnebas ki araviTari istoria ara aqvs. igi mzamzareulad iRebs garedan yvelafers. adamiani RirebulebiT samyaroSi cxovrobs; mas, Teoriuli cnobierebis garda, RirebulebiTi cnobierebac gaaCnia; aqvs emociebi, raRac moswons an ar moswons, uyvars an sZuls, erTmaneTisagan arCevs keTilsa da borots, kargsa da cuds, mSveniersa da maxinjs. manqanas ki araviTari RirebulebiTi cnobiereba ar gaaCnia, rac mas aqvs, yvelaferi adamianiseulia. manqanas _ wers erTi avtori _ iseve rogorc dedamiwis Tanamgzavr mTvares, sakuTari sinaTle ara aqvs. manqana brwyinavs adamianis gonebis mier areklili sxiviT.1 adamianis cnobiereba ar aris mxolod tvinis produqti, aramed mas socialuri warmomavlobac aqvs. manqanas ki aseTi ram ara aqvs da arc SeiZleba hqondes, vinaidan manqanaTa sazogadoeba SeuZlebelia. kidec rom moxerxdes socialuris modelis Seqmna, igi mainc ar iqneba socialuri, vinaidan socialuris modeli da socialuri sxvadasxvaa. erT-erTi mTavari argumenti manqanisa da adamianis igiveobis winaaRmdeg is aris, rom moazrovne adamians, garda cnobierebisa, aqvs TviTcnobierebac, aqvs refleqsiis unaric, SeuZlia Tavis Tavs miubrundes da Semecnebis sagnad gaixados. aseTi ram manqanisaTvis ucxoa. manqanas ara mxolod TviTcnobiereba, aramed cnobierebac ki ar gaaCnia. kidev mravali argumentis motana SeiZleba manqanisa da adamianis igiveobis winaaRmdeg, magram vfiqrobT, naTqvamic sakmarisia imisaTvis, rom neomeqanicizmis mier meqanicizmis arqividan amoRebuli es Tezisi uaryofil iqnas.

Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame

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vitalizmi neovitalizmi taliz vitalizmi da neovitalizmi taliz vitalizmis cneba taliz $55. vitalizmis cneba
meore _ diametrulad sapirispiro koncefcia _ romelsac vitalizmi ewoda, jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camoyalibda. vitalizmi (vitalis _ sasicocxlo, cocxali) cocxalisa da aracocxalis principuli gansxvavebidan amodis da pirvel maTganSi aramaterialuri sasicocxlo Zalis, sicocxlis mimniWebeli unaris arsebobas amtkicebs. es sasicocxlo Zala, vitalizmis mixedviT, uwinares yovlisa, TviTSenaxvaSi warmoCndeba. organizmi, rogorc TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli arsi, cdilobs SeinarCunos Tavisi Tavi, daicvas sakuTari sicocxle, ris gamoc igi ewinaaRmdegeba yvelas da yvelafers, rac mis sicocxles xelyofs. cocxal sxeulSi Sinagani Zalis, Sinagani aqtiurobis unaris arsebobas yvela aRiarebs _ materialistebic da idealistebic. maT Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom materialistebi mas organizmSi mimdinare fizikur (fiziologiur)-qimiuri procesebis Sedegad Tvlian, idealistebi ki am Teziss uaryofen da amtkiceben, rom sasicocxlo Zala ar SeiZleba usicocxlo materiis Sedegi iyos. vitalizmi, cxadia, ar uaryofs organizmze gareSe Zalebis zemoqmedebas da am zemoqmedebis Sedegad gamowveul cvlilebebs, magram Tvlis, rom sicocxlis kanonzomierebis axsna fizikur-qimiuri ZalebiT SeuZlebelia. sasicocxlo Zalas _ sicocxlismomgvrel faqtors _ ara aqvs materialuri warmomavloba. vitalizmis fuZemdebel sasicocxlo Zalis cnebas xangrZlivi istoriis manZilze sxvadasxva terminebiT aRniSnavdnen. aristotele mas entelexias anu fsiqes uwodebda, bergsoni lan vital-s (sasicocxlo ltolva), h. driSi entelexias, xan ki fsiqoids, raseli _ finalizms da a. S. magram yvela SemTxvevaSi am terminebs erTi da igive Sinaarsi hqonda. 205

vitalizmis Camoyalibeba taliz moyalibe $56. vitalizmis Camoyalibeba


vitalizmis warmoSobas win uswrebda adrindeli civilizaciis warmodgenebi sicocxlis Sesaxeb. aseTi iyo animizmi da hiloZoizmi. pirveli maTganis mixedviT, bunebas sulebi marTavs. hiloZoizmi ki Tvlida, rom buneba cocxalia; orive maTgani materiis inertulobis ideidan amodiodnen da sicocxlis ZiriTad principad, cocxalisa da aracocxalis wyalgamyofad Sinagan Zalas, TviTmoZraobis unars Tvlidnen. es genialuri idea safuZvlad daedo vitalisturi msoflmxedvelobis warmoSobas. vitalizmis Camoyalibeba dakavSirebulia aristoteles saxelTan. misi vitalisturi moZRvreba emyareba entelexiis cnebas, rac niSnavs ganxorcielebadobas. igi, aristoteles mixedviT, aris Zala, moqmedi mizezi, miznis ganxorcieleba. entelexia, ambobs aristotele, aris xorcSesxmuli energia, moZraobis mizani da Sedegi.1 entelexia sulia, magram raki igi sxeuls amoZravebs, arsebiTad sxeulisa da sulis erTianobas warmoadgens. entelexia aris materiaSi formis ganxorcieleba, mizanmimswrafi moqmedeba, teleologiuri principi. suli aris sxeulis entelexia, sicocxlis mimniWebeli Zala. gardacvlili adamianis sxeuli igive rCeba, mkvdarsac aqvs garegnulad igive forma, magram mainc ar aris adamiani.2 es amtkicebs, rom sicocxlis principi, sicocxlis mimniWebeli Zala aris suli. sulis ganSorebis Semdeg cxoveli aRar arsebobs da misi nawilebidan araferi ar rCeba igive, rac manamde iyo.3 vitalisturi msoflmxedveloba embrionis ganviTarebis problemasTan aris dakavSirebuli, romlis mTavar RerZs organizmebis Casaxvisa da ganviTarebis procesi warmoadgens. am problemis kvlevisas erTmaneTs daupirispirda ori koncefcia _ preformizmi da epigenezi. pre1 2 3

s. wereTeli, antikuri filosofia, Tb. 1968, gv. 394. aristotele, cxovelTa nawilebis Sesaxeb, 6, 640 b.
iqve, 6, 641 a.

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formizmis mixedviT, sasqeso ujredebSi winaswar mocemulia momavali organizmis formebi, xolo organizmis embrionuli ganviTareba sxva araferia, garda am formebis gaSlisa, zrdisa da, maSasadame, raodenobrivi cvlilebebisa. epigenezi ki, piriqiT, uaryofs raime winaswari formebis arsebobas da Tvlis, rom organizmis ganviTareba Casaxvidan dabadebamde axlis qmnadobis procesia. TanamimdevrobiT yalibdeba iseTi axali struqturebi, romlebic ganayofierebul kvercxujredSi jer kidev ar aris. am Teoriis fuZemdebelia aristotele. embrionidan cocxali organizmis ganviTareba, misi azriT, iseve TandaTanobiT xdeba, rogorc biWidan mamakaci yalibdeba. cxadia, aseTi SesaZlebloba potenciurad arsebobs, romlis ganxorcieleba anu SesaZleblobidan sinamdviled gardaqmna aris entelexia. cnobili Tanamedrove biologi ludvig fon bertalanfi preformizmsac da epigenezsac calmxriv Teoriebad Tvlis. misi azriT, ganviTareba principulad epigenezis mixedviT sruldeba, Tumca igi arc preformistul niSnebs aris moklebuli. ganviTarebis procesSi myofi sistema mTlianad homogenuria, magram adgili aqvs garkveul diferenciasac TviT adreul stadiebzec ki. ganviTarebas mTeli gansazRvravs da, maSasadame, mas mTlianobiTi xasiaTi aqvs. embrioni unitarul sistemas warmoadgens. rogorc preformizmi, aseve epigenezi cocxalisa da aracocxalis principuli gansxvavebidan amodis. cocxali mxolod cocxalma SeiZleba warmoSvas da ara araorganulma, mkvdarma materiam. amrigad, orive koncefcia sicocxlis materialisturi axsnis winaaRmdeg iyo mimarTuli. am koncefciebis damadasturebeli sabunebismetyvelo argumenti u. harvim warmoadgina, romelmac Semoitana principi omne vivum ex ovo (yvela cocxali warmoiSoba kvercxisagan). ufro gvian ki pasterma es idea eqsperimentulad daadastura, rac niSnavda araorganuli materiisagan sicocxlis warmoSobis SeuZleblobis dasabuTebas.

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neovitalizmi taliz $57. neovitalizmi


vitalisturi msoflmxedveloba, romelic meqanicizmTan ganuwyvetel brZolas awarmoebda, xelaxla aRorZinda XX saukunis damdegs neovitalizmis saxelwodebiT. misi fuZemdebelia hans driSi, romelmac mis mier Catarebuli eqsperimentebis safuZvelze vitalisturi ideebi xelaxla daafuZna. neovitalizms ar Semoutania raime axali principi klasikur vitalizmTan SedarebiT. igi entelexiis cnebas efuZneba, im cnebas, romelic jer kidev aristotelem Semoitana. swored amitom neovitalizms vitalizmis memkvidred Tvlian, iseve rogorc neomeqanicizmi klasikuri meqanicizmisagan principulad ar gansxvavdeba. neovitalizmis warmoSobaSi didi roli iTamaSa harvis mier Semotanilma principma Omne vivum ex ovo (yvela cocxali kvercxisagan), romelic gamoricxavs araorganuli samyarodan sicocxlis warmoSobis SesaZleblobas. neovitalizmis CamoyalibebaSi didi roli iTamaSa agreTve Eernst Stalma (flogistonis Teoriis avtori), didma bunebismetyvelebma biufonma da kaspar fridrix volfma. h. driSi Tvlis, rom misi neovitalisturi koncefcia amodis mTelisa da nawilis Taviseburi gagebidan. misi azriT, cocxal sxeulSi mTeli marTavs nawilebs imiT, rom igi TavisTavSi atarebs gansakuTrebul _ imaterialur _ sasicocxlo Zalas anu entelexias, romelic organizms ganagebs. entelexia mTlianobis formis mimcem faqtors warmoadgens, ris gamoc mTeli nawilebis jami ar aris, masze metia. TviTon organizmi cocxali manqanaa, romelsac marTavs sasicocxlo Zala, sicocxles aniWebs am manqanas. es niSnavs, rom organizmSi mizezobriobis principi funqcionirebs, Tumca igi miznobriobisadmia daqvemdebarebuli. mizezobriobis principi cocxali samyaros asaxsnelad ar kmara. saWiroa mas miznobrioba daematos. neovitalizmi, iseve rogorc vitalizmi, teleologiuri moZRvrebaa. 209

neovitalizmi sicocxlis avtonomiurobas amtkicebs. cocxali ar daiyvaneba aracocxalze. maT Soris principuli gansxvavebaa. cocxali sxeulebis _ organizmebis _ avtonomiuroba ZiriTadad mizanSewonilobaSi gamoixateba. organizmebs, amtkicebs driSi, ori specifikuri unari aqvT: harmoniuloba da regularoba. harmoniuloba sami mimarTulebiT gamovlindeba: mizezobrivi, struqturuli da funqciuri. mizezobrivi harmonia maSin gvaqvs, roca organizmis erTi nawili meoreze moqmedebs da axal Tvisebas iwvevs. struqturuli harmoniis dros organizmis nawilebi erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, magram harmoniulad viTardeba. funqciuri harmonia ki imas niSnavs, rom organizmis nawilebi erTmaneTTan mkacr funqciur harmoniaSi imyofeba. regularobis unari ki aris organizmebis Tviseba SeinarCunon TavianTi norma da funqcia aranormaluri garegani faqtorebis zemoqmedebis pirobebSi.1 regularoba h. driSis azriT, niSnavs organizmebis regeneraciis unars, e. i. im unars, rom dazianebuli organo aRadginos da funqcionireba ganagrZos. zRvis zRarbis ( ) gaWrili embrioni garkveuli drois Semdeg gamTeldeba. regeneracia dazianebuli organoebis aRdgenaa. organizmis nawilisagan mTelis warmoSobas h. driSi restitucias uwodebs. am procesebs ar SeiZleba meqanikuri Zalebi marTavdes. aRdgeniTi procesebi manqanaSi ar mimdinareobs; igi mxolod da mxolod sicocxlis specifikaa. h. driSi Tvlis, rom restituciis dros organizmis TiToeuli elementi ise viTardeba, rom mTeli aRdges. es aris elementebis sruli harmonia, ris gamoc mas h. driSi harmoniul-ekvipotenciur sistemebs uwodebs. amasTanave yvela kompleqsur-ekvipotenciuri sistema, romlebic cocxali organizmis safuZvlad Zevs, erTi ujredis gan-

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meorebiTi dayofis gziT warmoiqmna.1 am movlenis axsna ki fizikur-qimiuri meTodebiT SeuZlebelia. arc erTi manqana ar SeiZleba ganmeorebiT gaiyos da imave dros mTeli darCes.2 aqedan h. driSi daaskvnis: kompleqsur-ekvipotenciuri sistemebis safuZveli manqana ki ar aris, aramed raRac, rac ar aris eqstensiuri mravalsaxeoba. am sawyiss Cven vuwodebT entelexias.3 entelexia individualuria, rac mis avtonomiurobas niSnavs. igi, cxadia, ar aris empiriuli faqti, ar Cans movlenaTa samyaroSi. igi sicocxlis safuZvlad Zevs. amitom h. driSi mas zogjer metafizikurs uwodebs. neovitalizms hyavs mravali kritikosic da mimdevaric. mis kritikosebs ZiriTadad meqanistebi da materialistebi Seadgenen, momxreebs ki iseTi didi filosofosebi, rogorc iyvnen a. bergsoni, a. vencli. e. fon hartmani da sxvebi. neovitalisturma ideebma ganapiroba iseTi TvalsaCino filosofiuri mimarTulebis warmoSoba, rogoricaa holizmi da emerjentizmi. holizmi neovitalizmis im debulebidan amodis, rom mTeli metia nawilebis jamze. mas iseTi kanonzomiereba aqvs, rac mis nawilebs _ cal-calke aRebuls _ ar gaaCnia. evoluciis mamoZravebel Zalas mTlianobis faqtori warmoadgens, romelic aramaterialuria. entelexiis cnebas xmarobs a. venclic. es ukanaskneli entelexias fsiqikur faqtorad Tvlis. entelexia dakavSirebulia TavisuflebasTan. XX saukunis meore naxevarSi kibernetikuli neomeqanicizmis zegavleniT neovitalizmis ideebma ukana planze gadainacvla, Tumca misi gavlena ar gamqrala da arc mimdevrebi Semoklebia.

1 2

iqve, gv. 235. iqve, gv. 130. 3 iqve, gv. 236.

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Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe sicocxlis arseba sicocxlis arseba coc se biologi giu entelexia tele $58. biologiuri entelexia
zemoT _ sicocxlis cnebis gansazRvrebis problemasTan dakavSirebiT _ aRvniSneT, rom sicocxles materialuri substrati aqvs. es aris organizmSi mimdinare fizikur-qimiuri procesebi, nivTierebaTa cvla, metabolizmi. sicocxle maT gareSe SeuZlebelia. magram es procesebi (da, saerTod, nebismieri procesi) Zalas saWiroebs. es Zala uTuod Sinagani unda iyos, vinaidan garegani Zalebi organizmSi mimdinare materialuri procesebis arsebobas ver uzrunvelyofda. es Sinagani Zala aris is, rac sicocxlis arsebas warmoadgens da sicocxlis materialuri substratis funqcionirebas ganapirobebs. vuwodoT mas aristotelesa da driSis termini entelexia, romelic sicocxlis aramaterialur substrats warmoadgens. amrigad, sicocxles orgvari _ materialuri da aramaterialuri substrati aqvs. pirveli organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis (metabolizmi) procesia, meore ki aris sasicocxlo Zala anu entelexia. es substratebi erTmaneTTan mWidro kavSirSia, urTierTarsebobas ganapirobebs. entelexia materialuri substratis gareSe mxolod virtualur mdgomareobaSi SeiZleba arsebobdes. aqtualurad ki sicocxle yovelTvis dakavSirebulia organizmSi mimdinare nivTierebaTa cvlis procesebTan. am procesebis mamoZravebeli Zala aris entelexia. xSirad Tvlian, rom Zala, romelic metabolizms esaWiroeba, TviTon metabolizmis procesSi gamomuSavdeba; disimilaciis Sedegad miRebuli energia asimilaciis process xmardeba; maSasadame, sasicocxlo Zalas materialuri warmomavloba aqvs. aseTia sicocxlis materialisturi koncefcia, romelic, erTi SexedviT, unaklo Cans. magram amgvari axsna auxsnels tovebs sakiTxs, Tu saidan movida es Zala nivTierebaTa cvlis pirveladi procesis 212

dawyebisas, e. i. maSin, roca jer kidev araviTari sasicocxlo Zala ar arsebobda? aq erTgvari pirveli biZgis msgavs viTarebas vawydebiT, rac materializmis sasargeblod sruliadac ar laparakobs. organizmSi mimdinare urTierTSeTanxmebuli, kanonzomieri da mizanSewonili procesebis, aseve organoebis harmoniuli funqcionireba, romlebic aracnobierad, Cveni nebisa da gonebis gareSe sruldeba, ar SeiZleba bunebis brma Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegi iyos. sasicocxlo Zala anu entelexia mTeli sicocxlis manZilze uzrunvelyofs cocxali sxeulis ujredebis, organoebis funqcionirebas, regeneraciis process materialuri substratis dazianebis SemTxvevaSi, xolo roca dazianebuli materialuri substratis aRdgena SeuZlebeli xdeba, maSin igi tovebs organizms, rac am ukanasknelis sikvdils niSnavs. entelexiis cneba sakmaod mravalmniSvnelovani da, maSasadame, bundovanicaa jer kidev mis avtorTan _ aristotelesTan. masTan igi aRniSnavs ganxorcielebas, damTavrebas, SesaZleblobis gadasvlas (ganxorcielebas) sinamdvileSi, formas, energias, suls da a. S. SedarebiT ufro naTlad es cneba warmodgenilia laibnicis filosofiaSi, sadac igi mxolod Zalas, energias warmoadgens. hans driSma am bundovanebaSi erTgvari sinaTle Seitana, Tumca bolomde ver gafanta. siZneles isic qmnis, rom yvela avtors entelexiis cneba Taviseburad esmis. entelexiis cnebis qveS Cven sxvas arafers ar vgulisxmobT, garda organizmis Sinagani Zalisa, TviTmoqmedebis unarisa, riTac cocxali aracocxalisagan gansxvavdeba. es is Zalaa, romelic organizmSi materialur (biologiur, fizikur-qimiur), gansakuTrebiT nivTierebaTa cvlis process ganapirobebs. igi ar aris arc materialuri (nivTobrivi) da arc materialuris produqti, Tumca masSi araferi ar aris mistikuri, iracionaluri. vinaidan entelexia sicocxlis aucilebeli pirobaa, amitom zogjer mas sasicocxlo Zalasac uwodeben, rac agreTve protests ar unda iwvevdes.

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entelexia, rogorc Sinagani Zala, TviTaqtivobis unari, sicocxlis yvela donezea; igi aris mcenareebSic, cxovelebSic, adamianSic. kidev metic, TviT embrionebSic ki misi arseboba sruliad udavoa. ase rom ar iyos, maSin ganayofiereba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. marTalia, entelexia mizanSewonilad moqmedebs, magram mas sakuTriv arc mizani aqvs da arc cnobieria (mizani cnobierebis gareSe SeuZlebelia). misi mizanSewoniloba Tandayolilia, igi cocxali samyaros kreaciis procesSi miznobrivad daprogramda. swored amitom entelexiis mier ganxorcielebuli aqtebi garegnulad cnobieri da miznobrivi qcevis STabeWdilebas tovebs, Tumca isini sinamdvileSi instinqtebia _ aracnobieri mizanSewonili qcevaa. roca axalSobili bavSvi ZuZus wovs, an cxoveli (frinveli) mosalodneli safrTxisagan ifaravs Svilebs, Tagvebi da WianWvelebi imarageben sazrdos _ yvelaferi es mainc instinqturi, aracnobieri qcevaa rarig ar unda hgavdes miznobriv, cnobier qcevas. igive iTqmis TviTSenaxvis Sesaxeb, romelic entelexiis umTavresi daniSnulebaa. cxadia, entelexia, rogorc Sinagani Zala, adamianSi kidev ufro intensiurad funqcionirebs, magram kvlav aracnobierad. janmrTeli adamiani ver grZnobs gulis, kuWis, filtvis, Tirkmelebis da sxva organoebis muSaobas. igi xom Zilis procesSic ar wydeba, maSasadame, aracnobieria. magram adamiani, cxovelisagan gansxvavebiT, gonieri arsebaa; mas aqvs gonieri suli (, Geist) anu goni, romlis saSualebiT araiSviaTad ereva entelexiis saqmianobaSi _ mis zogierT funqcias aZlierebs, zogs ki Trgunavs. roca adamiani mkurnalobs, maSin igi xels uwyobs entelexias sicocxlis dacvis procesSi, xolo roca TviTSenaxvis instinqtis mavne gamovlinebebs ebrZvis, maSin igi entelexiis mimarTulebis sawinaaRmdegod moqmedebs. adamiani teleologiuri arsebaa, misi goneba, cnobiereba, gonieri suli, organizmis qcevas marTavs. gonieri sulis saSualebiT saWiro SemTxvevaSi mas SeuZlia uari Tqvas sakuTar sicocxlezec. marTalia, sicocxlis 214

arseba aris entelexia _ Sinagani Zala, _ magram sakuTriv adamianis arseba gonieri sulia, romelic flobs Tavisuflebasac, nebelobasac da, rac mTavaria, cnobierebasac. mxolod es xdis mas adamianad, amaRlebs cxovelTa samyaroze, im samyaroze, sadac entelexia ganuyoflad batonobs. sasicocxlo Zalis anu entelexiis mTavar funqcias rogorc vTqviT, sicocxlis dacva anu TviTSenaxva warmoadgens. arsebobs TviTSenaxvis sxvadasxva forma _ adaptaciidan (garemosTan Segueba) dawyebuli kvebis, sunTqvis, nivTierebaTa cvlis, mkurnalobisa da sxva msgavsi procesebiT damTavrebuli. TviTSenaxva ZiriTadad aracnobieri procesia, igi mcenareebsa da dabali ganviTarebis cxovelebsac ki axasiaTebs. arsebobisaTvis brZola, romelsac darvini bunebrivi gadarCevis ZiriTad faqtorad Tvlida, TviTSenaxvis gamovlenas warmoadgens. mcenare, cxoveli da adamiani arsebobisaTvis imitom ibrZvis, rom sicocxle SeinarCunos. TviTSenaxva biosferoSi universalur xasiaTs atarebs, igi sicocxlis yvela doneze arsebobs. TviTSenaxvas, romelic biologiuri samyaros uzenaesi kanonia, marTavs entelexia, romelsac pirobiTad SeiZleba biologiuri entelexia vuwodoT. am biologiuri kabiologi giu entelexia tele nonzomierebidan gadaxras mxolod anTropul doneze vxvdebiT, sadac TviTSenaxva uzenaes kanons ukve aRar warmoadgens. TviTSenaxvas biosferoSi centraluri adgili uWiravs, romelsac teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs, rac isev da isev sasicocxlo Zalidan anu entelexiidan momdinareobs. entelexia teleologiuri fenomenia. marTalia, mas sakuTriv arc mizani aqvs da arc cnobiereba, magram imTaviTve miznobrivad daprogramebulia, rac mas teleologiur xasiaTs aZlevs. aseTia biologiuri teleologia.

anTropuli entelexia Tropu tele $59. anTropuli entelexia

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entelexia anu sasicocxlo, Sinagani Zala, romelic biosferos yvela doneze gvxvdeba, mTel cocxal samyaros aerTianebs da cocxalisa da aracocxalis ZiriTad ganmasxvavebel niSans warmoadgens. meore mxriv igi sicocxlis sxvadasxva doneze sxvadasxva intensivobiT gamovlindeba, ris gamoc cocxali samyaros fenomenebs aramarto aerTianebs, aramed kidec ganasxvavebs. es erTianobaca da gansxvavebac TviTSenaxvis intensivobis doneebis gansxvavebaSi gamoixateba. TviTSenaxva, rogorc entelexiis gamovlena, biologiuri kanonzomierebaa; TviTon entelexiac biologiuris specifikuri niSania, sicocxlis arsebaa. TviTSenaxva adamiansac axasiaTebs, imdenad, ramdenadac isic biologiuri arsebaa (cxovelia); magram adamiani ar aris mxolod biologiuri arseba, aramed igi swored imitom aris adamiani _ moraluri arseba _ rom biologiurze maRla dgas; biologiuri yofiereba biosferos maxasiaTebelia, noosferoSi ki igi daZleulia, moxsnili saxiT inaxeba. adamians SeuZlia sakuTari sicocxlis gawirva sxvisTvis, ufro maRali idealebisaTvis. es ukve niSnavs TviTSenaxvis daZlevas, masze amaRlebas. amaSia adamianis specifika, cxovelisagan misi ganmasxvavebeli niSani. rogorc zeviT aRvniSneT, adamians aqvs goneba, gonieri suli anu rogorc mas zogjer uwodeben goni. gonieri suli aris swored is, rac adamians akeTebinebs imas, rac mis uSualo moTxovnilebas ar warmoadgens. suls aqvs nebelobac, mizanic, RirebulebaTa garCevis unaric. gonieri suli ar aris igive, rac cnobiereba; igi masze metia, vinaidan aracnobieric sulis sferos kuTvnilebaa. aristotele erTmaneTisgan ganasxvavebda empiriul suls anu fsiqikas da RvTaebriv suls anu imas, rasac Cven zemoT gonieri suli vuwodeT. pirveli qreba sxeulis sikvdilTan erTad, meore ki sxeulisagan damoukidebelia, marTavs sxeuls, uzrunvelyofs adamiani Camoyalibebas pirovnebad.

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ar SeiZleba entelexiisa da gonieri sulis gaigiveba Tundac imitom, rom entelexia sicocxlis yvela donezea, TviT mcenareebSic ki; gonieri suli mxolod adamians axasiaTebs. xSirad amboben: adamianis arseba aris Tavisufleba. es sxvas arafers niSnavs, garda imisa, rom adamianis arseba aris gonieri, RvTaebrivi suli, vinaidan Tavisufleba swored mis atributs warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, Tavisuflebas sazRvrebi aqvs. igi determinirebulia bunebisa da sazogadoebis kanonebiT. magram adamians aqvs nebeloba _ garkveul farglebSi Tavisi qcevis Tavisufali arCevis unari. TviTon nebelobis arsebobac Tavisuflebis maCvenebelia. ar arsebobs nebeloba Tavisuflebis gareSe. nebeloba gonieri sulis erT-erTi funqciaa. kidev metic, adamianis yvela specifikuri niSani, anu noosferos gansxvaveba biosferosagan gonier sulTan aris dakavSirebuli. misi bunebis axsna meqanicizmis poziciebidan SeuZlebelia. amdenad gauvali zRvari arsebobs ara marto cocxalsa da aracocxals Soris, aramed agreTve biosferosa da noosferos Soris. vitalizmi anTropul doneze srulad specifikuri niSnebiT warmosdgeba.

literatura literatura teratu


1.

sergi avaliani, sicocxlis arseba, Tbilisi, 2000.

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nawili meoTxe teleologia


Tavi pirve veli Tavi pirveli teleologiis safuZvlebi fuZvle teleologiis safuZvlebi le gi miza zani tele logi leo giu moZRvre Rvrebis $60. mizani _ teleologiuri moZRvrebis fuZemdebe Zemdebeli cneba fuZemdebeli cneba
teleologia, rogorc miznisa da miznobriobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebis aRmniSvneli termini, kr. volfma Semoitana, Tumca teleologiis cneba, sul cota, platonisa da aristoteles filosofiaSi sruli saxiT figurirebs. platoni Tvlida, rom buneba ideebis samyaros aCrdilia, misi mibaZvaa. mibaZvis cnebas am SemTxvevaSi miswrafebis mniSvnelobac aqvs. materialuri samyaro arasrulia, naklovania, swored amitom igi srulqmnilisaken _ ideebis samyarosaken _ miiswrafvis. es miswrafeba aris qmnadoba. aristotelem platonis teleologiuri ideebi kidev ufro ganavrco da mTeli sinamdvilis moZraoba-cvalebadoba-ganviTareba mis safuZvelze axsna. igi erTmaneTisagan ganasxvavebs Sinagansa da garegan miznebs. Sinagani miznebi cocxal samyaros aqvs, garegani ki materialurs. najaxis mizania xis moWra; igi amisTvis aris damzadebuli. aristotele gveubneba, rom buneba amaod arafers ar akeTebs. samyaro ar aris SemTxveviT warmoSobili. ara SemTxveviToba, aramed mizanSewoniloba aris bunebis yvela saqmeSi.1 miznis erT-erTi mTavari niSania jerarsuloba, momavlisadmi kuTvnileba. mizani awmyoSi ar aris, igi momavlis binadaria. magram yvelaferi, rac momavals ekuTvnis, mizani ar aris. momavalSi SeiZleba moxdes bunebrivi da

aristotele, cxovelTa nawilebis Sesaxeb, 1, 5, 645 a

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socialuri kataklizmebi, magram igi ar aris mizani. miznis jerarsuloba imas niSnavs, rom igi aris is, rac amJamad ar aris, magram sasurvelia rom iyos. mizani dadebiTi Rirebulebis matarebelia; amdenad igi idealsac warmoadgens. magram arc yovelgvari idealia mizani. arsebobs ganuxorcielebadi da ganxorcielebadi idealebi. ganuxorcielebad ideals utopia ewodeba. aseTi iyo, magaliTad, komunisturi sazogadoeba, romelic, rogorc komunistebi amtkicebdnen, unda agebuliyo principze: TiToeuli Tavisi unaris mixedviT (unda Sromobdes) da TiToeuls Tavisi moTxovnilebis mixedviT (unda eZleodes). mizani aris ganxorcielebadi ideali, risTvisac adamiani Sromobs, mis ganxorcielebas eswrafvis. mizani ar aris mizani, Tu mis miRwevas aravin ar cdilobs. mizansa da ideals survili aerTianebs. nebismieri ideali sasurvelia, swored amitom vcdilobT mis ganxorcielebas, amitom aris igi Cveni mizani. mizani sasurvelia, magram ara piriqiT, yoveli sasurveli ar aris mizani. sasurvelia wvima gvalvebis Semdeg, magram igi Cveni mizani ar aris, vinaidan Cveni mcdeloba am mimarTulebiT amaoa. mizania is sasurveli, romlis ganxorcielebisaTvis viRwviT; mizani aqtiurobasTan aris dakavSirebuli. magram arc yovelgvari aqtiuroba aris miznobrivi; iZulebiTi Sromac aqtiurobaa, magram igi mizani ar aris. miznobrivi qceva yovelTvis sasurvelTan kavSirSia. miznisa da idealis erT-erT ganmasxvavebel niSans is warmoadgens, rom mizani yovelTvis cnobieria. ideali ki SeiZleba iyos cnobieric da aracnobieric; utopistebisaTvis cnobieri ideali iyo utopiuri sazogadoeba. amis gareSe isini mas ver aRwerdnen. magram arsebobs aracnobieri idealic. magaliTad, Cven gvaqvs mSvenieris, sikeTis, aRmatebulis da a. S. idealebi. empiriul faqtebze apelirebis gareSe Cven ar SegviZlia vTqvaT, Tu ra aris mSvenieri, keTili da a. S. magram roca vxedavT, rom adamiani maTxovrebs asaCuqrebs, uZlurs mfarvelobs, avadmyofs uvlis da a. S. maSin mas keTils vuwodebT, vi219

naidan es qceva sikeTis Cvens ideals Seesabameba, im ideals, romelic CvenSi aracnobieradaa. igive qmedeba SeiZleba sxva adamianisaTvis ar iyos sikeTe, vinaidan mas sxva ideali aqvs. mizani, romelic Cvens moqmedebas iwvevs, aris mizezi. mizani mizezis erT-erTi saxea, rac aristotelem sruliad garkveviT gamoTqva. magram, cxadia, yvela mizezi ar aris mizani. mizezi awmyoSi arsebobs, mizani ki _ momavalSi. magram es ar ewinaaRmdegeba mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSiris droul asimetriulobas. mizezi warmoSobs Sedegs, maSasadame, mizezi droSi win uswrebs Sedegs. am ideas winswrebis princips uwodeben, razec ukve gvqonda msjeloba am wignis meore nawilSi. rodesac vlaparakobT mizanze, rogorc mizezze, maSin mxedvelobaSia ara is, rac jer kidev ar aris (momavals ekuTvnis), aramed mizandasaxuloba, romelic droSi yovelTvis win uswrebs da iwvevs Cvens moqmedebas. roca mSenebeli saxls aSenebs, maSin misi moqmedebis mizezs saxli ki ar warmoadgens, romelic jer kidev ar arsebobs, aramed mizandasaxuloba, romelic awmyoSia da ara momavalSi.

mizanSewonilo zanSewoniloba kanonzomi reba nonzomie $61. mizanSewoniloba da kanonzomiereba


miznis cneba mizanSewonilobis cnebasTan mWidro kavSirSia, magram igiveobrivi ar aris. mizanSewonili qceva an arseboba miznis mixedviT qcevasa da arsebobas niSnavs. mizanSewoniloba miznis arsebobas gulisxmobs, magram misi identuri rodia. mizani momavals ekuTvnis; igi awmyoSi ar arsebobs; mizanSewoniloba ki awmyoSia. amaSia maTi mTavari gansxvaveba. kidev ufro SeuZlebelia mizanSewonilobisa da kanonzomierebis cnebebis gaigiveba. kanonzomiereba kanonis mixedviT arsebobas niSnavs; igi SeiZleba iyos rogorc mizanSewonili, ise miznis cnebis gareSe (magaliTad, meqanikuri kanonzomiereba). maSasadame, mizanSewonili imave dros kanonzomiericaa, magram yvela kanonzomieri mizan220

Sewonili rodia. es niSnavs, rom kanonzomierebis cneba mizanSewonilobis cnebaze farToa. aq, cxadia, laparakia bunebrivi kanonzomierebisa da mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb. magram Tu erTsac da meoresac RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqtad gavigebT (rogorc amas adgili aqvs bevr filosofosTan), maSin isini identur cnebebad warmogvidgeba. mizanSewoniloba SeiZleba iyos subieqturic da obieqturic. roca adamiani raRac miznis gansaxorcieleblad iRwvis, maSin misi mizanSewonili qceva subieqturia, raki subieqtisagan momdinareobs. magram mizanSewoniloba SeiZleba iyos obieqturic. obieqtur idealizms miznisa da mizanSewonilobis cnebebi swored ase esmis. Selingi da hegeli obieqturi mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb laparakobdnen. aseve fiqrobdnen dekarti, niutoni, laibnici, kepleri da sxvebi. RmerTis mier dadgenili kanoni, cxadia, miznobrivia. roca sakiTxi daismis kosmosuri kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb, maSin bevri moazrovne, maT Soris dekartic, mis RvTaebriv warmomavlobas amtkicebs. am SemTxvevaSi ki mizanSewonilobisa da kanonzomierebis cnebebi erTmaneTs emTxveva; samyaros universaluri kanonzomiereba imave dros mizanSewonilobis universalurobasac niSnavs. samyaros universaluri kanonzomierebis cnebasTan Tavsebadia SemTxveviTobis cnebac. maT Tavsebadobas jer kidev aristotele amtkicebda. SemTxveviToba ori (mizezobrivi) aucileblobis gadakveTaze warmoiSoba; aucilebloba ki kanonzomierebis fundamenturi niSania. Tanamedrove mecnierebaSi cnobilia, rom qaosisa da uwesrigobis SemTxvevaSic ki kanonzomiereba dominirebs. es niSnavs, rom uwesrigobaSic garkveuli wesrigia da, maSasadame, kvlav kanonzomiereba gvaqvs. sxvagvarad albaTobis Teoria ar iarsebebda. Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom umizezo movlenebi bunebaSi ar aris, maSin cxadi gaxdeba, rom samyaroSi universaluri kanonzomiereba sufevs. uwesrigobas mxolod da mxolod relatiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. 221

es, cxadia, ar niSnavs absoluturi aucileblobis mtkicebas anu klasikuri (laplasis) determinizmis gamarTlebas. SemTxveviTobis obieqturobis daSveba laplasur (absolutur) determinizms gamoricxavs, rac ara mxolod SemTxveviTobis, aramed agreTve aucileblobis relatiurobis mtkicebas gulisxmobs. SemTxveviTobis obieqturobis gamo bunebaSi absoluturi aucilebloba ar arsebobs, magram uzenaesi donis albaTuri aucilebloba praqtikulad absoluturi aucileblobis tolfasia, rac kanonzomierebis universalurobas uzrunvelyofs. am (praqtikuli) aucileblobidan gadaxras (fluqtuacias) saswauli ewodeba, romlis gamoricxva Teoriulad SeuZlebelia. albaTobis Teoria swored aseT fluqtuaciur situaciebs swavlobs, rac SeuZlebeli iqneboda kanonzomierebis cnebis sruli ignorirebis SemTxvevaSi. amrigad, kanonzomierebis cnebas nebismier mecnierebaSi, codnis nebismier sistemaSi fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs.

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teleologiuri msoflmxedvelobis Camoyalibebis pirvel safexurebze miznobrioba mTeli sinamdvilis uzogades kanonzomierebad ganixileboda, ris gamoc teleologia gagebuli iyo rogorc erTmniSvnelovani da ustruqturo. marTalia, aristotele _ pirveli didi teleologisti _ ikvlevda rogorc kosmologiuri, aseve biologiuri teleologiis sakiTxebs, magram mis nawerebSi aseT specifikas ver vxvdebiT. teleologiis struqturuli gansxvaveba ufro gvian moxda. teleologiis pirvel struqturul elementebad miCneuli iyo obieqturi da subieqturi teleologia pirveobieqturi eqtu subieqtu bieqturi tele logia leo gia. lis qveS araorganul (aracocxal) samyaroSi arsebuli miznobriobis Sesaxeb moZRvrebas gulisxmobdnen, xolo subieqturi teleologiis cnebis qveS cocxali samyaros teleologiuri gansazRvruloba moiazreboda, romelic 222

moicavda mTel organul samyaros calkeuli adamianisa da adamianTa sazogadoebis CaTvliT. obieqturi teleologia, Tavis mxriv, or sferod iyofa: transcendenturi da imanenturi teleologia transcendentu scendenturi imanenturi tele logia nentu leo gia. transcendenturi teleologia iseT miznebze msjelobs, romelic samyaros garedan marTavs. aseTia, ZiriTadad, Tomisturi da neoTomisturi teleologia, Tumca ara marto igi. aseve msjelobdnen dekarti, laibnici, uaithedi da a. S. magaliTad, uaithedi wers: unda arsebobdes RmerTi _ samyaroze maRla mdgomi Zala _ saxeldobr usasrulo Zala, romelic swored samyaros msvlelobas gansazRvravs.1 es niSnavs, rom RmerTi, romelic transcendenturia, miznobrivad gansazRvravs samyaros ganviTarebas; mTeli samyaro teleologiurad aris mowyobili. imanenturi teleologia teleologiur princips TviTon samyaroSi eZebs. aseTia panTeisturi moZRvreba, romlis mixedviT, RmerTi, rogorc samyaros miznobrivad mamoZravebeli, TviTon samyaroSi imyofeba. am tipis teleologias zogjer avtoteleologiasac uwodebdnen, vinaidan mizani Sinagania, imanenturia. transcendenturi da imanenturi teleologiis cnebebi imdenad farToa, zogadia, rom masSi teleologiis yvela forma TiTqmis srulyofilad Tavsdeba. transcendentur teleologias sxvagvarad SeiZleba kosmologiuri tekosmologi mologiu teleologia leologia vuwodoT, vinaidan igi samyaros Seqmnis ideidan amodis. cocxal samyaroSi mizanSewonilobis Semswavlel disciplinas biologiur teleologias uwodeben. misgan biologi giur tele logi leo gias unda gansxvavdes anTropologiuri teleologia romelic anTropologiu Tropologi tele logia leo gia, adamians ganixilavs, rogorc teleologiur arsebas. dasasrul, SeiZleba vilaparakoT socialur teleologiaze soci cia tele logi ze, leo gia vinaidan mizani aqvs ara mxolod calkeul adamians, aramed agreTve adamianTa socialur jgufs. teleologiis es oTxi forma SeiZleba teleologiis struqturul elementebad ganvixiloT.
1

citirebuli i. m. boxenskis statiidan absoluturi (Targmani v. rcxilaZisa), `religia. 1992, #9, gv. 62

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teleologiur msoflmxedvelobas bevri oponenti hyavs, gansakuTrebiT meqanicizmisa da, saerTod, materializmis banakidan. empiristuli da pozitivisturi mimarTulebebic agreTve antiteleologiur xasiaTs atarebs. magaliTad, b. raselis Tvalsazrisi am sakiTxSi arafriT gansxvavdeba ukiduresi meqanistebis Tvalsazrisisagan. teleologizms zogierTi bunebismetyvelic ebrZvis. maTgan gansakuTrebiT sayuradReboa darvinis antiteleologiuri ideebi, Tumca, rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, Tu darvinis bunebrivi gadarCevis Teorias obieqturad _ misi avtoris subieqturi ideebisagan damoukideblad _ ganvixilavT, maSin teleologizms Tavs ver davaRwevT.

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kreacionizmis idea erT-erTi uZvelesia civilizaciis istoriaSi. igi dasabams iRebs jer kidev filosofiamdel msoflmxedvelobaSi, kerZod, miTologiaSi. VIII saukuneSi qristes win hesiode laparakobda qaosidan kosmosis Seqmnis Sesaxeb. qaosis qveS araraoba igulisxmeboda da, maSasadame, hesiode araraobidan samyaros Seqmnas amtkicebda. es ki kreacionizmia. gvian kreacionizmis ideam miTologiidan filosofiaSi gadainacvla da mTeli rigi filosofosebisa kreacionizmis poziciebze dadgnen. magram kreacionistuli msoflmxedveloba teleologiasTan mWidro kavSirSi yvelaze metad iudaistur-qristianul religiaSi warmoCnda. biblia, kerZod Zveli aRTqma iwyeba sityvebiT: dasabamad hqmnna RmerTman cai da queyanai (1.1). ase iwyeba samyaros kreacia _ araraobidan qmnadoba. manamde ki queyanai iyo uxilav da ganumzadebel (1.2). ganumzadebeli imas niSnavs, rom igi jer kidev ar iyo mzad adamianis sacxovreblad. aseT ganumza224

debel da uxilav (cariel) anu qaosur mdgomareobaSi, cariel dedamiwaze adamianis cxovreba SeuZlebeli iyo. ar SeiZleba imis Tqma, rom samyaros kreacia, araraobidan qmnadoba anu RvTaebrivi Semoqmedeba iyo umizno, garToba, bavSvuri TamaSi. es xom bibliis mTel Sinaarss ewinaaRmdegeba! samyaros qmnadoba iyo miznobrivi, teleologiuri. RmerTis mizans adamianis Seqmna warmoadgens da mTeli misi Semoqmedebis _ kreaciis _ aqti am mizans emsaxureba. man jer unda Seqmnas da gaamzados qveyana (dedamiwa) adamianis sacxovreblad da mxolod mas Semdeg Seqmnis adamians. marTlac samyaros mTeli eqvsdRiani qmnadoba adamianisaTvis cxovrebis pirobebis momzadebas emsaxureba. eqvsi dRis ganmavlobaSi TandaTan iqmneba yvelaferi, rac adamians esaWiroeba. samyaros qmnadoba ki imiT iwyeba, rom pirvel dRes Tqva RmerTman iqmnenin naTeli da iqmna naTeli (1.3). man erTmaneTisagan ganacalkeva naTeli da bneli, riTac pirveli garkveuloba Seitana ganumzadebel qveyanaze, Seqmna dRe da Rame. meore dRes RmerTma Seqmna ca da dedamiwa. mesame dRes ganacalkeva zRva da xmeleTi. xmeleTze Seqmna mcenareebi, msxmoiare xeebi, rac agreTve adamianisaTvis iyo gamiznuli. meoTxe dRes Seqmna mze da mTvare, varskvlavebi, mnaTobebi. dasxna isini RmerTman samyarosa cisasa, raTa Candes queyanasa zeda (1.17). mze, mTvare da varskvlavebi imisaTvis Seiqmna, rom isini dedamiwidan Candes. ase TandaTan yalibdeba adamianisaTvis sacxovrebeli pirobebi, mzaddeba samyaro adamianis Sesaqmnelad. mexuTe dRes RmerTma Seqmna cxovelebi da frinvelebi, daloca isini da gamravleba usurva, xolo roca samyaro adamianis sacxovreblad ganmzadda, maSin RmerTma meeqvse dRes Seqmna adamiani (adami) xatisaebr da msgavsebisaebr RmerTisa, romelic unda mTavrobdes TevzTa zRuisasa da frinvelTa cisaTa da pirutyuTa da mxecTa yovlisa qveyanasa, yovelTa quewarmavalTa mavalTa queyanasa zeda (1,26). es niSnavs, rom yvelaferi adamianisaTvis Seiqmna; adamianma unda ibatonos (mTavrobdes) mTel samyaroze, yvelaferi mis arsebobas unda 225

emsaxurebodes. is garemoeba, rom RmerTma adamiani sul bolos (meeqvse dRes) Seqmna, imaze mianiSnebs, rom yvelaferi adamianisaTvis Seiqmna, kreaciis aqti miznobrivi, teleologiuri iyo. adamiani samyaros centrSi dgas. es aris erTdroulad teleologizmic da anTropocentrizmic. RmerTma adami miwisagan (mtvrisagan) Seqmna da `STabera pirsa missa suli sicocxlisai da iqmna kaci sulad cxovelad (2,7). es niSnavs, rom adamiani amqveyniuri arsebaa, miwisagan aris Seqmnili, magram mas aqvs RvTis mier STaberili suli; maSasadame, sxeuli materialuria, suli ki _ idealuri, RvTiuri. amaSi Cans adamianis ormagi buneba. RmerTi kvlav adamze fiqrobs; igi edemSia, magram martod yofna gauZneldeba. da Tqua RmerTman: ara keTil ars yofad kacisa amisa martosa; uqmeniT magas Semwe, msgavsi misi (2, 18). RmerTs surs samyaro ise moawyos, rom adami srul bednierebas grZnobdes. es Semwe ar SeiZleba sul sxva iyos; igi unda iyos sxvac (adamisagan gansxvavebuli) da arc sxva, Torem erTmaneTs verafers gaugeben. amitom RmerTma eva adamis neknidan amoiyvana. eva adamisagan gansxvavebulia _ mdedria, magram misi xorci xorcTagani igi adamis Semwed Seiqmna, rogorc misi coli, romelTac RmerTma gamravleba usurva: aRorZindiT da gamravldiT da aRavseT queyanai da eufleniT mas (1,28). edemSi mraval xeTa Soris ori xea: xe cxovrebisa da xe cnobad keTilisa da borotisa. adams ekrZaleba mxolod meore xis nayofis Wama. RmerTs ar surs, rom adamma boroteba Caidinos, Tumca adams amis Cadena SeuZlia. es niSnavs adamianis nebelobis Tavisuflebas; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi adami akrZaluli xilis SeWmas ver SeZlebda. magram adamians nebelobis Tavisufleba pasuxismgeblobasac akisrebs. RmerTi scdis adams: SeWams Tu ara akrZalul xils, gadava Tu ara RvTis nebas. adamis nebeloba Tavisufalia, magram garkveul farglebSi. aq Tavisufleba da aucilebloba, determinizmi da indeter226

minizmi erTmaneTzea gadajaWvuli. adamiani ar aris absoluturad Tavisufali; mas neba ara aqvs, rom gaakeTos yvelaferi, risi gakeTebac SeuZlia. am aucileblobas pirvel codvamde mxolod normatiuli xasiaTi aqvs; adamma ar unda Wamos akrZaluli xili, Tumca misi SeWma SeuZlia; misma Tavisuflebam ar unda gadalaxos akrZaluli zona, Torem usasrulo Tavisufleba mas ubedurebas moutans. yvelaze didi ubedureba ki sikvdilia. Tu adams sicocxle surs, man Tavis nebas zRvari unda daudos. es moraluri imperativi yvela sazogadoebaSi unda funqcionirebdes. adamianma Tavisufleba gonivrulad unda gamoiyenos; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi daiRupeba. gvelma Seacdina eva, evam ki _ adami; SeWames akrZaluli xili, rasac maTi edemidan gandevna mohyva. RmerTma daswyevla adamic da evac, da sikvdilic male gacxadda; kaeni hklavs abels. adamis sulSi sikeTe da boroteba Casaxlda. amitom man Sva keTili da boroti Svilebi. pirveli sikvdili abelma Zmisgan igema. kacobrioba kaenis modgmaa, mkvlelis, borotis. TviTon gvelic _ borotebis simbolo _ RmerTma adamis gamosacdelad Seqmna. pirveli adamianebi _ adami da eva _ gvelis cTunebas ahyvnen da RmerTs ganudgnen, borotebas Seekedlnen. Semdeg ki gveli misTvis borotebis simbolo gaxda, SeiZula da kvlav RmerTs daubrunda. es idea brwyinvaled asaxa goeTem faustSi. RmerTi scdis fausts, mefistofels miuCens, romelic cdilobs mis mxareze faustis gadayvanas. fausti jer cdeba, mefistofels megobrobs, Semdeg ki Tavis Secdomas mixvdeba da kvlav RmerTs ubrundeba. es niSnavs, rom adamians SeuZlia borotebis daZleva, codvidan Tavis xsna. adamiani bunebiT keTilia, miuxedavad imisa, rom igi kaenis STamomavalia. magram keTili saqmis gasakeTeblad gonebisa da nebelobis daZabvaa saWiro. amrigad, religiuri kreacionizmi teleologiiTaa ganmsWvaluli. RmerTis Semoqmedeba arc SeiZleba sxvagvari iyos. qvemoT vnaxavT, rom kosmologiuri kreacionizmi religiur kreacionizmTan srul SesabamisobaSi imyofeba. 227

kosmologi mologiu kreacionizm tele logia leo $64. kosmologiuri kreacionizmi da teleologia
kosmologiuri anu mecnieruli kreacionizmis ZiriTadi ideebi materiis maradiulobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT gadmoveciT. amJamad didi afeTqebis Teorias teleologiis poziciidan ganvixilavT. am ganxilvis mizans ki imis Cveneba warmoadgens, rom arc didi afeTqeba da arc samyaros gafarToeba ar SeiZleba SemTxveviTi, brma bunebrivi Zalebis Sedegi iyos. kosmologiuri kreacionizmi iseT faqtebs warmoaCens, romelTa axsna, yovel SemTxvevaSi jerjerobiT, mxolod da mxolod zebunebrivi (RvTaebrivi) Zalebis daSvebis safuZvelze SeiZleba. pirvelsa da umTavres kosmologiur gamocanas warmoadgens is, Tu ra afeTqda, risgan warmoiSva samyaro. is, rac afeTqda, ar SeiZleboda yofiliyo materia, vinaidan materia elementaruli nawilakebisagan Sedgeba, romelTac, rogorc fizikosebi amtkiceben, uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zalebisa da aseve uzarmazari temperaturis pirobebSi arseboba ar SeeZloT. maSasadame, is, rac afeTqda, ar iyo arc materia da arc dRemde cnobili realobis raime saxeoba. amas emyareba kreacionizmi _ araraobidan samyaros qmnadobis koncefcia. aseve urTules kosmologiur gamocanas warmoadgens imis axsna, Tu ram gamoiwvia afeTqeba, rogor an sad gaqra uzarmazari gravitaciuli Zala an saidan movida aseve uzarmazari antigravitaciuli Zala, romelmac afeTqebac gamoiwvia da zebunebrivi siCqariT samyaros gafarToebac. didi afeTqebisa da samyaros gafarToebis faqti ufro religiur saswauls hgavs, vidre bunebriv movlenas. upasuxod rCeba kiTxva imis Sesaxebac, Tu rogor warmoiSva ase mwyobri, urTierTmorgebuli, simetriul elementarul nawilakTa samyaro, misi atomuri Sedgeniloba, aseve atomis infrastruqtura; ra Zalam Seqmna samyaros Semadgeneli elementebis aseTi gasaocrad zusti kanonzomiereba, romlis gareSe samyaro arsebobas ver 228

SeZlebda? aseve auxsnelia ciuri mnaTobebis, galaqtikebis warmoSobac da ganlagebac, rac samyaros mTlianobas uzrunvelyofs, TiToeuli maTganis urTierTdamokidebulebasa da urTierTganpirobebulobas iwvevs. aRarafers vambobT dedamiwaze, romelic kosmosur sivrceSi isea mowyobili, yvelaferi winaswargaangariSebuli, rom masze sicocxle SesaZlebeli gaxdes. SeiZleboda Tu ara, SemTxveviT kreaciis Sedegad kosmosis warmoqmna? mecniereba am kiTxvaze uaryofiT pasuxs iZleva. niutoni Tvlida, rom kosmosis Semoqmedi SeiZleba yofiliyo mxolod meqanikasa da geometriaSi saocrad gawafuli absoluturi arsi anu RmerTi. am ideas igi ueWvelad kidev ufro mtkiced gamoTqvamda im SemTxvevaSi, Tu misTvis (mis dros) cnobili yofiliyo didi afeTqebisa da samyaros gafarToebis Teoria. Y Tu miviRebT imas, rom samyaros Seqmna ar yofila SemTxveviTi aqti, maSin isic unda miviRoT, rom mas miznobrivi, teleologiuri xasiaTi hqonda. sxvagvarad araviTar bunebriv aucileblobas ar SeeZlo kosmosis Seqmna; igi SeiZleba yofiliyo ara bunebrivi, aramed miznobrivi aucilebloba da, maSasadame, kvlav teleologiis sferoSi davrCebiT. samyaros kreaciis teleologiuri axsna faqtobrivad Teologiur axsnas warmoadgens. arasodes ise axlos ar yofilan erTmaneTTan mecnieruli da Teologiuri msoflmxedvelobani, codna da rwmena, rogorc amJamad kosmologiuri kreacionizmis safuZvelze. mecniereba religiis sferoSi SeiWra da misi sabunebismetyvelo safuZveli gaxda. TviTon RmerTis arsebobis ontologiurma argumentma, romelic jer kidev kiTxvis qveS idga, axali, mecnieruli dasabuTeba da, maSasadame, apodiqturoba SeiZina da Teologiis sferodan mecnierebis sferoSi gadainacvla.

$ 65. kosmologiur-teleologiuri dizaini kosmologiur-teleologiu dizai mologiur le gi za


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kosmologiuri dizainis idea jer kidev antikur epoqaSi Camoyalibda. heraklites droidan cnobilia logosis cneba, romelic, uwinares yovlisa, aRniSnavda samyaroSi arsebul harmonias, wesrigs, kanonzomierebas, rasac filosofosTa umravlesoba RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqtad Tvlida. Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebam mtkiced daasabuTa samyaroSi gansacvifrebeli wesrigis, uzenaesi kanonzomierebis arseboba, rogorc aracocxal, ise cocxal bunebaSi. kosmologiuri dizainis mTavar arguments samyaros struqtura warmoadgens. garesamyaros kanonzomiereba imdenad zustia, imdenad Rrmaa, rom genialuri arqiteqtoris Semoqmedebis produqtis STabeWdilebas tovebs. samyaros uzenaesi kanonzomierebiTa da mizanSewonilobiT gancvifrebuli niutoni werda: mzis, planetebisa da kometebis esoden gamaognebeli SeerTeba SeuZlebelia sxvagvarad momxdariyo, Tu ara mZleTa-mZle da brZenTa-ubrZenesi arsebis zraxviT da nebiT... arsebisa, romelic marTavs yvelafers ara rogorc samyaros suli, aramed rogorc kosmosis mbrZanebeli da Tavisi mbrZaneblobis mixedviT unda iwodebodes rogorc ufali yovlismpyrobeli.1 bunebis Semswavleli mecnierebani da maTi sagnebi rarig gansxvavebulic da SeuTavsebadic ar unda Candes, Tu maT safuZvlebs CavwvdebiT, erTianobas, Rrma kavSirs aRmovaCenT. swored amiT iyo ganpirobebuli mecnierTa (magaliTad, ainStainis, haizenbergis da sxv.) miswrafeba erTiani velis Teoriis Seqmnisaken, romelic fizikis sxvadasxva dargs gaaerTianebda da fizikuri kanonebis Sinagan kavSirs gamoavlenda. es kavSiri imdenad Rrmaa, rom mis aRmosaCenad didi wiaRsvla araa saWiro. gravitaciis gareSe ar iarsebebda galaqtikebi, varskvlavebi da planetebi; TviTon didi afeTqebac gravitaciuli Zalebis moqmedebis Sedegia. aseve eleqtromagnituri urTierTqmedebis gareSe ar iqneboda atomebi, qimiuri elementebi, ar
1

citirebulia wignidan: . , . , .,1984, . 73.

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iqneboda mzis siTbo da sinaTle, rac sicocxlis arsebobisaTvis aucilebelia. Zlieri birTvuli urTierTqmedebis gareSe ar iarsebebda birTvebi, atomebi, molekulebi; mze da varskvlavebi siTbosa da sinaTles ver mogvcemdnen da sxva da sxva. saerTod, megasamyaros struqtura bevr kiTxvebs badebs moazrovne adamianis cnobierebaSi; samyaro ara marto kanonzomierebad, mizanSewonilad, aramed agreTve mizandasaxuladac Cans mowyobili. igi isea agebuli, rom TiTqos adamianis sicocxlis SenarCunebas emsaxureba. mze rom ar iyos, maSin dedamiwa srul sibnelesa da yinvaSi iqneboda, rac SeuZlebels gaxdida sicocxlis arsebobas. aseve SeuZlebeli iqneboda dedamiwaze sicocxle, Tuki erTze meti mze iyos, vinaidan dedamiwa maSin gavarvarebuli iqneboda, ar iarsebebda flora, fauna, miT umetes, adamiani. aseve mTvare rom ar iyos (mze ar anaTebdes mTvaris zedapirs), maSin Rame yovelTvis bneli iqneboda. dedamiwa rom ar brunavdes RerZis garSemo, maSin ar iqneboda dRisa da Ramis monacvleoba; dedamiwis erTi naxevari sul naTeli iqneboda, meore ki _ bneli. Tu dedamiwa ar brunavdes mzis garSemo, maSin dedamiwis erT naxevarsferoze sul zamTari iqneboda, meoreze ki _ zafxuli da a. S. yvelaferi, rac samyaroSi arsebobs, isea mowesrigebuli, rom adamianma sicocxle SeZlos. amitom ambobda laibnici, rom SesaZlebel samyaroTa Soris Cveni samyaro yvelaze ukeTesiao. yovelive amis safuZvelze klasikuri dizainis princips ase gamoTqvamen: samyaroSi yvelaferi isea Seqmnili, rom Cven SegveZlos samyaroSi sicocxle, da Tuki samyaro Tundac odnav gansxvavebuli iyos, maSin sicocxles ver SevZlebdiT.1 rogorc vxedavT, am princips aSkarad anTropocentristuli xasiaTi aqvs, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT gveqneba msjeloba. kosmologiuri dizainis arsebobas samyaroSi dapirispirebuli Zalebis balansis arsebobac adasturebs. aq,
1

J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic cosmological principle, Oxford, N. Y., 1996, p. 31

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uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSia mizidulobisa da ganzidvis anu gravitaciuli da antigravitaciuli Zalebis balansi. ainStaini varaudobda gravitaciuli Zalebis proporciulad antigravitaciuli Zalebis arsebobas, rac samyaros statikurobis garanti iqneboda. am Zalebis balansis sakiTxi niutonis winaSec idga. igi fiqrobda, rom samyaros arsebobis faqti gravitaciuli da antigravitaciuli Zalebis balansis arsebobis Sedegia. etyoba, niutonis es Sexeduleba hqonda mxedvelobaSi kants, roca Tvlida, rom am balansis darRvevas samyaros dangreva mohyveba. maqsimaluri sizustiT xasiaTdeba varskvlavebis, planetebis, galaqtikebis moZraoba. galaqtikebi RerZis garSemo brunavs da erT srul Semobrunebas daaxloebiT erTsa da imave dros (180 milioni weli) andomebs. miuxedavad amisa, nebismieri ciuri sxeulis moZraoba individualuria. TviTon dedamiwis brunva mzis garSemo absoluturad rodi meordeba, magram es umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ver arRvevs ciuri sxeulebis moZraobis erTgvarovnebasa da izotropobas. kidev mravali magaliTis motana SeiZleba kosmologiuri dizainis saCveneblad, magram misi arseboba, vfiqrob, imdenad cxadia, rom specialur dasabuTebas arc saWiroebs. isic udavo unda iyos, rom mas mizanSewonili xasiaTi aqvs da, maSasadame, teleologiuria. bunebis brma Zalebs aseTi gansacvifrebeli kanonzomierebis Seqmna ar SeuZlia. SemTxveviTad damyarebuli wesrigi ar SeiZleba universaluri da maradiuli iyos. cnobieria Tu ara samyaroSi arsebuli universaluri kanonzomiereba da mizanSewoniloba? arsebobs Tu ara materialur samyaroSi miznebi, romlebic dizainirebuli samyaros arsebobas ganapirobebs? es problema jer kidev platonisa da aristoteles winaSec idga, romelsac isini sxvadasxvagvarad wyvetdnen. platoni fiqrobda, rom kosmologiuri mizanSewoniloba cnobieria, igi aris samyaros sulis mizanSewoniloba, xolo samyaros suli yovelTvis cnobierad moqmedebs. aristotele ki amtkicebda, 232

rom samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba da mizanSewoniloba aracnobieria; igi bunebrivi procesia, magram RmerTis Semoqmedebaa, RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa; mizani samyaroSi ki ar aris, aramed RmerTSia, romelic dizainirebul samyaros cnobierad qmnis. Cven vfiqrobT, rom ufro misaRebia aristoteles teleologiuri koncefcia. materialur samyaroSi mizani ar SeiZleba iyos, vinaidan mizani yovelTvis cnobieria. miuxedavad amisa, samyaro kanonzomierad da mizanSewonilad moewyo imTaviTve, TviT kreaciis pirvelad aqtSi. amas adasturebs ara marto religiuri, aramed kosmologiuri (mecnieruli) kreacionizmic. pirveli gveubneba, rom dasxna igini (ciuri sxeulebi, mnaTobebi _ s. a.) RmerTman samyarosa cisasa raTa Cndnen queyanasa zeda (dab. 1, 17). e. i. RmerTma kanonzomierad ganalaga ciuri sxeulebi da Seqmna mwyobri, mizanSewonili kosmosi. kosmologiuri kreacionizmic imas amtkicebs, rom milioni da miliardi wlebis Semdeg Camoyalibda ciuri sistema, Seiqmna mze, mTvare, varskvlavebi, galaqtikebi anu Camoyalibda kanonzomieri da mizanSewonili kosmosi. erTi sityviT, orive koncefciis mixedviT, samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomiereba _ dizainirebuli samyaro _ kreaciis momentSi miznobrivad Seiqmna. samyaro Seqmnilia mizanSewonilad, magram TviTon masSi ki miznobrioba ar arsebobs, vinaidan mizani ar SeiZleba aracnobieri iyos. materialuri samyarosaTvis miznobrioba ucxoa. samyaro mowyobilia gonierad, magram TviTon ar aris amis mizezi.

kosmologi mologiu diza neri zai $66. kosmologiuri dizaineri


dizaini (design) raimes daproeqtebas, dagegmvas niSnavs, rac, bunebrivia, gulisxmobs misi avtoris _ dizaineris _ arsebobas. Tu arsebobs dizaini, unda arsebobdes dizaineric. kanti ar iyo marTali, rodesac am elementarul WeSmaritebas uaryofda. kosmologiuri dizainis arguments igi fizikur-Teologiurs uwodebda da amtki233

cebda, rom am argumentiT martooden imis dasabuTeba SeiZleba, rom arsebobs samyaros xuroTmoZRvari... magram ara samyaros Semoqmedi.1 am mosazrebis winaaRmdeg unda iTqvas, rom nebismieri dizaineri, miT umetes kosmologiuri, ubralod damproeqtebeli ki ar aris, aramed Semoqmedic; wesrigi misi Seqmnilia. swored amitom xuroTmoZRvrisa da Semoqmedis gaTiSva SeuZlebelia. RmerTis, rogorc kosmologiuri dizaineris, winaaRmdeg mimarTulia agreTve kantis mier RmerTis arsebobis ontologiuri argumentis kritika, im argumentisa, romelic anselm kenterberielma da dekartma sxvadasxva variantiT SemogvTavazes. RmerTi srulqmnili arsebaa da, maSasadame, mas arsebobac ar aklia (anselmi); adamianis gonebaSi aris usasrulo arsebis _ RmerTis _ idea, risi mizezic ar SeiZleba sasruli unarebis mqone adamiani iyos. RmerTis am ideidan gamoiyvaneba misi arseboba (dekarti). kanti Tvlis, rom cnebidan arseboba ar gamoiyvaneba; SeiZleba mqondes asi taleris cneba, magram ar mqondes arc erTi taleri. kantis es argumenti hegelma safuZvlianad gaakritika; kants, misi azriT, mxedvelobaSi aqvs sasruli sagnebi, romelTa cnebidan maTi arseboba marTlac ar gamoiyvaneba, magram igive ar iTqmis usasrulo arsebis _ RmerTis _ ideis Sesaxeb. am SemTxvevaSi ontologiuri argumenti sworia. hegelis argumenti kantis winaaRmdeg CvenTvis sruliad damajerebelia, magram arasakmarisi. Cveni azriT, RmerTis arseboba cnebidan ar unda gamoviyvanoT, aramed misi Semoqmedebis produqtidan _ samyaros arsebobis faqtidan. bunebis gamokvlevas _ bunebismecnierebas _ mivyavarT RmerTis arsebobis dasabuTebamde. amaSi mdgomareobs bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisi, romlis Sesaxeb pirveli miniSneba laibnicma gaakeTa, romelic amtkicebda, rom RmerTi bunebaSi unda amovikiTxoTo. bunebriv Teologias klasikur azrovnebaSi spekulaciuri xasiaTi hqonda; axal droSi ki man mecnieruli Sinaarsi SeiZina,
1

. , , . 541,

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roca bunebismecnierebis aRmoCenebs daefuZna. kosmologiuri kreacionizmis Teoria swored bunebrivi Teologiis axali sazrisis ilustracias warmoadgens. kosmologiuri dizainis faqtidan kosmologiuri dizaineris Sesaxeb mosazrebani jer kidev Zveli drois moazrovneebma gamoTqves. anaqsagora pirveli iyo, romelmac kosmologiuri dizainis axsna scada gonebis da ara atomebis SemTxveviTi Tavmoyris safuZvelze, rogorc amas atomisturi Teoria varaudobda. uwesrigo, Tvisebrivi atomebis (homeomeriebis) narevs, romelic inertulia, goneba (nus) pirvel biZgs aZlevs, aamoZravebs, xolo Semdeg grigaliseburi moZraobis Sedegad kanonzomiereba myardeba. platoni da aristotele ki Tvlidnen, rom samyaros kanonzomiereba RmerTis arsebobis damadasturebelia. maS gavsajoT _ wers platoni _ ra Zalas SeeZlo aeZulebina esoden didi masebi wriulad ebrunaT erTi da igive drois ganmavlobaSi, rogorc dRes brunavs? me vamtkiceb, rom amis mizezi SeiZleba iyos mxolod RmerTi. sxvagvarad es SeuZlebelia.1 analogiur azrs gamoTqvamen men dekarti, laibnici, niutoni, kepleri da sxv. dekarti Tavis megobars mersens werda: nu SiSobT yvelgan ganacxadoT, rom RmerTma ise daadgina bunebis kanonebi, rogorc suvereni (umaRlesi xelisufali _ s. a.) awesebs kanonebs Tavis samflobeloSi.2 niutoni werilSi bentlisadmi kategoriulad uaryofs bunebis brma, SemTxveviTi Zalebisagan kosmologiuri dizainis warmomavlobas. es mizezi brma da SemTxveviTi ar yofila, aramed gansacvifreblad gawafuli meqanikasa da geometriaSi.3 kosmologiuri dizainis, rogorc RmerTis Semoqmedebis produqtis, idea farTod figurirebs laibnicisa da klarkis (niutonis) cnobil kamaTSi, romelic 1715-1716 wlebSi warmoebda samyaroSi arsebuli kanonzomierebis Semoqmedis Sesaxeb. klarki, romelic niutonis azrs gamoxatavda, am-

platoni, epinomisi, 983b-983c citirebulia wignidan: . , , . 55. 3 iqve, gv. 73

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tkicebda, rom RmerTi sistematurad ereva bunebis kanonzomierebaSi iseve, rogorc mesaaTe dro da dro marTavs saaTs, raTa ar gaCerdes. laibnici ki _ prestabiluri Teoriis avtori _ Tvlida, rom RmerTma ise zustad moawyo es samyaro, rom Semdgom Sesworebas~ aRar saWiroebs. amrigad, erTic da meorec udavod Tvlis RmerTis, rogorc kosmologiuri dizaineris arsebobas. nebismieri dizaini miznobrivi moqmedebaa; sxvagvarad igi ubralo, bavSvuri TamaSi iqneboda. es niSnavs, rom dizaini teleologiuri aqtia, dizaineri teleologistia. es miT umetes iTqmis kosmologiur dizainsa da dizainerze. jer kidev bibliur kreacionizms aSkara teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. aseve iTqmis kosmologiur dizainerze. teleologia nebismieri dizainis saerTo kanonzomierebaa. dizaini daprogramebuli moqmedebaa; programas ki yovelTvis miznobrivi, teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. aseve kosmologiuri dizaini daprogramebas gulisxmobs; damprogramebels garkveuli mizani aqvs, romelsac igi idealuri formiT _ codnis saxiT _ atarebs. kosmologiuri dizaineris mizans kanonzomieri samyaros Seqmna warmoadgens. kosmologiuri teleologia sxvas arafers ar gulisxmobs; magram am mosazrebis mkacri mecnieruli dasabuTeba jerjerobiT SeuZlebelia; amitom kosmologiur teleologias jer kidev spekulaciuri xasiaTi aqvs.

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Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame biologiuri teleologia biologiu teleologia gi le organuli tele logia ganu leo $67. organuli teleologia
organuli samyaros teleologiuri buneba jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi sruliad naTlad SeniSnes. qsenofonti gadmogvcems sokratis saubris Sinaarss aristodemesTan, romelSic srulyofilad Camoyalibebulia adamianis sxeulis organoebis miznobrivi daniSnuleba.1 rogor gor fiqrob, _ eubneba sokrate aristodemes _ vinc dasabamidan adamiani Seqmna, gana ar aRWurva sxeuli grZnobisaTvis saWiro da sasargeblo yvela nawiliT, romelTa meSveobiTac garemos yvela movlena aRiqmeba? Semdeg sokrate akonkretebs am azrs da amtkicebs, rom Tvali dasanaxavad arsebobs, yuri _ mosasmenad, cxviri _ sunis aRsaqmelad, ena _ gemovnebis SesagrZnobad da a. S. Tvalis quTuToebi imitom gvaqvs, rom Tvali daicvan, wina kbilebis daniSnulebaa mokbeCa, ukana kbilebisa _ ReWva. am magaliTebis safuZvelze sokrate daaskvnis: nuTu kvlav gagiWirdeba gansajo, ase brZnulad nakeTebi saqme SemTxveviTia Tu gonebis namoqmedari? cxadia, sokrate meore Tvalsazriss iziarebs; igi uaryofs teleologiurad agebuli adamianis sxeulis SemTxveviTobas da mas RmerTis miznobrivi Semoqmedebis Sedegad Tvlis. aristotelem srulyofilad SeiTvisa sokrates teleologiuri koncefcia da mTel samyaroze ganavrco. man kosmologiuri teleologia Camoayaliba da yvelaferi _ sagnebi, movlenebi, procesebi _ miznobriobas dauqvemdebara. sokrates organuli teleologia axal droSi uiliam pelim aaRorZina wignSi bunebrivi Teologia (londoni, 1836). igi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas amaxvilebs Tvalze da absurduls uwodebs imis mtkicebas, rom TiTqos
1

qsenofonti, mogonebani sokrateze, 64, 1, IV, 5-6

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Tvalis agebuleba SemTxveviTobis produqti iyos. RmerTma miznobrivad aago adamianis sxeuli _ amtkicebs u. peli. imdenad didi iyo u. pelis teleologiuri koncefciis rezonansi, rom mis gavlenas erTxans C. darvinic ganicdida. cocxali samyaros teleologiuri bunebis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes dadasturebas warmoadgens miswrafeba mTlianobisaken, dazianebuli ujredebis aRdgenisaken (regeneracia) an mTeli organos restavraciisaken (restitucia). am garemoebas gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs e. w. organizmuli Teoria (l. fon bertalanfi da sxv.), romelic amtkicebs, rom sxeulis organoebi da TviT ujredebic ki erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, urTierTarsebobas ganapirobebs da am gziT qmnis erT mTlian organizmul sistemas. TiToeuli maTganis funqcionireba damokidebulia ara mxolod masze, aramed sxva organoebisa da ujredebis arsebobazec. mTeli es procesi ki organizmis umTavres funqcias _ TviTSenaxvas _ emsaxureba. rasakvirvelia, organizmis calkeul nawilebs, organoebs araviTari mizani ara aqvT da arc SeiZleba hqondeT. miznobrioba mTel organizms axasiaTebs da ara mis calkeul nawilebs. xSirad laparakoben cocxali arsebis anatomiuri struqturis teleologiur xasiaTze. magaliTad, amboben, rom ZaRlsa da mgels tuCi, cxviri da yurebi win aqvT wamoweuli, raki isini mtaceblebia da sxvas Tavs esxmian, kurdRels ki, piriqiT, tuCic Seweuli aqvs da yurebic ukan mimarTuli, raTa zurgidan aravin mieparos. kurdRels ukana fexebi winaze grZeli aqvs, ris gamoc aRmarTSi iolad garbis. mtacebel cxovelebs ki es ar emarjvebaT. darvini laparakobda Jirafze, romelsac grZeli kiseri aqvs, riTac igi ufro Sorsac xedavs da xis kenweroebsac iolad wvdeba. marTalia, amas darvini mizanSewonil struqturad Tvlida, magram mis teleologiur xasiaTs uaryofda; igi bunebrivi gadarCevis Sedegad miaCnda. miuTiTeben agreTve cocxali samyaros miswrafebaze wonasworobis, balansis SenarCunebisaken. sxvadasxva 238

frinveli sxvadasxva sididisa da raodenobis kvercxs debs; qariSxala _ erTs, mtredi _ ors, Tolia _ sams da a. S. es raodenoba TiTqmis ucvlelia, rac SemTxveviTi ar aris. Tu erTi kvercxi daikargeba, maSin frinveli axals dadebs, raTa norma ar dairRves. cnobili biologi m. riuzi am faqtis gaanalezebis Sedegad aseT daskvnas akeTebs: aq Cven uTuod mizanmimarTulobis magaliTi gvaqvs.1 darvinis mimdevrebi am faqtebs bunebrivi gadarCevis poziciebidan xsnian: maTi azriT, amis axsna imaSi unda veZioT, rom bunebas ar SeuZlia imaze metis gamokveba, vidre normiT ibadeba. amgvari axsna, cxadia, dasaSvebia, magram teleologias mainc ver avcdebiT. gamodis, rom bunebas aqvs mizani, rom imdeni warmoSvas, ramdensac gamokvebavs. mis mizans normis dacva warmoadgens. es ki sxva araferia, garda teleologiisa. harvardis universitetis bioqimiis profesorma lourens hendersonma eqsperimentulad gamoikvlia cocxali sistemebisaTvis garemo pirobebis vargisianobis sakiTxi; man daadgina, rom mTeli rigi qimiuri naerTebisa iseTia, rom TiTqos sicocxlis damkvidrebas emsaxureba. erTgan igi wers: elementebis Tvisebebi unda ganvixiloT rogorc teleologiuri xasiaTis mqone.2 cocxali sxeulis organoebis harmoniul funqcionirebas, maT mizanSewonilobas zogjer daprogramebiT xsnian. magram daprogrameba uTuod cnobieri aqtia da miznis arsebobas gulisxmobs. programebs yovelTvis garkveuli mizniT qmnian. kosmosis damprogrameblad jer kidev laibnici RmerTs Tvlida. programis cneba instinqtis asaxsneladac gamodgeba. instinqti aracnobieri aqtia, romelic miznobrivad aris daprogramebuli. magram am SemTxvevaSi damprogramebeli adamiani rodia, aramed uzenaesi damprogramebeli-dizaineri, romelic TviTSenaxvas miznobriv xasiaTs aZlevs.

1 2

. , , ., 1977, . 252. L. J. Henderson, The fitness of the environment, Gloucester, 1970, p. 192

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dasasrul, biologiuri teleologiis erT-erT sabuTad, gansakuTrebiT h. driSis Semdeg, miCneulia biologiur sistemebSi ekvifinaloba, e. i. sxvadasxva sawyisi pirobebidan erTi da igive Sedegis miReba. es movlena, h. driSis azriT, biologiuri sistemebis teleologiur xasiaTs asabuTebs. organizmma raRac mizani (TviTSenaxva) unda ganaxorcielos; amisaTvis ki arsebiTi mniSvneloba ara aqvs imas, Tu ra saSualebiT iqna es mizani miRweuli.

darvi vinis evoluciu luci Teo tele logia leo $68. darvinis evoluciuri Teoria da teleologia
darvinis evoluciuri Teoria im debulebidan amodis, rom cocxali arsebebi imaze meti ibadeba, vidre bunebas misi gamokveba SeuZlia. amitom warmoebs brZola, konkurencia sakvebsa da adgilsamyofelze. am brZolaSi Zlieri imarjvebs. gadarCena garemosTan Seguebas niSnavs. gadarCenili cocxali arsebebi Zlier STamomavlobas warmoSoben, rac Taobebs memkvidreobiT gadaecema da am gziT xdeba bunebrivi gadarCeva _ Zlieri gadarCeba, sustebi iRupeba; yoveli momavali Taoba bunebasTan (garemosTan) ufro Seguebulia, vidre wina. darvini laparakobs cocxal samyaroSi mizanSewonilobis Sesaxeb, rogorc bunebrivi gadarCwevis Sedegze, mizanze ki uars ambobs. magram miznis cnebis gareSe mizanSewonilobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. magram es ar aris mTavari; darvinis evoluciuri Teoria mTel rig faqtobrivsa da logikur Secdomebs Seicavs. daviwyoT imiT, rom TviTon arsebobisaTvis brZola darvinis mier ukiduresad hipertrofirebulia; organuli samyarodan mTlianad gamoricxulia urTierTxelSewyobisa da urTierTTanamSromlobis faqtebi. es Secdoma imdenad TvalSisacemia, rom TviTon darvinis Tayvanismcemelma fr. engelsmac ki SeniSna da gaakritika.1 vinaidan arsebobisaTvis brZolas ara aqvs universaluri xasiaTi, amitom igi ver gamodgeba mTeli organuli samyaros progresis wyarod. maS, rogor unda avxsnaT evo1

fr. engelsi, bunebis dialeqtika, Tbilisi, 1954, gv. 327

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luciuri procesis arseboba cocxali samyaros im sferoSi, sadac arsebobisaTvis brZolas sapirispiro procesi cvlis? es garemoeba eWvis qveS ayenebs evoluciis mamoZravebel Zalad arsebobisaTvis brZolis dasaxvas. bunebrivi gadarCevis winapirobad darvini garemosTan Seguebas (adaptacia) Tvlis, magram Seguebis cnebac sadavoa. l. fon bertalanfis azriT, organizmi ki ar egueba garemos, aramed ebrZvis mas; Tu am brZolaSi damarcxda _ daiRupeba, Tu gaimarjvebs _ gadarCeba. Segueba damorCilebas niSnavs. cocxali arseba ki damorCilebas rodi eswrafvis. darvins evoluciis procesi sworxazovnad, zigzagis gareSe warmoudgenia. magram arsebobisaTvis brZolaSi gamarjvebuli yovelTvis Zlier Taobas rodi warmoSobs. Zlieris STamomavali SeiZleba uZluri da susti iyos. es niSnavs, rom bunebriv gadarCevas ara aqvs aucilebeli xasiaTi. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi gadarCeva yovelTvis progresiT unda damTavrdes. analogiur SeniSvnas gamoTqvams k. poperi. misi azriT, evolucia, marTalia, zogjer progresulia, magram ufro xSirad ar aris aseTi.1 Semdeg: zogierTi formis evolucia zogierT SemTxvevaSi progresulia, umravlesobisa ki aseTi ar aris... biologiuri progresi, ase vTqvaT, SemTxveviTi ramaa.2 aqedan keTdeba sruliad marTebuli daskvna: evoluciuri hipoTeza bunebis universaluri kanoni araa.3 aseve v. vindelbandi marTali iyo, roca amtkicebda, rom bunebrivi gadarCevis Teoria cocxali arsebebis mxolod cvalebadobas aCvenebs da ara progress.4 bunebriv gadarCevaSi, darvinis mixedviT, did rols TamaSobs SemTxveviToba. garkveuli saxesxvaobis anu saxeobis warmoSobas _ wers igi _ me TiTqmis mTlianad imis gadarCevas mivawer, rasac SeiZleba friad arazustad

1 2

k. poperi, istoricizmis siRatake, Tbilisi, 2006, gv. 127.

iqve, gv. 150. iqve, gv. 126. 4 . , , . II, ., . 363.


3

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SemTxveviTi cvlilebebi an cvalebadoba vuwodoT.1 magram SemTxveviToba kanonzomierebis safuZvlad ar gamodgeba, mis safuZvelze verc evoluciis process axsni da verc evoluciis Teorias aageb. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom darvini uaryofs teleologias, magram faqtobrivad bunebrivi gadarCevis teleologiuri axsna sruliad SesaZlebelia. arsebobisaTvis brZola, romelsac darvini esoden mniSvnelobas aniWebs, TviTSenaxvas emsaxureba, mis mizans sicocxlis SenarCuneba warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom arsebobisaTvis brZolas aSkarad gamoxatuli teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. TviTon bunebrivi gadarCevis mizani xom Zlieri Taobis warmoSobaa? garemosTan Seguebac sxvagvarad ar SeiZleba gavigoT, Tu ara gadarCenis mcdeloba. es ki sxva araferia, garda teleologiuri procesisa. Tu teleologias mainc gamovricxavT, maSin kidev uaress miviRebT _ meqanicizms. meqanicizmisaTvis ki mizanSewoniloba ucxoa. nuTu SesaZlebelia seriozulad vamtkicoT, rom organul samyaroSi arsebuli gamaognebeli kanonzomiereba, kidev metic, mizanSewoniloba _ bunebis brma, meqanikuri moqmedebis produqtia? darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis am xarvezebis gamo bevri mkvlevari darvinizms erT-erT SesaZlebel hipoTezad Tvlis da ara mecnierul Teoriad.

. , , ., 1950, . 75.

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Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe anTropuli teleologia anTropuli teleologia Tropu le adami mia cxove veli. $69. adamiani da cxoveli. Homo teleologicus
biologiuri kanonzomierebidan anTropul kanonzomierebaze gadasvla yvelaze naTlad Cans adamianisa da cxovelis ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis dadgenis procesSi. adamianisa da cxovelis gansxvaveba, erTi SexedviT, Zalian iolia. praqtikul cxovrebaSi maT erTmaneTSi aravin urevs. magram Teoriulad es sakiTxi did siZneleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis damcvelebi, romlebic anTropologiuri genezisis saTaveebs adamianebis msgavs maimunebSi eZeben, faqtobrivad adamiansa da cxovelebs Soris arsebiT gansxvavebas Slian. darvini adamianisa da anTropoidebis msgavsebis safuZvelze maimunisagan adamianis warmoSobas amtkicebda. magram analogiis safuZvelze gakeTebuli daskvnebi albaTuria, apodiqturobas moklebulia. swored amitom amtkiceben, rom maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis mecnierulad dasabuTebuli arc erTi faqti ar arsebobs.1 Tu dausabuTebelia Tezisi maimunidan adamianis warmoSobis Sesaxeb, maSin darCa erTi gza: vaCvenoT adamiansa da cxovels Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba, cxovelisagan adamianis ganmasxvavebeli arsebiTi da specifikuri niSaarsebiTi sebi specifiku cifikuri niSa Sani, ni romelic adamianTa sazogadoebas cxovelTa samyarosagan gamoyofs. qvemoT am problemis gadaWris ramdenime variants kritikulad ganvixilavT. zogierTi fiqrobs, rom cxovelisagan adamianis ganmasxvavebel niSans azrovneba warmoadgens (hegeli). adamiani aris Homo Sapiens (moazrovne adamiani). amis winaaRmdeg is SeiZleba iTqvas, rom azrovneba, marTalia, adamianis arsebiTi niSania, magram ara specifikuri, vinaidan azrovnebis elementebs cxovelTa samyaroSic vxvdebiT.
1

. , . , , , O, 33, 2000.

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adamianisa da cxovelis ganmasxvavebel niSnad xSirad iaraRis mkeTeblobas, Semoqmedebas (Homo faber _ adamiani Semoqmedi) Tvlian (franklini, marqsi). es gansazRvrebac naklovania, vinaidan gamoCenili fsiqologis v. keleris cdebidan cnobilia, rom anTropoidebSic SeiniSneba azrovnebisa da iaraRis mkeTeblobis garkveuli elementebi. zogjer adamiansa da cxovels TviTSemecnebis, refleqsis unariT ganasxvaveben. magram TviTSemecnebis unari yvela adamians ara aqvs; arian adamianebi, romelTac aseTi unari ar gaaCniaT. adamianis arsebiTi da specifikuri niSani yvela adamians unda axasiaTebdes. swored amitom es niSanic adamianisa da cxovelis wyalgamyofad ar gamodgeba. igive iTqmis religiis Sesaxeb. religiuroba adamianis specifikuri niSania, magram ara arsebiTi, vinaidan arseboben arareligiuri adamianebic (aTeistebi). aristotele adamians politikur cxovels (Zoon politikon) uwodebda, es ki igivea, rac animal sociale (socialuri cxoveli). magram, rogorc e. kasireri aRniSnavs, socialuroba ar aris adamianis erTaderTi Tviseba da arc marto adamianis upiratesobaze miuTiTebs.1 swored amitom igi ganmasxvavebel niSnad ar gamodgeba. arc Tavisuflebis mixedviT (Homo liber _ Tavisufali adamiani) SeiZleba adamianisa da cxovelis gansxvaveba Tundac imitom, rom yvela adamiani Tavisufali rodia (mona, patimari). igive iTqmis Homo moralis (zneobrivi adamiani) da uangarobis Sesaxeb. samwuxarod, arian uzneo da angarebiani adamianebi, ris gamoc es niSnebi adamianis arsebiT niSnad ver CaiTvleba. e. kasireris azriT, adamiani simbolur samyaroSi cxovrobs: igi aris animal symbolicum (simboluri cxoveli), riTac sxva cxovelebisagan gansxvavdeba. simboluri samyaros elementebs ki ena, miTosi, xelovneba, religia
1

e. kasiresi, ra aris adamiani?, Tbilisi, 1983, gv. 343.

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warmoadgens.1 kasireris es mosazreba, Cveni azriT, unaklo rodia. simboluri samyaros zemoT CamoTvlili elementebidan arc erTi ar aris adamianis arsebiTi da specifikuri niSani. kasireri TviTon gveubneba, rom simbolur procesebs adgili aqvs adamianismagvar maimunTa qcevaSi.2 Tu asea, maSin es procesi adamianisaTvis specifikuri ver iqneba. cxovelebs aqvT Taviseburi enac, mis gareSe cxovelTa urTierToba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. miTosi, xelovneba da religia yvela adamians rodi gaaCnia, ris gamoc maTi CaTvla adamianis arsebiT niSnebad SeuZlebelia. aba, sad unda vipovnoT adamianisa da cxovelis gammijnavi kriteriumi? xSirad amboben, rom adamiani aris Tavisufali; Tumca Tavisuflebis niSani adamianis arsebiTi niSani ar aris (vinaidan adamiani yovelTvis, miT umetes yvelafrisagan, Tavisufali rodia), magram Tu Tavisuflebis cnebis qveS mxolod nebelobis Tavisuflebas vigulisxmebT, maSin adamianisa da cxovelis ganmasxvavebel niSans mivuaxlovdebiT. nebelobis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb mravalsaukunovani brZola warmoebs determinizmsa da indeterminizms (voluntarizms) Soris, romelTagan orive calmxrivi da hipertrofirebulia. nebeloba arc mTlianad determinirebulia da arc mTlianad Tavisufali. TviTon nebelobis cneba mis Tavisuflebaze miuTiTebs; araTavisufali nebeloba ar arsebobs, miuxedavad Tavisuflebis sazRvrebisa. nebeloba cnobierebisa da azrovnebis gareSe ar arsebobs. igi aris Zala, romelic gvakeTebinebs imas, rac Cvens uSualo moTxovnilebas ar warmoadgens. adamiani aSenebs saxls, xomalds da a. S. amisaTvis igi Sromobs, iRwvis, rac misi uSualo moTxovnileba ar aris. magram mas aSromebs is, rac jer kidev ar aris _ saxli, xomaldi da a. S. aqedan cxadia, rom nebelobiTi aqtebi miznob1 2

iqve, gv. 61.

e. kasiresi, ra aris adamiani?, gv.59.

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rivia, mizandasaxulia anu teleologiuria. adamiani rasac ar unda akeTebdes Tavisi nebiT, Zaldatanebis, iZulebis gareSe, yvelaferi miznobrivia. nebelobiTi aqtebi teleologiurobiT xasiaTdeba. amitom adamianis arsebiT, specifikur niSans, adamianisa da cxovelis gammijnav kriteriums miznobrioba warmoadgens. erTaderTi, rac adamians cxovelisagan principulad ganasxvavebs, aris miznobrioba, mizandasaxuloba. adamiani aris Homo teleologicus (teleologiuri adamiani). miznis cnebaSi koncentrirebulia cnobierebac, nebelobac, azrovnebac da Tavisuflebac. cxovels ara aqvs mizani, vinaidan mas ara aqvs nebeloba, xolo nebelobis gareSe miznobrivi qceva SeuZlebelia. cxovelis qceva impulsuria, garedan determinirebulia da ara Tavisufali, nebelobiTi. cxovelic asrulebs raRac qcevas (Tagvi sakvebs imaragebs, Citi budes aSenebs da a. S.), magram es instinqturi qcevaa da ara nebelobiTi, ara miznobrivi. miznobrioba, romelic nebelobis Tanmxlebia, adamianuri fenomenia. cxovelisa da adamianis gammijnavi zRvari gadaukveTadia; cxoveli verasodes ver gaxdeba adamiani, am zRvars verasodes ver gadaabijebs, cxovelis ganviTarebis mwvervali mainc cxovelad rCeba.1 es imasac niSnavs, rom maimunidan adamianis evoluciis hipoTeza uniadago aRmoCnda.

kosmologiur-anTropuli principebi mologiur Tropu cipe $70. kosmologiur-anTropuli principebi


filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad problemas warmoadgens ara mxolod adamianTa Soris urTierTmimarTeba, aramed agreTve adamianis mimarTeba samyarosTan. is garemoeba, rom samyaros adamianisaTvis arsebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs, igi cxovrobs samyaroSi da, maSasadame, mas mWidro urTierToba aqvs am sacxovrisTan, faqtia da davas ar iw1

a. bregaZe, ra aris adamiani? Tbilisi, 1987, gv. 107.

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vevs. magram, meore mxriv, Tanamedrove kosmologiuri Teoriebis logikuri analizis Sedegad bevri astronomi, kosmologi da, miT umetes filosofosi im daskvnamde mivida, rom ara marto adamiani saWiroebs samyaros, aramed, piriqiTac, samyaro saWiroebs adamians. rarig ucnauric ar unda Candes es azri, igi farTod figurirebs Tanamedrove mecnierebasa da mecnierebis filosofiaSi. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom Tanamedrove kosmologiuri Teoriebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda klasikuri dizainis principi, romelic faqtobrivad imas amtkicebs, rom samyaro, morgebulia adamians; igi isea Seqmnili, rom masSi adamianma arseboba SeZlos. cnobilma mecnierma hendersonma am faqts garemos vargisianoba (Fitness of the environment) uwoda. amiT igi miuTiTebs samyaros teleologiur xasiaTze. yovel SemTxvevaSi imaze, rom samyaros wyoba mimarTulia ara adamianis winaaRmdeg, aramed mis sasargeblod. Tu ufro gabedul daskvnebs gavakeTebT, maSin SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom kosmologiuri dizaini adamianis gareSe ar moiazreba. marTalia, mis Semoqmeds uzenaesi arsi _ RmerTi_ warmoadgens, magram dizainis mizani adamiania. SeuZlebelia, rom kosmologiuri dizaini umizno, SemTxveviTi, bavSvuri TamaSi iyos. am ideas anTropocentrizmamde mivyavarT, romelzec qvemoT gveqneba saubari. klasikur azrovnebaSi anTropocentrizmis idea geocentrul sistemasTan iyo dakavSirebuli. kopernikma am sistemis uaryofasTan erTad adamianic gandevna samyaros centridan. magram uaxlesma kosmologiurma Teoriebma bevri gamoCenili mecnieri im daskvnamde miiyvana, rom Tuki samyaro Tundac odnav sxvagvarad iyos dizainirebuli, e. i. Tuki igi Tundac odnav gansxvavebuli iyos, maSin masSi adamiani arsebobas ver SeZlebda... am principis mixedviT, sicocxlis momcemi faqtori samyaros mTeli organizaciisa da dizainis centrSi Zevs.1 ase axasiaTebs
1

citirebulia wignidan: J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic cosmological principle, p. VII.

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kosmologiur-anTropul princips erT-erTi didi fizikosi jon uileri (John D. Wheeler). aqedan j. uileri ufro radikalur daskvnebs akeTebs: ara mxolod adamiania samyarosTan Seguebuli (adapted), aramed samyaroc aris adamianTan Seguebuli. amaSi mdgomareobs, misi azriT, anTropuli principis centraluri azri, romlis Tanaxmad, sicocxlis momcemi (a life giving) faqtori mTeli samyaros organizaciisa 1 (machinery) da dizainis centrSi Zevs. kosmologiur-anTropul princips gansakuTrebuli yuradReba miaqcia astronomma brandon karterma (1974). amis Semdeg erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves ramdenime kosmologiur-anTropuli principi. maTgan mTavaria am principis ori varianti; susti (weak) da Zlieri (strong). pirveli maTgani upiratesobas im fizikursa da kosmologiur sidideebs akuTvnebs, romlebzec SesaZlebelia sicocxle. sicocxle aZlevs sazriss (Rirebulebas) fizikursa da kosmologiur sidideebs. susti anTropuli principi didi afeTqebis Teoriidan amodis, romlis mixedviT, varskvlavebis pirveli formebi Camoyalibebis procesSi ukve Seicavs wyalbads _ adamianis organizmis erT-erT ZiriTad Semadgenel elements. es ki niSnavs, rom sicocxlisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi samyaros qmnadobis procesSi imTaviTve isaxeba; maSasadame, sicocxle samyarosaTvis ar aris SemTxveviTi, aramed igi sruliad kanonzomieria. susti anTropuli principi mxolod im samyaros upiratesobas amtkicebs, romelic sicocxlis SesaZleblobas Seicavs. Zlier anTropul princips ki ufro zogadi xasiaTi aqvs. igi kategoriulad moiTxovs, rom samyaros unda (must) hqondes adamianis arsebobisaTvis aucilebeli pirobebi; samyaros is Tvisebebi unda hqondes, romelic nebas aZlevs sicocxles masSi ganviTardes misi istoriis garkveul etapze (The universe must have those properties, which allow

iqve.

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life to develop within it at some stage in its history).1 swored amitom ewodeba am princips Zlieri. Zlier anTropul princips faqtobrivad anTropocentruli Sinaarsi aqvs. igi, cxadia, Tvlis, rom samyaro arsebobda adamianamde, magram igi adamianis Sesaqmnelad imTaviTve emzadeboda. garda susti da Zlieri anTropuli principebisa, arsebobs, magaliTad, finaluri anTropuli principic, romelic adamians kidev ufro akavSirebs samyarosTan. j. uilerma SeimuSava nawilobrivi anTropuli principi (participatory anthropic principle), romelic amtkicebs, rom damkvirveblebi aucilebelia samyaros arsebobisaTvis (observers are necessary to bring the universe into being). es principi, albaT, ise unda gavigoT, rogorc laparakoben pozitivistebi samyaros arsebobis Sesaxeb. samyaros cnebaSi dakvirvebaSi mocemuli realoba igulisxmeba da, cxadia, mis arsebobas dakvirveba aZlevs sazriss. kosmologiur-anTropul principebs, romlebic sabunebismetyvelo gamokvlevebis safuZvelze Camoyalibda, anTropocentrizmis ideasTan uSualo kavSiri aqvs. arsebobs anTropocentrizmis ori varianti: religiuri da kosmologiuri. pirvelis Sesaxeb zemoT religiur kreacionizmTan dakavSirebiT gvqonda msjeloba; amJamad ki mis meore variants _ kosmologiuri anTropocentrizmis ideas ganvixilavT.

kosmolog ur-anTropuli tele logia. molo Tropu leo $71. kosmologiur-anTropuli teleologia. anTropocentrizmi Tropocentriz anTropocentrizmi
kosmologiuri dizainisa da dizaineris ideas, razec zemoT gvqonda laparaki, teleologiamde mivyavarT. nebismieri dizaini teleologiuria. dizainers yovelTvis raRac mizani amoZravebs. sxvagvarad misi saqmianoba uaz1

citirebulia wignidan: J. D. Barrow, F. J. Tipler, The anthropic cosmological principle, p. 21

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ro iqneboda. es, miT umetes, iTqmis kosmologiuri dizainisa da dizaineris Sesaxeb. kosmologiur-anTropulma principma gviCvena, rom samyaro isea mowyobili, rom adamianis sicocxle SesaZlebeli iyos. am ideas ki anTropocentrizmamde mivyavarT, romelic amtkicebs, rom samyaro arsebobs adamianisaTvis anu samyaros centrSi adamiania. zemoT vnaxeT, rom iudaur-qristianuli religia mtkiced dgas am Tvalsazrisze. religiuri kreacionizmi swored anTropocentrizmis dacvasa da dasabuTebas emsaxureba. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT ontologiuri da ontologi tologiu gnose logi seo giu anTropocentrizmi Tropocentrizmi. gnoseologiuri anTropocentrizmi pirveli amtkicebs, rom adamiani samyaros centrSi dgas, igi arsebulTagan yvelaze Rirebulia da amitom yvelaferi mas emsaxureba. samyaros Seqmnis (kreaciis) mizans adamiani warmoadgens. es Sexeduleba TiTqos Zalian gulubryviloa, magram mas sinamdvileSi sakmaod Zlieri argumentebi aqvs, rac TiTqmis yvela drois didi moazrovnis msjelobis sagania. gnoseologiur anTropocentrizms ki saqme aqvs Teoriul subieqtTan da amtkicebs, rom samyaros Sesaxeb msjeloba mxolod da mxolod misi mocemulobis mixedviT SeiZleba. samyaro iseTia, rogoric SegrZnebebSi gveZleva; am gagebiT Semmecnebeli subieqti samyaros centrSi dgas, vinaidan samyaro, romelic mas eZleva, misi Seqmnilia. sxva samyaro misTvis arc arsebobs. am tipis anTropocentrizms SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT yvela subieqtivisturi koncefcia protagoradan dawyebuli, romelic amtkicebda, rom yvelafris sazomi aris adamiani, berklisa da Tundac neopozitivizmis CaTvliT, romlisTvisac obieqturi, adamianisagan damoukidebeli realobis Sesaxeb msjeloba miuRebelia. magram amJamad CvenTvis mTavaria ontologiuri anTropocentrizmi, romelic samyaros centrSi adamians aTavsebs. zogierTi moazrovne Tvlis, rom anTropocentrizmis ideis sabunebismetyvelo safuZvels geocentruli sistema warmoadgenda, romelic dedamiwas, adamianTan erTad, samyaros centrSi moiazrebda. kopernikma uaryo geocentrizmi da amiT TiTqos adamianic gandevna samya250

ros centridan. magram isic faqtia, rom TviTon kopernikic anTropocentristul msoflmxedvelobas iziarebda. es niSnavs, rom geocentrizmidan heliocentrizmze gadasvla, misi azriT, anTropocentrizmis ideas ar xelyofs. antikurobasa da Sua saukuneebSi anTropocentrizms icavdnen sokrate, diogene kreteli, galenosi, rojer bekoni, Toma akvineli, albert didi da sxv. es idea axal droSic mZlavrobda ara marto filosofiaSi, aramed bunebismetyvelebaSic. robert boili bunebis kanonzomierebas, RvTiuri daxelovnebis ucnaursa da SesaniSnav nimuSad, efeqtad Tvlida. mas miaCnda, rom samyaros arsebobis mTavari daniSnuleba adamianis samsaxuria. kepleri mtkiced idga anTropocentrizmis poziciebze da amtkicebda, rom yvela nivTi Seqmnilia adamianisaTvis. analogiurad msjelobda niutonic, romelic Teologiuri dizainisa da teleologiis ideebs icavda. aseve fiqrobda volteric, romelic samyarosac da adamiansac RvTaebrivi Semoqmedebis produqtad Tvlida da a. S. magram anTropocentrizmis ideas bevri oponentic hyavda. sakvirvelia, magram faqtia, rom jer kidev Teofraste _ aristoteles mowafe _ eWvis TvaliT uyurebda anTropocentrizmis ideas. daaxloebiT aseve iTqmis averoesisa da maimonidis Sesaxeb. es ukanaskneli aRniSnavda, rom yvela cxoveli da mcenare rodia adamianisaTvis Seqmnili; magaliTad, veluri cxovelebi adamians ki ar emsaxurebian, aramed, piriqiT, zians ayeneben. daaxloebiT aseve fiqrobda dekartic, romelic arc teleologias uaryofda da arc kosmologiur dizainsa da dizainerze ambobs uars. igi, erTi mxriv, amtkicebs, rom RmerTma yvelaferi CvenTvis Seqmna, magram, meore mxriv, saeWvod miaCnia, rom yvelaferi CvenTvis iyos Seqmnili da rom RmerTs samyaros Seqmnisas sxva miznebi ar hqondes. arsebobs da arsebobda bevri ram, rasac adamianisaTvis araviTari sargebloba ar moutania. dekarti amtkicebs, rom

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adamians ar SeuZlia im miznebis Semecneba, risTvisac RmerTma samyaro Seqmna.1 dekartis argumenti anTropocentrizmis winaaRmdeg sakmaod sustia. cxadia, bunebaSi bevri ram arsebobs iseTi, rasac adamianisaTvis sargebloba ar moutania, adamians ar gamouyenebia; magram SeeZlo Tu ara adamians am nivTebiT sargebloba saWiro SemTxvevaSi? qva, romelic sadRac Zevs, arasodes ar gvinaxavs, miT umetes, ar gamogviyenebia, imis SesaZleblobas Seicavs, rom saWiro SemTxvevaSi mxecis Tavdasxma movigerioT, e. i. sasargeblo da saWiro aRmoCndes. amrigad, dekartis argumenti anTropocentrizms ver uaryofs. spinoza anTropocentrizmisa da, saerTod, teleologiis winaaRmdeg logikur arguments gamoTqvams. es moZRvreba _ wers igi _ ugulebelyofs RmerTis srulqmnilobas, vinaidan Tu RmerTi qmnis raimes miznisaTvis, maSin is imisken iltvis, rac mas ara aqvs.2 es niSnavs, rom TiTqos teleologia RmerTis srulqmnilobis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli, vinaidan mizandasaxuloba imas niSnavs, rom raRac aklia imas, vinc mizans isaxavs. Cven vfiqrobT, rom es logikuri argumenti logikur Secdomas Seicavs. teleologia da anTropocentrizmi imas ki ar amtkicebs, rom samyaro da adamiani, romelTac RmerTi miznobrivad qmnis, TviTon RmerTs sWirdeba, aramed imas, rom samyaro sWirdeba adamians da ara RmerTs; RmerTi samyaros qmnis ara TavisTvis, aramed adamianisTvis. maSasadame, samyaros miznobrivi qmnadoba RmerTis srulqmnilobas rodi uaryofs. spinoza am SemTxvevaSi msjelobs adamianis _ sasruli arsebis _ poziciebidan: roca adamiani raimes cnobierad qmnis, maSin misi qceva uTuod miznobrivia (TviTon iZulebis SemTxvevaSic ki). adamiani teleologiuri arsebaa. mizani, riskenac igi iltvis, mas aklia, sWirdeba. am SemTxvevaSi miznobrioba marTlac miznis matareblis (adamianis) arasrulqmnilobas, mis sasru-

1 2

. , , ., 1950, . 506-507. . , , . I, 1957, . 397.

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lobas amtkicebs; magram usasrulo arsebis _ RmerTis _ mimarT es argumenti ar gamodgeba. religiuri kreacionizmi teleologiuri aqtia; misi mizania adamianisaTvis dizainirebuli samyaros Seqmna. magram RvTaebrivi mizani adamianuri miznebisagan principulad gansxvavebulia; amitom RvTaebrivi kreacia, Semoqmedeba Semoqmedis arasrulqmnadobas rodi amtkicebs. davuSvaT, rom mcdaria anTropocentrizmis idea; samyaro ki ar aris mowyobili adamianisaTvis, aramed adamiani xangrZlivi evoluciis procesSi Seegua, moergo samyaros. ase Ffiqroben materialistebi darvinis evoluciuri Teoriis safuZvelze. magram aseTi daSveba logikurad gaumarTlebelia. Seguebas garkveuli sazRvrebi aqvs, romlis miRma igi SeuZlebeli xdeba. organizmi mxolod im SemTxvevaSi Seegueba garemos, Tu es ukanasknelic mzad aris, rom igi Seiguos. davuSvaT, rom ar arsebobs wyali, atmosfero, mcenareebi, cxovelebi da a. S. aris ori an meti an arc erTi mze, aseT SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda cocxali arsebis garemosTan Segueba, sicocxlis arseboba dedamiwaze. amrigad, Seguebis (adaptaciis) Teoria am SemTxvevaSi ar gamogvadgeba. cxadia, adamianic egueba garemos, magram es Segueba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, rom TviTon garemoc ar iyos mzad SeguebisaTvis. anTropocentrizmisa da teleologizmis idea, kerZod, kosmologiuranTropuli principebi mets arafers ar amtkicebs.

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Tavi mexu xuTe Tavi mexuTe socialuri teleologia socialuri teleologia ci le individu luri dividua soci luri miznobrio cia nobri $72. individualuri da socialuri miznobrioba
zemoT vnaxeT, rom adamianis nebelobiTi qceva yovelTvis miznobrivia, teleologiuria. mxolod araTavisufali, iZulebiTi qceva, ramdenadac igi mkacrad determinirebulia, ar aris teleologiuri. magram adamianis qceva arasodes ar aris absoluturad determinirebuli; aseTi mxolod manqana SeiZleba iyos. adamianad yofna imas niSnavs, rom igi Tundac mcire dozis Tavisuflebas flobs. adamiani ar arsebobs nebelobis gareSe, nebeloba ki yovelTvis Tavisuflebis matarebelia. amdenad adamianis erT-erT fundamentur niSans miznobrioba warmoadgens. adamianTa sazogadoeba calkeuli pirovnebebisagan Sedgeba, Tumca igi ar aris adamianTa mxolod erToblioba, aramed specifikuri niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. miuxedavad amisa, calkeul adamianTa iseTi fundamenturi Taviseburebani, rogoricaa miznobrioba, sazogadoebis cxovrebaSi Taviseburad aisaxeba. sazogadoebasac aqvs miznebi, maSasadame, teleologiuria. magram socialuri teleologia individualurisagan gansxvavebulia. individs upiratesad sakuTari, piradi miznebi aqvs, socialuri miznobrioba ki adamianTa didi an mcire jgufis miznobriobaa. rasakvirvelia, SesaZlebelia individualuri da socialuri miznebi erTmaneTs emTxveodes Tundac nawilobriv, magram arc isaa gamoricxuli, rom maTi miznebi ara mxolod gansxvavebuli, aramed dapirispirebulic ki iyos. aseTia, magaliTad yoveli socialuri danaSauli, romelic mimarTulia sazogadoebis saerTo interesebis winaaRmdeg. xdeba piriqiTac, roca saxelmwifoSi arsebuli antidemokratiuli da despoturi wyobis miznebi calkeul adamianTa an mTeli sazogdoebis miznebs upirispirdeba. arc erT SemTxvevaSi saxelmwifo ar SeiZleba iyos Zlieri. saxelmwifo 254

mxolod im SemTxvevaSia keTilgamarTuli da Tavis TavSi Zlieri _ wers hegeli _ Tu mis interesebTan Serwymulia moqalaqeTa kerZo interesebi.1 cxadia, individebisa da sazogadoebis yvela interesebisa da miznebis Tanxvdena praqtikulad gamoricxulia, raki individebs ufro xSirad privatuli, yoveldRiuri miznebi aqvT (bazarSi wasvla, megobris naxva, wignis wakiTxva da sxv.), magram am privatuli miznebis gverdiT xSirad adamianebs iseTi miznebic aqvT, romelic maT erTian sazogadoebad ayalibebs da rac sazogadoebis, rogorc damoukidebeli erTeulis, arsebobas uzrunvelyofs. aseTia, magaliTad, mSvidoba, materialuri keTildReoba, Tavisufleba da sxv. es iseTi miznebia, romlebic, mcireodeni gamonaklisis garda, individebisa da sazogadoebis interesebs unda emTxvevodes da xelisufleba axorcielebdes. saxelmwifos Zlierebis safuZvels swored am miznebisa da interesebis Tanxvdena warmoadgens; sadac es ar aris, iq saxelmwifos Zliereba moCvenebiTia, efemerulia. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqos adamianebi sazogadoebas miznobrivad qmnian. cxadia, ama Tu im adamianTa jgufebis (mweralTa, kompozitorTa, JurnalistTa da a. S.) kavSirebi xelovnurad, cnobierad, Segnebulad iqmneba garkveuli miznis misaRwevad, magram aseve ar SeiZleba iTqvas adamianTa globalur sazogadoebaze, romelic aracnobierad yalibdeba calkeuli adamianebis moTxovnilebebisa da miznebis safuZvelze. swored amitom ara mxolod individis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis qcevac miznobrivia, teleologiuria; omi, mSvidoba, ekonomikuri Tu socialuri procesebi yovelTvis mizandasaxulia. saxelmwifos miznebi SeiZleba individebis an, Tundac, mTeli sazogadoebis miznebs emTxvevodes an, piriqiT, upirispirdebodes, magram sazogadoeba aramiznobrivi ki ar SeiZleba iyos. teleologiuroba ara mxolod calkeuli adamia-

hegeli, istoriis filosofia, Tbilisi, 2001, gv. 15.

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nis, aramed agreTve adamianTa sazogadoebis erT-erTi fundamenturi niSania.

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sazogado zogadoe struqturuli elementebi turu mente $73. sazogadoebis struqturuli elementebi maTi mizne nebi da maTi miznebi
Tu sazogadoebas empiriuli poziciebidan ganvixilavT, SevamCnevT sam struqturul elements: masas, brbosa da pirovnebas, romelTa erTobliobas xalxs uwodeben. masa aris adamianTa jgufi, romelsac dakarguli aqvs individualoba; misi TiToeuli wevri gaTqvefilia mis msgavs sxva adamianebSi. masa saSualo adamianTa erTobliobaa, romelsac upiratesad sakuTari, privatuli miznebi amoZravebs, yoveldRiurobiT cxovrobs, xolo yvela danarCens uyurebs rogorc misi miznebis ganxorcielebis saSualebas. Ootega i gasetma xazi gausva masebis gansakuTrebiT aqtiurobas Tanamedrove epoqaSi, romelsac man masebis amboxi uwoda. es amboxi gamoixateba masebis dauokebel ltolvaSi civilizaciis monapovrebis dauflebisaken. isini arc politikur moRvaweobaze amboben uars; zogjer parlamentSic sxedan da ministrebis savarZelic uWiravT, romelTac sakuTari miznebis gansaxorcieleblad iyeneben, xolo sakacobrio idealebi maTTvis ucxoa. maTi moRvaweobisagan sazogadoeba mxolod wagebas naxulobs. isini civilizaciis mxolod momxmareblebia da ara Semqmnelebi. miuxedavad amisa, masebi ar arian politikuri meamboxeni; isini TavianTi cxovrebiT cxovroben da arsebuli wyobileba kidec awyobT. saSualo adamiani imitom aris saSualo, rom eqstremizmi misTvis ucxoa, sazogadoebriv qaossa da areulobas oqros SuagulSi yofnas amjobineben. sul sxvaa brbo; isini meamboxe, ukritiko da ganusjelad mebrZoli adamianiebis grovaa. maTi erTaderTi mizani is aris, rasac maTi sulieri moZRvari sTavazobs, romelsac isini uyureben rogorc mesias, absoluturi WeSmaritebisa da simarTlis mqadagebels. isini gamoirCevian emociebiT, taSs ukraven, stvenen, yvirian. maT ara aqvT sakuTari azri, aramed maTi azri beladidan momdinareobs, romelsac isini usityvod endobian. maTTan kamaTi SeuZlebelia. es aris egzaltirebuli adamianebis 257

grova. bunebrivia, rom brbos ar SeuZlia saxelmwifos marTva, vinaidan mas sazogadoebrivi miznebi da sakuTari cnobiereba ar gaaCnia. Tu SemTxveviT xelmZRvanel postze moxvda, kargs arafers moitans da didxans ver gaZlebs. sul sxvaa pirovneba; mas aqvs cnobierebac da TviTcnobierebac, TviTkritikis unari, sakuTari azri, avtoritetebisadmi daumorCileblobis Cvevac, ris gamoc iolad ar eqceva sxvisi gavlenis qveS. pirovneba SeiZleba cxovrobdes sazogadoebaSi, rogorc misi erT-erTi wevri, upretenzio da Zalauflebas moklebuli, da an iyos Zalauflebis mpyrobeli, didi politikuri an samxedro moRvawe, romelsac mindobili aqvs xalxTa bedi. aseT pirovnebas ara aqvs an TiTqmis ara aqvs sakuTari miznebi, aramed sazogadoebrivi, zepirovnuli interesebi, rac mas pirovnebad xdis da rasac SeuZlia sakuTari sicocxlec ki Sewiros. swored amitom aris igi didi istoriuli pirovneba. isini epoqebs qmnian; ostaturad iyeneben masebsa da brbos TavianTi miznebis gansaxorcieleblad; xalxi iolad eqceva maTi gavlenis qveS; ubralo adamianebi mxolod gvian xvdebian TavianT Secdomas. didi istoriuli pirovnebis saqmianobis Semfasebels istoria warmoadgens. momavali Taobebi gaarkveven, Tu ramdenad swori iyo is miznebi da am miznebis ganxorcielebis saSualebani, romelTac es pirovneba iyenebda. Tumca istoria ufro xSirad iwonebs, vidre kicxavs maT saqmianobas. amis magaliTebia aleqsandre makedonelis, iulius keisaris, napoleonis, stalinisa da hitleris moRvaweoba, romelTa sisxlian istorias mematianeebi ara Tu kritikulad ganixilaven, aramed zogjer xotbasac ki asxamen. amrigad, Tu sazogadoebis istorias CavukvirdebiT, yvelgan miznobriv moqmedebas, miznebis ganxorcielebasa da ngrevas vxvdebiT. adamiani miznobrivi arsebaa, istoria ki adamianebis istorias warmoadgens. sazogadoebis istoria Tavisi bunebiT teleologiuria.

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$74. Tavisufleba, aucilebloba da miznobrioba Tavisufleba, aucilebloba miznobrio visufle cileblo nobri
didixania cnobilia, rom adamianis erT-erT aucilebelsa da specifikur niSans Tavisufleba warmoadgens. hegeli ambobda, rom adamiani Tavisufalia rogorc adamiani.1 Tumca, hegeli imasac aRniSnavda, rom adamians Segnebuli ara aqvs misi Tavisufleba; TviT platonsa da aristotelesac ki azrad ar mosvliaT, rom Tavisufalia adamiani rogorc aseTi.2 miuxedavad amisa, Zveli romaelebi adamianis ZiriTad niSnad Tavisuflebas miiCnevdnen, swored amitom isini monebs adamianebad ar Tvlidnen, vinaidan mona ar iyo Tavisufali. magram Tavisufleba usazRvro rodia; adamianis Tavisuflebas garkveul CarCoebSi aqcevs sxvadasxva bunebrivi, socialuri, ekonomikuri, erovnuli da politikuri faqtorebi. swored amitom adamianis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb laparaki mxolod garkveuli pirobiT SeiZleba. Tavisufleba da aucilebloba adamianSi erTmaneTs Serwymulia anu, rogorc fizikosebi ityvian, urTierTdamatebiTnia. rodesac adamianis Tavisuflebis Sesaxeb msjeloben, maSin, uwinares yovlisa, mxedvelobaSi aqvT nebelobis Tavisufleba. nebeloba arc mTlianad Tavisufalia da arc mTlianad determinirebuli. aqac Tavisufleba da aucilebloba urTierTTavsebadia. adamianis Tavisuflebac da determinirebac yvelaze srulad nebelobaSi gamovlindeba. adamianis Tavisuflebas SezRudva misi qcevis Tavisufali arCevanis SezRudvas niSnavs. nebelobis arseboba TviTon aris Tavisufleba. nebelobas ki yvela SemTxvevaSi teleologiuri xasiaTi aqvs. nebelobiTi aqtebi yovelTvis miznobrivia, mis motivs mizani warmoadgens, romelic jerarsulia, jer ar arsebobs, magram mniSvnelobs rogorc mizandasaxuloba.
1 2

hegeli, istoriis filosofia, gv. 11


iqve.

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igive mdgomareobaa socialur sferoSi; nebeloba iseve rogorc miznobrioba, ara mxolod calkeuli adamianis niSan-Tvisebaa, aramed agreTve mTeli sazogadoebisa. Tu sazogadoeba raimesken iltvis, maSin ltolvis sagani misi mizania, da, piriqiT, Tu sazogadoebas raime nebavs, maSin is misken, rogorc miznisken iltvis. ltolvis, miswrafebis sagnad yofna miznis ZiriTadi niSania. nebeloba azrovnebis gareSe ar arsebobs; nebismieri qceva azrovnebis safuZvelze sruldeba, cnobieri aqtia. es imasac niSnavs, rom miznobrioba cnobierebis gareSe ar aris. aracnobieri ltolva ar aris mizani. mcenarec iltvis mzisken, tenisaken, magram mcenaris miznebze laparaki SeuZlebelia. mizans isaxavs adamiani an adamianTa sazogadoeba da, maSasadame, misi qceva yovelTvis teleologiuria. hegeli amtkicebda, rom samyaros marTavs goneba da aseve istoriac aqamde mis mier yofila marTuli... yvela danarCeni mas emsaxureba da misi saSualebaa.1 marTva mizmiznis gareSe SeuZlebelia. Tu goneba marTavs istorias, maSin igi mas miznis mixedviT marTavs. es ki imas niSnavs, rom marTuli istoriuli procesebi teleologiuri xasiaTisaa. magram istoriaSi iseTi movlenebi, zogjer epoqebic, warmoCndeba, romlebic aravis miznad ar dausaxavs da arc gaucnobierebia. monas, romelic piradi TavisuflebisaTvis ibrZoda, sruliadac ar hqonda gacnobierebuli, rom amiT Zirs uTxrida monaTmflobelobas. ymaglexi, romelic mebatones gamoeqca da qalaqSi dasaxlda, vaWrobaxelosnobas mihyo xeli. sruliadac ar fiqrobda imaze, rom amiT feodalizmis ngrevasa da kapitalisturi wyobilebis Camoyalibebas, urbanizaciis procesis daCqarebas uwyobda xels. istoriaSi individualuri da privatuli faqtebi xSirad droTa ganmavlobaSi globalur procesebs warmoSobs. es istoriuli aucileblobaa, romelic

hegeli, istoriis filosofia, gv. 16.

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adamianis gonebis mizandasaxuli qmedebis gareSe sruldeba. k. poperi uaryofs istoriul aucileblobas da, Sesabamisad, istoriuli movlenebis prognozirebis SesaZleblobas.1 Tu popers am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSi aqvs absoluturi aucilebloba an aseve absoluturad zusti prognozireba, maSin igi uTuod marTalia. magram xom cnobilia, rom aseTi ram ar arsebobs? rac Seexeba relatiur aucileblobasa da prognozirebas, misi uaryofa aravis ar SeuZlia da es verc k. poperma SeZlo. Tuki istoriuli aucilebloba saerTod ar arsebobdes da, Sesabamisad, momavlis prognozirebis SesaZlebloba saerTod gamoricxuli iyos, maSin istoria SemTxveviTi, erTmaneTTan daukavSirebeli istoriuli faqtebis grova iqneboda, xolo momavali burusiT iqneboda faruli. aseT viTarebaSi ki istoriuli mecnierebis arsebobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. ai, ra absurdul Sedegebamde mivyavarT istoriuli aucileblobis mTlianad gamoricxvas.

literatura literatura teratu


sergi avali ni, lia 1. sergi avaliani teleologia, Tb., 2003

karl poperi, istoricizmis siRatake.

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nawili mexuTe Semecnebis Teoriis Zireuli problemebi


Sesavali Sesavali sava Teoriu gone nebis struqtu tura $75. Teoriuli gonebis struqtura
Teoriuli goneba sami ZiriTadi sferosagan Sedgeba: Semecneba, codn zoga gadad mecni ruli codna nie na. Semecneba, codna zogadad da mecnieruli codna amis Semecne sabamisad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvaoT sami Teoriulfilosofiuri disciplina: Semecnebis Teoria gnoseoloSemecnebis Teoria, gnose lomecne seo epistemolo temologia gia anu codnis Teoria da epistemologia anu mecnieruli codnis Teoria. Cvens axlandel mizans am sami filosofiuri mecnierebis sferoebs gamijvna warmoadgens. filosofiur literaturaSi xSirad es sami mecniereba _ Semecnebis Teoria, gnoseologia da epistemologia _ erTi da igive mniSvnelobiT ixmareba. gansakuTrebiT Tanamedrove inglisurenovan filosofiur mwerlobaSi gnoseologia Zalian iSviaTad, TiTqmis aRarc gvxvdeba, xolo Semecnebis Teoria epistemologiasTan aris gaigivebuli. terminebis aseTi aRreva azrobriv Secdomebs iwvevs, vinaidan am sami filosofiuri mecnierebidan TiToeuls Tavisi sagani aqvs da specifikuri niSnebiTac erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba. klasikur filosofiaSi es mecnierebani sruliad gansxvavebuli iyo da maT erTmaneTSi aravin ar urevda, Tanamedrove filosofosebis mier ki es tradicia ratomRac daviwyebul iqna. daviwyoT iqidan, rom Semecnebis Teoriis sagans Semecnebis procesis kanonzomiereba warmoadgens. igi swavlobs imas, Tu rogor imecnebs adamiani sinamdviles, ra meTodebi da saSualebebi gaaCnia mas amisaTvis. Semecnebis process arc erTi sxva mecniereba ar swavlobs, garda Semecnebis Teoriisa. amdenad igi sruliad suverenul filosofiur disciplinas warmoadgens. 262

Semecnebis Sedegad codna yalibdeba; codnas ki sakuTari kanonzomiereba aqvs; igi aris WeSmariti an araWeSmariti, obieqturi an subieqturi, winamecnieruli, mecnieruli an filosofiuri da a. S. am sakiTxebs Semecnebis Teoria ar Seiswavlis. misi Semswavleli filosofiuri mecniereba aris gnoseologia (gnosis-codna). es filosofiuri mecniereba iwyeba iq, sadac Semecnebis Teoria mTavrdeba, vinaidan codna Semecnebis Sedegs warmoadgens. Semecnebis Teorias ar SeuZlia codnis kanonzomierebis kvleva, vinaidan mas codna jer kidev ar SeumuSavebia. Tundac amitom am ori mecnierebis erTmaneTSi aRreva, maTi gaigiveba ar SeiZleba. zemoT vTqviT, rom codna sxvadasxvanairia: winamecnieruli, mecnieruli da filosofiuri. gnoseologia nebismieri codnis kanonzomierebas ikvlevs. winamecnieruli codna mas iseve ainteresebs, rogorc yvela danarCeni, Tumca codnis es forma upiratesad warmodgenebisagan da ara cnebebisagan Sedgeba. es niSnavs, rom gnoseologia zogadi mecnierebaa da amiTac igi codnis sxva formebisagan principulad gansxvavdeba. sul sxva _ specifikuri _ kanonzomiereba aqvs mecnierul codnas; mis mTavar niSansa da mizans apodiqturoba warmoadgens. mecnierul codnas aucilebloba da sayovelTaoba unda axasiaTebdes, rac gnoseologias ar moeTxoveba, vinaidan igi, garda mecnierulisa, winamecnierul codnasac ikvlevs. marTalia, absoluturi apodiqturobis anu absoluturi WeSmaritebis wvdomis SesaZlebloba praqtikulad gamoricxulia, magram mis mizans, misi ltolvis sagans es warmoadgens. amgvar codnas Zveli berZnebi (magaliTad, platoni) epistemes uwodebdnen da ganasxvavebdnen doqsasagan, romelsac apodiqturobis niSani ar miewereba, SemTxveviTia anu, laibnicis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, faqtis WeSmaritebaa. aqedan warmosdga epistemologia (epistemi _ codna), romelic Seiswavlis ara codnas saerTod, aramed mxolod da mxolod mecnierul codnas. es niSnavs, rom epistemologias sakuTari

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sagani aqvs da misi aRreva gnoseologiaSi, miT umetes, misi gaigiveba Semecnebis TeoriasTan SeuZlebelia. ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom raki gnoseologia codnis zogad kanonzomierebas swavlobs, igi TiTqos epistemologiasac moicavs, radgan codnis zogadi kanonzomiereba mecnierul codnasac exeba. magram swored imis gamo, rom gnoseologia codnis zogad (da ara specifikur) kanonzomierebas swavlobs, anu swavlobs codnas saerTod, igi ar SeiZleba epistemologiasTan gavaigivoT, vinaidan epistemologia ki emyareba gnoseologias (iseve rogorc yoveli kerZo emyareba zogads), magram Tavisi specifikuri niSnebiT misgan gansxvavebulia. swored mecnieruli codnis es specifika aris epistemologiis sagani. es debuleba kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba am wignis bolo nawilSi, sadac epistemologiaze vrclad vimsjelebT. amrigad, Semecnebis Teoria, gnoseologia da epistemologia erTmaneTisagan principulad gansxvavebuli filosofiuri disciplinebia da maTi erTmaneTSi aRreva ar SeiZleba.

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Tavi pirve veli Tavi pirveli dakvirvebadobis problema dakvirvebadobis problema vebado le Semecnebis genezisis proble mecne nezi lema $76. Semecnebis genezisis problema
Semecnebis genezisis problema filosofiis mravalsaukunovani istoriis manZilze idga da dRemde problemad rCeba. jer kidev winasokratul filosofiaSi gamoiTqva Tvalsazrisi Semecnebis procesis grZnobadi warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. ufro gvian ki amis safuZvelze Camoyalibda empiristuli Teoria, romelic Semecnebis erTaderT an, yovel SemTxvevaSi, mTavar wyarod SegrZnebebs Tvlida. empirizmma klasikur filosofiaSi ganviTarebis umaRles wertils j. lokis filosofiaSi miaRwia, romelmac Camoayaliba principi: araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar SegrZnebebSi ar iyos mocemuli. Cvens droSi ki am empiristulma principma transformacia ganicada da empiriuli verifikaciis (neopozitivizmi) da an misgan odnav gansxvavebuli empiriuli falsifikaciis (k. poperi) saxiT warmosdga, Tumca ZiriTadi empiristuli pozicia ucvleli darCa. imave antikur filosofiaSi Camoyalibda alternatiuli Tvalsazrisi Semecnebis sadaveebis Sesaxeb, romelsac Semdgom racionalizmi ewoda. am filosofiuri mimarTulebis mixedviT, Semecnebis mTavar wyaros goneba da ara SegrZnebebi warmoadgens. antikur filosofiaSi misi warmomadgeneli iyo platoni, Tumca demokritec racionalizmis poziciebze idga. Semecneba _ codnis dabadeba _ platonis (aseve sokrates) azriT, aris im codnis mogoneba, romelic mas dabadebamde hqonda. SegrZnebebi ki Semecnebis procesSi mxolod erTgvari biZgis rols asrulebs. platoni codnis Tandayolilobis Tvalsazriss icavda. empirizmmac da racionalizmmac transformacia ganicada. racionalisti dekarti mxolod RmerTis ideis Tandayolilobas amtkicebda, xolo laibnici _ Semecnebis 265

unaris (gonebis) Tandayolilobas. laibnicma lokis zemoaRniSnul princips araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar SegrZnebebSi ar iyos mocemuli, mxolod sami sityva daumata: nisi ipse intellectus (garda TviTon gonebisa), ramac empirizmi racionalizmiT Secvala. empirizmica da racionalizmic calmxrivi moZRvrebebi iyo; TiToeuli maTgani Semecnebis mxolod erTi wyaros rols azviadebda, xolo meores amcirebda. am alternativis moxsna kantma scada. mTeli Cveni Semecneba rom cdiT iwyeba _ wers kanti _ es araviTar eWvs ar iwvevs, magram aqedan sruliadac ar gamomdinareobs, rom igi mTlianad cdidan warmoiSoba.1 kanti laparakobda Semecnebis apriorul principebze, romelic cdiseuli ar aris. magram apriorizmi mSvenivrad Tavsdeba racionalizmis farglebSi da, maSasadame, empirizmisa da racionalizmis winaaRmdegobis daZleva verc transcendentalurma filosofiam SeZlo. codnis genezisis problemis gadawyveta dakvirvebadobis principSi unda veZioT, romelic TavisTavad uZvelesi principia, Tumca Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebisa da mecnierebis filosofiis safuZvelze axleburad warmosdga da mecnieruli Sinaarsi SeiZina.

dakvirvebadobis princi virvebado cipis ontologi tologiu $77. dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretaciis kriti terpretaci tika interpretaciis kritika
dakvirveba aris cnobierebis mimarTuloba obieqtze; es obieqti SeiZleba iyos rogorc bunebis sagnebi da movlenebi, aseve adamianis Sinagani samyaros (fsiqikis, cnobierebis) fenomenebi. magram rodesac Semecnebis TeoriaSi dakvirvebadobis principis Sesaxeb laparakoben, maSin mxedvelobaSia garegani, empiriuli dakvirveba. swored amitom dakvirvebadobis princips istoriulad empiristuli Sinaarsi hqonda, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi dak1

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virvebis cnebis qveS mxolod garegan, grZnobad dakvirvebas gulisxmobda, romelsac igi Semecnebisa da codnis sawyisad, mis mTavar wyarod Tvlida. bunebismecnierebis (gansakuTrebiT kvanturi meqanikis) ganviTarebam pozitivistebs sababi misca, rom yuradReba gaemaxvilebiaT dakvirvebadobis principze, Tavis aRmoCenad CaeTvalaT da TavianTi filosofiuri ideebis safuZvlad eqciaT. Tanamedrove pozitivistebis empiriuli verifikaciis principi swored dakvirvebadobis tradiciuli principis reabilitacias warmoadgens. kerZod maT gamoavlines jer kidev berklis filosofiaSi impliciturad arsebuli dakvirvebadobis gageba, rogorc realobis kriteriumisa berklis realobis kriteriumisa teri sa. filosofiis ZiriTadi principi esse est percipi (arseboba aris aRqma) grZnobad aRqmas realobis kriteriumad acxadebs. berklis filosofiaSi aseve impliciturad mocemulia principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebac, romelmac neoprincipuli dakvirvebadobis cipu virvebado pozitivizmSi swored rom principuli mniSvneloba SeiZina. me vamtkiceb _ wers berkli _ rom magida, romelzec me vwer, arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom me vxedav, vexebi mas. Tuki me Cems Cabinets gareT vimyofebode, me mainc vityodi, rom magida arsebobs im azriT, rom Tuki Cems kabinetSi vyofiliyav, me SevZlebdi mis aRqmas an romelime sxva suli namdvilad aRiqvamda mas.1 aq, rogorc vxedavT, berkli laparakobs aRqmis principul SesaZleblobaze, rasac igi realobais kriteriumad Tvlis. pozitivistebma da, gansakuTrebiT, neopozitivistebma berklis principis esse est percipi transformireba moaxdines, magram misTvis arsebiTad axali araferi daumatebiaT. transformireba ZiriTadad imaSi gamoixata, rom (magaliTad, m. Slikma) erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaves principuli da teqnikuri (anu praqtikuli) dakvirvebadoba da daukvirvebadoba. teqnikurad anu praqtikulad daukvirvebadi iseT sagans an movlenas uwodebs, romelic daukvirvebadia mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTarebis Tanamedrove doneze, magram dakvirvebadi gaxdeba maSin, roca mecniereba da
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teqnika ufro ganviTardeba. magram principulad daukvirvebadi ki iseTs ewodeba, romelzec mecnierebisa da teqnikis ganviTareba gavlenas ver axdens da, maSasadame, igi samudamod daukvirvebadi darCeba. amiT amoiwureba neopozitivizmis mier Semotanili siaxle berklis subieqtivistur filosofiaSi. im koncefcias, romelic grZnobad dakvirvebas realobis kriteriumad Tvlis, Cven vuwodeT ~dakvirvebadodakvirvebadodakvirvebado princi cipis ontologi tologiu interpretacia~ terpretacia bis principis ontologiuri interpretacia da aseTad realobis neopozitivisturi koncefcia miviCnieT. amgvari kvalifikacia, erTi mxriv, ucnauri Cans, vinaidan subieqturi idealizmis _ rogorc berklis, aseve neopozitivistebis _ ontologiaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. isini xom TavisTavadi _ subieqtisagan damoukidebeli _ realobis Sesaxeb msjelobisagan Tavs ikaveben, Tvlian mas usazrisod. swored amas niSnavs empiriuli verifikaciis principi; risi empiriuli verificireba anu uSualo grZnobad monacemebze dayvana ar SeiZleba, masze unda vdumdeT, rac faqtobrivad uaryofas niSnavs. magram ramdenadac berklic da neopozitivizmic realobis sazrisis kriterealobis riumze msjelobs, amdenad SesaZlebelia maTi filosofiis ontologiur aspeqtze laparaki. berklisaTvis, iseve rogorc neopozitivistebisaTvis, amgvari araTanamimdevroba da Sinagani winaaRmdegobani xom ucxo ar aris! SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom neopozitivizmi arc amtkicebs da arc uaryofs realobas, igi am sakiTxs TiTqos saerTod ar exeba, ris gamoc mis ontologiaze laparaki ar SeiZleba. erTi SexedviT es marTlac ase Cans. magram neopozitivistebi xom imas amtkiceben, rom raimes arsebobaze msjeloba mxolod maSin SeiZleba, Tu igi grZnobad dakvirvebaSi gveZleva an Tu principulad SeiZleba gveZleodes? Tu es SeuZlebelia, maSin misi arsebobis Sesaxeb verafers ver vityviT. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara grZnobadi dakvirvebis CaTvla arseboba-ararsebobis anu realobis kriteriumad. am koncefcias ki sxvas verafers vuwodebT, garda dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretaciisa. vimeorebT, rom amaSi vlindeba poziti268

visturi filosofiis Sinagani winaaRmdegoba, misi poziciuri araTanamimdevroba. dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretacia mTel rig faqtobrivsa da logikur winaaRmdegobebs Seicavs, ris gamoc misi miReba SeuZlebelia. daviwyoT imiT, rom am principis mixedviT realurisa da ararealuris erTmaneTisagan gansxvaveba SeuZlebelia. moCvenebas, miraJs, sizmars subieqti iseve aRiqvams, rogorc realur sagnebsa da movlenebs. kidev metic, paTologiuri cnobierebis halucinaciebi garegnulad _ dakvirvebis, rogorc subieqturi aqtis mxriv _ normaluri cnobierebis aRqmebisagan arafriT ar gansxvavdeba. amrigad, dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretacia Tavis funqcias ver asrulebs, erTmaneTisagan ver mijnavs realursa da ararealurs. Tundac amitom misi CaTvla realobis kriteriumad SeuZlebelia. dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretaciis erT-erT nakls isic warmoadgens, rom igi ultrasensualizmia, rac garegani grZnobadi STabeWdilebebisadmi usazRvro ndobaSi gamoixateba. SegrZnebebi, STabeWdilebebi, aRqmebi Tundac Semecnebis wyaro da amosavali iyos, maTi usazRvro ndoba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan isini xSirad Secdomebis wyaro xdeba. es garemoeba kargad aCvenes jer kidev Zvelma skeptikosebma (pironi, karneade, seqstus empirikusi) da damatebiT dasabuTebas aRar saWiroebs. dakvirvebadobis gamocxadeba realobis kriteriumad subieqturi idealizmisa da solifsizmis wyaroa. empiristulad gagebuli dakvirveba subieqturi fenomenia, romelic realobis Semfaseblis rolSi gamodis. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, Semfasebeli (kriteriumi) am SemTxvevaSi damkvirvebeli subieqtia; subieqts ki yvelaze ukeT sakuTari arsebobis mtkiceba SeuZlia, xolo garegani samyaros arseboba an saerTod uariyofa da an, ukidures SemTxvevaSi, saeWvo xdeba. sakuTari arsebobis erTaderT realobad miCneva ki solifsizmia, romelic hipertrofirebul subieqtur idealizms warmoadgens. ai, ra odiozur 269

Sedegebamde mivyavarT dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiur interpretacias. Semdeg, am interpretacias idealuri fenomenebis arsebobis uaryofamde mivyavarT, rac agreTve sruliad Seuwynarebelia. SemTxveviTi ar aris is, rom empiristuli filosofia an saerTod uaryofs idealuri fenomenebis arsebobas da an, ukeTes SemTxvevaSi, eWvis qveS ayenebs. marTlac, rogor SeiZleba saganTa arsebis, substanciis, RmerTis arsebobis mtkiceba, Tu realobis kriteriums grZnobadi dakvirveba warmoadgens? isini xom grZnobad cdaSi arasodes ar gveZleva! Tanamimdevrulad ganviTarebul subieqtur idealizms ara marto aTeizmamde, aramed saerTod idealuris uaryofamde mivyavarT. Tu saganTa arsebas uarvyofT, raki grZnobad dakvirvebaSi ar gveZleva, maSin miviRebT wminda fenomenalizms, xolo fenomenalizmi alogikuri moZRvrebaa, vinaidan SeuZlebelia movlenebis arsebobis daSveba, xolo misi (arsebis) uaryofa, ris movlenasac isini warmoadgens. movlenebis saxiT xom maTi arseba gvevlineba? amrigad, arsebis uaryofa movlenebis uaryofasac iwvevs. ase miviReT absurduli mdgomareoba. garda amisa, fenomenalizmis siyalbes isic adasturebs, rom mas mecnierebis, mecnieruli Semecnebis uaryofamde mivyavarT. mecnieruli Semecnebis sagans arsebaTa samyaro warmoadgens; mecnierebas ainteresebs ara uSualod movlenebi, aramed am movlenebis arseba, kanoni. movlenebi arsebis Semecnebis saSualebania da meti araferi. aqedan cxadia, rom Tu arsebas uarvyofT an misi Semecnebis SesaZleblobas gamovricxavT, rogorc amas pozitivizmi akeTebs, maSin mecnieruli Semecnebis pretenziazec xeli unda aviRoT. magram mecnierebis, mecnieruli Semecnebis faqti fenomenalizmis winaaRmdeg aris mimarTuli. pozitivisturad (ontologiurad) gagebuli dakvirvebadobis principis erT-erT ZiriTad nakls, rasac principuli mniSvneloba aqvs, isic warmoadgens, rom mas dakvirvebis cnebis qveS uSualod dakvirveba esmis. marTauSua dakvirveba virve lia, neopozitivistebi laparakoben principuli dakvirve270

badobis Sesaxeb, magram am SemTxvevaSic mxedvelobaSi aqvT uSualo dakvirveba. m. Sliki amtkicebda, rom mTvaris meore mxare principulad dakvirvebadia (Tumca maSin igi teqnikurad daukvirvebadi iyo). amis qveS igi imas gulisxmobda, rom odesme adamiani sakuTari TvaliT (uSualod) naxavs mTvaris meore mxares. termini dakvirvebadi _ wers r. karnapi _ xSirad ixmareba nebismieri movlenis aRsaniSnavad, romelic SeiZleba aRviqvaT.1 maSasadame, neopozitivistebs yvela SemTxvevaSi dakvirveba esmiT rogorc uSualo dakvirveba, rasac pozitivisturi msoflmxedvelobisaTvis principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. dakvirvebadobis principis pozitivisturi (ontologiuri) interpretaciis zemoaRniSnuli naklovanebani imaze metyvelebs, rom misi gamoyeneba Semecnebis TeoriaSi SeuZlebelia. dakvirvebis SesaZleblobis mixedviT realobaze msjeloba ar SeiZleba, vinaidan es ukanaskneli yovelgvari dakvirvebisagan damoukideblad arsebobs. es garemoeba ki dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretaciis siyalbes asabuTebs.

dakvirvebadobis gnose logi virvebado seo giu princi cipi $78. dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi da samya yaros mecni ruli sura nie raTi samyaros mecnieruli suraTi
dakvirvebadobis principis ontologiuri interpretaciis kritika ar SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc dakvirvebadobis principis uaryofa. zemoT aRvniSneT da kargad cnobilia, rom Semecneba grZnobadi dakvirvebiT iwyeba, magram miT ar mTavrdeba. SegrZnebebi Semecnebis pirvelwyaros warmoadgens. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom unda arsebobdes dakvirvebadobis principis sxvagvari interpretaciac, romelic am princips saTanado adgils miuCens Semecnebis procesSi. dakvirvebadobis principis axali interpretaciis mixedviT, dakvirvebadoba aris ara realobis, aramed samya1

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ros mecnieruli suraTis kriteriumi. amgvarad gagebul dakvirvebadobis princips Cven vuwodeT dakvirvebadobis dakvirvebadobis dakvirvebado gnose logi seo giu principi cipi gnoseologiuri principi anu dakvirvebadobis principis gnoseologiuri interpretacia. am principis Tanaxmad, samyaros mecnierul suraTSi Sedis mxolod iseTi mtkicebani (msjelobebi, debulebebi), romlebic uSualod an gaSualebiT dakvirvebadia. es niSnavs, rom samyaros mecnieruli suraTi Sedgenilia uSualod an gaSualebiT dakuSua gaSu lebiT Sua virvebadi movlenebis Sesaxeb mtkicebebisagan; xolo is, rac aseTi ar aris, e. i. rac principulad daukvirvebadia, ar SeiZleba mecnierebis (saerTod, codnis) sagani iyos. magaliTad, astronoms ar SeuZlia msjeloba iseT ciur sxeulebze, romlebic principulad daukvirvebadia, e. i. arasodes ar iqneba dakvirvebadi. aseve istorikoss ar SeuZlia msjeloba iseT istoriul movlenebze, romelTa Sesaxeb araviTari cnoba (pirdapiri an arapirdapiri) ar moipoveba. amdenad dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi samyaros mecnieruli suraTis safuZveldebuleba da misi meTodologiuri principi xdeba. dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi ar gamoricxavs mecnieruli winaswarxedvis SesaZleblobas, e. i. iseTi movlenebis winaswarxedvas, romlebic jer kidev ar arsebobs, magram momavalSi iarsebebs. am SemTxvevaSi winaswarxedva kvlav uSualod mocemulis safuZvelze xdeba. d. i. mendeleevma maSin ucnobi qimiuri elementebis arseboba iwinaswarmetyvela cnobil elementebs Soris arsebul urTierTobebze dakvirvebis Sedegad. aseTive xasiaTi hqonda leveries mier planeta neptunis arsebobis winaswarxedvas. amrigad, mecnieruli winaswarxedvis faqti sruliad uTavsdeba dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiur princips. dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiurma principma arsebiTi roli iTamaSa ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriisa da kvanturi meqanikis Camoyalibebis procesSi. Tanamedrove fizikis fuZemdeblebma _ ainStainma, borma, haizenbergma da sxvebma _ fizika gawmindes principulad daukvirvebadi obieqtebis Sesaxeb msjelobebisagan. samyaros mecnieruli 272

suraTi, maTi azriT, mxolod da mxolod principulad dakvirvebadi movlenebis Sesaxeb msjelobebisagan unda Sedgebodes. fizikuri realobis elementebi _ wers ainStaini _ ar SeiZleba gansazRvruli iqnas aprioruli filosofiuri msjelobebis saSualebiT, isini napovni unda iqnas eqsperimentebisa da gazomvebis safuZvelze.1 sxva adgilze ainStaini wers, rom relatiurobis Teorias safuZvlad daedo gnoseologiuri postulati, romlis mixedviT cnebebsa da msjelobebs mxolod imdenad aqvT azri, ramdenadac dakvirvebadi faqti Seesabameba.2 niutonis moZRvreba absoluturi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis Sesaxeb ainStainma imitom uaryo, rom maT grZnobad dakvirvebaSi araferi Seesabameba. amave safuZvelze iqna uaryofili sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis absoluturi erTdrouloba, absoluturi moZraoba, msoflio eTeri da, saerTod, amave safuZvelze aigo relatiurobis specialuri da zogadi Teoria gravitaciis Teoriis CaTvliT. dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiurma principma meTodologiuri roli iTamaSa agreTve kvanturi meqanikis Camoyalibebis procesSi. haizenbergis ganuzRvrelobaTa Tanafardobis principi swored maszea agebuli. mikronawilakis koordinati da impulsi erTdroulad ar izomeba. cdaSi, dakvirvebaSi gveZleva an zusti impulsi da Sesabamisad arazusti koordinati da an, piriqiT, zusti koordinati da arazusti impulsi. amis safuZvelze haizenbergma zusti koordinatisa da impulsis erTdroulad arsebobis SesaZlebloba fizikidan gamoricxa. m. borni wers: Tanaxmad im evristikuli principisa, romelic ainStainma relatiurobis TeoriaSi da haizenbergma kvantur meqanikaSi gamoiyenes, koncefciebi, romlebic araviTar dakvirvebas ar Seesabameba, fizikidan unda gamoiricxos.3 amrigad, dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiurma principma arsebiTi roli iTamaSa Tanamedrove samyaros mecnieruli suraTis

1 2

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SemuSavebaSi, rac sruliad udavod xdis filosofiuri ideebis did evristikul mniSvnelobas samyaros mecnieruli suraTis Camoyalibebis procesSi.

principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebis cipu virvebado $79. principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebis axali sazri risi axali sazrisi
principuli dakvirvebadobis cneba neopozitivizmma (m. Sliki) Semoitana, romlis qveS yvela SemTxvevaSi uSualo dakvirveba esmoda. dakvirvebis principuloba martooden mis SesaZleblobas niSnavda da sxvas arafers. sadac aseTi SesaZlebloba gamoricxulia, iq, pozitivistebis azriT, principuli daukvirvebadoba gvaqvs. Cvens mier Semotanili dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principis arsebiT siaxles isic warmoadgens, rom Cven dakvirvebadoba farTo azriT gvesmis; saxeldobr, farTo azriT principuli dakvirvebadobis cnebis qveS vgulisxmobT rogorc uSualo, aseve gaSualebuli dakvirvebis SesaZgaSu lebu Sua buli leblobas. am principis mixedviT, dakvirvebadia ara mxolod movlenebi, romlebic uSualod cdaSi gveZleva, aramed am movlenaTa arsebac, romelic gaSualebiT _ movlenebis Semecnebis gziT _ Seimecneba. arsebas uSualod ver vwvdebiT; igi grZnobad cdaSi ar gveZleva, aramed racionaluri meTodebiT Seimecneba, saxeldobr, Seimecneba grZnobad cdaSi gamovlenis gziT. sxva gza arsebis Semecnebisa ar arsebobs. amas niSnavs principuli dakvirvebadoba, romelmac dakvirvebadobis principis gnoseologiur interpretaciaSi axali sazrisi SeiZina da saidanac Zalian mniSvnelovani daskvnebi gamomdinareobs. am principis mixedviT, principulad dakvirvebadia yvelaferi, rac uSualo cdaSi gamovlineba. principulad dakvirvebadia mesaaTis arseboba, roca saaTs uSualod vakvirdebiT. Semoqmedebis produqti amJRavnebs misi Semoqmedis arsebobas. aseve principulad dakvirvebadia TviT substanciuri arseba _ RmerTi _ ramdenadac igi bunebaSi _ misi Semoqmedebis produqtSi _ Cans. magram movlenaSi misi arse274

bis mxolod arseboba gvevlineba da ara am arsebis specifikuri niSnebi. dizainirebuli samyaro misi Semoqmedis arsebobas avlens da mets arafers. amas niSnavs dakvirvebadobis cnebis gafarToeba, riTac es principi empirizmis farglebidan gadis da sruliad axal Sinaarss iZens. codna principulad daukvirvebadis Sesaxeb, e. i. imis Sesaxeb, rac arc uSualod da arc gaSualebiT (gamovlenis gziT) ar gveZleva, SeuZlebelia. principulad daukvirvebadi rwmenis sferoa da ara codnisa. aseTia metafizikuri sinamdvile, metafizikis sagani. swored amitom metafizika aris rwmenis da ara codnis sfero. igi ar aris mecniereba (kanti), kidev metic, ar aris arc filosofiuri disciplina, vinaidan filosofia aris codnis sfero, mecniereba (Tumca specialuri mecnierebebisagan principulad gansxvavebuli). ai, ra gamomdinareobs dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principidan. meore, agreTve fundamenturi mniSvnelobis daskvna, romelic dakvirvebadobis principis zemoaRniSnuli gagebidan gamomdinareobs, erTi mxriv, mecnieruli ontologiis, xolo, meore mxriv, filosofiuri da religiuri Teologiis cnebebis dafuZnebas Seexeba. ukve aRvniSneT, rom arseba uTuod gamovlindeba (hegeli); gamouvleneli arseba ar arsebobs. es Seexeba ara mxolod specialur (magaliTad, adamianis, cxovelis da a. S.) arsebebs, aramed mTeli sinamdvilis arsebasac _ substanciur arsebas. substanciuri arsebac gamovlindeba da, maSasadame (gaSualebiT, gamovlenis gziT) principulad dakvirvebadia da amitom igi aris codnis da ara rwmenis sagani. moZRvrebas codnis absoluturi, substanciuri arsebis Sesaxeb ki ontologia ewodeba, romelic erTsa da imave dros aris filosofiuri disciplinac (pirveli filosofia) da mecnierebac, codnis dargi. aseTia mecnieruli ontologia, romelic principulad gansxvavdeba tradiciuli ontologiuri sistemebisagan, romelTac spekulaciuri, aramecnieruli Sinaarsi hqondaT, da, maSasadame, codnis sferos ar miekuTvneboda. dakvirvebadobis principis gnoseologiuri interpretaciis mTavar damsaxurebas Cven mainc imaSi vxe275

davT, rom mis safuZvelze SesaZlebeli gaxda axali filosofiuri disciplinis _ mecnieruli ontologiis _ Camoyalibeba. ontologiis mecnierulobas is qmnis, rom misi sagani _ substanciuri arseba _ principulad (gaSualebiT) dakvirvebadia. principuli dakvirvebadoba ki Semecnebis amosavalia, misi aucilebeli pirobaa. meore mxriv, substanciuri arseba, romelic mecnieruli ontologiis sagania, aris RmerTi; RmerTze moZRvreba ki aris Teologia. amdenad mecnieruli ontologia aris Teologia. aqve gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT filosofiuri da filosofi losofiu ligi giu Teologia gia. religiuri Teologia filosofiuri Teologia aris filosofiuri mecniereba, codnis dargi, dasabuTebadi sistema. aseTia, magaliTad, platonis, aristoteles, dekartis, spinozas, laibnicis, hegelis da a. S. filosofiuri moZRvrebebi absoluturi, substanciuri arsebis anu RmerTis Sesaxeb. misgan principulad gansxvavebulia religiuri Teologia, romelic rwmenis da ara codnis sferoa. orive maTganis sagania RmerTi, magram filosofiuri Teologia, rogorc codnis dargi, asabuTebs RmerTis arsebobas, religiuri Teologia ki mas dausabuTeblad iRebs; rwmenis sferoSi dasabuTeba gamoricxulia. swored amitom filosofiur TeologiaSi RmerTis cneba gvian Semodis, rogorc dasabuTebis procesis bolo punqti, daskvna; xolo religiur TeologiaSi RmerTis arseboba imTaviTve igulisxmeba da igi dasabuTebas arc eqvemdebareba. cxadia, filosofiursa da religiur Teologias Soris mWidro kavSiria. sadac Tavdeba filosofiuri Teologia, iq iwyeba religiuri Teologia. es ukanaskneli emyareba pirvels, rac religiuri Teologiis dogmatebs met damajereblobas aniWebs. aTeizmis winaaRmdeg warmatebuli brZola mxolod am gziT SeiZleba. martooden religiuri Teologia aTeizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi ar SeiZleba mainc da mainc warmatebuli iyos.

principuli dakvirvebadobis orma cipu virvebado magi bune neba $80. principuli dakvirvebadobis ormagi buneba
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principuli dakvirvebadobis Cveneuli interpretacia, pozitivisturisagan gansxvavebiT, ormagi bunebisaa; igi, erTi mxriv, rogorc uSualo grZnobadi dakvirveba, empiriulia, magram, meore mxriv, rogorc gaSualebuli dakvirveba, ar SeiZleba empiriuli iyos. grZnobad cdaSi mxolod is gveZleva, rasac uSualod aRviqvamT, rogorc realurs, da ara is, rac am realobis ukan imyofeba. swored amitom gaSualebuli dakvirveba racionaluris monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. niutonma vaSlis Camovardna TvaliT (uSualod) dainaxa, magram is, rac am faqtSi gamovlinda, saxeldobr, msoflio mizidulobis kanoni, empiriul cdaSi mxolod gaSualebiT aRmoaCina, rac racionaluri Semecnebis unaris gareSe SeuZlebeli iyo. TviTon gaSualebuli dakvirvebac ar aris mxolod empiriuli an mxolod racionaluri, aramed orives niSnebs atarebs. igi empiriulia im azriT, rom movlenaTa samyaroSi Cans is, rac gamovlinda (arseba), magram ar aris empiriuli imdenad, ramdenadac arseba uSualo dakvirvebisaTvis, Cveni grZnobis organoebisaTvis _ farulia, mis dasanaxavad saWiroa abstraqtuli Semecnebis unaris (gonebis) daxmareba. erTi sityviT uSualo dakvirveba aris empiriulidan racionalur Semecnebaze gardamavali safexuri. gaSualebuli dakvirveba rogorRac intuiciur Semecnebas hgavs. movlenebze uSualo dakvirvebis Sedegad xdeba, e. huserlis termini rom vixmaroT, Wesenschau _ arsebis Wvreta, im arsebisa, romelic gamovlinda da movlenebis saxiT uSualo dakvirvebaSi gveZleva. miuxedavad am msgavsebisa, igi ar aris intuiciuri, vinaidan intuiciis ZiriTadi niSani uSualobaa; gaSualebuli dakvirveba swored gaSualebulia movlenaTa samyaroze uSualo dakvirvebis mier. marTalia, movlenebSi xdeba arsebis Wvreta, magram es procesi gaSualebulia da, maSasadame, ar aris intuiciuri. garda amisa, intuicia cariel adgilze ar Cndeba; mas amzadebs diskursia; Tu araferze gifiqria, verafers ver mixvdebi. araviTari amis msgavsi 277

gaSualebuli dakvirvebis procesSi ar aris. arseba Cans movlenebSi, igi movlenebis saxiT gvevlineba. aseTia uSualo dakvirvebis buneba. amgvarad gagebuli dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi, erTi mxriv, kantis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, kopernikul gadatrialebas warmoadgens dakvirvebadobis principis gagebaSi. am gadatrialebis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom dakvirvebas eqvemdebareba ara mxolod realuri _ uSualod mocemuli _ arsi, aramed agreTve idealur arsTa samyaro, romelic agreTve grZnobad dakvirvebaSi gaSualebiT _ movlenebSi gamovlenis gziT _ gveZleva. aqedan ki, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, qreba ufskruli mecnierebsa da religias Soris. rasakvirvelia, es imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos racionaluri Semecnebis safexuri zedmeti iyos; dakvirvebaSi _ empiriuli (uSualo) iqneba igi Tu racionaluri (gaSualebuli) _ Semecnebis sagani mxolod gveZleva da meti gveZle leva araferi. mocemulobis moazreba, misi logikuri gadamuSaveba, gonebis, rogorc racionaluri Semecnebis unaris, prerogativaa. meore mxriv, dakvirvebadobis cnebis axali sazrisi auqmebs tradiciul winaaRmdegobas empirizmsa da racionalizms Soris, vinaidan principul dakvirvebadobas erTdroulad empiriuli Sinaarsic aqvs da racionaluric, anu masSi empiriuli da racionaluri erT principad erTiandeba da, maSasadame, qreba maT Soris moCvenebiTi winaaRmdegoba. magaliTad, vaSlis Camovardna empiriuli faqtia, romelic uSualo grZnobad dakvirvebaSi gveZleva; magram misi arseba _ msoflio mizidulobis kanoni, _ romelic uSualod ar gveZleva, agreTve dakvirvebadia gaSualebiT dakvirveba virvebadia gaSu lebiT Sua _ gamovlenis gziT; amgvar dakvirvebas ki racionaluri xasiaTi aqvs. grZnobad dakvirvebaSi uSualod mocemuli movlenebis arsebis wvdoma gonebas SeuZlia gaSualeburi dakvirvebis safuZvelze. amrigad, principuli dakvirvebadoba erTdroulad empiriulic aris da racionaluric; igi empiriulisa da racionaluris erTianobas warmoadgens.

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empirizmisa da racionalizmis mravalsaukunovanma davam TiToeuli maTganis naklovanebani gamoavlina. Semecnebis wyaros arc mxolod SegrZneba warmoadgens da arc mxolod goneba im ubralo mizezis gamo, rom isini erTmaneTisagan izolirebuli ar aris. TiToeul maTgans meorisagan damoukideblad arafris Semecneba ar SeuZlia. SegrZnebebi adamians garegan samyarosTan akavSirebs, romelic cnobierebas informacias awvdis garegani arsis Sesaxeb. am informaciis gareSe, cxadia, Semecnebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. magram, meore mxriv, nebismieri informacia fuWia, Tu ar arsebobs is, rac am informacias miiRebs da gadaamuSavebs. uSualo grZnobadi dakvirvebebisagan momdinare informaciebis miRebisa da logikuri gadamuSavebis unars ki goneba warmoadgens. es unari adamians memkvidreobiT (geneturad) gadaecema, romelic ontogenezis procesSi isev SegrZnebebidan momdinare informaciebis aTvisebisa da gaazrebis Sedegad permanentulad yalibdeba. amave dros _ da es mTavaria _ racionaluri moRvaweoba empiriulis Semdeg ki ar iwyeba, aramed igi TviT grZnobadi dakvirvebis safuZvelzec funqcionirebs. gaSualebuli dakvirveba swored racionaluris funqcionirebis Sedegia. amaSi mdgomareobs dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principis ormagi buneba. pozitivisturad gagebuli principuli dakvirvebadobis cneba empirizmis farglebs ver gascilda da mas aseTi mizani arc dausaxavs. piriqiT, man empirizmisa da racionalizmis winaaRmdegoba kidev ufro gaamwvava. dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principi dakvirvebadobis cnebis gafarToebiT saerTod xsnis maT Soris winaaRmdegobas, vinaidan principuli dakvirvebadoba orniSnaa _ empiriulic aris da racionaluric. gaSualebuli dakvirveba, rogorc dakvirveba empiriulia, magram rogorc gaSualedakvirveba virveba, gaSu Sua buli buli dakvirveba, racionaluria. aseTi xasiaTi aqvs Semecnebis geneziss.

Tavi meo Tavi meore operacionaluri Semecneba mecne operacionaluri Semecneba raci lu
279

$81. winaswari SeniSvnebi winaswari SeniSvnebi naswa niSvne


grZnobadi dakvirveba Tumca Semecnebis dasabamsa da safuZvels warmoadgens, magram igi codnis, gansakuTrebiT mecnieruli codnis, SesamuSaveblad sakmarisi ar aris. igi saWiroebs sxva damxmare saSualebebs, romlebic Cveni grZnobadi SemecnebiTi unarebis naklovanebaTa kompensacias moaxdens. erT-erT aseT fundamentur damxmare saSualebas operacia warmoadgens. amis saWiroeba gansakuTrebiT aqtualuri gaxda Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebis mZlavri ganviTarebis Sedegad. grZnobadi cda Secvala urTulesma eqsperimentulma operaciebma, romelTa daniSnulebas axali mecnieruli cnebebis Camoyalibeba an ukve cnobili codnis Semowmeba warmoadgens. eqsperimentuli operaciebis Sedegad miRebuli codna, cxadia, empiriul xasiaTs atarebs da racionalur gadamuSavebas saWiroebs. swored amitom cnebebi da mecnieruli Teoriebi, romelTac mecnieri-mkvlevari eqsperimentuli operaciebis safuZvelze ayalibebs, empiriuli warmomavlobisaa, rac erTxel kidev asabuTebs Semecnebis procesSi dakvirvebadobis gnoseologiuri principis did mniSvnelobas. eqsperimentuli operaciis cneba farTo azriT unda gavigoT. igi aris ara mxolod mecnieruli, kerZod, sabunebismetyvelo-mecnieruli codnis amosavali, aramed nebismieri codnisa, maT Soris winamecnierulisac. adamiani yoveldRiur Teoriulsa da praqtikul moRvaweobaSi, cxadia, laboratoriul operaciebs rodi mimarTavs; magram misi praqtikuli moRvaweoba TviTon aris eqsperimentuloperacionaluri sistema, rac misi Teoriuli codnis dagrovebis wyaros warmoadgens. es niSnavs, rom gnoseologiuri tipis operaciebi adamianis ganuwyveteli Tanmxlebi movlenaa, ris gamoc igi Semecnebis Teoriis erTerT ZiriTad kategoriad unda iqnes miCneuli. Semecnebis procesis operacionalur analizze gasul saukuneSi pirvelad operacionalizmma gaamaxvila 280

yuradReba, romelic Tanamedrove Teoriuli filosofiis erT-erT ZiriTad mimarTulebad iTvleba. amitom vidre operaciis cnebis Sinaarss gavaanalizebT, saWirod migvaCnia im Tvalsazrisebisa da argumentebis gacnoba, rac operacionalizmma sistemuri saxiT Camoayaliba.

operacionaliz raci lizmi, rogorc filosofi losofiu $82. operacionalizmi, rogorc filosofiuri mimarTule marTuleba mimarTuleba
operacionalizmis idea Semoitana cnobilma amerikelma fizikosma persi uiliam brijmenma (1882-1961), romelmac 1927 wels gamoaqveyna filosofiuri xasiaTis Txzuleba Tanamedrove fizikis logika. male operacionalizmma didi popularoba moipova gansakuTrebiT pozitivisturad moazrovne filosofosTa da bunebismetyvelTa wreebSi swored imis gamo, rom igi arsebiTad neopozitivizmis empiriuli verifikaciis principis axal variants warmoadgenda. operacionalizmi, iseve rogorc neopozitivizmi, ikvlevs sazrisis da ara WeSmaritebis problemas. brijmeni iwyebs kiTxvis dasmiT: rogor azrovnebs fizikosi, rogor qmnis fizikur cnebebs, Teoriebs? klasikuri fizika, kerZod ainStainamde, amtkicebda brijmeni, fizikur cnebebs gansazRvravdnen misi Tvisebebis mixedviT. magaliTad, niutoni dros gansazRvravda rogorc iseT Tvisebas, romelic intuiciurad gvaqvs mocemuli, rogorc xangrZlivoba. apriorulad gansazRvrul cnebebs cdaSi araferi ar Seesabameboda. Tvisebebis mixedviT cnebebis gansazRvreba am cnebebis ganuwyvetel cvalebadobas iwvevda. brijmenis mizania iseTi meTodis povna, romelic fizikuri cnebebis mdgradobas uzrunvelyofs. brijmeni zemoaRniSnul kiTxvaze pasuxs eZebs fizikosis moqmedebaze dakvirvebaSi. rogor ayalibebs fizikosi cnebebs? igi Tvlis, rom fizikosi cnebebs ayalibebs ara Tvisebebis mixedviT, aramed mis mier Sesrulebuli operaciebis mixedviT. amitom yoveli fizikuri cneba gar281

kveuli operaciis gamomxatvelia. brijmeni Tvlis, rom cnebebi unda ganvsazRvroT ara zogadad, aramed konkretulad. cneba yovelTvis konkretulia, vinaidan igi ama Tu im konkretul operacias gamoxatavs. operaciis obieqti yovelTvis konkretuli, drosa da sivrceSi lokalizebulia, amitom misi Sesabamisi cnebac aseve konkretuli iqneba. fizikosisaTvis cneba arsebobs imdenad, ramdenadac arsebobs misi povnis SesaZlebloba konkretul situaciaSi. cneba aris Sesabamisi operaciebis sinonimi.1 brijmeni gveubneba, rom fizikoss gazomvis gareSe ar SeuZlia, magaliTad, sigrZis cnebaze laparaki. igi mxolod gazomvis operaciis safuZvelze adgens sigrZis cnebas. sigrZe SeiZleba gaizomos rogorc sigrZis sazomi erTeuliT, aseve sinaTlis siCqariT. pirvel SemTxvevaSi miviRebT taqtilur, xolo meore SemTxvevaSi optikur sigrZes. es niSnavs, rom sigrZis cnebaze ver vilaparakebT im operaciis gaTvaliswinebis gareSe, romlis safuZvelzec sigrZis cnebas vadgenT. amaSi mdgomareobs cnebis konkretuloba, misi damokidebuleba operaciaze. amitom yoveli fizikuri cneba winaswar gulisxmobs garkveuli tipis operacias. es operacia aZlevs cnebas azrs; Tu cnebas araviTari operacia ar Seesabameba, maSin igi usazrisoa da mecnierebaSi ar gamodgeba. aseT usazriso cnebebad brijmeni Tvlis klasikuri fizikis cnebebs absoluturi drois, sivrcis, moZraobis Sesaxeb. aq ukve sruliad aSkaraa, rom brijmenis operacionalizmi, yovel SemTxvevaSi am doneze, neopozitivisturi sazrisis koncefciis axal variants warmoadgens. am operacionalisturi Tvalsazrisidan brijmeni or daskvnas akeTebs: pirveli, mTeli Cveni codna aris relatiuri. codnis relatiuroba mas esmis farTo da viwro azriT. farTo azriT codna relatiuria imitom, rom igi konkretul operaciebze aris agebuli da mxolod maT mimarT aqvT sazrisi. brijmeni uaryofs absolutur WeSmaritebas; sxvadasxva operaciebi sxvadasxva WeSmaritebas
1

P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, N.Y. 1954, p. 5.

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iZleva. viwro azriT codnis relatiuroba imas niSnavs, rom codna relatiuria TviTon operaciebis relatiurobis gamoc, codnis relatiurobis mtkicebas brijmeni operacionalizmis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes Sedegad Tvlis. operacionalizmis meore _ aseTive umniSvnelovanes _ miRwevad brijmens operacionaluri sazrisis povna miaCnia. igi Tvlis, rom sazrisebs operaciebi qmnis. magaliTad, cneba eleqtronis diametris Sesaxeb, romelic udris 10-13 santimetrs, usazrisia, vidre ar vipovniT im operacias, romliTac es ricxvi miiReba. operaciebis gziT dadgenil sazriss brijmeni operacionalur sazriss uwodebs da amtkicebs, rom sazrisebi aris operacionaluri. aqedan cxadia, rom operaciebi Semecnebas ki ar emsaxureba, aramed sazriss. WeSmaritebis sakiTxi ugulebelyofilia; mTavari yuradReba sazriszea gadatanili. aq yvelaze naTlad Cans operacionalizmisa da neopozitivizmis sisxliT naTesaoba. farTo azriT, gveubneba brijmeni, arc erTi cneba ar aris usazriso, vinaidan subieqts yovelTvis raRac azri aqvs TavSi, raRac gonebriv operaciebs asrulebs; magram viwro azriT, yvela cnebas operacia ar Seesabameba, ris gamoc aseTi cnebebi usazrisoa. operacionalizmisa da neopozitivizmis sazrisianobis kriteriumebis naTesaobis Sesaxeb mxolod da mxolod maSin SeiZleba, vidre brijmeni mxolod erTi _ instrumentuli anu laboratoriuli _ operaciiT sargeblobs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs empiriul kriteriumTan. magram roca brijmeni sxva _ gonebriv _ operaciebs Semoitans, maSin am ori filosofiuri mimarTulebis naTesaobaze laparaki SeuZlebeli xdeba. brijmeni amtkicebs, rom cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris erTniSna Sesabamisoba arsebobs. erT cnebas erTi operacia Seesabameba; SeuZlebelia rom or cnebas erTi operacia adgendes an, piriqiT, or operacias erTi cneba eTanadebodes. taqtiluri sigrZis cnebas mxolod taqtiluri da ara optikuri operacia aZlevs sazriss. amaSi 283

mdgomareobs cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris unikaluri Sesabamisoba. operacia aris moqmedeba, saxeldobr, mizandasaxuli, cnobieri moqmedeba. es moqmedeba yovelTvis konkretulia, individualuria, rac imaSi gamoixateba, rom igi yovelTvis garkveul sivrcesa da droSi sruldeba. arc erTi operacia ar meordeba. miuxedavad amisa, brijmeni mainc laparakobs erTi klasis operaciebis Sesaxeb. erTi da igive klasis sxvadasxva operaciam SesaZlebelia erTi da igive cneba mogvces an erTi da igive cneba SeiZleba erTi da igive klasis sxvadasxva operaciebiT ganisazRvros. magaliTad, ori wevris jamis cnebas miviRebT am wevrebis sxvadasxva wesiT Sekrebis Sedegad. erTi da igive klasis operaciebs erTi da igive cnebis dadgena SeuZliaT. ioli SesamCnevia, rom am SemTxvevaSi brijmeni operaciebisa da cnebebis unikaluri Sesabamisobis princips arbilebs, Tumca, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, am araTanamimdevrobasac Tanamimdevrulad ver icavs. operaciebis ricxvi usasruloa; magram vinaidan am usasrulo ricxvis operaciebs adamianis goneba ver wvdeba, amitom maTgan irCevs ufro marjve, moxerxebul operaciebs, iseTs, romelic ukeT emsaxureba mis mizans. amaSi vlindeba operacionalizmis konvencionaluri xasiaTi. instrumentuli operaciebi ZiriTadad gazomvis operaciebia, romelTa arasrulqmniloba Cveni empiriuli Semecnebis bundovanebas iwvevs. fizikur cnebebs yovelTvis Tan axlavs bundovaneba. Cven arasodes ar gvaqvs mTlianad naTeli codna raimes Sesaxeb, aramed mTeli Cveni codna garemoculia bundovanebis garkveuli zoniT, gaurkvevlobis bundovanebiT, romelSic Cven jer kidev ar SevWrilvarT.1 gazomvis operacias garkveuli sazRvrebi aqvs, romelTa gadalaxva Cven ar ZalgviZs. swored amitom gazomvis yvela Sedegi mxolod miaxloebiTia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom Cveni codna, gansakuTrebiT empiriuli mecnierebebis dargSi, relatiuria. relatiuroba ki imas niS1

P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of modern Physics, p. 33.

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navs, rom Cvens mier mopovebuli codna obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxvas ki ar warmoadgens, aramed mas mxolod Sesabamisi operaciebis mimarT aqvs sazrisi. brijmens is ki ar ainteresebs, Tu rogoria sinamdvile TavisTavad, aramed martooden is, Seesabameba Tu ara cnebebs operaciebi. Semecnebis sakiTxi sazrisis Sesaxeb sakiTxiT aris Secvlili. imis dasadgenad, Tu ra aris sigrZe, saWiroa vicodeT, Tu rogori operacia Seesabameba mas. erTi sityviT, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia operaciaze da ara imaze, rac operaciis obieqts warmoadgens. amis Sesabamisad Semecnebis TeoriaSi brijmens ainteresebs ara WeSmariteba, aramed is, Tu rogor unda davadginoT esa Tu is cneba, miuxedavad imisa, aris Tu ara igi obieqturi sinamdvilis asaxva.

operaciis tipe raci pebi $83. operaciis tipebi


pirvel wignSi Tanamedrove fizikis logika brijmeni mxolod erTi tipis _ instrumentul anu laboratoriul _ operaciebze laparakobs. SemdgomSi kritikosebma (r. lindsei) SeniSnes, rom fizikuri cnebebis sazrisi martooden instrumentuli operaciebiT ar ganisazRvreba; fizika iseT cnebebsac xmarobs, romlebic instrumentuli operaciebis Sedegi ar SeiZleba iyos. kritikis Sedegad brijmenma gaafarTova operaciis cneba da momdevno gamokvlevebSi laparakobs sami tipis operaciaze: instrumentuli anu laboratoriuli, qaRaldisa da fanqris da verbaluri operaciebi. ukanaskneli ori tipis operaciebs igi gonebrivs uwodebs, vinaidan maTi ganxorcieleba mxolod da mxolod gonebaSi xdeba. amrigad, operaciis cnebaSi Sevida ara mxolod realur sinamdvileSi Sesrulebuli an Sesrulebadi operaciebi, aramed agreTve yovelgvari Teoriuli da lingvisturi saqmianoba, romelsac adamiani asrulebs. amis Semdeg brijmeni uaryofs im azrs, rom TiTqos fizikuri cnebebis sazrisi martooden instrumentuli anu laboratoriuli operaciebiT dginde285

bodes, Tumca am tipis operaciebs igi mainc gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas aniWebs gonebriv operaciebTan SedarebiT. gonebrivi operaciebis ganxorcieleba mxolod da mxolod gonebaSi SeiZleba. eleqtronis diametrs sazomi joxiT ver gavzomavT. am SemTxvevaSi saWiroa maTematikuri gamoangariSeba. swored amitom ewodeba maT qaRaldisa da fanqris operaciebi. am tipis operaciebs maTematika da logika moixmars da qaRaldze sruldeba fanqris saSualebiT. es imas niSnavs, amtkicebs brijmeni, rom maTematikuri cnebebic operaciebzea damokidebuli. magaliTad, jamis cneba damokidebulia Sejamebis operaciaze. maTematikuri operaciebi aRmoCenebis samyaroa; maTi saSualebiT SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva aRmoCenis gakeTeba, romelTac SeuZliaT instrumentul samyaroSi axali cdebi STagvagonos. es aris gamogonebis samyaro, riTac xSirad bunebis ukeTes gagebas vaRwevT. maT, instrumentul operaciebTan SedarebiT, meti sizuste da, maSasadame, naklebi bundovaneba axasiaTebT. verbaluri operaciebic, sxva tipis operaciebis msgavsad, aqtivobaa, saxeldobr, verbaluri aqtivoba. am tipis operaciebis saSualebiT SesaZlebelia im pirobebis dadgena, romlebic aucilebelia ama Tu im terminis dasadgenad. aseT operaciebs movixmarT maSin, rodesac Cvens Tavs vekiTxebiT: ras vityodi aseT da aseT pirobebSi? an: ras gavakeTeb momavalSi? verbalizacia did rols asrulebs adamianTa socialur cxovrebaSi. maTi saSualebiT adamiani gamoavlens Tavisi qcevis nimuSs, winaswar (verbalurad) Seamowmebs, Tu rogor moiqceva mosalodnel viTarebaSi. aseTia verbaluri eqsperimenti. socialuri sakiTxebis operacionaluri analizi niSnavs verbaluri operaciebis gamoyenebas socialur sferoSi. yvela operacia, maT Soris verbaluric, konkretul viTarebaSi sruldeba. es niSnavs, rom verbaluri operaciac, sxva tipis operaciebis msgavsad, cdiseuli, empiriuli saqmianobaa; maT Soris gansxvaveba martooden cdis xasiaTSia.

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zemoT aRvniSneT brijmenis operacionalizmis naTesaoba neopozitivistur filosofiasTan. magram mas Semdeg, rac brijmenma gonebrivi operaciebi Semoitana, es naTesaoba ara marto Sesustda, aramed sityvieri gaxda. neopozitivizmis empiriuli verifikaciis principi sazrisis kriteriumad uSualo grZnobad monacemebs (sense data) Tvlis; gonebrivi operaciebi ki aseTi ar aris. operaciebi, rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, cnobieri aqtia, rasac, brijmenis azriT, subieqturi Sinaarsi aqvs. operirebas subieqti awarmoebs Tavisi miznebis Sesabamisad. amitom mis Sedegad miRebul cnebasac sazrisi aqvs operator subieqtis mimarT. magaliTad, sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdrouloba, romelic operaciis Sedegad dgindeba, xdomilobebis absoluturi Tviseba ki ar aris yvela damkvirveblisaTvis, aramed igi relatiuria dakvirvebis mimarT.1 cnebaTa sazrisianobis sakiTxi brijmens subieqturad esmis; samyaros mecnierul suraTSi subieqts centraluri adgili uWiravs. operacionaluri kriteriumi arsebiTad subieqturi kriteriumia. yvela aman ganapiroba brijmenis individualisturi da solifsisturi Tvalsazrisis Camoyalibeba. mas miaCnia, rom ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria da kvanturi meqanika swored am Tvalsazriss asabuTebs. elementaruli xdomilobani dakvirvebis obieqti SeiZleba iyos mxolod erTxel da isic erTi damkvirveblis mier; mikroxdomilobebze ganmeorebiTi dakvirveba SeuZlebelia. Cvens garSemo arsebuli samyaro _ wers igi _ aris individualuri xdomilobebis samyaro.2 brijmeni Tvlis, rom vinaidan operacia subieqturi aqtivobaa, xolo atomur samyaroSi damkvirvebeli gansazRvravs kvanturi xdomilobebis qcevas, amitom samyaroSi subieqti arsebiT rols TamaSobs. obieqti ar SeiZleba movwyviToT subieqts, vinaidan damkvirvebeli aris fizikuri sistemis aucilebeli nawili.3 sxva SemTxvevaSi ki1 2

P. W. Bridgman, Science and Common Sense, The Scientific Monthly, 1954, vol. 79, p. 32. P. W. Bridgman, The Way Things are, Cambidge, Mass, 1959, p. 39. 3 P. W. Bridgman, The Nature of Physical Theory, N.Y., 1949, p. 13.

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dev ufro naTlad gamoTqvams am subieqtivistur koncefcias. damkvirvebeli aris imis nawili, rasac igi akvirdeba da moazrovne aris imis nawili, rasac igi azrovnebs... Cven vdgevarT adamianis azrovnebaSi axali eras zRurblze.1 brijmeni saerTod gabedulad gamoTqvams Tavis eqstravagantur azrebs. subieqtisa da obieqtis ganuyrelobis ideidan brijmeni mTel rig ukiduresad subieqtivistursa da solifsistur daskvnebs gamoTqvams. vinaidan operacias subieqturi xasiaTi aqvs, `Cven arasodes ar SegviZlia gavcildeT Cvens Tavs. uSualo dakvirvebani Cemi dakvirvebania da meti araferi. ar arsebobs raime sazogadoebrivi cnobiereba, xalxis cnobiereba. cnobiereba subieqturia da mxolod me mekuTvnis. cnobierebis cneba umaRlesia da amitom Semdgom analizs ar eqvemdebareba. rodesac Cven vcdilobT gamovxatoT mis farglebs gareT gasvlis SesaZlebloba, amiT Cven SeuZlebelis gakeTebas vcdilobT.2 brijmeni kidev ufro Sors midis. igi amtkicebs, rom mecnierebas, xelovnebas, religiasa da cnobierebis sxva formebs individualuri xasiaTi aqvT. saboloo analizSi mecniereba aris mxolod Cemi kerZo mecniereba, xelovneba aris Cemi kerZo xelovneba, religia _ Cemi kerZo religia da a. S.3 brijmeni Semecnebis obieqtur Sinaarss uaryofs da amiT uaryofs saerTod Semecnebas, Tvlis, rom mecniereba Tavisi bunebiT privatulia da ara socialuri. Cemi mecniereba _ wers igi _ operacionalurad raRac savsebiT gansxvavebulia Tqveni mecnierebisagan msgavsad imisa, rogorc Cemi tkivili gansxvavdeba Tqveni tkivilisagan. amas mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom arsebobs imdeni mecniereba, xelovneba da religia, ramdeni individicaa.4 iqve kidev ufro radikalur mosazrebas vxvdebiT, Tuki me ukacriel kunZulze vimyofebode, sadac sxva araviTari adamiani ar aris, me vfiqrob, mainc SevZlebdi
1 2 3

P. W. Bridgman, Science and Common Sense, The Scientific Monthly, 1954, vol. 79. p. 37. P. W. Bridgman, The Intelligent and Society, 1938, p. 142. P. W. Bridgman, The Nature of Physical Theory, p. 13-14. 4 P. W. Bridgman, The Intelligent and Society, p. 158

288

srulfasovani sistemis, namdvili mecnieruli fizikis Seqmnas... kriteriums, saboloo angariSSi, Cemi sakuTari kerZo kriteriumi warmoadgens da am azriT, fizika an maTematika, rogorc yvela sxva mecniereba, aris Cemi piradi mecniereba.1 es aSkara solifsisturi Tvalsazrisia, rasac brijmeni arc faravs. Tvalsazrisi, romelsac me vicav, solifsizmiao _ acxadebs igi daufaravad. mkacrma solifsizmma da individualizmma, romelic, Tavis mxriv, sazrisianobis operacionaluri kriteriumis gamoyenebis Sedegia, brijmeni iracionalizmis qadagebamde miiyvana. Tu mecniereba individualuria da ar arsebobs misi sazogadoebrivi Semowmebis saSualeba, maSin WeSmaritebasa da Secdomas Soris sazRvari waiSleba da Semecnebis SesaZleblobac saeWvo gaxdeba. revolucia _ wers igi _ romlis mowme Cven amJamad varT, axali faqtebis aRmoCenis Sedegia, romelTa erTaderTi axsna imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Cveni rwmena bunebis Semecnebisa da misi kanonzomierebisadmi damorCilebisa Cveni msoflmxedvelobis siviwrovis Sedegia da Tuki sakmaod gavafarToebT mas, maSin aRmovaCenT, rom buneba Tavisi arsebiT da Tavis Semadgenel nawilebSi arc Semecnebadia da arc kanonzomierebas emorCileba.2 es azri imis mtkicebiT mTavrdeba, rom samyaro ar aris gonebis samyaro, adamianis inteleqtisaTvis misawvdomi samyaro.3 am iracionalistur mosazrebas mosdevs mtkiceba mecnieruli Semecnebis warmavlobis Sesaxeb. mecnieruloba _ wers igi _ SesaZlebelia adamianis evoluciaSi gardamaval stadias warmoadgens. dasasrul, aRvniSnavT, rom brijmenis individualistur-solifsisturi da iracionalisturi mosazrebani ase vrclad imitom gadmoveciT, raTa gveCvenebina Tu sanamde mivyavarT operacionaluri sazrisis Teorias, ramdenad yalbia Semecnebis Secvla sazrisiT. es garemoeba kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba brijmenis operacionalizmis kritikuli analizis Sedegad.
1 2

iqve, gv. 157-158 P. W. Bridgman, Reflection of a Physicist, 1955, p. 83 3 iqve, gv. 100

289

brijme menis operacionaliz raci lizmis kriti tika $84. brijmenis operacionalizmis kritika
brijmenis damsaxurebas uTuod warmoadgens operacionalur analizze yuradRebis gamaxvileba, operaciebis tipebis diferenciacia da maTi sakmaod detaluri daxasiaTeba. igi maSinac sworia, rodesac fizikur (saerTod, mecnierul) cnebaTa apriorul warmomavlobas uaryofs. nebismieri codna, maT Soris mecnierulic, principuli dakvirvebidan amodis da misi atana apriorobis miuwvdomel simaRleze (ainStaini) dauSvebelia. magram brijmeni meore ukiduresobaSi vardeba, roca fizikuri cnebebis sazrisis dadgenas martooden empiriuli meTodebiT (operaciebiT) cdilobs. empiriulisa da racionaluris erTmaneTisagan mowyveta, maTi cal-calke warmodgena Secdomaa. brijmeni faqtobrivad uaryofs cnebaTa zogadobas, roca igi cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris unikalur Sesabamisobaze laparakobs. cxadia, taqtiluri da optikuri operaciebiT dadgenili cnebebi sxvadasxvaa, magram es gansxvaveba TiToeuli maTganis specifikas warmoadgens, rac ar gamoricxavs maTi saerTo niSnebis arsebobas. taqtiluri da optikuri operaciebis Sedegad dadgenili cnebebi xom cnebebia da, maSasadame, maT bevri ram aqvT saerTo. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi orTaves cnebas ver vuwodebdiT. brijmeni arsebiT zogadobas uaryofs da yuradRebas mxolod specifikurze amaxvilebs. TviTon operaciis cnebac zogadia, romelic yvela saxis operacias moicavs. aseve zogadia Zalis, siCqaris, aCqarebis da sxva fizikuri cnebebi, romelTac brijmeni unikalurad Tvlis. zogadoba cnebis arsebiTi niSania, romlis gareSe mecnieruli codnis dafuZneba SeuZlebelia. operacionaluri analizis mTavar mizans fizikuri cnebebis mdgradobis miRweva warmoadgens. brijmens ar moswons is, rom axali eqsperimentuli aRmoCenebis Sedegad mecnierebaSi Zveli cnebebi icvleba. amis mizezs igi 290

imaSi xedavs, rom ainStainamde cnebebs gansazRvravdnen Tvisebebis da ara operaciebis mixedviT. Cven vfiqrobT, rom brijmenis es mosazreba swori ar aris. etyoba, igi mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modelis momxrea, romelsac mecnierebis ganviTareba esmis rogorc absoluturi codnis marcvlebis dagroveba, romelic Semdgom cvlilebas aRar ganicdis. magram es modeli Tanamedrove epistemologiaSi uaryofilia. mecnieruli codna ganuwyvetlad viTardeba rogorc eqstensiurad, aseve intensiurad. ar arsebobs erTxel da samudamod dadgenili WeSmaritebani. mecnierebis istoriam bevri iseTi SemTxveva icis, roca saukuneobiT damkvidrebuli samaradiso WeSmaritebani axali aRmoCenebis Sedegad uaryofil iqna. evkliduri geometriis, rogorc erTaderTi SesaZlebeli geometriuli sistemis idea araevkliduri geometriis aRmoCenis Semdeg uaryves. niutonis absoluturi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis Teoria, romelic or saukuneze metxans absolutur WeSmaritebad miaCndaT, ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam uaryo da a. S. mecnieruli codna ganuwyveteli qmnadobis, srulqmnis procesSi imyofeba, rac mis nakls ki ara, Rirsebas warmoadgens. operacionalizmis kritikosebma (r. lindsei, h. margenau) miuTiTes, rom operacionaluri analizi, romelic cnebebsa da operaciebs Soris unikalur Sesabamisobas moiTxovs, zrdis cnebaTa ricxvs. vinaidan erTi da igive sidide ramdenime operaciis sagani SeiZleba iyos, amitom erTsa da imave sidideze ramdenime cneba yalibdeba. es ki ewinaaRmdegeba TviTon operacionaluri analizis mizans, rac imaSi mdgomareobs, rom gamoiyenos rac SeiZleba mcire ricxvis cnebebi.1 operacionaluri analizi iwvevs ara mxolod cnebaTa ricxvis gazrdas, aramed maT Soris logikuri kavSiris gauqmebasac. erT cnebas, romelic dadgenilia operaciis safuZvelze, arsebiTi kavSiri ara aqvs meore cnebasTan. optikuri da taqtiluri sigrZis cnebebi erTmaneTi1

R. B. Lindsey, Philosophy of Science, 1937, vol. 4, N4, p. 458.

291

sagan sruliad gansxvavebulia, xolo maT Soris saerTos _ zogadis _ arsebobas brijmeni uaryofs. amaSi Cans operacionalizmis wminda empiristuli xasiaTi, rac mecnieruli azrovnebisaTvis ara mxolod miuRebeli, aramed mavnebelic kia. r. lindsei da h. margenau weren, rom wminda operacionaluri definiciebis safuZvelze yvela cneba mtkiced empiriuli da izolirebulia.1 r. lindsei miuTiTebda, rom iseTi cnebebis sazrisi, rogoricaa eleqtronis koordinati, impulsi da a. S. ganisazRvreba ara gazomvebiT, aramed fizikuri Teoriis SinaarsiT. operacionalizmis poziciebidan SeuZlebelia kvanturi meqanikis TviT iseTi cnebis gansazRvrebac ki, rogoricaa elementaruli nawilaki. maqs plankic aRniSnavda, rom gazomva ar aris martooden empiriuli saqmianoba, aramed igi yovelTvis TeoriasTan aris dakavSirebuli. operacionaluri analizi ainStainisaTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda. misi azriT, aucilebeli ar aris fizikuri Teoriis yvela debulebis operacionaluri axsna da Semowmeba. aseTi ram, amtkicebs ainStaini, arc erT mecniers ar gaukeTebia da arc gaakeTebs. brijmenis cda, operacionalizmis enaze aexsna ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria, warumatebeli aRmoCnda. magaliTad, mas miaCnia, rom vinaidan sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdrouloba sxvadasxva sistemis mimarT sxvadasxvagvarad ganisazRvreba, amitom TiTqos erTdroulobis cneba obieqtur Sinaarss hkargavs da adamianis mier warmoebul operacias ukavSirdeba. erTdrouloba _ wers igi _ ar aris ori xdomilobis absoluturi Tviseba... aramed unda Seicavdes agreTve xdomilobebis mimarTebas damkvirvebelTan.2 ainStainis erTdroulobis Teoriis amgvari _ subieqtivisturi _ interpretacia safuZvelmoklebulia. am TeoriaSi saqme gvaqvs obieqtur da ara subieqtur relatiurobasTan. damkvirvebeli subieqti ainStainis relatiurobis TeoriaSi obieqturi viTarebis

1 2

R. B. Lindsey and H. Margenau, Foundations of physics, N.Y. 1936. P. W. Bridgman, The Logic of Modern Physics, p. 8.

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martooden registratoris rols TamaSobs da sxvas arafers. brijmeni, rogorc zemoT vnaxeT, ara mxolod erTdroulobis Teoriis obieqturobas uaryofs, aramed nebismieri mecnierebisa. igi mecnieruli azrovnebis individualistursa da solifsistur interpretacias iZleva, rasac araviTari logikuri da realuri safuZveli ara aqvs. mecnieruli codnis erT-erT fundamentur niSans obieqturoba warmoadgens. subieqturi WeSmariteba ar arsebobs, subieqturi codna ar aris codna. Tu am fundamentur niSans uarvyofT, rogorc brijmeni akeTebs, maSin ara mxolod mecnieruli, aramed nebismieri codna xelidan gagviqreba. individualizmi da solifsizmi auqmebs mecnierebas. amasTanave brijmeni winaaRmdegobaSi vardeba, rodesac igi, erTi mxriv, mecnierebis arsebobis faqts aRiarebs, xolo, meore mxriv, mecnierebas wminda privatul codnad Tvlis. brijmeni cdilobs erTmaneTs daukavSiros operaciebis tipebi, magram mis mier naCvenebi kavSiri erTob zerele da xelovnuria. arsaidan ar Cans, Tu ra saerTo aqvs, garda saxelebisa, operaciis am sxvadasxva formas. verbalur qcevas SeiZleba cda davarqvaT, magram amiT misi kavSiri instrumentul operaciebTan ver iqneba napovni. erTaderTi, ris gamoc maT operaciebs vuwodebT, aris is, rom yvela maTgani cnobieri da mizanSewonili moqmedebaa. magram es niSani bundovanebas ver xsnis. TviTon operaciis cneba brijmenis filosofiaSi Zalian gaurkvevelia. erTi avtori samarTlianad SeniSnavs, rom brijmenis wignSi Tanamedrove fizikis logika mocemulia operacionaluri analizis mravali magaliTi, magram imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra aris TviTon operacia, araferi naTqvami ar aris.1 brijmenis operacionalizmis kritikis mimarTulebiT kidev bevri ram SeiZleba iTqvas, magram mTavari isaa, rom
1

S. S. Stevens, Philosophy and Science of Science. ix. kr. Readings in philosophy of Science, 1953, Ph. Wiener (ed.), gv. 161

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brijmenis operacionalizmi Semecnebas ki ar emsaxureba, aramed martooden sazrisis dadgenas. Cven es pozicia principulad miuReblad migvaCnia.

operaciis ro raci Semecnebis proces mecne cesSi $85. operaciis roli Semecnebis procesSi
brijmenis udavo damsaxurebas warmoadgens yuradRebis gamaxvileba operaciis Sesaxeb. marTalia, operacionalizms win uswrebda sakmaod soliduri codna eqsperimentisa da gazomvis rolis Sesaxeb sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaSi, magram operaciis cneba, romelsac brijmeni ikvlevs, axal sityvas warmoadgens bunebismecnieruli Semecnebis istoriaSi. magram, samwuxarod, brijmenma operacionalur analizs cudi mimarTuleba misca _ miznad dausaxa ara codnis, aramed sazrisis dadgena. Cven zemoT vaCveneT am Tvalsazrisis naklovanebani; amJamad saWirod migvaCnia operaciis rolis gamokvleva Semecnebis procesSi. operacia da dakvirveba sxvadasxvaa; operacia gulisxmobs dakvirvebas, magram dakvirvebis cneba operaciis cnebaze ufro farToa. miuxedavad amisa, maT Soris bevri saerToa. erTi mxriv, operacia, iseve rogorc grZnobadi dakvirveba, uSualoa. kerZod, instrumentuli operacia, rogorc praqtikuli saqmianoba, aris instrumentis uSualo kavSiri, uSualo dakvirveba obieqtze. meore mxriv operacia TviTon aris gamaSualebeli damkvirvebelsa da dakvirvebis obieqts Soris; sigrZis sazomi erTeuli _ metri _ aSualebs damkvirveblis mimarTebas dakvirvebis (gazomvis) obieqtTan. amdenad operacia dakvirvebas enaTesaveba, romelic erTdroulad uSualoc aris da gaSualebulic. garda amisa, operaciasa da dakvirvebas Soris sxva msgavsebacaa. saxeldobr, operacia, iseve rogorc dakvirveba, empiriuli saqmianobaa. magram arc erTi da arc meore racionaluris gareSe ar arsebobs. iseve rogorc ar arsebobs wminda SegrZneba racionaluri elementebis ga294

reSe, aseve ar arsebobs mis gareSe wminda operacionaluri saqmianoba. operacias win uswrebs raRac idea, Teoria. operacia miznobrivia da, maSasadame, cnobierebis monawileobis gareSe SeuZlebelia. igi ar aris brma, SemTxveviTi aqti, aramed, piriqiT, kargad mofiqrebuli ideis dadasturebis an uaryofis mcdeloba. operacia iaraRia, saSualebaa racionaluri azrovnebis xelSi. amitom operacionalizmi ar SeiZleba ganxilul iqnas, rogorc wminda empiristuli moZRvreba. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom sakuTriv operacias ar SeuZlia cnebebis arc gansazRvra da, miT umetes, arc maTi sazrisis dadgena. erTic da meorec racionaluri Semecnebis prerogativaa; operacia ki ZiriTadad mainc empiriuli xasiaTisaa. misi gnoseologiuri roli mxolod imaSi mdgomareobs, rom racionalur Semecnebas miawodos empiriuli masala cnebaTa sistemis SesamuSaveblad. empiriuli Semecneba apodiqtur codnas arasodes ar gvaZlevs. ase rom ar iyos, maSin mecniereba da, saerTod, Teoriuli moRvaweoba zedmeti iqneboda. operacias yovelTvis win uswrebs idea, romlis dadasturebas an uaryofas igi emsaxureba. dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi idea mecnierul statuss SeiZens, uaryofis SemTxvevaSi ki igi asparezidan qreba. 1919 wlis 29 maiss mzis sruli dabnelebis dros a. s. edingtonis mier Catarebulma astronomiulma operaciam (dakvirvebam) daadastura ainStainis idea sinaTlis sxivis gravitaciuli masis Sesaxeb, ris Sedegad am ideam sayovelTao aRiareba moipova. brijmenma operaciis tipebidan sruliad marTebulad upiratesoba instrumentul anu laboratoriul operacias miakuTvna. es operacia arsebiTad gazomvas warmoadgens, romelsac bunebismecnierebaSi marTlac fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. magram zemoT vaCveneT, rom gazomva sxva araferia, garda Semecnebisa; gazomvis mizans Semecneba warmoadgens. rodesac vilsonis kameraSi eleqtronis impulssa da koordinats akvirdebian, maSin saqme gvaqvs instrumentul operaciasTan; instruments anu xelsawyos 295

vilsonis kamera warmoadgens, xolo am operaciis mizans _ eleqtronis impulsisa da koordinatis gazomva (Semecneba). araviTar sazrisze laparaki iq ar aris. cxadia, Semecnebas Tan axlavs sazrisis povnac, Semecneba sazrissac gulisxmobs, magram operaciis mizans Semecneba da ara sazrisi warmoadgens. laboratoriuli anu instrumentaluri operacia arsebiTad eqsperimentuli xasiaTisaa, romelsac SeiZleba praqtikuli operaciac vuwodoT, vinaidan mas mimarTavs ara mxolod mecnieri, aramed rigiTi adamianic Tavisi praqtikuli miznebis gansaxorcieleblad; rodesac mebaRe sxvadasxva jiSis mcenareebs ajvarebs (amynobs) an diasaxlisi samzareuloSi misTvis uCveulo kerZs amzadebs, maSin isini instrumentul~ operacias atareben, aqvT garkveuli idea, mizani, romlis ganxorcielebas ara mxolod SemecnebiTi, aramed praqtikuli mniSvnelobac aqvs. es imasac niSnavs, rom operacionaluri analizi martooden mecnierul Semecnebas rodi emsaxureba, aramed saerTod adamianis Teoriulsa da praqtikul moRvaweobas. magram operacionalur analizSi prioriteti mainc Semecnebas ekuTvnis, romelic am analizs yovelTvis Tan axlavs. brijmeni maSinac marTalia, rodesac operacionaluri analizis Sedegad miRebuli codnis relatiurobaze laparakobs, Tumca am faqts igi individualizmsa da solifsizmamde mihyavs. operaciis Sedegad mopovebuli codna marTlac relatiuria; mis relatiurobas ori wyaro aqvs; erTi mxriv, sazomi xelsawyo, romelic operaciis iaraRs warmoadgens, SeiZleba cvlides dakvirvebis obieqts, rogorc es kvantur meqanikaSi xdeba da, maSasadame, iseT suraTs gvaZlevdes, romelic operirebis procesSi Cven SevqmeniT. aseTi codna uTuod relatiuria. meore mxriv, isic kargad cnobilia, rom mTeli Cveni codna misi ganviTarebis nebismier etapze relatiuria, arasrulia, Secdomebis Semcvelia, romelTa permanentuli eliminacia codnis evoluciuri (da, Tu gnebavT, revoluciuri) ganviTarebis procesSi xdeba.

296

ar SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom nebismieri adamianuri moqmedeba aris operacia. kidev metic, operacia ar aris TviT yvela cnobieri, miznobrivi moqmedeba. magaliTad, glexi yanas Toxnis, moswavle gakveTils amzadebs, eqimi mkurnalobs da a. S., yvela isini cnobieri da miznobrivi moqmedebaa, magram operacia ar aris imis gamo, rom maT mizans Semecneba ar warmoadgens. operaciis erTaderT (yovel SemTxvevaSi mTavar) mizans Semecneba, axali codnis mopoveba, raime (didi Tu patara) aRmoCenis gakeTeba warmoadgens. samwuxarod, brijmenma, romelmac operacionalizmis sistema Seqmna da bevri saintereso mosazreba gamoTqva, operaciis es mTavari niSani daiviwya an cnobierad uaryo da yuradReba sazrisze gaamaxvila, romelic operacionalur analizSi meorexarisxovan rols TamaSobs. sazrisis gulisaTvis aravin operacias ar atarebs. rodesac galileim TviTnakeTi teleskopi mTvarisaken mimarTa, maSin mas mTvaris zedapiris cnebis sazrisi ki ar ainteresebda, aramed TviTon am zedapiris Semecneba. aseve iTqmis nebismier fizikur Tu arafizikur operaciaze. SesaZlebelia sxvadasxva operaciam erTi da igive codna mogvces, magram is ki SeuZlebelia, rom erTi da igive operacia sxvadasxva SedegiT damTavrdes. rodesac sxvadasxva operacia erTsa da imave Sedegs gvaZlevs, maSin es Sedegi ufro metad damajerebelia da igi mecnieruli (apodiqturi) codnis statuss iZens. magram codnis apodiqturoba poluss verasodes ver aRwevs, vinaidan Cvens codnas, romelic induqciuria, mudam Tan axlavs ukmarobis Saravandedi, ar aris gamoricxuli mravalgzis miRebuli kanonzomierebidan gadaxveva imave gziT, rogorc igi mravalniSna mizezobriobasTan dakavSirebiT vnaxeT; moulodneli xdomilobis intervenciam _ mizezobriv jaWvSi CarTvam _ SeiZleba Cveni kargad dadasturebuli molodini gaamtyunos. aseTia adamianuri codnis buneba, romelic absoluturi codnis statuss verasodes ver moipovebs codnis relatiurobis obieqturi da subieqturi wyaroebis gamo. amrigad, operacia SemecnebisTeoriuli cnebaa; igi Semecnebis process emsaxureba da amaSi mdgo297

mareobs misi roli Semecnebis procesSi. es niSnavs, rom brijmenis operacionalurma analizma Cveni interpretaciiT sul sxva Sinaarsi miiRo, vidre masSi misi avtori gulisxmobda. amgvarad gagebul operacionalur analizs ki araferi saerTo ara aqvs pozitivizmis empiriuli verifikaciis principTan, romelic agreTve gagebuli iyo rogorc sazrisis da ara codnis kriteriumi.

literatura literatura teratu


1. 2. 3.

sergi avaliani, Tanamedrove pozitivizmis bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tbilisi, 1964.

sergi avaliani, mecnierebis filosofiis Sesavali,


Tbilisi, 1991.

sergi avaliani, dakvirvebadobis principis axali sazrisi, filosofiuri Ziebani, III, 1999.

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nawili meeqvse fsevdoabsoluturi gnoseologia


Tavi pirve veli Tavi pirveli codnis relatiuroba lati codnis relatiuroba absoluturisa da relatiu soluturi lati cnebe bebis sazri risi $86. absoluturisa da relatiuris cnebebis sazrisi
absoluturisa da relatiuris kategoriebi arsisa da azris uzogadesi kanonzomierebis Semswavleli filosofiuri disciplinis _ ontologiis _ fundamentur kategoriebs warmoadgens. kidev metic, yvela mecniereba _ eqspliciturad an impliciturad _ absoluturisa da relatiuris garkveul mniSvnelobas gulisxmobs, romelsac mTeli Teoriuli azrovneba unda daemyaros. swored amitom gnoseologiuri problemebis analizs win unda uswrebdes am kategoriebis sazrisis analizi. absoluturi niSnavs upirobo (absolutus _ upirobo), damoukidebel, maradiul, Sinagani aucileblobis mqone realobas. upirobo, damoukidebeli aris usasrulo. amas niSnavs substanciuri usasruloba, romelsac hegeli WeSmarit usasrulobas (Wahre Unendlicheit) uwodebda imis gamo, rom igi arafriT ar aris gansazRvruli, dasrulebuli. absoluturi arsi aris substanciuri arseba, gansxvavebiT specialuri arsebebisagan, romlebic sasrulobisa da usasrulobis erTianobas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, ar aris sruli (anu WeSmariti) usasruloba. aseTia, mokled, absoluturis cnebis ontologiuri daxasiaontologi tologiu daxasia xasi Teba ba. Teba absoluturis, rogorc ontologiuri realobis, Sesabamisad da mis safuZvelze SesaZlebelia CamovayaliboT absoluturis cnebis anTropologiuri daxasiaTeba romeanTropologiu Tropologi daxasiaTeba xasi ba, lic moicavs gnoseologiursa da aqsiologiur formebs. gnose logiursa seo giur aqsi logi sio giur 299

anTropologiis enaze absoluturi niSnavs erTniSnas erTniSnas, TniSnas garkveuls, araorazrovans. absoluturi, cxadia, erTniSna unda iyos; sxvagvarad igi absoluturi ver iqneba. erTniSnoba ki garkveulobis safuZvelia anu TviTon aris garkveuloba. amrigad, absoluturi, rogorc erTniSna _ erTaderTi mniSvnelobis mqone _ gnoseologiuri TvalsazrisiT garkveulobis da, maSasadame, Semecnebis aucilebeli pirobaa, xolo aqsiologiuri TvalsazrisiT absolutur Rirebulebas warmoadgens, romelic agreTve erTniSnaa da romlis gareSe RirebulebiTi cnobierebis arseboba SeuZlebelia. relatiuri absoluturis sapirispiro niSnebiT xasiaTdeba. relatiuroba, ontologiuri azriT sxvasTan miontologi tologiu azriT riT, marTebaSi yofnas, sxvaze damokidebulobas niSnavs. igi aris is, rac Tavis arsebobas sxvasTan mimarTebaSi iZens, mxolod sxvasTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs da, maSasadame, TavisTavadi, damoukidebeli arseboba ar gaaCnia. relatiuri cvalebadia, icvleba sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi, xolo mimarTebis cvlileba cvlis mimarTebis substrats. erTi da igive mamakaci sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi SeiZleba iyos qmaric, mamac, Svilic, megobaric, mteric da a. S. amas niSnavs relatiuris cvalebadoba da, rac mTavaria, mravalmraval valniSnoba. noba niSnoba relatiuri mravalniSnaa, rac imaSic vlindeba, rom igi damokidebulia sxvaze, sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva, zogjer principulad gansxvavebulia. mas mxolod sxvasTan mimarTebaSi SeuZlia arseboba da ara gancalkevebiT. siTbos, sinaTlisa da tenianobis gareSe ar iarsebebs flora, xolo floris gareSe ar iarsebebs fauna da a. S. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs obieqtur anu ontologiur relatiurobasTan. magram absoluturis msgavsad, arsebobs anTropoloanTropolo Tropologiu relatiurobac lati bac; giuri relatiurobac am SemTxvevaSi relatiurobas adamianTan mimarTeba qmnis, misi Zirebi adamianSia. swored amitom vuwodebT mas anTropologiurs. Tavis mxriv anTropologiur relatiurobas ori forma aqvs: gnoseolognose loseo giu aqsi logi ri. sio giu giuri da aqsiologiuri gnoseologiuri relatiuroba adamianis codnis maxasiaTebelia, romlisTvisac absolu300

turi WeSmariteba miuwvdomelia. Cveni Semecnebis nebismieri safexuri relatiuria, Secdomebis Semcvelia. relatiuroba am SemTxvevaSi Secdomebis Semcvelobas, arasisrules niSnavs. Semecnebis procesSi Secdomebis permanentuli eliminacia (gamoricxva) absoluturi WeSmaritebis miRwevas ver uzrunvelyofs. gnoseologiur subieqtTan mimarTeba, masze damokidebuleba am SemTxvevaSi arsebiT rols TamaSobs. anTropologiuri relatiurobis meore formas _ aqsiologiur relatiurobas _ miekuTvneba eTikuri, esTetikuri, kulturuli da sxva Rirebulebani, romlebic mxolod adamianTan mimarTebaSi arsebobs. maT safuZvelze iqmneba RirebulebiTi cnobiereba romelic adamianis suliRirebulebiTi cnobi reba rebulebi bie ba, eri samyaros erT-erTi ZiriTadi maxasiaTebelia. Tu absoluturis erTniSnoba garkveulobis, Semecnebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens, relatiuris mravalniSnoba ki, piriqiT, gaurkvevlobas, bundovanebas iwvevs, SeuZlebels xdis Semecnebas. jer kidev sokratem, platonma da aristotelem kargad gaacnobieres, rom relativizmi angrevs mecnierebas, SeuZlebels xdis Semecnebas, iwvevs skepticizmsa da nihilizms. protagoras relativizms gorgias nihilizmi mohyva. sofistebis relativizmis winaaRmdeg aristotelem Camoayaliba winaaRmdegobis SeuZleblobis kanoni, romelic gamoricxavs relativistebis mier Semotanil bundovanebasa da gaurkvevlobas da erTniSnas, anu absoluturis safuZvelze SesaZlebels xdis Semecnebas. aristotelem kargad gaacnobiera, rom absoluturi, erTniSna is javSania, romelic relativizmis damangreveli Zalisagan gvicavs.

$87. codnis struqtura codnis struqtura tu


codna aris arsis asaxva; amitom arsis kanonzomiereba codnis kanonzomierebas gansazRvravs, cxadia, garkveuli specifikis SenarCunebiT. es niSnavs, rom codnas, azrs aqvs ontologiuri safuZveli. arsis erT-erT arsebiT ka301

nonzomierebas misi struqtura warmoadgens, romelic safuZvlad uZevs misi amsaxveli codnis struqturul kanonzomierebas. zemoT ($2) davaxasiaTeT arsis sami struqturuli done: realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro, specialur arsebaTa samyaro da substanciuri arsi anu ukanaskneli instanciis arseba. arsis am struqturul doneebs Seesabameba codnis aseve sami struqturuli done, romlebic, arsis msgavsad, ierarqiuli wesrigiT aris ganlagebuli. es doneebia: winamecnieruli, mecnieruli da filosofiuri winamecni ruli, mecni ruli namecnie nie filosofi losofiu codna na. codna is codna, romelsac adamiani moipovebs realuri arsis anu movlenaTa samyaros aRqmis Sedegad da garkveuli warmodgenebis saxiT Camoayalibebs, aris winamecnieruli codna. igi winamecnierulia imitom, rom martooden movlenaTa samyaros _ sinamdvilis yvelaze zedapiruli fenis _ asaxvaa, xolo am samyaros arseba anu specialur arsebaTa samyaro misTvis ucnobia. es ukanaskneli mecnieruli Semecnebis sagans warmoadgens. amrigad, winamecnieruli codnis sagania realuri arsi anu movlenaTa samyaro, xolo mis Sesaxeb codna Camoyalibebulia warmodgenebis saxiT. winamecnieruli azrovneba aris warmodgenewarmodgene modgeneazrovneba rovneba. biT azrovneba igi cnebebs ar saWiroebs. cnebebiT mxolod mecnieri azrovnebs, vinaidan cneba arsebis asaxvaa, xolo arseba mecnieruli Semecnebis sagania. magram is warmodgenebi, romelic winamecnieruli Semecnebis formaa, imdenad zogadia, rom cnebis zogadobas TiTqmis arc Camouvardeba. miuxedavad amisa, igi mainc warmodgenaa da ara cneba, raki igi arsebis asaxvas ar warmoadgens. yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi adamiani azrovnebs ara cnebebiT, aramed zogadi warmodgenebiT.1 es niSnavs, rom samyaroSi orientaciis asaRebad cnebiTi azrovneba aucilebeli ar aris. ase rom ar iyos, maSin qveynad arsebobas mxolod mecnierebi SeZlebdnen.
1

am garemoebas pirvelad yuradReba miaqcia jer j. lokma, xolo Semdeg n. loskim.

302

codnis ufro maRali _ siRrmiseuli _ sferoa mecnieruli Semecneba, romlis sagania specialur arsebaTa samyaro, xolo forma _ cneba. mecnieruli Semecneba cnecnebise lia. seu biseulia cneba zogadia imitom, rom misi sagani _ specialuri arsebani _ zogadia. arsebis zogadoba misi amsaxveli codnis zogadobas iwvevs. am SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs Sinaarse naarseul zogadobas gadobasTan. Sinaarseul zogadobasTan. arsebisa da misi amsaxveli cnebis zogadoba Sinaarseulia. mecnieruli codna gaSualebulia, xolo gamaSualebels winamecnieruli codna warmoadgens, vinaidan arsebis Semecneba movlenebis Semecnebis gziT SeiZleba. aseve arsebis amsaxveli cneba movlenaTa Sesaxeb grZnobad-empiriuli warmodgenebis racionaluri gadamuSavebis Sedegia. winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codna, arsis doneebis Sesabamisad, codnis sxvadasxva dones qmnis, romlebic erTmaneTisagan siRrmisa da zogadobis mixedviT gansxvavdeba. mecnieruli codna, romlis sagans specialur arsebaTa samyaro warmoadgens da cneba, msjeloba, daskvnis saxiT yalibdeba, aris specialur-mecnieruli codna vinaspeci lur-mecni ruli codna cia nie na, idan misi sagania specialuri arsebani. aseTia fizika, qimia, biologia da a. S. yvela mecniereba, garda filosofiisa. filosofiis sagania absoluturi arsi, substanciuri arseba, romelic arsebaTa Soris uzogadesi da uRrmesia. filosofia uzogadesi cnebebiT anu kategoriebiT azrovnebs. filosofiuri codna aris kategorialuri codkategori luri codtegoria na, na vinaidan mis uzogadesobas misi sagnis _ substanciuri arsebis _ uzogadesoba ganapirobebs. filosofia specialur mecnierebebs emyareba, maT Sedegebs ganazogadebs, awarmoebs maT filosofiur analizs da adgens sinamdvilis uzogades kanonzomierebas. analizi mis mizans ki ar warmoadgens, aramed sinamdvilis ufro Rrmad Semecnebis saSualebas. es niSnavs, rom filosofias aqvs Tavisi sagani, meTodi da saSualebani, rac arc erTi sxva mecnierebis sagans, meTodsa da saSualebas ar emTxveva. am SemTxvevaSi filosofiis cnebis qveS igulisxmeba ontologia, rogorc mecniereba absoluturi arsis Sesaxeb, ro303

gorc pirveli filosofia, rogorc mas tradiciulad uwodebdnen. amrigad, arsebobs codnis sami erTmaneTTan mWidrod dakavSirebuli sfero: winamecnieruli, mecnieruli da filosofiuri, romlebic siRrmisa da zogadobis ierarqiul kibeze sxvadasxva doneebs qmnis. mecnieruli codna saSualo zogadobisaa, filosofiuri ki _ uzogadesi. codnis samive sfero mWidro kavSirSia, erTianobaSia. amaSi mdgomareobs codnis erTianobis idea. filosofiuri codna uzogadesobis gamo zereled moazrovne adamianebs zedmeti eCvenebaT, magram sinamdvileSi misi mniSvneloba adamianis sulier cxovrebaSi ganuzomelia. yvela mecniereba masze (filosofiaze _ s. a.) ufro saWiroa, magram masze ukeTesi arc erTi ar aris (aristotele).

codnis relatiurobis wyaro lati roe $88. codnis relatiurobis wyaroebi


nebismieri codna _ aramecnierulic da mecnierulic _ ganuwyvetlad viTardeba, arcodnidan codnisaken miemarTeba. amasTanave codnis ganviTareba usasrulo process warmoadgens, rac imas niSnavs, rom absolutur WeSmaritebas verasodes ver vwvdebiT. codnis ganviTarebis faqti mis relatiurobas asabuTebs. saerTod, viTardeba is, rac sruli ar aris, rasac raRac aklia anu rac ar aris absoluturi. aseTi ki aris relatiuri. es Seexeba arssac da azrsac, obieqtursa da subieqtur sinamdviles. magram ontologiuri relatiuroba anu relatiuroba arsis sferoSi mimarTebaSi yofnas niSnavs, xolo azris (codnis) sferoSi relatiurobis specifikas arasisrule warmoadgens. marTlac, codna misi ganviTarebis yvela etapze arasasrulia, naklovania, Secdomebis Semcvelia; swored es garemoeba warmoadgens misi usasrulo ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas. codnis relatiuroba misi ganviTarebis aucilebeli pirobaa da, piriqiT, codnis ganviTarebis faqti mis relatiurobas asabuTebs. codnis relatiurobas ori wyaro aqvs: subieqturi da obieqturi. subieqtur wyaros warmoadgens Cveni SemecnebiTi unarebis sasruloba. adamiani sasruli arsebaa; 304

rarig warmatebulic ar unda iyos misi praqtikuli da Teoriuli moRvaweoba, misi unarebi yvela mxriv SezRudulia. swored amitom aris, rom adamians ar ZaluZs usasrulobis Semecneba. sasruli arseba usasrulos ver miwvdeba. laplasma albaTobis (subieqturi) Teoria am ideaze daafuZna. absoluturi WeSmaritebis mouxelTebloba araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs WeSmaritebis uaryofas. Cvens codnas misi ganviTarebis nebismier etapze WeSmariteba-Secdomis niSnebi axasiaTebs. TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca saqme gvaqvs konvenciebTan, romlebic obieqturi sinamdvilis uSualo asaxvas ar warmoadgens, WeSmariteba-Secdomis mixedviT msjeloba mainc aucilebeli xdeba, magram, cxadia, garkveuli mimarTebis an SeTanxmebis gaTvaliswinebiT, rac mis relatiur bunebas kidev ufro asabuTebs. aqedan gamomdinareobs, rom SeuZlebelia relatiuri WeSmaritebis uaryofa, WeSmaritebis cnebis gaigiveba absoluturi WeSmaritebis cnebasTan. marTalia, codnis usasrulo ganviTarebis procesSi absolutur WeSmaritebas verasodes ver vwvdebiT, magram yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi relatiuri WeSmaritebis mflobelni varT. aseTia Cveni codnis relatiurobis subieqturi wyaro da misi Sedegi. codnis relatiurobas aqvs meore _ aseve fundamenturi _ obieqturi wyaroc. TviT im SemTxvevaSic ki adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebi, rom usasrulo iyos, Cveni codna mainc relatiuri iqneboda misi sagnis relatiurobis gamo. zemoT vaCveneT winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codnis sagnebis _ realuri arsisa (movlenaTa samyarosa) da specialur arsebaTa samyaros _ relatiuroba, rac winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codnis relatiurobis ontologiur safuZvels warmoadgens. relatiuroba arsis orive sferos arsebiT gansazRvrulobas warmoadgens. amitom bunebrivia, rom misi amsaxveli codnac relatiuri iyos; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi codna ar iqneba sagnis asaxva. iseTi fundamenturi niSani, rogoricaa relatiuroba, codnaSi uTuod unda aisaxebodes; sxvagvarad asaxvaze lapa305

raks azri ar eqneboda da verc Semecnebaze vilaparakebdiT. rac Seexeba filosofiur codnas, romlis sagans substanciuri arseba warmoadgens, mis relatiurobas ara aqvs ontologiuri anu obieqturi safuZvlebi, vinaidan substanciuri arseba absoluturia da ara relatiuri. magram vinaidan filosofiur Semecnebas adamianebi axorcieleben, romelTa SemecnebiTi unarebi iseve gansazRvrulia, rogorc yvela adamianisa, filosofiuri codnac relatiuria, Tumca mis relatiurobas martooden subieqturi safuZvlebi aqvs. amrigad, mTeli Cveni codna _ winamecnieruli, mecnieruli da filosofiuri _ relatiuria. relatiuroba codnis fundamentur gansazRvrebas warmoadgens.

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winamecni ruli namecnie mecni ruli codna nie $89. winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codna
codnis relatiurobis Teziss, romelic zemoT CamovayalibeT, davamatebT ramdenime mosazrebas winamecnieruli da mecnieruli codnis specifikis gaTvaliswinebiT. winamecnieruli codnis relatiurobis mTavar safuZvels misi sagnis _ realuri arsis anu movlenaTa samyaros _ relatiuroba warmoadgens. movlena arsebis gamovlenaa da mas mxolod masTan mimarTebaSi aqvs azri. amaSia misi relatiuroba. meore mxriv movlenaTa samyaro drosa da sivrceSi arsebul saganTa da movlenaTa samyaroa, rac mis relatiurobas asabuTebs. winamecnieruli codna ki, rogorc relatiuri arsis asaxva, ar SeiZleba TviTonac relatiuri ar iyos. garda amisa, zemoT vaCveneT codnis relatiurobis subieqturi safuZvelic _ Cveni SemecnebiTi unarebis arasisrule, gansazRvruloba. winamecnieruli codnis relatiurobis am mxareze gansakuTrebiT gaamaxviles yuradReba Zvelma skeptikosebma da Camoayalibes sensualuri skefsisis tropebi, romlis ZiriTad mizans gnoseologiuri dogmatizmis daZleva warmoadgenda, romlis poziciebzec ZiriTadad materialistebi idgnen. Semmecnebeli subieqtis Semecnebis unarebis SezRudulobas Semdegi epoqis filosofosTa umravlesobac (gansakuTrebiT agnostikosebi) aRniSnavda. marTlac, subieqtur prizmaSi gadamtydari codna arasodes ar aris Secdomebisagan dazRveuli. winamecnieruli codnis relatiuroba udavo faqts warmoadgens. aseve relatiuria mecnieruli codnac, romelsac agreTve relatiurobis orive wyaro aqvs; misi sagani _ specialur arsebaTa samyaro _ erTdroulad sasrulic aris da usasruloc. isini erTmaneTzea damokidebuli, rac maT sasrulobasa da relatiurobas warmoadgens. sagnis relatiuroba ki misi amsaxveli codnis _ mecnieruli codnis _ relatiurobaSi aisaxeba. meore mxriv mecnieruli codnis relatiurobas subieqturi wyaroc aqvs _ Semmecnebeli subieqtis SemecnebiTi unarebis SezRuduloba. mecni-

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ereba Secdomadia _ wers k. poperi _ vinaidan igi adamianis xelis produqtia.1 mecnieruli codnis relatiuroba imasac niSnavs, rom mas albaTuri xasiaTi aqvs. codna yovelTvis albaTobis garkveuli xarisxiT xasiaTdeba, Tumca am albaTobas polusebi ara aqvs, anu ar arsebobs absoluturad saalbaTo an absoluturad arasaalbaTo codna. zogjer arasaalbaTos iseT codnas veZaxiT, romelic ukiduresi SeuZleblobiT xasiaTdeba. aseTi albaToba nuls uaxlovdeba, magram arasodes ar utoldeba. es niSnavs, rom, marTalia, praqtikul cxovrebaSi misi uaryofa ara marto SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic, magram Teoriulad aseTi SesaZleblobis absoluturad gamoricxva SeuZlebelia (magaliTad, ~jinzis saswauli). albaTobis polusebis ararseboba ar gamoricxavs albaTobis xarisxebis (meti an naklebi albaToba) arsebobas. magram am SemTxvevaSi mxedvelobaSia ara polusebTan miaxloeba an daSoreba, aramed albaTobis wina da momdevno doneebTan Sedareba. mSobiarobis SemTxvevaSi tyupi bavSvebis dabadeba ufro nakleb saalbaToa, vidre erTi bavSvisa, xolo igive tyupebis dabadeba ufro metad saalbaToa, vidre samtyupisa da a. S. amrigad, albaTobis xarisxebi TviTon albaTobis farglebSi wesrigdeba da ara mis gareT. mecnieruli codnis relatiurobas isic asabuTebs, rom mecnieruli codna yovelTvis konkretulia da ara abstraqtuli. abstraqtuli WeSmariteba ar arsebobs; WeSmariteba yovelTvis mraval gansazRvrulobaTa matarebelia, damokidebulia sxvadasxva viTarebaze, zogjer drozec, sivrcezec, aTvlis sistemaze da a. S. magaliTad, rodesac vambobT wvims, moZraobs, laparakobs da a. S., maSin vgulisxmobT Tu sad an rodis wvims, ris mimarT moZraobs, vin laparakobs da a. S. WeSmaritebis konkretuloba misi relatiurobis kidev erTi sabuTia.

. , , . 387.

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magram sul sxva saqmea is, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia an saerTod SesaZlebelia Tu ara martooden relatiuri WeSmaritebis safuZvelze Semecneba da, miT umetes , mecnieruli codnis Camoyalibeba da TviT adamianis praqtikuli saqmianoba. am problemis kvleva amJamad Cvens mTavar mizans warmoadgens.

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Tavi meo Tavi meore fsevdoabsoluturis Teoriis safuZvlebi fsevdoabsoluturis Teoriis safuZvlebi doabsolutu fuZvle gnose logi seo giu relativiz lativizmis kriti tika $90. gnoseologiuri relativizmis kritika da absolutu soluturis Zie absoluturis Zieba
codnis nebismieri formis _ winamecnierulis, mecnierulisa da filosofiuris _ relatiuroba SeiZleba kvalificirebul iqnas rogorc gnoseologiuri relativizgnose logi seo giu relativiz lativizmi. mi aqedan SeiZleba iseTi yalbi STabeWdileba Seiqmnas, rom TiTqos yvelaferi relatiuria, absoluturi saerTod ar arsebobs da ara marto is ar arsebobs, aramed misi saWiroebac ki ar aris. aseTi warmodgena SeiZleba Seeqmnas zerele, empiriul cnobierebas, romlisTvisac arsisa da azris siRrmiseuli sferoebi miuwvdomelia. Tu relativizms safuZvlianad gavaanalizebT, iolad aRmovaCenT mis ukmarisobas rogorc obieqturi, ise subieqturi sinamdvilis gasaazreblad. akritikebda ra maqs planki relativizms, werda: ar arsebobs imaze ufro didi gaugebroba, vidre uazro gamoTqma: yvelaferi relatiuria ... absoluturi sidideebis arsebobis wanamZRvrebis gareSe saerTod ar SeiZleba arc erTi cnebis gansazRvreba, arc erTi Teoriis ageba.1 da Semdeg: yoveli relatiuri ukanasknel safuZvelSi dakavSirebulia raRac TavisTavadTan, absoluturTan. sxvagvarad cneba, dasabuTeba an relatiuri haerSi hkidia im serTukis msgavsad, romelsac ara aqvs Camosakidebeli lursmani. absoluturi aris aucilebeli, myari amosavali wertili. igi saTanado adgilze unda veZioT.2 maqs plankis ZiriTadi daskvna, romelsac ar SeiZleba ar daveTanxmoT aseTia: relatiurs mivyavarT absoluturirelatiurs mivya lati yavarT absoluturisoluturi saken; absoluturis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. saken; absoluturis uaryofa SeuZlebelia. solutu yo uZlebe

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marTlac, wminda relativizms _ absoluturis uaryofas _ skepticizmsa da nihilizmamde mivyavarT. amis dasturs antikuri relativizmi da misi Tanmdevi skepticizmi da nihilizmi warmoadgens. protagoras relativizmma gorgias nihilizmi warmoSva. mxolod relatiuris safuZvelze SeuZlebelia raime azris gamoTqma, metyveleba da adamianis TviT praqtikuli saqmianobac ki. usazRvroa relativizmis damangreveli Zala adamianis sulieri samyarosa da praqtikuli moRvaweobis sferoSi. relativizmis damangreveli Zalisagan xsna mxolod absoluturs SeuZlia. logikuradac ki relatiuri ar arsebobs absoluturis gareSe. absoluturi da relatiuri korelaturi cnebebia. Tu absoluturs uaryofT, maSin relatiuri TviTon gadaiqceva erTaderT realobad anu absoluturad _ absolutur mniSvnelobas SeiZens. relatiuri imitom aris aseTi, rom arsebobs sxvagvari realoba absoluturis saxiT. erTi sityviT, absoluturis Zieba ara marto ontologiursa da gnoseologiur, aramed logikur aucileblobasac warmoadgens. relatiuris ukmarisoba da absoluturis aucilebloba naTlad Cans Semecnebis TeoriaSi. Semecnebis SesaZleblobis umTavres pirobas erTniSnoba warmoadgens; erTniSna ki absoluturis gnoseologiuri surogatia. Semecnebis procesSi absoluturi figurirebs rogorc erTniSnoba, rogorc garkveulobis aucilebeli piroba. mravalniSnoba ki relatiuris gamovlenaa Semecnebis procesSi, romelic gaurkvevlobis, bundovanebis wyaroa da SeuZlebels xdis Semecnebas. es idea jer kidev platonma da aristotelem gamoTqves sofistebisa da heraklites mimdevrebis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. isini maT orTavianebs uwodebdnen, vinaidan erTsa da imave dros erTsac amtkicebdnen da misgan gansxvavebulsac. swored relativizmis winaaRmdeg SeimuSava aristotelem winaaRmdegobis kanoni, romelic SeuZleblad Tvlis, rom erTi da igive erTad ekuTvnodes da arc ekuTvnodes erTsa da igives erTi da

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igive azriT.1 cota qvemoT aristotele wers, rom erTi mniSvnelobis arqona niSnavs arc erTi mniSvnelobis arqonas... SeuZlebelia raimes moazreba Tu (yovelTvis) ar azrovneb raime erTs.2 mravalniSnobis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneba raimes gamoTqma an Tqma. aristotele imazec miuTiTebs, rom relatiurobis anu mravalniSnobis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda adamianis praqtikuli moRvaweobac. Tu yvelafers erTi fasi aqvs anu Tu WaSi Cavardnas da arCavardnas vinmesaTvis erTi da igive mniSvneloba aqvs, maSin ratom ufrTxis WaSi Cavardnas?3 amrigad, udavod unda CaiTvalos relativisturi koncefciis ukmaroba adamianis Teoriulsa da praqtikul saqmianobaSi, kidev metic, is ziani, romelic mas adamianisaTvis moaqvs. goneba ibneva relatiurobis mravalniSna labirinTSi da sasowarkveTiT eZebs absoluturs, erTniSnas, garkveuls, romelSic igi xsnas xedavs. absoluturi aris adamianis mTeli _ Teoriuli da praqtikuli _ moRvaweobis orientiri. swored amitom igi yovelTvis mowiwebas imsaxurebs. mxolod filosofiis mters SeuZlia masze udierad laparaki (u. jeimzi). magram sad veZioT igi? absoluturi xom uSualod arasodes ar gveZleva? igi xom sinamdvilis zedapirze _ movlenaTa samyaroSi _ sadac Cven vcxovrobT, ar Cans? isic kargad cnobilia, rom adamians _ sasrul arsebas _ ar SeuZlia usasrulos, absoluturis wvdoma; magram, meore mxriv, isic udavoa, rom absoluturis gareSe misi arseboba SeuZlebelia. igi aris misi ontologiuri arsebobis, gnoseologiuri da praqtikuli moRvaweobis safuZvelTa safuZveli. sad aris gamosavali?

$91. fsevdoabsoluturis cneba fsevdoabsoluturis cneba doabsolutu

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aristotele aristotele, metafizika, 1005 b -18 -34


iqve, 1006 14

aristotele, metafizika, 1008 27

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zemoT, vfiqrobT, sakmao damajereblobiT vaCveneT relativisturi msoflmxedvelobis mavnebloba. relativizmi angrevs adamianis sulier samyaros; relatiurobis pirobebSi SeuZlebelia adamianis Teoriuli (SemecnebiTi) da praqtikuli (RirebulebiTi) moRvaweoba. meore mxriv isic vaCveneT, rom mTeli Cveni codna relatiuria. magram faqtia, rom am TiTqosda globaluri relatiurobis miuxedavad, arsebobs da warmatebiT funqcionirebs adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli cnobiereba. arsebobs Semecnebac, metyvelebac, RirebulebiTi orientaciebic da, saerTod, adamianis mTeli sulieri samyaro. es faqti ki specialur axsnas, dasabuTebas saWiroebs. rogor unda gavigoT adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli cnobierebis warmatebuli moRvaweoba arsisa da azris relatiurobis pirobebSi? am urTulesi problemis axsnas Cven imaSi vxedavT, rom adamiani Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi cnobierad an (umetes SemTxvevaSi) aracnobierad qmnis absoluturs, erTniSnas, invariantuls, aabsolutuaabsolutu soluturelatiurs lati rebs relatiurs da am xelovnurad Seqmnili absoluturiT operirebs. amgvari absoluturi anu gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri aris fsevdoabsoluturi romelic Tumfsevdoabsoluturi, doabsoluturi ca warmomavlobiT subieqturia, magram Semecnebis, metyvelebisa da RirebulebiTi orientaciebis ganxorcielebis procesSi WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs da SesaZlebels xdis adamianis Teoriulsa da praqtikul moRvaweobas. fsevdoabsoluturi, rogorc absoluturis gnoseologiuri surogati, erTniSnobiT, invariantulobiT xasiaTdeba, rac Semecnebisa da azris gamoTqmis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi adamianis sulier samyaroSi WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs, igi mainc ar aris absoluturi Tundac imitom, rom igi gaabsoluturebuli relatiuria anu adamianis mier Seqmnili absoluturia, xolo namdvili absoluturi Seuqmnadia, maradiulia. meore mxriv, fsevdoabsoluturi arc relatiuria, vinaidan relatiuri mravalniS313

naa, gaurkvevelia; fsevdoabsoluturi ki erTniSna da garkveulobis pirobaa. maSasadame, fsevdoabsoluturi aris raRac mesame realoba absoluturisa da relatiuris gverdiT. igi, erTi mxriv, erTniSnobiT absoluturs enaTesaveba, xolo, meore mxriv, subieqturi warmomavlobiT aseve enaTesaveba relatiurs. amaSi mdgomareobs fsevdoabsoluturis ormagi _ winaaRmdegobrivi _ buneba. igi aris da arc aris absoluturi, iseve rogorc aris da arc aris relatiuri. igi orive maTganisagan gansxvavebulia, maT Soris Suamdebarea, absoluturis oreulia, romelic dedanis yvela funqcias asrulebs adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi. aseTia fsevdoabsoluturis fundamenturi niSnebi, misi zogadi daxasiaTeba, rac qvemoT kidev ufro naTeli gaxdeba.

fsevdoabsolutu doabsoluturis forme mebi $92. fsevdoabsoluturis formebi


arsebobs fsevdoabsoluturis sami ZiriTadi forma, romelTagan pirvelsa da uZiriTadess warmoadgens xelovnurad gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri, romelic yvelaze srulyofilad gazomvis procesSi vlindeba. am formis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba imaSia, rom Tanamedrove sabunebismetyvelo Teoriebi _ ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria da kvanturi meqanika _ gazomvis proceduras emyareba, gazomvas ki fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs. es niSnavs, rom fsevdoabsoluturis Teoria fundamentur rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi. relatiuris xelovnurad gaabsolutureba, rac fsevdoabsoluturis am ZiriTadi formis Sinaarss warmoadgens, cnobier xasiaTs atarebs, riTac igi sxva formebisagan gansxvavdeba. adamiani am SemTxvevaSi cnobierad (xelovnurad) qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, vinaidan mis gareSe gazomvis proceduris Catareba ar SeuZlia. amaSi mdgomareobs fsevdoabsoluturis Semotanis aucilebloba. zemoT, gazomvis Teoriis logikuri analizis dros vaCveneT, rom gazomvis proceduris Casatareblad aucile314

belia sazomi erTeulis arCeva; aseTi sazomi erTeulebia metri, saaTi, Termometri, ampermetri, voltmetri, fuli da a. S. vinaidan sazomi erTeulebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs, xolo gazomvis proceduris Catareba mis gareSe SeuZlebelia, amitom adamiani maT qmnis sruliad cnobierad gazomvis proceduris Catarebis mizniT. es sidideebi TavisTavad, sazom erTeulad arCevamde, araviTari upiratesobiT ar sargeblobs sxva sidideebTan SedarebiT da, maSasadame, igi TavisTavad relatiuria. magram mas Semdeg, rac mas garkveuli moTxovnebis farglebSi (gasazomi da sazomi erTeulis erTgvaroba, mdgradoba, ucvleloba da a. S.) virCevT sazom erTeulad, vaniWebT privilegiur mniSvnelobas sxva sidideebis mimarT da, amrigad, xelovnurad vqmniT absoluturs anu fsevdoabsoluturs. sazomi erTeulis arCeva sxva araferia, garda fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnisa. misi absoluturi mniSvneloba aris is privilegiebi, romelic mas xelovnurad mivakuTvneT arCevis Sedegad, Tumca igi TavisTavad araviTar privilegiebs ar flobs. misi privilegiuroba ki is aris, rom igi amieridan zomavs _ Tavisi Tvalsazrisis mixedviT afasebs _ yvela gasazom sidides, magram TviTon ki arasodes ar aris gazomvis, Sefasebis obieqti. sazomi erTeuli ar izomeba, igi Tavisufali arCevanis Sedegia, konvenciuri bunebisaa. es arCevani determinirebulia simarjvis, moxerxebulobis, simartivis moTxovnebis mier. aravin ar moiTxovs sazomi erTeulis gazomvas, vinaidan aseTi moTxovna uazro da ganuxorcielebeli iqneboda, vinaidan mis gasazomad axali sazomi erTeulis arCeva dagvWirdeboda, xolo TviTon ki Sewyvetda sazom erTeulad arsebobas da gasazom sidided gadaiqceoda. es niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia imis dadgena, Tu ras udris sazomi erTeuli. sazom erTeuls, rogorc fsevdoabsolutur sidides, subieqturi warmomavloba aqvs; igi Cveni Seqmnilia, romelic WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs, Tumca TavisTavad aseTi ar aris. sazomi erTeuli, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturi, erTniSnaa; swored amiT asrulebs igi absoluturis funqcias. igi normaa, romliTac 315

misi Sesabamisi sidideebi izomeba. aseTia sigrZis gazomvis SemTxvevaSi metriani joxi, drois gasazomad saaTi, temperaturas gradusebiT vzomavT, saqonlis Rirebulebas _ fuliT da a. S. yvela am da amgvar SemTxvevaSi absoluturTan gvaqvs saqme. sazomi erTeulis, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturis, arCeva adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobisaTvis aucilebelia, magram ai am konkretuli sazomi erTeulis arCeva sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli. sigrZis sazom erTeulad SeiZleba avirCioT metri, romelic 100 santimetrisagan Sedgeba; magram aseve SesaZlebelia avirCioT arSini an metri vuwodoT ara 100 santimetrs, aramed 50, 70, 80 da a, S. santimetrs. es araviTar aucileblobas ar warmoadgens. asevea saaTis, Termometris, fulis da a. S. SemTxvevaSi. Cveni konvenciuri arCevanis motivs martooden simarjve, simartive da moxerxebuloba warmoadgens. fsevdoabsoluturis meore forma dakavSirebulia obieqtis mTavari, ZiriTadi, upiratesi momentis universauniversaversa lizacias zaciasTan lizaciasTan da, maSasadame, umciresi _ praqtikulad umniSvnelo _ procesebis ugulebelyofasTan fsevdoabsougulebelyofasTan lebelyofasTan. luturis es forma yvelaze naTlad funqcionirebs statistikur kanonzomierebasa da Tanamedrove determinizmSi. statistikuri kanonzomiereba, romelsac Tanamedrove bunebismetyvelTa da sociologTa umravlesoba realuri arsis uzogades kanonzomierebad Tvlis, movlenaTa samyaros relatiuri bunebis aSkara maCvenebelia. magram mecnierebas ar SeuZlia am statistikuri (relatiuri) kanonzomierebiT dakmayofileba da masSi eZebs ase Tu ise erTniSnas, garkveuls, invariantuls anu absoluturs da, ver poulobs ram mas, awarmoebs procesTa didi umravlesobis universalizacias, ugulebelyofs calkeul, mcirericxovan procesebs da, amrigad, axdens relatiuris gaabsoluturebas anu qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs. magaliTad, rodesac fizikosi laparakobs Termodinamikuri procesebis Seubrunebadobaze, maSin am cnebas fsevdoabsoluturi mniSvnelobiT xmarobs, vinaidan Termodinamikur procesebSi entropia did umravles SemTxvevaSi izrdeba, e. i. 316

procesebs Seubrunebadi xasiaTi aqvT, magram Teoriulad ar aris gamoricxuli maTi Sebruneba, e. i. calkeuli, erTeuli _ praqtikulad umniSvnelo _ negentropiuli procesebis warmoSoba, romelTa ugulebelyofa ara marto SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic. aseTia, magaliTad, e. w. jinzis saswauli (gaxurebul Rumelze dadgmuli wylis gayinva). am saswaulis albaToba katastrofulad mcirea, magram Teoriulad misi gamoricxva SeuZlebelia. miuxedavad amisa, Termodinamikur procesebs Seubrunebadad vTvliT. am Cvens mtkicebas ki fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs. aseve sociologiuri kvlevis Sedegebic fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs atarebs. induqciuri daskvnebis cnobili naklis gamo, raki yvelas gamokiTxva ar xerxdeba, amitom respodentTa didi raodenobis pasuxebi induqciis wesiT mTel sazogadoebaze vrceldeba da am gamokiTxvis Sedegebis universalizaciis gziT gamogvaqvs fsevdoabsoluturi daskvnebi. Tu gamokiTxulTa 80 an 90% dadebiT pasuxs mogvcems, maSin vambobT, rom mosaxleobis 80 an 90% ase fiqrobs, Tumca es daskvna friad saalbaTo da relatiuria. fsevdoabsoluturs xom relatiuri Zirebi aqvs. igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs Tanamedrove determinizmSi. bunebaSi ar arsebobs absoluturi aucilebloba an absoluturi SemTxveviToba. aucilebels vuwodebT imas, romelic did umravles SemTxvevaSi calsaxad meordeba, xolo sapirispiros vTvliT SemTxveviTad. orive SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturTan gvaqvs saqme. albaToba saerTod relatiurobas niSnavs, vinaidan igi mravalniSnaa da amdenad gaurkvevlobis Semcvelia. magram yvela adamiani, maT Soris mecnieric, erTniSnad azrovnebs. sxvagvari azrovneba ar arsebobs. azrovnebis procesSi ar SeiZleba raime albaToba da mravalniSnoba figurirebdes. albaTobis Sesaxeb msjeloba TviTon rodia albaTuri. bunebis kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT arasodes ar sruldeba. es exeba meqanikis kanonebsac. niutonis kanonebis CaTvla mkacrad zust kanonebad ar SeiZleba _ wers 317

ainStaini _ isini sworia mxolod garkveuli miaxloebiT.1 magram es kanonebi praqtikulad cxovrebaSi imdenad zustad sruldeba, rom maTi CaTvla absoluturad zust kanonebad Tavisuflad SesaZlebelia. calkeuli gamonaklisebis (fluqtuaciebis) albaToba imdenad mcirea, rom maTi gauTvaliswinebloba ara marto dasaSvebia, aramed aucilebelic. amitom niutonis kanonebi arsebiTad fsevdoabsoluturi kanonebia. adamianis praqtikul cxovrebaSi isini absoluturi kanonebis rols asrulebs, Tumca TavisTavad aseTi ar aris. kidev erTi magaliTi cocxali samyarodan: adamianis organizmis Semadgeneli ujredebi ganuwyveteli kvdomisa da warmoSobis procesSi imyofeba: zogi kvdeba, zogi warmoiSoba. roca cocxali ujredebis raodenoba ganuzomlad Warbobs momakvdavi ujredis raodenobas, maSin organizms cocxals vuwodebT, xolo Tu piriqiT, maSin organizmi kvdeba an mkvdaria. arc erT SemTxvevaSi ara gvaqvs absoluturi sicocxle an sikvdili; am cnebebs Cven fsevdoabsoluturi mniSvnelobiT vxmarobT. aqac fsevdoabsoluturis meore forma aSkarad figurirebs. fsevdoabsoluturis mesame formas warmoadgens e. w. SemosazRvru mosazRvruli absoluturi, soluturi SemosazRvruli absoluturi romelic funqcionirebs sinamdvilis calkeul sferoebSi, sadac igi erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba. igi fsevdoabsoluturia imitom, rom mas, marTalia, absoluturis niSani (erTniSnoba) ki miewereba, magram miewereba mxolod am mimarTebaSi da ara saerTod. mimarTeba marTebaSi WeSmariti absoluturi ki veraviTar SemosazRvras ver iTmens, xolo am SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturs absoluturis SemosazRvra qmnis. aseTia, magaliTad, evkliduri geometriis aqsiomebi, saxeldobr, paralelobis postulati, romelsac absoluturi mniSvneloba mxolod evklidur sivrceSi aqvs. aseve samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami 2 ds udris mxolod evkliduir geometriaSi. niutonis meqamxolod nikis kanonebs absoluturi mniSvneloba aqvs mxolod im sivrceSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT; mikro da mega samya1

. , , . IV, ., 1967, . 113.

318

roebs sul sxva kanonebi aqvs. aseve sinaTlis siCqare mudmivia mxolod cariel sivrceSi. iuridiul kanonebs normatiuli mniSvneloba aqvs ama Tu im konkretul saxelmwifoSi da ara nebismier qveyanaSi da a. S. amrigad, yvela am SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturobas SemosazRvruloba qmnis. WeSmariti absoluturi ki upiroboa, universaluria, yovelgvari mimarTebis gareSea. fsevdoabsoluturis es mesame formac Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi figurirebs, kerZod, ainStainis relatiurobis TeoriaSi igi fundamentur rols TamaSobs, vinaidan es Teoria sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois intervalebis relatiurobas amtkicebs. es monakveTebi da intervalebi sxvadasxva (moZravi an uZravi) aTvlis sistemidan gazomvisas sxvadasxva mniSvnelobas iZens, rac sivrcisa da drois relatiurobis maCvenebelia. magram igive monakveTebi da intervalebi erTsa da imave aTvlis sistemaSi invarantulia, erTniSnaa, anu absoluturi mniSvneloba aqvT. maTi absoluturoba ki SemosazRvrulia mocemuli mimarTebiT (aTvlis sistemiT). am azriT SeiZleba vilaparakoT sigrZis monakveTebisa da drois intervalebis fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTze. igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis gazomvis procesSic. ori xdomiloba erTi aTvlis sistemidan gazomvisas SeiZleba iyos erTdrouli, xolo igive xdomilobani sxva aTvlis sistemis mimarT _ araerTdrouli. TiToeuli aTvlis sistemis farglebSi maTi erTdrouloba an araerTdrouloba erTniSnaa anu absoluturia. magram swored am SemosazRvrulobis gamo igi aris ara absoluturi, aramed fsevdoabsoluturi. aseTia fsevdoabsoluturis sami ZiriTadi forma, Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris sxva formebis aRmoCenac.

319

Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame fsevdoabsoluturi codna fsevdoabsoluturi codna doabsolutu konvencionalu venci luri Semecnebis bune mecne neba $93. konvencionaluri Semecnebis buneba
Semecnebis procesisa da codnis Camoyalibebis erTerT aucilebel pirobas konvencia warmoadgens. marTalia, TviTon konvencia ar aris Semecneba, magram igi Semecnebis saSualebaa, misi iaraRia. amaSi mdgomareobs konvenciis gnoseologiuri funqcia, rac ganpirobebulia imiT, rom konvencias fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs. winamdebare TavSi mocemuli iqneba am debulebis dasabuTebis cda. puankarem konvenciis cneba geometriuli aqsiomebis bunebis asaxsnelad Semoitana. geometriuli aqsiomebi, misi azriT, SeTanxmebebs (konvenciebs) warmoadgens. geometriuli aqsiomebi _ wers igi _ ar aris arc sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobani, arc cdiseuli faqtebi. isini aris pirobiTi SeTanxmebani (konvenciebi)... SeniRbuli gansazRvrebani.1 puankares mixedviT, geometriaSi WeSmaritebis sakiTxi ar dgas. arc erTi geometria ar SeiZleba iyos ufro WeSmariti, vidre sxva. esa Tu is geometria SeiZleba iyos mxolod ufro marjve. evkliduri geometria ufro marjve da moxerxebulia sxva geometriebTan SedarebiT da masSia misi erTaderTi upiratesoba.2 rogorc vxedavT, aq gamoTqmulia geometriis relatiurobis problema, romelsac gasuli saukunis bunebismecnierebis filosofiaSi (gansakuTrebiT neopozitivizmSi) bevri damcveli hyavda. maTi umravlesoba, puankares kvaldakval, geometriis relatiurobasa da sxvadasxva geometriuli sistemebis ekvivalenturobas imaSi xedavda, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris WeSmariti. magram, Cven
1 2

. , , ., 1990, . 49. iqve, gv. 49-50

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vfiqrobT, rom SesaZlebelia geometriis relatiurobis problemis sruliad sapirispiro gadawyveta ekvivalenturobis principis SenarCunebiT. saxeldobr, yvela geometriuli sistema WeSmaritia mxolod TavianTi sagnebis mimarT da amaSia maTi ekvivalenturobac, relatiurobac da, kidev metic, fsevdoabsoluturobac.1 marTalia, puankare ZiriTadad geometriuli aqsiomebis konvenciurobis Sesaxeb msjelobs, magram amasTanave kargad xedavs am ideebis eqstrapoliciis SesaZleblobas mecnierebis sxva sferoebSi, kerZod fizikaSi. marTlac, sruliad udavo unda iyos, rom konvenciuroba geometriuli aqsiomebiT ar unda Semoifarglebodes, aramed yvela mecnierebisaTvis (da, rogorc qvemoT vnaxavT, ara marto mecnierebisaTvis) universalur kanonzomierebas unda warmoadgendes. mecnieruli Teoriebi yovelTvis raRac postulatebidan amodis, romlebic SeiZleba uSualod ar Candes imitom, rom isini, puankares termini rom vixmaroT, SeniRbuli gansazRvrebania, magram, amis miuxedavad, maTi uaryofa SeuZlebelia. planki, ainStaini da sxva mravali fizikosi Tvlis, rom bunebismecniereba obieqturi sinamdvilis arsebobis ideidan amodis, romelsac igi postulatad, dausabuTeblad iRebs ara marto imitom, rom dausabuTebadia, aramed imitomac, rom misi dasabuTebis mcdeloba bunebismecnierebis prerogativas ar warmoadgens. bunebismecnieruli Teoriebis ageba mxolod im SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba, Tu am postulats miviRebT, e. i. Tu imaSi SevTanxmdebiT, rom arsebobs obieqturi, adamianis nebisagan, misi Semecnebisagan damoukidebeli garegani samyaro. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi konvenciasTan gvaqvs saqme. garda am zogadi (uzogadesi) konvenciuri xasiaTis postulatisa, TiToeul mecnierebas ufro konkretuli, specifikuri konvenciuri postulatebic aqvs. magaliTad, ainStainis relatiurobis specialuri Teoria ori postulatidan amodis: sinaTlis siCqaris mudmivoba da relati1

am problemis ufro vrceli analizi bunebismecnierebis filosofia, Tb., 1974

ix.

Cvens

wignSi

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uroba, romelTa postulirebis, e. i. winaswari miRebis gareSe Teoriis ageba SeuZlebelia. ras warmoadgens es postulatebi? aviRoT pirveli maTgani _ sinaTlis siCqaris siCqa qaris mudmivoba mivoba, mudmivoba ainStaini Tvlis, rom sicarieleSi sinaTle yvela mimarTulebiT Tanabari siCqariT vrceldeba. am postulatzea agebuli sivrcisa da drois relativisturi Teoria. kerZod, sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdroulobis Teoria. Tu imaSi ver SevTanxmdebiT, rom sinaTlis siCqare mudmivia, maSin sivrceSi daSorebuli xdomilobebis erTdrouloba-araerTdroulobis Sesaxeb msjeloba SeuZlebeli iqneba. zemoTqmulidan cxadi unda iyos, rom ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria konvencionaluri xasiaTis postulatebidan amodis, rac imis maCvenebelia, rom konvenciebi arsebiT rols TamaSobs ara marto maTematikaSi, aramed agreTve sxva mecnierebaTa sferoSic. axla vnaxoT, Tu ras warmoadgens konvencia, rogoria misi buneba da roli Semecnebis procesSi. WeSmaritebis mixedviT realuri gansazRvrebebis ekvivalenturoba imas ki ar niSnavs, rom arc erTi maTgani ar aris WeSmariti, aramed sruliad piriqiT, imas, rom garkveul mimarTebaSi, garkveul pirobebSi yvela WeSmaritia. konvenciuri xasiaTis gansazRvrebani warmoSobis mixedviT (geneturad) relatiuria, mravalniSnaa, sxvadasxva mimarTebaSi sxvadasxva mniSvneloba aqvs. mravalniSnobis pirobebSi ki raimes Semecneba, moazreba an Tundac azris gamoTqma SeuZlebelia. magram mas Semdeg, rac Cven romelime gansazRvreba avirCieT, e. i. SevTanxmdiT mis upiratesobaSi (simarjvis, simartivis, moxerxebulobis mixedviT), man privilegiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina, erTniSna gaxda da, maSasadame, absoluturis saxiT warmosdga. es ki niSnavs relatiuris anu ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis mqone gansazRvrebebidan erT-erTis gaabsoluturebas anu fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas. misi fsevdoabsoluturoba imaSia, rom SeTanxmebis Sedegad, e. i. mas Semdeg, rac konvenciuri arCevani ganxorcielda, mocemulma gansazRvrebam ekvivalenturi (relatiuri) mniSvnelobis sferodan 322

absoluturis (upiratesis, privilegiuris) sferoSi gadainacvla. swored amitom aris igi yalbi anu fsevdoabsoluturi, anu konvencionalizmi aris fsevdoabsoluturis konvencionaliz venci lizmi fsevdo soluturis doa lutu Teo Teoria. im ideis yvelaze naTel dadasturebas gazomvis TeoriaSi vxvdebiT, romlis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda laparaki. aq ki mxolod imas aRvniSnavT, rom vinaidan sazomi erTeulebi bunebaSi ar arsebobs, xolo gazomvis proceduris Catareba maT gareSe SeuZlebelia, amitom ekvivalenturi (relatiuri) mniSvnelobis sidideebidan simartivisa da simarjvis (moxerxebulobis) mixedviT virCevT erT-erTs, vaniWebT mas privilegiur mniSvnelobas, anu vawarmoebT relatiuris gaabsoluturebas, vqmniT fsevdoabsoluturs. am process, cxadia, konvencionaluri xasiaTi aqvs, vinaidan sazomi erTeulis arCevani SeTanxmebis gareSe SeuZlebelia. amrigad, nebismieri konvencia fsevdoabsolunebismie bismi konven vencia fsevdoabsoludoabsolu turia ria. turia konvencia, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturi, WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs. samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami evklides geometriaSi mxolod 2d-s udris, mxolod oTaxis farTobi metriani sazomi erTeulis mimarT uTuod amdensa da amdens Seadgens da a. S. es niSnavs, rom fsevdoabsoluturi WeSmarit absoluturs cvlis; igi imitom Semogvaqvs, rom WeSmariti absoluturi mouxelTebelia. SeuZlebelia imis gageba, Tu ras udris mocemuli fizikuri sididis zoma sazom erTeulTan Sefardebis gareSe. sazomi erTeuli ki SeTanxmebis _ konvenciis _ Sedegia da, maSasadame, gaabsoluturebul relatiur sidides anu fsevdoabsoluturs warmoadgens. konvenciis fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs isic adasturebs, rom nebismieri konvencia erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba, xolo erTniSnoba absoluturis gnoseologiuri niSania. raimes gamoyofa (arCeva) ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis obieqtebisagan swored mis erTniSnad, absolutad gardaqmnas niSnavs. Semecneba SeuZlebelia erTniSnas anu absoluturis moxmarebis gareSe. amitom adamiani xelovnurad (cno-

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bierad an aracnobierad) qmnis absoluturs, eweva relatiuris gaabsoluturebas anu qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs. relatiuris gaabsolutureba anu fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas adgili aqvs adamianis rogorc Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli moRvaweobis procesSi. magaliTad, adamians, romlis naazrevi, ordinaruli xasiaTis gamo, aravis yuradRebas ar imsaxurebs, gansakuTrebuli interesiT mousmenen maSin, Tu mas parlamentSi airCeven an sxva maRal Tanamdebobaze daniSnaven. es aris relatiuris gaabsoluturebis anu fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnis martivi magaliTi. amitom sruliad miuReblad migvaCnia Tvalsazrisi relativizmisa da konvencionalizmis igiveobis Sesaxeb. konvencionalizmi Seicavs relativizms, magram masze ar daiyvaneba; igi relatiuridan absoluturze gadasvlis process warmoadgens. ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobebidan erT-erTis arCeva fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas niSnavs. arCevani ki motivis gareSe SeuZlebelia. buridanis viri, romelsac Tivis or grovas Soris arCevanis motivi ara aqvs (orives tolfasovnebis gamo), SimSiliT ar kvdeba ara imitom, rom am oridan erT-erTs irCevs, aramed imitom, rom igi arCevans akeTebs SimSilsa da simaZRres Soris am ukanasknelis sasargeblod. am SemTxvevaSic arCevans kvlav motivi gansazRvravs. es motivi ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobebis arsebobis SemTxvevaSi garedan ki ar momdinareobs, aramed subieqturi fenomenia. analogiuri mdgomareoba gvaqvs sxvadasxva tipis (evkliduri da araevkliduri) geometriebidan erT-erTis arCevis SemTxvevaSic. is garemoeba, rom ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis mqone geometriebidan evklidurs virCevT simarjvis, simartivis, moxerxebulobis gamo, agreTve subieqturi proceduraa. ufro martivi da moxerxebulia imis mtkiceba, rom or wertils Soris umoklesi manZili swori xazia, samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami udris 2d-s, mocemuli sworis gareSe mdebare wertilidan mxolod erTi sworis gavleba SeiZleba, romelic mocemul swors arsad ar gadakveTs da a. S. fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmna gnoseologiur aucileblobas warmoadgens, vi324

naidan igi garkveulobis aucilebeli pirobaa. swored es aucilebloba gvaiZulebs, rom arCevani subieqturi kriteriumis gamoyenebiT gavakeToT, romlis mixedviT arCeuli samyaro subieqturobis daRs atarebs. fsevdoabsoluturi xom obieqturi viTarebiT ganpirobebuli subieqturi fenomenia. igi Cveni Seqmnilia Teoriuli da praqtikuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebis mizniT. aqamde konvenciebis Sesaxeb msjelobisas mxedvelobaSi gvqonda mxolod mecnierebaSi moxmarebuli konvenciebi. a. puankare swored am tipis konvenciebze laparakobda, kidev metic, igi ZiriTadad maTematikur (geometriul) konvenciebze msjelobda. magram mecnieruli konvenciebi konvenciebis mxolod erT-erTi da ara erTaderTi saxea. sinamdvileSi ki adamianis mTeli Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweoba konvenciebis fonze mimdinareobs. saxeldobr, garda mecnieruli (ZiriTadad maTematikuri da sabunebismetyvelo) konvenciebisa, arsebobs agreTve verbaluri, praqtikuli, sruli, arasruli, sasargeblo da saziano konvenciebi. verbalur konvenciebs miekuTvneba Cveni metyveleba, ena, saxeldeba. sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli, rom sagnebs is saxeli vuwodoT, rasac vuwodebT. Tu mas sxva saxels davarqmevT, amiT araferi ar Seicvleba. mTavaria, rom erTniSnad SevTanxmdeT imaSi, rom am sagans es saxeli vuwodoT da ara sxva ram. amgvari SeTanxmeba sinamdvileSi gasarkvevad aucilebelia. amdenad verbalur konvenciebs Cvens praqtikul cxovrebaSi fundamenturi mniSvneloba aqvT. praqtikuli konvenciebi Cveni cxovrebis wess qmnis da xSirad Cveni qcevis savaldebulo normad iqceva. isini dadgenilia adamianebis mier isev da isev simarjvisa da moxerxebulobis mixedviT; sxva mxriv ki (ontologiurad) maT araviTari upiratesoba ara aqvT alternatiul qcevebs Soris. magaliTad, araviTari aucilebloba ar arsebobs imisa, rom sufraze Cangali marcxniv idos, dana ki marjvniv. sruliad SesaZlebelia piriqiT. magram mas Semdeg, rac sazogadoeba pirvel variantSi SeTanxmda, anu SesaZlebeli ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis variantebidan 325

airCia, am wesma privilegiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina, qcevis absolutur normad iqca da, maSasadame, fsevdoabsoluturi qcevis saxiT warmosdga. am wesidan gadaxveva _ danis marcxena xeliT, xolo Canglis marjvena xeliT xmareba _ miuReblad iTvleba. magram es arCevani _ fsevdoabsoluturi qcevis wesis Camoyalibeba _ umotivo rodia. igi ganpirobebulia kvlav simartivisa da moxerxebulobis mier. Tu danas marjvena xelSi daviWerT, marcxenaSi ki _ Cangals, maSin TefSze mdebare xorcs ufro iolad gavWriT da aseve iolad mivirTmevT, vidre piriqiT. TviTon cacia adamianic romlisTvis meore varianti ufro misaRebia, valdebulia sazogadoebis mier arCeuli wesi daicvas. konvencias aq gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs. arsebiTad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs praqtikuli konvenciebis sxva SemTxvevaSic. magaliTad, calkeuli gamonaklisis garda, yvela qveynis manqanis mZRoli saWesTan marcxniv zis. am SemTxvevaSic konvenciasTan gvaqvs saqme. sruliadac ar aris aucilebeli, rom manqanis saWe marcxniv iyos (zogierT qveyanaSi marjvnivaa); magram am ori variantidan sazogadoebam (Tu manqanaTmSeneblobam) pirveli airCia (anu moxda SeTanxmeba manqanaTmSeneblebs Soris), ris Sedegad es wesi damkvidrda. cxadia, rom es arCevanic umotivo ar yofila. im qveyanaSi, sadac manqanebi quCis marjvena mxares moZraobs, mZRolisaTvis ufro moxerxebulia saWesTan marcxniv jdoma, raTa sapirispiro mimarTulebiT moZravi manqanebi SeniSnos da swori orientacia aiRos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu mis win sxva manqana moZraobs. amrigad, arCevans aqac simarjve da moxerxebuloba, rogorc subieqturi fenomeni, gansazRvravs. erTi sityviT, konvencia cariel adgilze arasodes ar Cndeba; igi yovelTvis motivirebulia, Tumca es motivi subieqturia. magram arc imis Tqma SeiZleba, rom TiTqos konvencias saerTod ara aqvs empiriuli safuZvlebi da Cveni arCevani martooden subieqturi motivebiT aris gansazRvruli. samagaliTod aviRoT evkliduri geometriis aqsiomebi da ZiriTadi debulebani. marTalia, puankare Tvlis, rom geometria ar aris cdiseuli (empiriuli) mecniereba, vina326

idan Tuki geometria cdiseuli mecniereba iyos, igi ar iqneboda zusti mecniereba da mudmiv Semowmebas moiTxovda1, magram igi arc imas uaryofs, rom geometriul debulebaTa Semowmeba cdiT SeiZleba. evklidur sivrceSi, romelSic Cven vcxovrobT, or wertils Soris umokles manZils swori xazi warmoadgens, samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jami 2d-s udris da a. S. gadaxra am kanonzomierebidan, rasac uTuod aqvs adgili, CvenTvis SeumCnevelia. gadmogvcemen, rom gausma samkuTxedi germaniis mTebze aago, magram misi kuTxeebis jamis gadaxra ori swori kuTxis jamisagan mainc ver aRmoaCina. Cveni SemecnebiTi unaris es SezRuduloba. romelic saSualebas ar gvaZlevs, rom yvela SesaZlebeli SemTxveva gaviTvaliswinoT (yovel SemTxvevaSi empiriulad aRmovaCinoT) gansazRvravs Cvens konvenciur arCevans, xolo raki gansazRvravs, igi aris arasruli da ara sruli konvencia. meore mxriv arsebobs sruli konvenciebic romlesruli konvenci bic, cie bic martooden subieqturi motivebiT aris gansazRvruli. aseTia, magaliTad, verbaluri konvenciebi. konvenciebis buneba _ maTi universaluri mniSvneloba _ yvelaze naTlad swored verbalur anu lingvistur sferoSi mJRavndeba. nebismieri ena (bgeriTi, Jestebis da a. S.) konvenciuria; igi ar aris obieqtis asaxva, aramed mxolod pirobiTi niSani, romelic konvenciis (SeTanxmebis) safuZvelze dgindeba. sityva rom sagans asaxavdes, maSin mxolod erTi ena iarsebebda; enebis simravle maT pirobiTobaze metyvelebs. sityva ar aris sagnis arsebis amsaxveli. swored amitom saxeldeba araviTar Sinagan aucileblobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. mSoblebi Tanxmdebian imaSi, rom axalSobils es saxeli uwodon. SeTanxmebis Semdeg ki am saxelma privilegiuri mniSvneloba SeiZina da Tavisebur fsevdoabsoluturad iqca. misi fsevdoabsoluturoba imaSia, rom nebismieri ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis saxeldebidan es saxeli SeirCa da mas privilegiuri mniSvneloba mieniWa. amieridan yvela valdebulia, rom am ada1

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mians swored es saxeli uwodon da ara sxva ram. saxeldebis fsevdoabsoluturobis damadasturebeli isicaa, rom nebismieri saxeli erTniSnaa, erTniSnoba ki absoluturis niSania. alternatiuli da ekvivalenturi mniSvnelobis saxelebidan erT-erTis arCeva mis gaabsoluturebas anu fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas niSnavs. nebismieri saxeli erTniSnobiT xasiaTdeba; SeiZleba adamians ori an meti saxeli hqondes, magram maTgan umeteswilad mxolod erTi funqcionirebs. zogjer ki ramdenime saxeli (magaliTad, iohan volfgang goeTe, jorj Ggordon baironi da sxva), rogorc wesi, erT saxelad moiazreba da, maSasadame, erTniSnobis principi aqac SenarCunebulia. saxeldebis dros arCevanis motivi did umravles SemTxvevaSi figurirebs. axalSobil bavSvs saxels raRac mizezis gamo arqmeven (saxelis mimzidveloba, gamoCenili pirovnebis an naTesavis saxsovrad da a. S.). magram isic SesaZlebelia, rom saxeli raRac obieqtur viTarebas aRniSnavdes. magaliTad, konkias Zveli da daxeuli tansacmlis matarebel adamians eZaxian; matarebeli dakavSirebulia sityvasTan tareba, TviTmfrinavi _ frenasTan da a. S. magram es sagnobrivi viTarebani martooden sityvis SerCevis motivia, vinaidan TviTon sityvebi: tareba, frena da a. S. TviTnebur konvenciebs warmoadgens, romelmac Semdgom _ sityvaxmarebaSi _ sagnobrivi mniSvneloba SeiZina da aseve sagnobriobis STabeWdilebas qmnis. sinamdvileSi ki igi iseTive konvenciuri mniSvnelobis sityvaa, rogorc yvela danarCeni. Tu am TvalsazrisiT SevxedavT mecnierul konvenciebs, isini ormagad konvenciuri aRmoCndeba: sagnobrivad da verbalurad. terminebi: Zala, siCqare, aCqareba, atomi, ujredi da a. S. TviTneburi verbaluri konvenciebia, romlebic araviTar Sinagan aucileblobasTan ar aris dakavSirebuli. aseve ormagad konvenciuria aqsiomebic: verbalurad da funqciurad. wertili, manZili, swori da a. S. verbaluri konvenciebia garkveuli obieqturi viTarebis aRsaniSnavad. meore mxriv isini TavianTi 328

funqciiT maTematikis moTxovnebs akmayofilebs, saganTa viTarebebs aRniSnavs. verbaluri konvenciebi sxva tipis konvenciebze gacilebiT farToa. isini moicavs yvelafers, rasac adamiani moiazrebs. azrisa da enis ganuyreloba verbaluri konvenciebis universalurobis maCvenebelia. konvencia Semotanilia iq, sadac uSualo Semecneba SeuZlebelia. magram es ar niSnavs imas, rom TiTqos konvencia Semecnebas cvlis, piriqiT, konvencia aris SemecneSemecnemecne saSu leba Sua ba. bis saSualeba magaliTad, SeuZlebelia sazomi erTeulis Semecneba, vinaidan bunebaSi sazomi erTeulebi ar arsebobs; maT adamiani qmnis gazomvis proceduris Casatareblad. miT umetes aseTia verbaluri konvenciebi. axalSobil bavSvs araviTari saxeli Tan ar dahyveba; mas mSoblebi urCeven saxelebs. asevea sagnebisa da movlenebis da TviT maTematikuri konvenciebis saxeldebis SemTxvevaSic. swori xazi or wertils Soris umoklesia Tu ara, amis dadgena SeuZlebelia, Tu winaswar ar SevTanxmdiT imaSi, Tu romel geometriasTan gvaqvs saqme. aseve iTqmis samkuTxedis kuTxeebis jamze, romelic sxvadasxva sistemaSi sxvadasxvaa. magram is, rac zemoT vTqviT, araviTar SemTxvevaSi ar niSnavs Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uaryofas, ar niSnavs agnosticizms. sruliad piriqiT; konvenciebis umTavresi da, SeiZleba iTqvas, erTaderTi daniSnuleba is aris, rom Semecneba SesaZlebeli gaxados, obieqturi sinamdvilis suraTi subieqtur prizmaSi warmoadginos, vinaidan Semmecnebeli swored subieqtia. igi sakuTari resursebiT, sakuTari saSualebebiT aRwevs sinamdvilis asaxvas. Tu isev gazomvis cnebas mivmarTavT, yvelaferi naTeli iqneba. ra mizniT awarmoebs adamiani gazomvis operacias? mxolod da mxolod obieqturi sinamdvilis Semecnebis mizniT. mas surs gaigos, vTqvaT, oTaxis farTobi. amisaTvis ki aucilebelia, rom man winaswar airCios sazomi erTeuli _ SevTanxmdeT imaSi, rom am oTaxis gasazomad movixmarT metrian joxs, romelic sigrZis sazomi saerTaSoriso etalonis tolia. es arCevani aris konven329

cia, fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmna. gazomvis Sedegad miviRebT zomas, vTqvaT, 20 erTeuls da vityviT, rom mocemuli oTaxis farTobi aris 20 kvadratuli metri. es aris oTaxis farTobis Semecneba. sxvagvarad _ sazomi erTeulis arCevis gareSe _ oTaxis farTobis gazomva (Semecneba) SeuZlebelia. amrigad, konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs ara mxolod gazomvis proceduras, aramed mis Sedegsac _ zomas. Cven SevimecneT ara uSualod oTaxis farTobi, aramed am farTobis Sefardeba Cvens mier arCeul sazom erSefardeba farde TeulTan. am proceduras vuwodebT gazomvis operacias. Tu sazom erTeuls SevcvliT, vTqvaT, avirCevT arSins, maSin igive oTaxis farTobi sxva mniSvnelobas miiRebs. amitom azri ara aqvs kiTxvas, Tu ras udris oTaxis farTobi sazom erTeulTan Sefardebis gareSe. ra aris es, Tu ara obieqturi sinamdvilis Semecneba? swored amas niSnavs obieqturi sinamdvilis subieqtuir formaSi asaxva, razec Semecnebis TeoriaSi xSirad laparakoben. amrigad, konvencia Semecnebis saSualebaa da ara misi Semcvleli. Semecnebis saSu lebaa mecne Sua arsebiTad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs verbalur sferoSic. Tu sagans raRac saxeli ar SevarqviT, misi Semecneba (moazreba) SeuZlebeli iqneba. rogor ilaparakebs, magaliTad, fizikosi bunebis kanonzomierebaze, Tu ar moixmara sityvebi: Zala, siCqare, aCqareba da a. S? enis roli Semecnebis procesSi swored amaSi mdgomareobs. verbaluri konvenciebi _ saxeldeba _ swored Semecnebas emsaxureba da sxvas arafers. konvenciebs SemecnebiTi mniSvneloba aqvs ara marto mecnierebaSi, aramed Semecnebis nebismier sferosa da doneze. es niSnavs, rom aseTia ara mxolod verbaluri, aramed nebismieri konvencia. SesaZlebelia Tu ara konvenciebis Semowmeba an maT mimarT WeSmariteba-Secdomis predikatebis gamoyeneba? cxadia, rom ar SeiZleba. konvencia swored imitom aris konvencia, rom mas simboluri xasiaTi aqvs da, maSasadame, arc WeSmaritia da arc mcdari, aramed ganusazRvreli. WeSmariti an mcdari aris is, rac realur viTarebas asaxavs. konvenciebi ki simboloebia, modelebia, adamianis mier Seqmnili fenomenebia da ara obieqtur sinamdvileSi 330

TavisTavad arsebuli ram. simboloebze ki WeSmaritebaSecdomis niSnebs ver gamoviyenebT. am azriT vambobT, rom konvenciebi Semecnebis sferos gareSe dgas, Tumca Semecnebas emsaxureba; maTi erTaderTi daniSnuleba Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uzrunvelyofaa. zemoTqmulidan isic naTeli unda iyos, rom konvenciebis Seqmna rogorec Teoriuli, aseve praqtikuli aucileblobaa. adamians konvenciebis gareSe ara marto Semecneba ar SeuZlia, aramed arc praqtikuli moRvaweoba. aqac aSkarad Cans maTi fsevdoabsoluturi buneba. swored fsevdoabsoluturis gareSe SeuZlebelia azrovnebac, azris gamoTqmac (metyveleba) da praqtikuli saqmianobac. erTniSnoba, romelic absoluturis (aseve fsevdoabsoluturis) ZiriTadi niSania, sinamdvileSi orientaciis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. dasasrul, gaugebrobis Tavidan asacileblad saWirod migvaCnia ganvixiloT konvencionalizmis kvalifikaciis sakiTxi. zogierTi kritikosi konvencionalizms agnostikur kvalifikacias aZlevs, Tvlis, rom konvencia Semecnebis SesaZleblobis uaryofaa. vinc konvenciebis agnostikur xasiaTze laparakobs, etyoba, adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis usasrulobidan amodis da aviwydeba, rom adamiani sasruli arsebaa, rac misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli SesaZleblobis sasrulobaSi gamoixateba. agnosticizmi, yovel SemTxvevaSi hiumesTan, adamianis SemecnebiTi unarebis sasrulobis hipertrofirebul formaSi warmodgenaa, rac ara marto sadavo, aramed, Cveni azriT, yalbi Tvalsazrisia. magram sul sxvaa e. w. zomieri agnosticizmi, romelic saerTod ki ar uaryofs adamianis mier sinamdvilis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas, aramed am SesaZleblobaTa martooden usasrulobas. konvenciebis arseboba arc SemecnebiTi unarebis SezRudulobas niSnavs, aramed mxolod imas, rom obieqtis Semecnebis aucilebel pirobas konvenciis, rogorc fsevdoabsoluturis, Seqmna warmoadgens. maSasadame, konvenciebis arseboba Semecnebis SeuZleblobas ki ar asabuTebs, aramed, piriqiT, mis SesaZleb331

lobas. konvenciebi Semecnebis mizniT Semogvaqvs. amitom maTi agnostikuri kvalifikacia sruliad usafuZvloa. kidev ufro didi Secdomaa konvencionalizmis subieqtur-idealisturi interpretacia.1 konvenciebs araferi saerTo ara aqvT arc materializmTan da arc idealizmTan, miT umetes subieqtur idealizmTan. ra uazrobaa subieqturi idealisti uwodo mSobels, romelic Svils mis mier arCeul saxels arqmevs (verbaluri konvencia), an im adamians, romelic sigrZis an farTobis gasazomad sazom erTeuls irCevs? aq araviTari subieqturi idealizmi ar aris. aseTia konvencionaluri Semecnebis fsevdoabsoluturi buneba, rac adamianuri Semecnebis saerTo kanonzomierebas gamoxatavs. Semecnebas konvencionaluri xasiaTi aqvs, konvenciebis saSualebiT sruldeba, vinaidan swored konvencia uzrunvelyofs erTniSnobas, rac Semecnebis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens. es ki sxva araferia, garda fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnisa, rac erTxel kidev adasturebs Semecnebisa da misi Sedegis _ codnis _ fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs.

mecni ruli Teo nie $94. mecnieruli Teoria


Tanamedrove epistemologiis erT-erT centralur problemas mecnieruli Teoriis buneba da misi ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba warmoadgens. es problema gansakuTrebuli intensivobiT ganixileboda mTeli gasuli saukunis ganmavlobaSi pozitivistursa (neopozitivistursa) da postpozitivistur filosofiaSi. Cvens axlandel mizans am problemis yovelmxrivi analizi ar warmoadgens, aramed mxolod da mxolod mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoabsoluturi bunebis Cveneba. mecniereba yovelTvis mecnieruli Teoriis saxiT arsebobs. es niSnavs, rom mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc
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mecnieruli codnis sistema, aris mecnierebis arsebobis forma, xolo am formis, e. i. mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarsi sami komponentisagan Sedgeba: mecnierebis kanonebi, garkveuli Teoriuli konstruqtebi (cnebebi, specialurmecnieruli kategoriebi da Sesabamisi terminebi) da empiriuli codna. mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc forma, am Sinaarseuli elementebis axsnas, maT urTierTdakavSirebas, erT sistemad Camoyalibebas warmoadgens. mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarseul elementebs mecnierul faqtebs uwodemecni nie faqtebs ben, vinaidan isini faqtebia, am sityvis farTo mniSvnelobiT, romelTa axsna (mowesrigeba) mecnieruli Teoriis ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens. mecnieruli faqtis qveS ara marto empiriuli monacemebi (vTqvaT, maikelsonis cdis Sedegebi) igulisxmeba, aramed agreTve mecnierebis kanonebi da Teoriuli konstruqtebi. maTi codna mecnierul codnas warmoadgens, magram igi jer kidev ar aris mecnieruli Teoria, vinaidan es faqtebi TavisTavad mouwesrigebelia, usistemoa, maT Soris araviTari kavSiri ar aris. mecnieruli Teoria maT erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, awesrigebs, sistemaSi mohyavs, axsnis, awarmoebs mecnieruli faqtebis interpretacias. mecnieruli Teoria cocxal organizms hgavs. igi ganuwyvetlad aqtiurobs, arasodes ar aris uZrav, pasiur mdgomareobaSi. es aqtiuroba, uwinares yovlisa, imaSi vlindeba, rom igi, im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca mas sakmao raodenobis faqtebi aqvs, romelTac igi warmatebiT xsnis, mainc ganuwyvetlad eZebs axal-axal mecnierul faqtebs, raTa sul ufro da ufro gaZlierdes, kidev ufro mtkiced dafuZndes. k. poperma mecnieruli Teoria saTevzao bades Seadara, romelic Tevzebs (mecnierul faqtebs) iWers da amaSia misi erT-erTi mTavari daniSnuleba. TviTon mecnieruli faqtebi ki inertulia, pasiuria, arafrisaken ar iltvis, aramed mxolod Teoriis saSen masalas warmoadgens. mecnieruli faqtebis ZiebaSi mecnieruli Teoria seleqciis principiT xelmZRvanelobs. saxeldobr, mas yve-

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la faqti rodi ainteresebs, aramed mxolod is, rac mas gamoadgeba, mas asabuTebs. am aqtiurobas, rac mecnieruli faqtebis dauokebel ZiebaSi gamoixateba, zogjer mocemuli mecnieruli TeoriisaTvis sabediswero Sedegebi moaqvs. saxeldobr, mecnieruli Teoriis badeSi SeiZleba moxvdes ara is Tevzi, romelic mas ainteresebs, aramed zvigeni, romelic bades gaglejs, e. i. mecnierul Teorias daangrevs da mecnieruli faqtebi xelaxla asawyobi da asaxsneli gaxdeba, magram sul sxva wesiT da sxva yaidaze. XIX saukunis bolos klasikuri fizika iseT mecnierul faqtebs waawyda, romelTa axsna mas ar SeeZlo, rasac Sedegad mohyva klasikuri meqanikis ngreva da axali fizikuri Teoriis (Teoriebis) Camoyalibeba. aseTi iyo ainStainis sivrcisa da drois axali (relativisturi) Teoria da kvanturi meqanika. mecnieruli Teoriis aqtiuroba yvelaze metad eqeqstrapolaci polacia strapolaciaSi gamoixateba. aRmoaCens ra axal-axal mecnierul faqtebs, igi ar kmayofildeba miRweuliT da cdilobs rac SeiZleba ufro gaafarToos Tavisi farglebi da, Sesabamisad, SezRudos sxva mecnierebaTa sferoebi, axsnas is mecnieruli faqtebic, romlebic sxva mecnierul Teorias ver auxsnia. es niSnavs, rom mecnieruli Teoria Tavisi SesaZleblobis farglebSi yovelTvis avlens eqspansiur spansi eqspansiur bunebas sxva mecnierebaTa mimarT. cxadia, yvela mecnierul Teorias es iseve ar SeuZlia, rogorc susti da avadmyofi adamiani goliaT sportsmens ver daeWideba, magram mZlavri, fundamenturi mecnieruli TeoriisaTvis eqspansiuri ltolvebi Cveulebrivi ambavia. mecnierebis istoriam bevri icis aseTi SemTxvevebi. klasikuri meqanikis Camoyalibebas, romelic TavisTavad didi movlena iyo, Tan mohyva meqanicizmis warmoSoba, romelic yvelafris (maT Soris sicocxlis) axsnas meqanikis kanonebiT cdilobda. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis safuZvelze Camoyalibda gnoseologiuri relativizmi, kibernetikis warmoSobas Tan mohyva xelovnuri inteleqtis idea. 334

eqstrapolacias, romelzec zemoT gvqonda laparaki, SeiZleba eqstensiuri (anu sivrcis mixedviT) eqstrapolaeqstensiu stensi cia vuwodoT, vinaidan igi rac SeiZleba didi sferoebis mopovebis mcdelobas warmoadgens. misgan gansxvaveba e. w. intensiu tensi intensiuri (anu drois mixedviT) eqstrapolacia, romelic nebismier mecnierul Teorias, rogorc impliciturad, aseve eqspliciturad, cxadad, aSkarad, mourideblad axasiaTebs da romlis arsi imaSi mdgomareobs, rom mas pretenzia aqvs maradiul, absolutur WeSmaritebaze. mecnieruli Teoriis nebismieri avtori, kidev metic, nebismieri originaluri mecnieruli ideis Semomtani Tvlis, rom man aRmoaCina absoluturi WeSmariteba, romelic sabolooa da aRar Seicvleba. am bunebrivi rwmenis gareSe es aRmoCena mecnierul Teoriad an idead arsebobas ver SeZlebda. ar arsebobs da arc SeiZleba arsebobdes qveynad iseTi mecnieri, romelic Tvlides, rom mis mier Semotanili mecnieruli idea an Teoria arasrulia, Secdomebis Semcvelia, romelsac momavalSi uaryofen. amave dros es ar aris fsiqologiuri darwmunebuloba, aramed mecnieruli codnis (kidev metic, nebismieri codnis) gnoseognose seo logiuri fundamenturi Tavisebureba. logiu gi riT unda aixsnas mecnieruli Teoriis eqspansiuri buneba, misi dauokebeli ltolva eqstrapolaciisaken? TavisTavad cxadia, rom mecnieruli Teoriis eqstrapolaciuri da eqspansiuri ltolvebi imaze miuTiTebs, rom mas raRac aklia, ar aris srulqmnili, absoluturi, aramed mxolod da mxolod relatiuri. zemoT sakmaod vrclad vimsjeleT mecnieruli codnis relatiuri bunebis Sesaxeb da amJamad aRar gavimeorebT. mecnierebas rom absoluturi WeSmaritebis mopoveba SeeZlos, maSin araviTar eqstrapolacias adgili aRar eqneboda. mecnieruli Teoriis eqspansiuri xasiaTi, ltolva eqstrapolaciisaken misi fsevdoabsoluturi bunebis aSkara dadasturebas warmoadgens. mas ar SeuZlia Seeguos Tavis relatiur, naklovan mdgomareobas, ibrZvis misgan ganTavisuflebisaTvis. eqstrapolaciac da eqspansiac am

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brZolis uSualo gamovlenaa, srulqmnilobis, absoluturobisaken ltolvis gamoxatulebaa. ver egueba ra Tavis relatiur mdgomareobas, mecnieruli Teoria pretenzias acxadebs absolutur WeSmaritebaze, Tvlis rom daZlia relatiurobis sfero da absolutur WeSmaritebas eziara. mecnieruli codnis ganviTareba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom Semdgomi Taoba aRmoaCens Secdomebs winamorbedis naazrevSi, uaryofs mis pretenzias absolutur WeSmaritebaze, gamoricxavs Secdomebs da qmnis axal Teorias agreTve absoluturi WeSmaritebis pretenziiT, romelic SemdgomSi, winamorbedis beds gaiziarebs. erTi sityviT, mecnierebis ganviTareba fsevdoabsoluturis aRmoCenisa da ngrevis usasrulo procesia da amaSi mdgomareobs mecnieruli codnis revoluciuri da imave dros evoluciuri ganviTarebis procesi. mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarsis evoluciuri ganviTareba (memkvidreoba) mSvenivrad egueba mecnieruli Teoriis, rogorc mecnieruli codnis formis revoluciur gardaqmnas. mTeli es procesi ki absoluturis dadgena-uaryofis anu fsevdoabsoluturis aRmoCenis procesia. fsevdoabsoluturoba mecnieruli Teoriis arsebobis aucilebeli pirobaa. igive kanonzomiereba axasiaTebs ara mxolod mecnierul, aramed agreTve aramecnierul, yoveldRiur codnas. magaliTad, rodesac raimes vamtkicebT, maSin aracnobierad vTvliT, rom gamovTqvamT absolutur WeSmaritebas, utyuar azrs, romelic ar SeiZleba mcdari aRmoCndes. aseve fiqrobs Cveni oponentic, rodesac sawinaaRmdego azrs gamoTqvams. orive SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs fsevdoabsolutur codnasTan, gaabsoluturebul relatiurTan, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia ara mxolod mecnieruli codna, aramed saerTod raime azris gamoTqma. mecnieruli codnis sagans ZiriTadad mecnierebis kanonebis codna Seadgens. TviTon mecnieruli Teoriac upirvelesad mecnierebis kanonebs efuZneba. zemoT vaCveneT obieqturi kanonebis relatiuroba, rac Tanamedrove bunebismecnierebaSi eWvs ar iwvevs. maTi relatiuroba ki 336

mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mizezia. magram mecnierebis relatiurobis aranakleb mniSvnelovan safuZvels Semmecnebeli subieqtis unarebis SezRuduloba warmoadgens. im SemTxvevaSic ki, rom obieqturi kanonebi absoluturi sizustiT sruldebodes da araviTar relatiurobas adgili ar hqondes, mecnierebis kanonebi mainc relatiuri iqneboda subieqturi mizezebis gamo. magram adamianis Teoriuli cnobiereba ver egueba mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobas, aabsoluturebs maT, qmnis fsevdoabsolutur kanonebs, romelTa safuZvelzec ayalibebs mecnierul codnas da maT sistemas mecnieruli Teoriis saxiT. es niSnavs, rom mecnierebis kanonebi fsevdoabsoluturi kanonebia, xolo mis safuZvelze agebuli mecnieruli codna da TviT mecnieruli Teoria Tavisi arsebiT fsevdoabsoluturia, anu gaabsoluturebul relatiurs warmoadgens. maSasadame, mTeli Cveni codna _ maT Soris mecnierulic _ fsevdoabsoluturia. k. poperi mecnieruli codnis ZiriTad niSnad relatiurobas Tvlis. rasakvirvelia, nebismieri codna, mecnierulis CaTvliT, relatiuria. magram codnis arseba relatiuroba ki ar aris, aramed ganuwyveteli ltolva absoluturisaken, relatiur mdgomareobasTan Seurigebloba da pretenzia absolutur WeSmaritebaze. sxva sityvebiT, rom vTqvaT, codnis _ maT Soris mecnieruli codnis _ arseba da misi fundamenturi niSani aris fsevdoabsoluturoba. mecnieruli Teoriis pretenzia absolutur WeSmaritebaze anu misi fsevdoabsoluturoba mas xels ar uSlis, rom eZios axal-axali mecnieruli faqtebi Tavisi gavlenis sferoebis gasavrceleblad. am Ziebis process droTa ganmavlobaSi Sedegad mohyveba iseTi faqtebis aRmoCena, romelTa axsna mis SesaZleblobas aRemateba; aqedan iwyeba mecnieruli Teoriis krizisi, rac, T. kunis sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, mecnieruli revoluciiT mTavrdeba. mecnieruli revolucia niSnavs mocemuli Teoriis fsevdoabsoluturobis aRmoCenas, im Teoriisa, romelic 337

Tavis Tavs absolutur WeSmaritebad Tvlida. mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoabsoluturobis aRmoCena ki misi uaryofis tolfasia. magaliTad, klasikur fizikas mTeli ori saukunis manZilze absoluturi WeSmaritebis pretenzia hqonda. magram XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi aRmoCnda rigi iseTi faqtebisa, rac arsebuli Teoriis farglebSi ar aixsneba. amas mohyva klasikuri fizikis krizisi, romelic TandaTan gaRrmavda da mecnieruli revoluciiT damTavrda. ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriam uaryo absoluturi sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis arseboba, daasabuTa maTi relatiuroba; erTi sityviT, aRmoCnda klasikuri fizikis WeSmaritebis pretenziis usafuZvloba, misi fsevdoabsoluturoba, rac klasikuri fizikis sferoSi mecnierul revolucias niSnavda. T. kunis mecnieruli revoluciebis Teoriis erT-erT ZiriTad nakls, mis momakvdinebel codvas is warmoadgenda, rom mecnierul TeoriaTa (paradigmebis) uwyvet rigSi memkvidreobas ver xedavda. momdevno paradigma unaSTod anadgurebda winas, ris gamoc auxsneli rCeboda mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqti. Cven vfiqrobT, rom revolucia exeba mecnierul Teorias, rogorc formas, da ara am formis Sinaarss. kopernikma uaryo ptolemeosis samyaros mecnieruli suraTi, romelic yvela mecnierul faqts geocentrizmis safuZvelze xsnida, magram mas manamde arsebuli mecnieruli faqtebi ki ar uaruyvia (faqtis uaryofa arc SeiZleba; igi unda aixsnas da ara uaryofil iqnas), aramed axali faqtebiT Seavso da isini sul sxvagvarad axsna, sxvagvarad gaigo, rasac Sedegad mohyva axali Teoriis Seqmna. aqedan cxadia, rom mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarsi SedarebiT mdgradia; revolucias mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc mecnieruli codnis forma, eqvemdebareba. mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoabsoluturoba axsnisa da winaswarxedvis funqciebSic vlindeba. am funqciaTa Soris mTavars axsna warmoadgens. arsebobs axsnis sxvadasxva tipi. mizezobrivi anu kauzaluri axsna mecnieruli axsnis erT-erT ZiriTad formas warmoadgens, romelic mecnieruli kanonis safuZvelze sruldeba. ara marto kauzaluri, 338

aramed statistikuri axsnac kanonis arsebobas emyareba, kanoni ki movlenaTa mimdinareobis tendenciaSi Cans. sworia is azri, rom kanoni aris gabatonebuli tendencia (k. marqsi). statistikuri axsna swored movlenaTa msvlelobis gabatonebul tendencias gamoxatavs. isic viciT, rom yvela kanoni miaxloebiTia, relatiuria. miuxedavad amisa, axsnis procesSi isini absoluturi WeSmaritebis statuss iZens da, maSasadame, gaabsoluturebul relatiurs anu fsevdoabsoluturs warmoadgens. vinaidan kanoni miaxloebiTia, relatiuria, xolo adamians relatiuri kanonis daxmarebiT arafris axsna ar SeuZlia, amitom igi cnobierad an aracnobierad aabsoluturebs relatiur kanonebs, Tvlis maT absoluturad, qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, romlis safuZvelzec igi awarmoebs calkeuli faqtebis axsnas. nebismieri mecnieruli axsna absoluturi WeSmaritebis pretenziiT gamodis, Tumca amxsnelis (kanonis) fsevdoabsoluturobis gamo, TviTonac fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs atarebs. arsebiTad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs mecnieruli winaswarxedvis SemTxvevaSic, romelic agreTve kanonis safuZvelze sruldeba; am kanonebs ki albaTuri xasiaTi aqvT, Tumca es albaToba imdenad didia, rom misTvis absoluturi mniSvnelobis mikuTvneba ara marto SesaZlebelia, aramed aucilebelic. rodesac vambobT, rom gaxurebul Rumelze dadgmuli wyali uTuod aduRdeba, maSin am winaswarxedvas absolutur mniSvnelobas vaniWebT, vinaidan calkeuli, sruliad umniSvnelo, mosalodneli sapirispiro Sedegebis albaTobas mTlianad gamovricxavT. miuxedavad amisa, Teoriuli TvalTaxedviT Cveni winaswarxedva absoluturi ar aris, aramed gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri anu fsevdoabsoluturia. mecnieruli winaswarxedva sxvagvari arc SeiZleba iyos. zustad aseve viqceviT yoveldRiur cxovrebaSic. roca SevdivarT SenobaSi, an gadavdivarT xidze, absoluturad darwmunebuli varT, rom Senoba an xidi ar daingreva, Tumca es varaudi ar SeiZleba yovelTvis gamarTldes. hiumem am darwmunebulobas safuZvlad miCveva _ 339

warsuli gamocdileba _ daudo. am xidze mravaljer gadavsulvar, gadadian sxvebic; maSasadame, igi arc axla daingreva. am SemTxvevaSic Cvens darwmunebulobas fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs. amrigad, mecnieruli Teoria Tavisi arsebiT fsevdoabsoluturia, rac adamianuri codnis saerTo kanonzomierebas gamoxatavs. fsevdoabsoluturi kanonzomierebis universaluri mniSvnelobis sailustraciod qvemoT _ momdevno or TavSi _ SevexebiT Rirebulebisa da samarTlis filosofiis problemebs, Tumca arc erTi maTgani Teoriuli filosofiis sferos ar ekuTvnis.

Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe fsevdoabsoluturi Rirebule rebuleba fsevdoabsoluturi Rirebuleba doabsolutu RirebulebiTi cnobi rebis relatiuroba rebulebi bie lati $95. RirebulebiTi cnobierebis relatiuroba
aqamde Cveni msjelobis sagani iyo adamianis TeoriuTeoriu li moRvaweoba, kerZod Semecnebis kanonzomiereba da misi Taviseburebani. magram Teoriuli cnobiereba sruliadac ar aris adamianis sulieri samyaros erTaderTi sfero. aranakleb mniSvnelovania praqtikuli cnobiereba saxelpraqtikuli cnobi reba tiku bie ba, dobr adamianis RirebulebiTi samyaro _ eTikuri, esTetikuri, emociuri fenomenebi da procesebi. Cven ara marto vimecnebT, mecnebT vafa fasebT vimecnebT aramed vafasebT kidec Cvens gareSe arsebul sagnebsa da movlenebs; raRac mogvwons an ar mogvwons, gviyvars an gvZuls, vTvliT borotebad an sikeTed, mSvenivrad an maxinjad, samarTlianad an usamarTlod da a. S. arc erTi maTgani adamianis gareSe ar arsebobs; isini gamoxatavs Cvens emociebs, romelsac, cxadia, raRac obieqturi safuZveli aqvs. erTi sityviT, RirebulebiTi cnobiereba aris is, rac adamians, rogorc pirovnebas, ayalibebs. igi am poziciebidan xedavs samyaros anu obieqturi sinamdvile RirebulebiTi cnobierebis prizmaSi gadat-

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ydeba da amdenad adamianis praqtikuli moRvaweobis erTerT ZiriTad madeterminirebel faqtors warmoadgens. RirebulebiTi cnobierebis arseboba SeuZlebelia raRac normis, kriteriumis, orientiris anu, bunebismecnierebis terminebi rom vixmaroT, sazomi erTeulis, aTvlis sistemis gareSe. SeuZlebelia raimes Sefaseba, Tu ara gvaqvs raRac kriteriumi, nimuSi, sazomi, romlis saSualebiT vafasebT yvelafers, rasac Cvens gareSe vxedavT. es raRac aris ideali, rogorc RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZveli, romlis gareSe SeuZlebelia RirebulebiTi cnobierebis arseboba. RirebulebiTi cnobiereba ideals emyareba, idealebi ki erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. swored amitom adamianebs sxvadasxva warmodgena aqvT silamazeze, sikeTeze, borotebaze da a. S. Sefasebebs safuZvlad uZevs sxvadasxva (xSirad sapirispiro) warmodgenebi _ idealebi _ silamazis, sikeTis, samarTlianobis da a. S. Sesaxeb. es niSnavs, rom nebismieri Sefaseba _ dadebiTi an uaryofiTi _ emyareba ideals, rogorc normas, sazoms, Sefasebis kriteriums. aqedan ki mxolod im daskvnis gamotana SeiZleba, rom ideali pirveladia RirebulebasTan SedarebiT; igi xom RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZvels warmoadgens! ramdenadac ideali aris is, rac agreTve sasurvelia, amdenad igi mizans enaTesaveba. mizanic da idealic sasurvelia; magram yoveli sasurveli (ideali) ar aris mizani, vinaidan es ukanaskneli yovelTvis moqmedebasTan moqmedebas medebasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mizani mxolod iseTi idealia, romlis ganxorcielebas vcdilobT, mis gansaxorcieleblad viRwviT. magram SeiZleba bevri ram gvsurdes, magram mis miRwevas ar vcdilobdeT Tundac imitom, igi Cvens SesaZleblobas aRemateba. amrigad, ideali da mizani Tumca monaTesave fenomenebia, magram maTi gaigiveba mainc ar SeiZleba. idealis am TvisebasTan dakavSirebulia is, rom igi jerarsis sferos ekuTvnis. ideali aris is, rac unda iyos, magram realurad ar aris. jerarsi sasurvelia iyos. aqedan ki idealis usasruloba gamomdinareobs, rac usasruloba rulo 341

imas niSnavs, rom igi sisruliT arasodes ar xorcieldeba, aramed yovelTvis jerarsia, yovelTvis unda iyos da unda meti araferi. ideali aris jer kidev ganuxorcielebeli Rirebuleba, xolo Rirebuleba aris ganxorcielebuli ideali; magram es ukanaskneli ukve aRar aris ideali, vinaidan man jerarsobis sferodan arsis sferoSi gadainacvla da, maSasadame, RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZvlad yofna Sewyvita. ideali, rogorc ideali, yovelTvis jerarsia da arsis sferoSi arasodes ar gadadis. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi igi aRar iqneba ideali. ontologiam da aqsiologiam (moZRvrebam Rirebulebaze) ar SeiZleba erTmaneTi Secvalos. idealis usasruloba, Tavis mxriv, RirebulebaTa gradaciis usasrulobas ganapirobebs. arsebobs RirebulebaTa ierarqia dabalidan maRlisaken (lamazi, ufro lamazi, keTili, ufro keTili, samarTliani ufro samarTliani da a. S.). sazoms am SemTxvevaSi idealTan Sesabamisoba warmoadgens; ufro keTili ufro Seesabameba sikeTis ideals, vidre keTili. amasTan erTad RirebulebaTa am ierarqias arc erTi mxridan sazRvari ara aqvs, vinaidan ideali usasruloa, miuwvdomelia, ganuxorcielebadia. swored es garemoeba aris adamianis sulieri samyaros _ misi eTikuri, esTetikuri da TviT materialuri Rirebulebis _ usasrulo ganviTarebis garanti. idealis erT-erT ZiriTad niSans srulqmniloba warmoadgens. ideali srulqmnili unda iyos; naklovani da arasrulqmnili idealad ar gamodgeba. amasTanave idealis usasruloba srulqmnilobaSic gamoixateba. magram idealis usasruloba mis absoluturobas rodi niSnavs. piriqiT, ideali relatiuria, calkeuli adamianis kuTvnilebaa, individualuri RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZvlad Zevs. rasakvirvelia, igi SeiZleba iyos adamianTa garkveuli jgufis ideali, magram amiT misi individualuri buneba ar icvleba. sayovelTao, universaluri ideali ar arsebobs. TviTon mSvidobac ki, romelic TiTqos yvela adamianisa da socialuri jgufis ideals unda warmoadgendes, sayovelTao Rirebuleba ar 342

aris, ase rom ar iyos, maSin qveynad omebi, mkvlelobebi, terorizmi aRar iarsebebda. maSasadame, ideali da masze dafuZnebuli RirebulebiTi cnobiereba sxvadasxva adamians, sxvadasxva klass, sxvadasxva ers da a. S. umeteswilad sxvadasxva aqvs. amaSi mdgomareobs idealisa da, saerTod, Rirebulebis relatiuroba, romlis Sesaxeb qvemoT ufro vrclad gveqneba laparaki.

fsevdoabsolutu doabsoluturi idea $96. fsevdoabsoluturi ideali


miuxedavad imisa, rom ideali subieqturi da relatiuria, igi yovelTvis pretenzias acxadebs absoluturobasa da usasrulobaze da aseT funqcias kidec asrulebs adamianTa Teoriulsa da praqtikul cxovrebaSi. idealze aRmocenebuli RirebulebiTi cnobiereba Tvlis, rom igi erTaderTi swori, WeSmariti Rirebulebis matarebelia, mis mier SemoTavazebuli Sefasebebi absoluturad swori da Seuvalia. es niSnavs, rom, marTalia, Rirebuleba relatiuria, magram yvela konkretul SemTxvevaSi igi absoluturi Rirebulebis pretenziiT gamodis. rogorc vxedavT, aq saqme gvaqvs fsevdoabsolutur idealsa da mis safuZvelze aRmocenebul aseve fsevdoabsolutur RirebulebiT cnobierebasTan. sad imyofeba ideali, cnobierebaSi Tu mis miRma? es niSnavs: ideali cnobieria Tu aracnobieri? umravles SemTxvevaSi ideali calkeul subieqtSi an adamianTa jgufSi aracnobierad yalibdeba da aseve aracnobier mdgomareobaSi ganagrZobs arsebobas. qveynad arc erTi adamiani ar zrunavs idealis Camoyalibebaze, igi TavisTavad yalibdeba garemosa da gansakuTrebiT mocemuli individis Taviseburebis bazaze. idealis gareSe adamians ar eqneboda RirebulebiTi cnobiereba; mas ar eqneboda emociebi _ mSvenierebis, sikeTis, samarTlianobis da a. S. _ gancda, erTi sityviT, igi ar iqneboda adamiani. idealis aracnobier mdgomareobas isic adasturebs, rom aravis ar SeuZlia gviTxras, Tu ra aris mSvenieri, 343

maxinji, keTili, boroti da a. S. eTikursa da esTetikur cdamde. cdis procesSi ki igi Tavisi poziciebidan kargad afasebs mSveniers, keTils da a. S., Tumca manamde maT Sesaxeb arafris Tqma ar SeuZlia. TviTon genialuri xelovanic ki ver getyviT, Tu ratom xatavs an wers ase da ara sxvagvarad, riT sjobia es xazi sxva xazs, an es riTma sxva riTmas. igi intuiciurad grZnobs, rom es ukeTesia, magram ver getyviT, Tu ratom. erTi sityviT, xelovani qmnis Tavisi idealis Sesabamisad, im idealisa, romelic aracnobier mdgomareobaSia. aracnobieri ideali marTavs cnobier RirebulebiT procesebs, RirebulebiT cnobierebas. magram im SemTxvevaSi, roca ideali mizans emTxveva anu roca ideali imave dros aris mizani, maSin mas cnobieri xasiaTi aqvs. mizani ar SeiZleba aracnobieri iyos; igi cnobierebis erT-erTi elementia. utopistebs ara marto gacnobierebuli hqondaT idealuri qveyana, aramed TavianT nawarmoebebSi kidec aRwerdnen mas. amrigad, ideali SeiZleba iyos cnobieric da aracnobieric. idealis ormag bunebasTan dakavSirebulia misi arsebobis wesi. zogierTi (magaliTad, rusi esTetikosi m. s. kagani) Tvlis, rom ideali arsebobs warmodgenis saxiT warmodgenis modge da, maSasadame, konkretulobiT xasiaTdeba. am Tvalsazriss SeiZleba im SemTxvevaSi daveTanxmoT, Tu saqme exeba cnobier ideals. gacnobierebuli ideali anu iseTi ideali, romelic imave dros mizania, mxolod warmodgena SeiZleba iyos da konkretulobiT xasiaTdebodes. magram aracnobieri ideali ar SeiZleba iyos warmodgena Tundac imitom, rom warmodgena cnobierebis erTerTi struqturuli elementia. aracnobieris warmodgena ki SeuZlebelia. am SemTxvevaSi ideali arsebobs jerarjerar rarsuli ide suli ideis saxiT. aseTia, magaliTad, sikeTis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobis da sxva ideebi, romlebic sasurvelia realurad iyos, unda iyos. idealuri is iqneba, rac am ideebs Seesabameba. aseTi idea ki, rogorc RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZveli, aris ideali.

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calkeuli adamianebis, aseve adamianTa garkveuli jgufebis idealebi iSviaTad, Zalian iSviaTad emTxveva erTmaneTs. amitom idealis sruli intersubieqturobis sruli anu sayovelTaobis Sesaxeb laparaki SeuZlebelia. es ki imas niSnavs, rom ideali Tavisi bunebiT relatiuria; igi aris ama Tu im adamianis an adamianTa jgufis ideali. miuxedavad amisa, ideali yovelTvis absoluturis, usasrulos pretenziiT gamodis. idealis bunebis ormagoba am faqtSic mJRavndeba. idealis relatiuroba masze dafuZnebuli RirebulebiTi cnobierebis relatiurobas ganapirobebs. Rirebuleba bunebaSi ar arsebobs; mas ara aqvs adamianisagan damoukidebeli arseboba; igi wminda adamianuri fenomenia da mxolod adamianis mimarT arsebobs. amaSi mdgomareobs, uwinares yovlisa, misi relatiuroba. garda amisa, rogorc ukve vTqviT, igi arsebobs ara saerTod adamianis mimarT, aramed ama Tu im (konkretuli) adamianis mimarT. mas, rac erTisaTvis Rirebulia, SeiZleba meore adamianisaTvis araviTari Rirebuleba ar hqondes. sikeTe, boroteba, mSveniereba da a. S. relatiuri cnebebia da maT Sesaxeb sxvadasxva adamians sxvadasxva warmodgena aqvs. gemovnebis Sesaxeb kamaTs imitom ara aqvs azri, rom ar arsebobs sayovelTao kriteriumi, anu sikeTis, borotebis, mSvenierebis, samarTlianobisa da sxva eTikuri da esTetikuri fenomenebis universaluri ideali. idealebis relatiuroba ki iwvevs RirebulebiTi cnobierebis relatiurobas. RirebulebaTa relatiuroba gamoricxavs sxvadasxva RirebulebiT orientaciebs Soris Semwynareblobas. Rirebulebani ar aris tolerantuli, maTi Serigeba SeuZlebelia. es garemoeba xSirad politikuri da religiuri omebis mizezic ki xdeba. cxadia, omebi, Tundac mtroba, aucilebeli ar aris, magram sxvadasxva RirebulebaTa Serigeba ki gamoricxulia. SeiZleba kidev vimegobroT im adamianTan, romlis RirebulebiTi samyaro Cveni samyarosagan sakmaod gansxvavebulia, magram Cveni poziciebi mainc ucvleli darCeba. cxadia, Tu RirebulebiTi orientaciebi 345

erTmaneTs principulad upirispirdeba, maSin megobroba ar moxerxdeba, Tumca arc brZolaa aucilebeli. gansxvavebul RirebulebaTa pativiscema, rac demokratiuli wyobilebis erT-erTi ZiriTadi niSania, maT Serigebas ar gulisxmobs. qarTvel marTlmadidebel qristianebsa da qarTvel ebraelebs mravalsaukunovani mSvidobiani Tanaarsebobis istoria aqvT, magram qristianobisa da iudaizmis Serigebaze laparakic ki zedmetia. aqsiologiaSi relatiuroba subieqturobas niSnavs; Rirebuleba relatiuria imitom, rom igi subieqturia, mas azri aqvs mxolod subieqtis mimarT. subieqtis cnebis qveS am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ara mxolod esa Tu is individi, aramed agreTve adamianTa garkveuli jgufebi _ klasebi, koleqtivebi, erebi, tomebi, romelTac raRac ideali da misi Sesabamisi Rirebulebani ase Tu ise aerTianebT. am niSniTac aqsiologia da ontologia erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba; ontologiaSi relatiuroba da subieqturoba sxvadasxvaa. magaliTad, ainStainis relatiurobis TeoriaSi relatiuri ar niSnavs subieqturs; arsebobs obieqturi, adamianisagan damoukidebeli relatiurobac; aseTia dro, sivrce, moZraoba da sxv. magram Rirebulebis subieqturobis hipertrofireba, metismetad gazviadeba da misgan obieqturi Sinaarsis mTlianad gamoricxva, rogorc amas adgili aqvs Tanamedrove pozitivizmSi, SeuZlebelia. meore mxriv arc aqsiologiuri realizmis, gansakuTrebiT misi ukiduresi formis _ naturalisturi aqsiologiis (ruseTSi, prirodnikebis) _ Tvalsazrisis gaziareba ar SeiZleba, romelic Rirebulebas subieqtisagan wyvets da arsis sferoSi gadaaqvs, rac sxva araferia, garda aqsiologiis gauqmebisa, misi dayvanisa ontologiaze. Rirebulebis Sesaxeb ori ukiduresi _ urTierTdapirispirebuli _ koncefciis arseboba imis maCvenebelia, rom Rirebuleba ar aris arc mxolod subieqturi, _ relatiuri _ da arc mxolod obieqturi _ subieqturisagan Tavisufali. orive SemTxvevaSi Rirebulebis arseboba SeuZlebeli iqneboda. marTalia, Rirebuleba relatiuri da, 346

maSasadame, subieqturia, magram ara mxolod subieqturi. Rirebuleba imitom arsebobs, rom masSi, rogorc relatiursa da subieqturSi, aris raRac absoluturi da obieqturi, raRac iseTi, rac subieqturobis farglebs scildeba da obieqtur Sinaarss iZens. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi laparaki ar aris adamianis gareSe da misgan damoukideblad arsebulze, aramed mxolod da mxolod gaobieqturebul subieqturze anu gaabsoluturebul relatiurze, fsevdoabsoluturze. RirebulebiTi cnobierebis fsevdoabsoluturobis safuZveli mis ZirSi, saxeldobr, idealSi imyofeba. ideali, vimeorebT, aris Rirebulebis norma, kriteriumi, romelsac, rogorc nebismier normasa da kriteriums, privilegiuri mniSvneloba aqvs. misi privilegiuroba, rogorc sazomi erTeulisa, imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi afasebs sxvas (yvela danarCens), magram TviTon ki arasodes ar aris Sefasebis obieqti. marTlac, idealis Sefaseba SeuZlebelia, vinaidan yovelgvari Sefaseba wanamZRvrad ideals moiTxovs. amaSi mdgomareobs misi privilegiuri mniSvneloba, anu absoluturoba. ideali, rogorc aRvniSneT, TavisTavad subieqturi fenomenia; miuxedavad amisa, igi Sefasebis normas, sazoms warmoadgens. idealTan Sesabamisoba-Seusabamoba RirebulebiTi ierarqiis safuZvelia. amasTanave idealebi did umravles SemTxvevaSi gansxvavebulia (zogjer dapirispirebulic); amitom adamianebi xSirad sxvadasxvagvarad afasebs erTsa da imave sagans, movlenas. gemovnebis sxvadasxvaobas idealebis gansxvaveba iwvevs. adamianis RirebulebiT determinacias swored es gabatonebuli ideali ganapirobebs. igi am idealis TvaliT xedavs samyaros, mas RirebulebaTa samyaro ise warmoudgenia, rogori idealic gaaCnia. es ideali, marTalia, misia, mas ekuTvnis, e. i. subieqturia, magram misTvis igi ukve ar aris arc relatiuri da arc subieqturi, aramed obieqturi da absoluturi. es imas niSnavs, rom ideali mas ki ar emorCileba, aramed TviTon emorCileba ideals. erTi sityviT, ideali batonobs su347

bieqtze; swored amitom es subieqti myarad dgas Tavis RirebulebiT poziciebze; am poziciebs mas ase iolad veravin Seacvlevinebs. idealis zemoqmedeba, misi batonoba imdenad Zlieria, rom man SeiZleba sicocxlis instinqtic ki gadawonos. ase Seewira Tavis qristianul mrwamss SuSaniki, sakuTar idea-idealebs uriel akosta, jordano bruno, ase ewirebian ideals samSoblosaTvis Tavdadebuli gmirebi. ra aris es, Tu ara idealis absoluturobis gamovlena, im idealisa, romelic TavisTavad relatiuri da subieqturia, magram adamianis praqtikul moRvaweobaSi gaabsoluturebuli relatiuris rols asrulebs, anu fsevdoabsoluturs warmoadgens?

subieqtu bieqturi `intersubieqtu tersubieqturi~ idea $97. subieqturi da `intersubieqturi~ ideali


fsevdoabsoluturi idealis qmnadobis procesi bneliT moculia. savaraudoa, rom mis qmnadobas garkveulwilad realuri safuZveli aqvs, grZnobadi monacemebis inteleqtualuri gaazrebis Sedegia; magram am procesis meqanizmi ucnobia da, albaT, samudamod ase darCeba. is ki udavo unda iyos, rom fsevdoabsoluturi idealis Seqmnis aucileblobas absoluturi idealis ararseboba ganapirobebs. Tuki arsebobdes absoluturi, sayovelTao ideali, rogorc yvela adamianisaTvis savaldebulo norma, maSin relatiuris gaabsoluturebisa da fsevdoabsoluturi idealis Seqmnis saWiroeba moixsneboda. magram es iqneboda swored didi ubedureba: yvela adamians erTi da igive RirebulebiTi cnobiereba eqneboda, erTnairad aRiqvamdnen Rirebulebebs, ar iarsebebda araviTari RirebulebiTi mravalferovneba. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara pirovnebis dakargva, depersonalizacia, adamianebis gaTqvefa erT usaxo masaSi, rac faqtobrivad ara marto uinteresos, aramed saerTod SeuZlebels gaxdida sazogadoebis arsebobas. magram, meore mxriv, Tuki mxolod individualuri anu subieqturi RirebulebiTi cnobiereba arsebobdes, ma348

Sin iqnebodnen mxolod individebi _ erTmaneTisagan sruliad gansxvavebuli gemovnebis adamianebi _ da ar iarsebebda sazogadoeba. sazogadoebis, rogorc adamianTa erTobis faqti adasturebs, rom RirebulebiTi cnobiereba ar aris mxolod individualuri, subieqturi, aramed, individualurobasTan erTad, mas raRac zogadi, saerTo xasiaTi aqvs. marTalia, adamianTa gemovnebani umeteswilad gansxvavebulia, magram am gansxvavebulSi aris raRac iseTi, rac sxvadasxva pirovnebebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs. xSirad adamianTa garkveul jgufebs aqvT daaxloebiT erTnairi warmodgenebi sikeTesa da borotebaze, mSvenierebaze, samarTlianobasa da usamarTlobaze da a. S. adamianTa didi umravlesoba Tvlis, rom rusTaveli genialuri poetia, galaktionis leqsebi didi ostatobiT aris dawerili, miqelanjelos an ticianis Semoqmedeba genialuria da a. S. cxadia, SeiZleba iseTi adamiani gamoCndes, romelic am Sefasebebs ar iziarebs; magaliTad, platons poetebi ar uyvarda, l. tolstois Seqspiri ar moswonda da a. S. am uaryofiT Rirebulebebsac garkveuli idealis arseboba ganapirobebda. magram adamianTa didi umravlesoba am geniosebis gemovnebas ar daeTanxmeba. mxardamWerTa Tu mowinaaRmdegeTa simravles Semecnebis TeoriaSi araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs, magram aqsiologiaSi ki igi bevri raimes mTqmelia. Semecnebis procesSi SeiZleba milionebi cdebodnen da mxolod erTi iyos marTali, magram roca adamianTa did umravlesobas moswons Seqspiris tragediebi, maSin Tundac iseTi genialuri mwerlis azrs, rogorc iyo l. tolstoi, TiTqmis araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs. is zogadi RirebulebiTi idealebi, romlebic adamianebs ama Tu im sagnis, Tu movlenis mimarT gaaCniaT, qmnis sazogadoebas, akavSirebs adamianebs erTmaneTTan. marTalia, es adamianebi yvelaferSi ver Tanxmdebian, magram is, raSic Tanxmdebian, sazogadoebis warmoSobisa da arsebobisaTvis sakmarisia (cxadia, es ar aris WeSmariti intersubieqturoba, vinaidan gamonaklisi SemTxvevebi gamoricxuli ar aris). isic cxadia, rom sazogadoebis warmoSobas sxva, aranakleb mniSvnelovani safuZvlebic aqvs 349

(materialuri moTxovnilebani da sxv.), magram RirebulebiTi orientaciebis mniSvneloba amiT ar mcirdeba. axla saWiroa raime iTqvas Rirebulebis arsebobis SesaZleblobis Sesaxeb Tundac imitom, rom badenis skolis neokantianelebi, kerZod, vindelbandi da rikerti mis arsebobas uaryofdnen. vindelbandi filosofiis sagnad Rirebulebas Tvlida, romelic, misi azriT, ar arsebobs, Tumca mniSvnelobs. es Tvalsazrisi mravalmxriv kritikas imsaxurebs. jer erTi ararsebuls funqcionireerTi Ti, ba ar SeuZlia; rac ar arsebobs, is verc imniSvnelebs. memere: ore vindelbands, etyoba, arsebobis cnebis qveS martooden realuri, grZnobadi, empiriuli arseboba esmis, magram arsebobis cnebis ase Seviwroeba dauSvebelia. arsebobs ara mxolod realuri, aramed idealuric. Rirebuleba swored idealurad arsebobs. igi idealuri fenomenia, romelsac SeuZlia imniSvnelos. cxadia, Rirebulebis cnebis qveS am SemTxvevaSi empiriul Rirebulebas ki ar vgulisxmobT, saxeldobr im Rirebulebas, romelsac calkeuli adamianebi floben, aramed ideals, rogorc RirebulebiTi cnobierebis safuZvels. mesame filosofiis mesame, same sagnad Rirebulebis dasaxva niSnavs filosofiis dayvanas aqsiologiaze da, maSasadame, sabolood filosofiis, kerZod Teoriuli filosofiis (ontologiis, gnoseologiis) gauqmebas. aqsiologia erT-erTi filosofiuri mecnierebaa da ara erTaderTi. vindelbandi, surs Tu ara surs es mas, filosofiis uaryofamde midis. pirveli filosofiis _ ontologiis _ uaryofa filosofiis uaryofis tolfasia. dasasrul aRvniSnavT, rom aqsiologiam unda Seiswavlos RirebulebiTi cnobierebis fsevdoabsoluturi buneba. kvlevis Sedegad gamovlindeba rogorc Teoriuli (SemecnebiTi), aseve praqtikuli (RirebulebiTi) cnobierebis erTianoba. marTalia, Semecneba da Rirebuleba erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia, magram maT, rogorc adamianis sulieri cxovrebis sxvadasxva formebs, saerTo kanonzomierebac aqvT. erT-erT aseT saerTo, fundamentur kanonzomierebas fsevdoabsoluturoba warmoadgens. 350

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Tavi mexu xuTe Tavi mexuTe fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali doabsolutu marTa samarTlebri norme marTlebrivi mebis relativisturi lativistu $98. samarTlebrivi normebis relativisturi Teoriis kriti tika Teoriis kritika
samarTali aris xelisuflebis mier sanqcirebuli iuridiuli normebis sistema, romlis mizans kanonmdebelTa (an kanonmdeblis) interesebis Sesabamisad ama Tu im sazogadoebis mowesrigeba warmoadgens. igi aris ara samarTali zogadad, aramed ama Tu im qveynis samarTali1. mas Zala aqvs mxolod garkveuli sazogadoebis (saxelmwifos) farglebSi, xolo misi gavlena am farglebs gareT ar vrceldeba. am gagebiT samarTali yovelTvis relatiuria, mxolod garkveul mimarTebaSi funqcionirebs, sxva mimarTebaSi (sxva saxelmwifos an sazogadoebis mimarT) ki igi ukve aRar aris samarTali, ufro metic, SeiZleba usamarTlobac ki iyos. samarTali relatiuria im SemTxvevaSic ki, roca igi sxvadasxva qveyanaSi erTsa da imave ekonomikur baziszea dafuZnebuli da erTi da igive wyobilebis dacvasa da ganmtkicebas emsaxureba. ekonomikuri wyobis saerTo niSnebi samarTlis igiveobas ver uzrunvelyofs. nebismieri samarTali garkveuli politikis iaraRia. amitom arsebiTad erTi da igive ekonomikuri struqturis mqone qveynebi SeiZleba (da faqtobrivad asec xdeba) sxvadasxva samarTlebrivi normebiT xelmZRvanelobdes. magaliTad, Tanamedrove ganviTarebuli kapitalisturi qveynebi _ amerika, inglisi, germania, safrangeTi da sxv, _ ekonomikuri wyobis mixedviT erTmaneTisagan arsebiTad ar gansxvavdeba (ramdenadac yvela maTganSi sabazro ekonomika sufevs), magram samarTlebrivi TvalsazrisiT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebulia. swored es garemoeba qmnis maT individualo1

qse (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia), t. VIII, Tb., 1984, gv. 700, st. samarTali, (avt. g. inwkirveli)

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bas, samarTlebriv garkveulobas. amis gareSe isini sxvadasxva saxelmwifo ar iqneboda. samarTlis relatiurobas isic adasturebs, rom igi yovelTvis romelime gabatonebuli socialuri jgufis (partiis, klasis, fenis da a. S.) iaraRs warmoadgens sazogadoebis danarCeni (umravlesi) wevrebis winaaRmdeg. samarTlis saSualebiT xelisufleba Tavs axvevs Tavis nebas mis qveSevrdomT, ise awyobs sazogadoebas, rogorc mas surs. samarTali, uwinares yovlisa, kanonmdeblis interesebs emsaxureba _ sul erTia es kanonmdebeli calkeuli piria (monarqi) Tu saparlamento umravlesoba. es ukanasknelic, saboloo jamSi, samarTlis normebis SemuSavebisas subieqtis rolSi gamodis, oRond koleqtiuri subieqtisa. komunisturi ideologia samarTlis klasobriobis Teziss icavda, rac SeiZleba mTlad zusti ar iyos, Tumca igi uTuod angariSgasawevia. samarTlis klasobriobis Tezisi kritikul SeniSvnebs mxolod im mxriv imsaxurebs, rom misgan gamomdinareobs samarTlebrivi normebis uaryofa winaklasobriv (pirvelyofil, Temur) sazogadoebaSi. Cven vfiqrobT, rom nebismieri sazogadoeba _ klasobrivi iqneba Tu araklasobrivi _ SeuZlebelia arsebobdes samarTlebrivi normebis gareSe. amitom marTebulad migvaCnia ZvelisZveli Tezisi: ibi societas ubi jus (ar aris sazogadoeba samarTlis gareSe). zemoTqmulidan isic gamomdinareobs, rom samarTlebrivi normebi ara mxolod relatiuri, aramed subieqturicaa. ufro zustad rom vTqvaT, maTi relatiuroba imave dros subieqturobasac niSnavs. samarTlebriv normebs xelisufleba adgens misi subieqturi mosazrebebis Sesabamisad. es mosazrebani SeiZleba gamoxatavdes rogorc calkeuli pirovnebis (monarqis), aseve xelisufalTa (kanonmdebelTa) jgufis (senati, parlamenti, kongresi da a. S.) interesebs da morgebuli iyo garkveul saxelmwifoze (sazogadoebaze), mxolod mis mimarT hqondes Zala. es niSnavs, rom samarTlebrivi normebi erTdroulad relatiuric aris da subieqturic. 353

magram ramdenad SesaZlebelia relatiuri da subieqturi samarTlis arseboba? samarTlebrivi normis cneba xom ar ewinaaRmdegeba mis relatiursa da subieqtur Sinaarss? anu SesaZlebelia Tu ara, rom samarTali mxolod subieqturi da relatiuri iyos? Cven vfiqrobT, rom aseTi ram SeuZlebelia Semdegi mosazrebebis gamo; nebismieri norma obieqturia; sxvagvarad misi arseboba SeuZlebelia. igi unda asrulebdes sazomi erTeulis, kriteriumis rols imis mimarT, ris normasac warmoadgens. Tu normac relatiuri da subieqturia, e. i. mTlianad moklebulia absoluturisa da obieqturis niSnebs, maSin igi normis rols ver Seasrulebs. relatiuri samarTlianobis ideidan gamomdinareobs gansxvavebuli samarTlis normebis Rirebulebis ekvivaekvivaviva lenturoba turoba, lenturoba rac srul qaoss iwvevs normaTa urTierTobis sferoSi. samarTlebrivi normebi rom ekvivalenturi iyos, maSin SeuZlebeli iqneboda kargisa da cudis, progresulisa da regresulis garCeva (es garCevac xom aucileblad moiTxovs kriteriums, e. i. normas). normebis Rirebulebis ekvivalenturobis pirobebSi SeuZlebeli iqneboda, magaliTad, demokratiuli samarTlis normebis upiratesobis mtkiceba faSisturi diqtaturis samarTlebriv normebTan SedarebiT. es ki ara marto faqtobriv viTarebas ewinaaRmdegeba, aramed mas saerTod samarTlianobis ideis uaryofamde mivyavarT. erTi sityviT, samarTlebrivi normebis Rirebulebis ekvivalenturobis mtkiceba, rac maTi relatiurobisa da subieqturobis Sedegia, nihilizmiT mTavrdeba. aq igive viTareba gvaqvs, rac gnoseologiaSi. gnoseologiuri relativizmi aucileblad nihilizms iwvevs. ase iyo istoriulad da ase aris dResac. marqsistuli samarTlis Teoria Tvlis, rom samarTlebrivi normebis Semotana ganpirobebulia ara subieqturi faqtorebiT, aramed sazogadoebis socialur-ekonomikuri wyobiT, ris gamoc mas obieqturi Sinaarsi aqvs. Cveni azriT, socialur-ekonomikur faqtorebze apelireba relativizmsa da subieqtivizms Tavidan ver agvacilebs, vinaidan TviTon socialur-ekonomikuri wyobac individua354

luria, sxva saxelmwifoebisagan gansxvavebulia da, maSasadame, relatiuria. rac Seexeba am tipis relatiurobis subieqturobas, igi gnoseologiuri subieqturobisagan gansxvavebuli azriT ixmareba. saxeldobr, subieqturoba am SemTxvevaSi mis individualurobas, unikalurobas niSnavs. am azriT relatiuroba da subieqturoba erTmaneTs emTxveva. Tu samarTali mxolod relatiuri da subieqturia, maSin igi ar aris samarTali. kidev metic, SeuZlebelia mxolod relatiuri da subieqturi samarTlis arseboba, rogorc amas iuridiul literaturaSi amtkiceben. samarTlis cneba relatiurobisa da subieqturobis sferodan gadis. sxvagvarad ekvivalenturobis princips ver avcdebiT. wminda relatiuri samarTali SeuZlebelia; igi samarTlis uaryofas niSnavs. samarTali yovelTvis raRac obieqturs, rogorc relatiuris sapirispiros, anu absoluturis moments unda Seicavdes. sxvagvarad igi Tavis funqcias ver Seasrulebs. sul sxva saqmea is, Tu ramdenad SesaZlebelia absoluturi _ relatiurobisagan mTlianad daclili _ samarTali. qvemoT swored imis dasabuTebas SevecdebiT, rom wminda absoluturi samarTali iseve SeuZlebelia, rogorc wminda relatiuri da subieqturi samarTlis normebi. yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, imas dasturi unda iyos, rom relatiuri samarTlianobis sferoSi darCena SeuZlebelia. relativizmi angrevs ara mxolod mecnierebas, Semecnebas saerTod, aramed agreTve adamianis praqtikul cxovrebasac. es ukanaskneli yvelaze naTlad samarTlis Teoriasa da praqtikaSi vlindeba.

absolut solu samar marTlis Zie bunebiTi nebi $99. absoluturi samarTlis Zieba; bunebiTi da saerTaSoriso samarTali erTaSori marTa saerTaSoriso samarTali
am ideis gacnobierebas samarTlis absoluturi normebis Zieba mohyva. daiwyes iseTi kanonmdeblobis Zieba, 355

romelic relatiurobisa da subieqturobisagan Tavisufali iqneboda da nebismieri samarTlebrivi saxelmwifos agebis nimuSad da safuZvlad gamodgeboda. samarTlianad mxolod is kanonmdebloba unda CaiTvalos, romelic absoluturi samarTlis normebis Sesabamisi aRmoCndeboda. aseT samarTals bunebiTi samarTali ewoda. sociologiis istoriaSi cnobilia bunebiTi samarTlis sxvadasxva varianti, Tumca maT Soris principuli gansxvaveba ar aris. zogjer igi esmodaT rogorc bunebis obieqturi kanonzomiereba da moiTxovdnen, rom sazogadoebrivi samarTali bunebis kanonzomierebis mixedviT aigos, masTan unisonSi imyofebodes, mas ar unda ewinaaRmdegebodes. bunebiTi samarTlis amgvar koncefcias SeiZleba naturalisturi vuwodoT. naturalisturi turalistu meore koncefciis mixedviT, bunebiTi samarTali adamianis bunebidan, misi gonebidan momdinareobs, ris gamoc igi damoukidebelia ama Tu im socialuri wyobisagan da, cxadia, mas arc ekonomikuri bazisi gaaCnia. am koncefciis avtorebi (magaliTad, ciceroni) samarTlianobis Zirebs adamianis bunebaSi eZebdnen. amgvar bunebiT samarTals anTropologiuri xasiaTi hqonda. anTropologiu Tropologi ufro gavrcelebuli iyo bunebiTi samarTlis mesame _ Teologiuri _ varianti. am variantis damcvelebi (magaTeologi giu liTad, sokrate, Toma akvineli, neoTomistebi da sxv.) Tvlidnen, rom samarTlianobis sazomia RvTaebrivi samarTali, romelic uSualod RmerTidan momdinareobs. RmerTi aris samarTlianobis kriteriumi. is kanonebi, romlebic RvTiur samarTals ewinaaRmdegeba, unda uarvyoT. es koncefcia gansakuTrebiT gavrcelebuli iyo Zvel saberZneTsa da romis imperiaSi. romaeli iuristebi saxelmwifoSi moqmed samarTlis normebs bunebiTi (RvTiuri) samarTlis mixedviT amowmebdnen; Tu maT Soris Seusabamobas ipovnidnen, uaryofdnen, Sesabamisobis SemTxvevaSi ki miiRebdnen. ciceroni moiTxovda iseTi kanonmdeblobis uaryofas, romelic RvTiur samarTals ar eTanxmeboda. bunebiTi samarTlis idea evropul azrovnebaSi Tavis dasabams sokratedan iRebs, Tumca misi elementebi wi356

nasokratul filosofiaSic (magaliTad, sofistebTan) gvxvdeba. sokrate Tvlida, rom yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi samarTls relatiuri xasiaTi aqvs. magram relativizmi sokrates ar akmayofilebs arc Semecnebis TeoriaSi da arc samarTalSi. igi eZebs iseT sayrdens, romelic am relativizms moxsnis. misi daZleva mxolod absoluturis Semotanis safuZvelze SeiZleba. samarTlis TeoriaSi aseTi absoluturis roli bunebiTma samarTalma unda Seasrulos, romelic RvTiuri warmomavlobisaa. igi RmerTis mier nakarnaxevi samarTalia. bunebiT samarTals sokrate dauwerel kanonebs uwodebs da Tvlis, rom es is kanonebia, romelsac yvela qveyanaSi erTnairad aRiareben... es kanonebi RmerTebma daudgines kacTa... RmerTebi samarTlianobas akanoneben... SeuZlebelia sxvam vinmem daakanonos samarTlianoba, Tu ara RmerTma1. empiriuli samarTlis normebis relatiurobis daZlevisa da absoluturi samarTlis Ziebis meore cdas warmoadgens saerTaSoriso samarTali, romelic aris iuridiuli normebisa da principebis erToblioba, romelic awesrigebs saxelmwifoTa Soris urTierTobebs2. saerTaSoriso samarTlis, rogorc absoluturi samarTlis, Zieba jer kidev antikur epoqaSi daiwyo. igi gamoixateboda, magaliTad, elCTa xelSeuxeblobaSi, sxva saxelmwifoTa Sinaur saqmeebSi CaurevlobaSi, TavdausxmelobaSi da a. S. Cvens epoqaSi saerTaSoriso samarTlis Ziebis masStabebi kidev ufro gaizarda. arsebobs sakonsuloebi, saelCoebi, gaero, helsinkis kavSiri, saerTaSoriso xelSekrulebani, SeTanxmeba atomuri iaraRis gauvrceleblobaze da a. S. kidev metic, arsebobs saerTaSoriso danaSaulis cneba, iseTi danaSaulisa, romelic saerTaSoriso mSvidobasa da uSiSroebas emuqreba; saerTaSoriso samxedro tribunali da sxv.
1 2

qsenofonte, mogonebani sokrateze, wigni IV, Tavi IV, 19-24.


qse, t. VIII, gv. 630, st. saerTaSoriso samarTali (avt. l. aleqsiZe)

357

axla vnaxoT, Tu raoden efeqturia relatiurisa da subieqturis sferodan absoluturis sferoze gadasvlis mcdeloba, rasac bunebiTi samarTlisa da saerTaSoriso samarTlis institutebi kisruloben, ramdenad da ra masStabiT SesaZlebelia maTi funqcionireba, an saerTod aqvs Tu ara mniSvnelovani Sedegebi am funqcionirebas? bunebiTi samarTlis Teorias, rogorc zemoT vaCveneT, mravalsaukunovani istoria aqvs. miuxedavad amisa, odnavadac ar Semcirebula _ piriqiT, progresulad gaizarda _ danaSaulobani: mkvlelobebi, terorizmi, omebi, adamianTa eqspluatacia, qurdoba, mruSoba da a. S. qristes Segoneba _ oqros wesi _ nu gaukeTeb sxvas imas, rac Sen ar ginda gagikeTon, iyavi Semwynarebeli, giyvardes mteri Seni (maTe, 5, 44), ara kac hkla da sxva TavisTavad udidesi Rirebulebis sentenciebi, ganuxorcielebeli rCeba, sistematurad irRveva. maTi dacva xom kacobriobas udides bednierebas moutanda, qveyanas samoTxed gadaaqcevda. magram adamianTa xorcieli vnebani sulier Rirebulebebze maRla aRmoCnda da saxarebis mowodebani uqmad darCa. TviT eklesiis msaxurnic ki iSviaTad an TiTqmis arasodes ar asrulebdnen am RvTiur Segonebas. amas adasturebs jvarosnuli omebis, inkviziciis, religiuri Seuwynareblobis mravalricxovani faqti. erTi sityviT, ara kac hkla, giyvardes mteri Seni da sxva genialuri RvTiuri Segonebani daiviwya ermac da bermac, saxelmwifo xelisuflebamac da saeklesio eparqiamac; qristianuli religia TavisTavad pacifisturia, adamianebs ki agresiuloba ver dauZleviaT. es miT umetes iTqmis saerTaSoriso samarTlis Sesaxeb, romelic friad pirobiTia da arc Tu ise mtkice SeTanxmebas warmoadgens; am SeTanxmebaTa Sesrulebis aucilebloba minimaluria, Tu ar CavTvliT urTierTpativiscemaze damyarebul konvencias, romelsac safrTxe maSinve eqmneba, rogorc ki urTierTpativiscema gaqreba. saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebani agresors xels ar uSlis, rom Tavs daesxas partniors, daarRvios SeTanxmeba. aseTi magaliTebi istoriam bevri icis da maTi CamoTvla saWiro ar 358

aris. TviT saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis simtkicis pirobebSic ki SeTanxmebul saxelmwifoTa urTierTundobloba ZalaSi rCeba da arc Tu iSviaTad adgili aqvs veragobas. yovelive zemoTqmulidan SeiZleba is erTaderTi swori daskvna gamovitanoT, rom relatiuris uaryofis xarjze absoluturi samarTlis Ziebam marcxi ganicada. verc bunebiTma da verc saerTaSoriso samarTlma Tavisi funqcia ver Seasrula. problema ki problemad rCeba; erTi mxriv, relatiuri da subieqturi samarTli samarTlis cnebis uaryofas warmoadgens, xolo, meore mxriv, absoluturi samarTlis koncefcia praqtikuli samarTlis dasafuZneblad uSedego aRmoCnda. udavo gaxda, rom relatiuri da absoluturi erTmaneTisagan gancalkevebiT samarTlis cnebas ver daafuZnebs. am miznis misaRwevad erTaderTi gza maTi sinTezia; magram rogor? mTavari is ki ar aris, rom absoluturi samarTlis Ziebis ideam marcxi ganicada, aramed is, rom mTeli istoriis manZilze naTlad iqna warmoCenili relatiuri samarTlis ukmarisoba da absoluturis Semotanis aucilebloba. magram Tu absoluturis Ziebis procesi araswori gziT warimarTa, es sruliadac ar gamoricxavs TviTon Ziebis saWiroebas. absoluturi samarTlis dafuZnebis warumatebelma cdebma aCvenes rogorc relatiuri, aseve absoluturi samarTlis gancalkevebulad arsebobis SeuZlebloba da swored es aris mTavari.

fsevdoabsolutu doabsoluturi samarTali marTa $100. fsevdoabsoluturi samarTali


rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, samarTali yvela SemTxvevaSi relatiuria; igi mxolod konkretul sazogadoebasa (saxelmwifos) da epoqas emsaxureba, xolo sxva sazogadoebisa da sxva epoqebisaTvis uvargisia. magram, meore mxriv, nebismieri samarTali aris norma igi adamianTa dinorma ma; di an mcire jgufebis qcevisa da urTierTobis wess gansazRvravs. norma ki yvela SemTxvevaSi aris absoluturi, kerZod, adamianis mier Seqmnili absoluturi, xelovnu359

rad (cnobierad) gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri anu fsevdoabsoluturi. misi absoluturoba imaSia, rom igi privilegiuria yvela danarCenis mimarT, Tavisi sazomiT afasebs (zomavs) yvelafers, magram TviTon ki arasodes ar aris Sefasebis obieqti. Tu normis Sefasebas SevecdebiT, maSin igi normad arsebobas Sewyvets da Sefasebis procedura TviTon moiTxovs sxva normis dawesebas, romelic iseve privilegiuri da xelovnurad gaabsoluturebuli relatiuri aRmoCndeba, rogorc pirveli. am mxriv igi ar gansxvavdeba im sazomi erTeulebisagan, romelTac adamiani gazomvis procesSi moixmars. erTi sityviT, samarTali, erTi mxriv, relatiuria, vinaidan mas mxolod garkveul mimarTebaSi aqvs Zala, magram, meore mxriv, imave dros absoluturicaa. igi aris relatiur-absoluturi anu fsevdoabsoluturi, romelic praqtikul cxovrebaSi WeSmariti absoluturis yvela funqcias asrulebs. norma, iseve rogorc fizikuri sazomi erTeuli, arc SeiZleba sxvagvari iyos. samarTlis fsevdoabsoluturobas isic asabuTebs, rom mas konvenciuri xasiaTi aqvs. samarTlebrivi normebi (kanonebi) realur sinamdviles ki ar asaxavs, aramed konvenciebs warmoadgens; isini dadgenilia SeTanxmebis safuZvelze. marTalia, isini socialuri sinamdvilis kanonebia, magram misi asaxva mainc ar aris. is garemoeba, rom socialur normas da, saerTod, normas WeSmariteba-Secdomis niSani ar miewereba da, maSasadame, arc Semecnebas warmoadgens, imis maCvenebelia, rom igi aris konvencia, TviTneburi SeTanxmeba, cxadia, garkveuli pirobebis dacviTa da gaTvaliswinebiT. erTi sityviT, a. puankares sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, samarTlebrivi normebi ar aris sinTezur-aprioruli msjelobani, ar afarToebs Cvens codnas sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, ar warmoadgens Semecnebas. meore mxriv, isini arc apriorulia, vinaidan dadgenilia adamianis mier garkveuli empiriuli viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT, adamianTa praqtikuli urTierTobebis mosawesrigeblad. isini konvenciebia, Tavisufali (magram ara TviTneburi) arCevanis Sedegia si360

martivisa da simarjvis mixedviT. maT imis mixedviT irCeven, Tu romeli samarTlebrivi norma ufro miesadageba ama Tu im sazogadoebas. am normebs konvenciuri xasiaTi im SemTxvevaSic eqneba, Tu isini romelime diqtatoris TviTneburi Semoqmedebis Sedegi iyos obieqturi viTarebis gauTvaliswineblad; Tumca amgvari samarTlebrivi normebi imTaviTve ganwirulia dasamarcxeblad. da mainc samarTlebrivi normebi, fsevdoabsoluturobisa da konvenciurobis miuxedavad, Semecnebas emsaxureba. iseve rogorc nebismieri konvencia (magaliTad, sazomi erTeulebi) TavisTavad ar aris Semecneba, Tumca mainc Semecnebis process uzrunvelyofs _ misi erTaderTi daniSnulebaa Semecnebis xelSewyoba _ aseve samarTlebrivi normebi ara mxolod SefasebiTi (aqsiologiuri) mniSvnelobisaa, aramed imis Semecnebis saSualebac, ris normasac warmoadgens. danaSaulis Semecneba, misi simZimis dadgena, swored am normebis mixedviT SeiZleba, Tumca Tavad es normebi Semecnebis Sedegad ar aris miRebuli. rodesac konkretul danaSaulze vlaparakobT, mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs garkveuli samarTlebrivi norma, rogorc sazomi, danaSaulis damdgeni da Semfasebeli, Tumca Tavad am normas konvenciuri warmomavloba aqvs; mas privilegiuri mniSvneloba Cven mivaniWeT, TavisTavad araprivilegiuri privilegiuri gavxadeT anu movaxdineT relatiuris gaabsolutureba, rac fsevdoabsoluturis Seqmnas niSnavs. nebismieri kanonis erT-erT uZiriTades niSans zogadoba warmoadgens. kanonis obieqti ar SeiZleba iyos kerZo, esa Tu is sagani an calkeuli individi, aramed igi sinamdvilis did an mcire jgufebze vrceldeba. miuxedavad amisa, misi sfero mainc gansazRvrulia. ar arsebobs mTeli sinamdvilis (materialurisa da idealuris) momcveli kanoni. miuxedavad amisa, TiToeul kanons Tavis sferoSi universaluri mniSvneloba aqvs da sxvadasxva xarisxis aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba. absoluturi aucilebloba samyaroSi iseve ar arsebobs, rogorc absoluturi SemTxveviToba; TiToeuli maTgani sxvadasxva donis 361

albaTobis mqonea. es garemoebac nebismieri kanonis fsevdoabsoluturobis maCvenebelia. igi absoluturia (Tavis sferoSi sayovelTao da aucilebelia), magram imave dros relatiuria (mxolod garkveul sinamdvileSi funqcionirebs da arc absoluturi sayovelTaobaTa da aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba). amaSia misi fsevdoabsoluturoba. asevea samarTlebrivi kanonebic, samarTali. igi mxolod garkveul farglebSi moqmedebs da arc absoluturi aucileblobiT xasiaTdeba, raSic misi relatiuroba vlindeba. magram imave dros igi am farglebSi sayovelTao da aucilebelia, upirobod sruldeba anu absoluturia. amrigad, samarTlebrivi kanonebi erTsa da imave dros relatiuric aris da absoluturic anu isini fsevdoabsolutur kanonebs warmoadgens. rasakvirvelia, samarTlebrivi kanonebi normatiulia, e. i. maT, bunebis kanonebisagan gansxvavebiT, adamianebi qmnian da auqmeben, icaven an arRveven. magram es garemoeba maT fsevdoabsoluturobas ki ar uaryofs, aramed, piriqiT, asabuTebs. fsevdoabsoluturi swored adamianis cnobieri an aracnobieri Semoqmedebis produqtia da misi darRvevac adamians ZaluZs. magram vidre arsebobs samarTlebrivi kanoni, igi Tavis sferoSi uTuod aucileblobiTa da sayovelTaobiT xasiaTdeba, e. i. absoluturia. magram vinaidan mis absoluturobas garkveuli farglebi aqvs, xolo WeSmariti absoluturi veraviTar SezRudvas ver iTmens, amitom igi aris fsevdoabsoluturi, yalbi absoluturi, romelic praqtikulad garkveul drosa da sivrceSi WeSmariti absoluturis rols asrulebs. fsevdoabsoluturs, rogorc Semecnebis TeoriaSi, aseve samarTalSi garkveuli meTodologiuri roli ekisreba. magram es meTodologia specifikuria _ zogadi meTodologiisagan gansxvavebuli. gansxvaveba imaSia, rom Tu zogadi meTodologiis moxmareba ase Tu ise TviTneburia, subieqtzea damokidebuli, fsevdoabsoluturi meTodologia ki aseTi ar aris. misi gamoyeneba aucilebelia im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gvsurs (samarTlis magaliTze) samarTlebrivi kanonebis dadgena. samarTali, rogorc 362

vTqviT, erTsa da imave dros unda iyos relatiuric (e. i. garkveul, ama Tu im saxelmwifoSi unda moqmedebdes, mxomxolod mis interesebs unda Seesabamebodes) da absoluturic (am sferoSi upirobod unda sruldebodes), e. i. igi unda iyos fsevdoabsoluturi. am moTxovnebis, rogorc garkveuli meTodologiuri principebis, dacvis gareSe samarTals ver davafuZnebT. amaSia misi aucilebloba. garda amisa, fsevdoabsoluturi meTodologiis aucilebloba imaSic vlindeba, rom saxelmwifo da, saerTod, sazogadoeba SeuZlebelia arsebobdes samarTlebrivi normebis gareSe. adamiani ki socialuri arsebaa da, maSasadame, gancalkevebulad, sazogadoebis gareSe ver iarsebebs. amitom igi iZulebulia _ surs Tu ar surs es mas _ daawesos samarTlebrivi normebi, Seqmnas kanonebi anu absoluturad aqcios is, rac TavisTavad relatiuria. sxvagvarad mas arseboba ar SeuZlia. amaSic mdgomareobs samarTlebrivi kanonebis fsevdoabsoluturoba da aucilebloba. samarTlebrivi kanonebi erTsa da imave dros aucilebelic aris da Tavisufalic da amaSic maTi konvenciuri buneba Cans. aucilebloba imaSia, rom sazogadoeba am kanonebis gareSe ver iarsebebs, xolo TviTon kanonebis arCevani (cxadia, obieqturi _ socialuri _ viTarebis gaTvaliswinebiT) Tavisufalia. swored amiT aixsneba is garemoeba, rom sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva kanonebia. am SemTxvevaSi mkacri aucilebloba ar moqmedebs; kanonmdebeli kanonTa Semoqmedebisas garkveulwilad Tavisufalia, Tumca TviTon kanonSemoqmedeba aucilebelia. miuxedavad am aucileblobisa, ama Tu im fsevdoabsoluturis darRvevis SesaZlebloba yovelTvis arsebobs. samarTlebriv kanonebs qmnian da arRveven. aseve SeiZleba sazomi erTeulis Secvla, rac mocemuli fsevdoabsoluturis gauqmebasa da axlis dawesebas niSnavs. magram saerTod fsevdoabsoluturis gamoricxva SeuZlebelia. igi adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis Tanmdevia, raSic misi aucilebloba vlindeba.

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fsevdoabsoluturi ar aris ucvleli, inertuli, aramed igi mobilurobiT xasiaTdeba. icvleba samarTlebrivi kanonebi da am cvalebadobas, garkveuli zigzagebis gaTvaliswinebiT, progresuli xasiaTi aqvs. amdenad fsevdoabsoluturis Teoria imave dros ganviTarebis Teoriasac warmoadgens. rarig ar unda hgavdes erTmaneTs samarTlebrivi normebi, ar SeiZleba ganviTareba ar davinaxoT, magaliTad, Tanamedrove da antikuri epoqis samarTals Soris. samarTlebrivi normebis cvalebadoba mTeli istoriis manZilze niSnavda mocemuli fsevdoabsoluturis rRvevasa da axlis warmoSobas; magram TviTon samarTlis normebi yvela SemTxvevaSi fsevdoabsoluturis saxiT arsebobda. igi xom adamianis Teoriuli da praqtikuli moRvaweobis atributia.

literatura literatura teratu


1. 2.

sergi avaliani _ fsevdoabsoluturis filosofia,


Tb., 2006. . , , ., 1989.

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nawili meSvide epistemologia


Tavi pirveli Tavi pirveli ve mecnieruli codnis safuZvlebi fuZvle mecnieruli codnis safuZvlebi ni mecni ruli codnis empiriu nie piri $101. mecnieruli codnis empiriuli da raci nalu cio luri safuZvlebi fuZvle racionaluri safuZvlebi
nebismier codnas, maT Soris mecnierulsac, empiriuli safuZvlebi aqvs; igi iwyeba cdiT, uSualo grZnobadi monacemebiT. es azri misaRebia rogorc empiristebis, aseve racionalistebisaTvis: maT Soris azrTa sxvadasxvaoba maSin iCens Tavs, roca saqme Seexeba cdiseuli codnis adgilsa da rols Semecnebis procesSi. empirizmi grZnobad cdas Semecnebis mTavar wyarod Tvlis da gonebis mTeli Sinaarsi arsebiTad misgan gamohyavs. loki amtkicebda, rom araferi ar aris gonebaSi iseTi, rac winaswar cdaSi ar iyos mocemuli. arsebiTad amave poziciebze dgas Tanamedrove pozitivizmi, romelic sazrisis kriteriumad empiriul verifikacias acxadebs. racionalizmi, piriqiT, Semecnebis mTavar wyarod gonebas Tvlis, Tumca arc grZnobadi cdis rols uaryofs codnis genezisis procesSi. erTi sityviT, empirizmi da racionalizmi or ukiduresobas warmoadgens da, maSasadame, orive calmxrivia. zemoT, dakvirvebadobis problemasTan dakavSirebiT aRvniSneT, rom principuli dakvirvebadobis Cveneuli interpretacia, roca igi moicavs ara mxolod uSualo, aramed gaSualebul dakvirvebasac, zemoaRniSnuli calmxrivobebisa da ukiduresobebis moxsnis cdas warmoadgens. gaSualebuli dakvirveba erTdroulad empiriulic aris da racionaluric. iqneb es gza gamogvadges empirizmisa da racionalizmis mravalsaukunovani davis gadasaWrelad. 365

empiriuli da racionaluri codnis sawyisebis Tavsebadoba naTlad Cans mecnierul codnaSi, romelSic erTmaneTisagan ganasxvaveben empiriulsa da Teoriul doneebs. empiriuli done ZiriTadad dakavSirebulia principul dakvirvebadobasTan, romelic, racionaluri azrovnebis elementebis sakmaod didi dozis miuxedavad, mainc empiriulia. rodesac vmsjelobT cocxali ujredis agebulebaze, adamianis tvinis struqturaze an socialur problemebze, maSin saqme gvaqvs mecnieruli codnis empiriul donesTan, vinaidan igi miRebulia empiriuli dakvirvebebis safuZvelze. Teoriuli done ki am empiriuli Sinaarsisagan Tavisufalia, rasac igi zogadobis ufro maRali xarisxiT aRwevs. oTxganzomilebian samyaros an araevklidur sivrces, maTematikur obieqtebs da a. S. ver warmoidgen, Tumca nebismieri codna, maT Soris mecnieruli codnis Teoriuli donec Tavis Soreul dasabams grZnobadi cdidan iRebs. vinaidan grZnobadi cda nebismieri codnis dasabams warmoadgens, ar SeiZleba vifiqroT, rom TiTqos Teoriul dones yovelTvis win uswrebs empiriuli done. zogjer _ sakmaod xSirad _ xdeba piriqiT, Teoria win uswrebs empirias. l. de broilma elementaruli nawilakebis talRuri buneba manamde aRmoaCina, vidre igi eqsperimentulad dadasturdeboda; aseve leveriem planeta neptunis arseboba manamde daasabuTa, vidre mas aRmoaCendnen da a. S. magram es, cxadia, imas ar niSnavs, rom TiTqos mecnieruli codnis empiriuli da Teoriuli doneebi erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli iyos. piriqiT, maT Soris mWidro, organuli kavSiria da erTi mTliani mecnieruli codnis sxvadasxva mxareebs warmoadgens.

mecni ruli codnis obieqturi nie eqtu subieqtu bieqturi $102. mecnieruli codnis obieqturi da subieqturi mxare ree mxareebi
mecnieruli codnis erT-erT ZiriTad niSnad jer kidev sokrate-platonis droidan obieqturoba iTvleba. Se366

mecneba saerTod SeuZlebelia obieqturobis _ subieqtisagan ase Tu ise damoukideblobis _ gareSe. es gansakuTrebiT iTqmis mecnieruli codnis Sesaxeb, romelsac apodiqturobis niSani uTuod Tan axlavs. mecnieruli codnis apodiqturoba uSualod ar niSnavs obieqturobas; igi codnis aucileblobasa da sayovelTaobas aRniSnavs. magram am aucileblobisa da sayovelTaobis ZaliT igi obieqturobis statussac iZens. mecnieruli codna apodiqturicaa da obieqturic. erTmaneTisagan unda ganvasxvavoT codnis obieqturobis ori aspeqti. codnis obieqturobis problema, uwinares yovlisa, imanenturidan transcendenturze gasvlis problemaa. es niSnavs: SeuZlia Tu ara Semmecnebel subieqts misgan damoukidebeli garegani obieqturi kanonzomierebis Semecneba? aris Tu ara Cveni _ Tundac mecnieruli _ codna obieqturi sinamdvilis zusti asaxva? es aris Semecnebis filosofiuri Teoriis uZvelesi da dRemde gadauWreli problema. codnis obieqturobis meore aspeqti ikvlevs ara imas, asaxavs Tu ara Cveni codna obieqtur sinamdviles, aramed imas, aris Tu ara codna _ gansakuTrebiT mecnieruli codna _ Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damoukidebeli? gaaCnia Tu ara mas ontologiuri statusi? codnis obieqturobis am meore aspeqts SeiZleba epistemologiuri problema epistemologiu temologi proble lema vuwodoT, vinaidan mis ZiriTad obieqts mecnieruli codna warmoadgens. codnis obieqturobis es meore aspeqti gansakuTrebiT win wamoswia k. poperma, romelmac sami samyaros Teoria Seqmna. maTgan pirvelia materialuri sinamdvile, rogorc codnis sagani; meorea Semmecnebeli subieqti, xolo mesame aris codna, romelmac Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan damoukidebloba moipova. igi aris codna imis gareSe, vinc icis; igi aris codna Semmecnebeli subieqtis gareSe.1 es niSnavs, rom poperma Seqmna ontologiuri epistemologia; ontologiuri imitom, rom codna arsis doneze ganixileba
1

. , . . 442-443.

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imisagan gamoklebiT, rom igi meore samyaros anu Semmecnebeli subieqtis produqtia. mecnierebis istoriaSi cnobilia sruliad sapirispiro Tvalsazrisic subieqtivizmis saxiT. codnis subieqtivisturi koncefcia pirvelad protagoram Camoayaliba, rodesac man WeSmaritebis sazomad calkeuli subieqti, individi miiCnia. axal droSi codnis subieqtivisturi gageba yvelaze Tanamimdevrulad j. berklim gamoTqva. arsebobis kriteriumad aRqmis gamocxadeba (esse est percipi) ara marto antiontologizmia, aramed antignoseologizmic, vinaidan codnisaTvis, miT umetes mecnieruli codnisaTvis, obieqturobis niSnis Camocileba codnis SesaZleblobaze uarisTqmis tolfasia. gnoseologiuri subieqtivizmi mTeli Tavisi mosalodneli SedegebiTa da uaryofiTi TvisebebiT p. u. brijmenma gamoTqva. igi laparakobs Cemi mecnierebis Sesaxeb, romelic savsebiT gansxvavebulia Tqveni mecnierebisagan. erTi sityviT, gnoseologiuri obieqtivizmi da subieqtivizmi ori urTierTdapirispirebuli poziciebia, ori ukiduresobaa epistemologiaSi.

mecni ruli codna nie subieqtur obieqturi bieqtureqtu $103. mecnieruli codna _ subieqtur-obieqturi fenomeni nome fenomeni
am dapirispirebuli koncefciebidan gancalkevebiT aRebuli arc erTi ar aris swori, WeSmariti, Tumca TiToeuli maTgani WeSmaritebis momentebis matarebelia da arc erTi maTganis xelaRebiT uaryofa ar SeiZleba. kerZod, gnoseologiuri obieqtivizmi uTuod marTalia, roca codnis obieqturobas amtkicebs. magram ar aris marTali, roca codnas Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan sruliad damoukideblad ganixilavs, riTac igi arsebiTad codnas arsTan aigivebs, gnoseologiis farglebidan gadis da mecnierul codnas ontologiur statuss aniWebs. codna ar SeiZleba subieqtivisturobisagan sruliad ganwmendilad warmovidginoT, igi ar SeiZleba arss gavuigivoT, romelic Semmecnebeli subieqtisagan mTlianad damoukidebe368

lia. codnis specifika, arsisagan gansxvavebuli, is aris, rom igi asaxvaa kerZod arsis asaxva; igi, rogorc asaxva, asaxvaa vaa, subieqturobis daRs atarebs miuxedavad imisa, rom asaxvas obieqturoba moeTxoveba. amrigad, codna, rogorc asaxva, erTsa da imave dros subieqturic aris da obieqturic. erTi sityviT, codnis obieqturobis mtkicebisas, rac uTuod marTebulia, ar unda daviviwyoT misi gansxvaveba arsisagan; winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi ontologizms, e. i. gnoseologiis uaryofas ver avcdebiT. meore mxriv ufro miuRebelia subieqtivisturi gnoseologizmi, romelic faqtobrivad gnoseologiis _ codnis Teoriis _ uaryofamde midis. obieqturi Sinaarsis gareSe codnis arsebobaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. es idea jer kidev sokratem gaacnobiera subieqtivizmis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi. gnoseologiis arsebobis aucilebel pirobas warmoadgens codnis gageba, rogorc subieqtur-obieqturi fenomenisa. warmoSobis mixedviT codna subieqturia, adamianis Teoriuli moRvaweobis Sedegia. magram codna subieqtur momentebs Seicavs ara marto misi genezisis gamo, aramed imitomac, rom igi arasodes ar aris absoluturi, aramed relatiuria, Tavis TavSi Secdomis Semcvelia. codna relatiuri WeSmaritebis saxiT arsebobs. codnis sferoSi relatiuroba subieqturobas niSnavs, vinaidan mis erTerT mTavar mizezs Cveni SemecnebiTi unaris SezRuduloba warmoadgens. sul sxvagvaria arsis sferoSi relatiuroba, romelic obieqtur relatiurobas anu subieqturisagan damoukidebel relatiurobas warmoadgens. amis Sesaxeb ukve gvqonda laparaki da aRar gavimeorebT. meore mxriv codnis obieqturobas ara marto is ganapirobebs, rom igi obieqturi, arsobrivi sinamdvilis asaxvas warmoadgens, aramed aranaklebi mniSvneloba aqvs codnis Sinagan logikas. codnas, miT umetes mecnieruls, garkveuli azriT, damoukidebloba, TavisTavadoba anu obieqturoba axasiaTebs. aq laparaki ar aris im obieqturobaze, romelsac k. poperis mesame samyaro flobs (Tumca isic Zalian mniSvnelovania codnis obieqturobis TvalsazrisiT), aramed codnis logikaze, romelsac 369

mecnieri axal-axali aRmoCenebisaken mihyavs da ar aris damokidebuli mis fsiqologiur ganwyobilebaze. piriqiT, am SemTxvevaSi logika TviTon marTavs fsiqologias. azrovnebis logikur kanonebs, rogorc codnis obieqturobis erT-erT umniSvnelovanes garants, principuli mniSvneloba aqvs. amrigad, arc subieqturoba da arc obieqturoba cal-calke mecnieruli codnis _ saerTod codnis _ specifikas ver gamoxatavs. k. poperis ontologiuri epistemologiis mTavar nakls imaSi vxedavT, rom igi imdenad gaitaca codnis obieqturobis mtkicebam, rom meore ukiduresobaSi gadavarda _ subieqturobis momenti daiviwya da codna arsebiTad arss gauigiva, iseve rogorc amas adgili hqonda aleTologiur realizmSi, roca WeSmariteba TavisTavad subieqturs mTlianad mowyda da arsis sferoSi gadabargda, ramac gamoiwvia gnoseologiis uaryofa, misi Secvla ontologiiT.

Tavi meore Tavi meo mecnierebis ganviTare viTarebis garegani rega mecnierebis ganviTarebis garegani da ni Sinagani faqtorebi naga tore Sinagani faqtorebi eqsternaliz sternalizmi $104. eqsternalizmi
gasuli saukunis 30-40-iani wlebidan epistemologiaSi wina planze wamoiwia mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis problemam, romlis gadasawyvetad Camoyalibda ori urTierTdapirispirebuli mimarTuleba: eqsternalizmi da internalizmi. pirveli maTgani Tvlis, rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi mecnierebis gareT unda veZioT. aseTia yvelaferi, rasac kognituri xasiaTi ara aqvs, saxeldobr, warmoeba, ekonomika, socialuri viTareba, eTikuri, esTetikuri da religiuri faqtorebi. internalizmi ki mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalas TviTon mecnierebaSi xedavs. erTi sityviT, eqsternalizmi garegan faqtorebze laparakobs, in-

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ternalizmi ki Sinaganze. TviTon saxelwodebanic amaze miuTiTebs. mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis eqsternalisturi mimarTuleba marqsistuli filosofiis safuZvelze warmoiSva; kerZod, igi amodis mecnierebis, rogorc sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis formis istoriulmaterialisturi gagebidan. istoriuli materializmi emyareboda cnobil marqsistul debulebas sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis mimarT sazogadoebrivi yofierebis pirveladobis Sesaxeb; kerZod, igi amkicebda, rom sazogadoebrivi yofiereba, romlis qveS sazogadoebis materialuri cxovrebis pirobebi igulisxmeboda, warmoSobs da gansazRvravs sazogadoebriv cnobierebas. sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis erT-erT ZiriTad formad miCneuli iyo mecniereba. aqedan keTdeboda daskvna, rom sazogadoebrivi yofiereba, sazogadoebrivi cnobierebis sxva formebTan (filosofia, morali, xelovneba, religia da a. S) erTad, gansazRvravs mecnierebis bunebasac, misi ganviTarebis kanonzomierebas. maSasadame, mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zala mis gareT anu sazogadoebriv yofierebaSi imyofeba, romlis qveS, rogorc vTqviT, materialuri cxovrebis pirobebi igulisxmeba. 1931 wels londonSi Sedga mecnierebis istorikosTa meore saerTaSoriso kongresi, romlis muSaobaSi monawileobda sabWoTa delegaciac n. i. buxarinis meTaurobiT. sabWoTa delegaciis erT-erTma wevrma (b. geseni) kongresze waikiTxa moxseneba niutonis meqanikis socialur-ekonomikuri safuZvlebis Sesaxeb; momxsenebeli cdilobda imis dasabuTebas, rom niutonis meqanika qveyanaSi arsebuli socialur-ekonomikuri viTarebis safuZvelze warmoiSva. es iyo istoriuli materializmis kargad cnobili Tvalsazrisis gamoyeneba niutonis meqanikis genezisis problemis gadasaWrelad. niutonis meqanikis safuZvlebis Zieba fizikis mecnierebis gareT _ socialur-ekonomikur viTarebaSi _ sruliad axali movlena iyo mecnierebis istorikosTa azrovnebaSi. kongresis monawileTa erTma jgufma es idea xelSi aitaca da sul male Camoyalibda 371

eqsternalizmi, rogorc axali mimarTuleba epistemologiaSi. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia cnobili ingliseli mecnieri da sazogado moRvawe jon bernali, romelmac ori uzarmazari Txzuleba gamosca: mecnierebis socialuri funqcia (1939), da mecniereba istoriaSi (1954). j. bernali amtkicebs, rom mecnierebis istoriis yoveli mniSvnelovani periodi Seesabameba raime socialur-ekonomikur gardaqmnas.1 Zvel saberZneTSi, misi azriT, mecniereba monaTmflobelur sazogadoebas asaxavs, Sua saukuneebSi _ feodalizms da a. S. j. bernali eqsternalizmis yvelaze radikaluri formis damcvelia. igi mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebel Zalad warmoebiT urTierTobebs acxadebs. warmoebiTi urTierTobebi _ wers igi _ warmo biTi urTierTobebi moe TierTobe ganapirobebs TviT warmoebis saSualebebis cvlilebebis aucileblobas, rac mecnierebis zrdas iwvevs. amrigad, warmoebis ganviTareba ganapirobebs mecnierebis ganviTarebas. aseTia j. bernalis ZiriTadi eqsternalisturi Tezisi. eqsternalizmis momdevno warmomadgenlebi ufro frTxilad da zomierad msjeloben. magaliTad, r. mertoni iziarebs j. bernalis im azrs, rom mecnierebis warmoSobis procesSi sociums gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs, magram warmoSobis Semdeg mecniereba damoukideblad viTardeba Sinagani faqtorebis safuZvelze. mecnierebis ganviTarebis socialuri faqtorebis cnebis qveS r. mertoni mxolod socialur-ekonomikur pirobebs (ZiriTadad, warmoebas) ki ar gulisxmobs, aramed yvelafers, rac mecnierebisaTvis garegania, magaliTad, protestantuli eTika, romelic idealuri faqtoria da ara materialuri. mecnierebis sociologiuri genezisis axsnis saintereso cdas gvTavazobs cnobili eqsternalisti e. cilzeli. igi eZebs Sesabamisobas mecnieruli meTodis struqturul elementebsa da sazogadoebis socialur struqturas Soris. igi erTmaneTisagan gaarCevs mecnieruli meTodis Teoriulsa da eqsperimentul elementebs. XVII sa1

. , , ., 1956, . 9.

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ukunemde, misi azriT, es elementebi erTmaneTisagan iyo mowyvetili. meTodis Teoriuli mxare sazogadoebis maRali da ganaTlebuli fenisaTvis iyo misawvdomi, eqsperimentuli ki _ xelosnebisaTvis. pirvelni universitetebSi moRvaweobdnen, meoreni ki qalaqebis sazogadoebriv-materialur sferoebSi Sromobdnen. maT Soris ki araviTari kavSiri ar iyo, rac SeuZlebels xdida mecnierebis warmoSoba-ganviTarebas. mecniereba maSin warmoiSva, amtkicebs e. cilzeli, rodesac mecnieruli meTodis or Semadgenel nawils Soris socialuri barieri daingra da xelosanTa maRali fenis meTodebi akademiurad swavlulebma SeiTvises.1 es ki moxda, e. cilzelis azriT, mxolod XVII saukuneSi, rac sazogadoebaSi momxdari socialuri cvlilebebis Sedegi iyo. aseTi iyo im mecnierTa ZiriTadi ideebi da azrovnebis tendenciebi, romlebic eqsternalizmis poziciebze idgnen.

E. Zilsel, The Sociological Roots of Science. ix. Amer. Journal of Sociology, Chicago, 1942, vol. 47, N4, p. 555.

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internaliz ternalizmi $105. internalizmi


internalizmi ar uaryofs garegani faqtorebis rols mecnierebis warmoSobisa da ganviTarebis procesSi, magram maT ar aniWebs principul, gadamwyvet mniSvnelobas, Tvlis, rom azrovnebas Tavisi Sinagani kanonebi aqvs, rac mecnierebis mamoZravebel Zalas warmoadgens. am mimarTulebis fuZemdebelia cnobili frangi mecnierebisa da filosofiis istorikosi aleqsandr koire, romelic axali tipis mecnierebis istorikosad iTvleba. al. koires istoriuli koncefciis originaluroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi ara mxolod mecnierebis, aramed mTeli sazogadoebis ganviTarebis istoriasac azrovnebis inteleqtualur ganviTarebas, ZiriTadad ki filosofiis progress ukavSirebs. mecnierebisa da filosofiis istoria, al. koires azriT, ar aris qronologiurad ganlagebuli faqtebisa da anekdotebis krebuli, usistemo grova. am faqtebs Soris Sinagani kavSiria, Sinagani kanonzomierebaa. mecnierebis istorikosis movaleobaa am kanonzomierebis aRmoCena. al. koire mkacrad akritikebs eqsternalizms, Tvlis, rom arc mecnierebisa da arc sazogadoebis istoriis axsna garegani faqtorebiT ar SeiZleba. me fuWad mimaCnia imis survili _ wers igi _ rom berZnuli mecniereba qalaqebis socialuri struqturidan gamoviyvanoT... aTeni ver agvixsnis verc evdoqsesa da verc platons. miT ufro sirakuzebi ver agvixsnian arqimedes an florencia _ galileis. me vTvli, rom igive viTarebaa axal droSic da Cvens droSic ki ... XVII saukunis inglisis socialuri struqtura veraviTar SemTxvevaSi ver agvixsnis niutons da, miT umetes, nikoloz pirvelis droindeli ruseTis socialuri struqtura Suqs ver mohfens lobaCevskis qmnilebas.1 adamiani, amtkicebs al. koire, aris sulieri substancia, amitom misi axsna materialuri cxovrebis safuZ1

. , , ., 1985, . 279.

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velze SeuZlebelia. vinaidan mecniereba adamianis sulieri moRvaweobis produqtia, misi gageba mxolod da mxolod imanenturi kanonebis safuZvelze SeiZleba, im kanonebisa, romlebic mecnierul azrovnebas marTavs. istoria misi Sinagani kanonebis safuZvelze SeiZleba gavigoT. es kanonebi, cxadia, idealuria. meore internalisti _ al. koires mimdevari _ a. r. holi mkacrad akritikebs e. cilzelis koncefcias axali tipis mecnierebis Sesaxeb. axali mecnierebis CamoyalibebaSi, misi azriT, mTavari roli mecniers ekuTvnis da ara garemos, romelSic igi cxovrobs. xelosnebisa da Teoretikosebis kavSiri mecnierebis geneziss ver agvixsnis. a. r. holi akritikebs agreTve r. mertons da amtkicebs, rom XVII saukuneSi mecnierebis warmoSobas Sinagani faqtorebi ganapirobebda, xolo socialuri Zalebi mTavar rols rodi TamaSobda. internalisturi ideebi farTod aris gavrcelebuli dasavleT evropisa da amerikis samecniero wreebSi, ramac eqsternalizmis gavrcelebas didi dabrkolebebi Seuqmna. cxadia, aris iseTi moazrovneebic, romlebic erTgvari Suamavlis rols TamaSoben am or dapirispirebul mimarTulebas Soris; isini Tvlian, rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebi unda veZioT rogorc Sinagan, aseve garegan faqtorebSi. erTi sityviT, isini ar iziareben arc wminda eqsternalistursa da arc wminda internalistur mosazrebebs.

sinTezuri koncef Tezu cefcia $106. sinTezuri koncefcia


eqsternalizmisa da internalizmis dapirispirebam gamoavlina TiToeuli maTganis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi mxareebi. eqsternalizmis sasargeblod unda iTqvas, rom socialur-ekonomikuri, ufro metic, politikuri da ideologiuri faqtorebis rolis uaryofa mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebaSi SeuZlebelia. adamiani, uwinares yovlisa, praqtikuli arsebaa. mas aqvs Tundac vita375

luri moTxovnilebani, romelTa dakmayofileba bunebaSi arsebuli mza produqtebiT SeuZlebelia. man unda iSromos, awarmoos misi moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis saWiro produqtebi da nivTebi. am warmoebis procesSi viTardeba misi cnobiereba, iZens axal codnas da safuZvels uyris mecnierebis warmoSobasa da ganviTarebas. amaze metyvelebs iseTi mecnierebebis saxelwodebani, rogoricaa geografia (dedamiwis aRwera), geometria (dedamiwis gazomva), astronomia (varskvlavTa kanoni) da sxv. magram am ideis hipertrofirebas, rasac eqsternalizmi eweva, vulgarul sociologiamde mivyavarT. igi mTlianad gamoricxavs Sinagani, kognituri faqtorebis rols mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi, rasac eqsternalizmi meqanicizmsa da laplasur determinizmamde mihyavs. SeuZlebelia imis Tqma, rom TiTqos mecnierebas mxolod praqtikuli miznebi aqvs an mis warmoSobas mxolod praqtikuli moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba warmoadgens. es SeiZleba vamtkicoT civilizaciis sawyis etapze, e. i. maSin, roca adamianis mecnieruli codna jer kidev ar iyo Camoyalibebuli, magram ufro gviandeli periodebisaTvis, miT umetes, Tanamedrove epoqisaTvis aseTi mosazrebani sruliad gaumarTlebelia. platonis, aristoteles, kantisa da hegelis filosofia, iseve rogorc bevri sxva specialurmecnieruli Teoria praqtikuli moTxovnilebebis safuZvelze rodi warmoiSva da maT uSualo mizans materialuri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba rodi warmoadgenda. am SemTxvevaSi idealuri faqtorebi, TviTon mecnieruli codnis Sinagani logikac mTavarsa da gadamwyvet rols TamaSobda. internalizmis damsaxurebas swored mecnierebis ganviTarebis am Sinagani faqtorebis rolze yuradRebis gamaxvileba warmoadgens. mecnierebis warmoSobisas xSir SemTxvevaSi did rols TamaSobs social-ekonomikuri faqtorebi, magram warmoSobis Semdeg igi damoukideblobas iZens, sakuTar fexebze dgeba da amieridan garegan faqtorebs arc ki emorCileba. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSic garegani faqtorebi mniSvnelovan gavlenas axdens mecnierebis 376

ganviTarebaze, aCqarebs an anelebs (abrkolebs, amuxruWebs) mecnierebis ganviTarebas, magram, saboloo jamSi, mis progresul msvlelobas ver aCerebs. amis magaliTebi mecnierebis istoriaSi bevria. inkvizicia ebrZoda kopernikis heliocentrul sistemas, galileis fizikas, komunisturi ideologia uaryofda genetikas, ainStainis relatiurobis Teorias, kibernetikas da a. S. marTalia, maT droebiT daabrkoles am mecnierebaTa winsvla, magram misi SeCereba ver SeZles. mecniereba jins hgavs, romelic boTlidan amosvlis anu warmoSobis Semdeg aravis aRar emorCileba da yvelasa da yvelafrisagan damoukideblad viTardeba. am SemTxvevaSi mTavar mamoZravebel Zalas Sinagani logika, Sinagani kanonzomiereba warmoadgens, rasac internalizmi esoden dabejiTebiTa da damajereblobiT amtkicebs. internalizmis uaryofiT mxares am Sinagani faqtorebis uzomod gazviadeba da garegani faqtorebis mTlianad gamoricxva warmoadgens. civilizaciis ganviTarebis pirvel etapebze mecnieruli codnis (saerTod codnis) Camoyalibeba, uwinares yovlisa, adamianis praqtikuli miznebis dakmayofilebas unda umadlodes. TviT Tanamedrove epoqaSic garegani faqtorebis gavlena mecnierebis ganviTarebaze umniSvnelo rodia. faqtia, rom warmoebis moTxovnilebani impulss aZlevs kibernetikis, fizikis, qimiis ganviTarebas; samxedro miznebi xSirad aCqareben atomuri fizikis, aeronavtikisa da kosmonavtikis ganviTarebas da a. S. amrigad, mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebel ZalTa ricxvidan arc garegani faqtorebis gamoricxva SeiZleba. swored amitom mecnierebis ganviTarebis mamoZravebeli Zalebis Sesaxeb ufro marTebulad migvaCnia sinTezuri koncefciis Camoyalibeba, romelic eqsternalizmisa da internalizmis calmxrivobebs moxsnis da maT racionalur momentebs SeinarCunebs. ar aris swori is Tvalsazrisi (s. r. mikulinski), romelic eqsternalizmisa da internalizmis winaaRmdegobis moxsnas imis safuZvelze cdilobs, rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis Sinagani faqto377

rebis qveS kvlav socialur faqtors gulisxmobs. es Tvalsazrisi sxva araferia, garda eqsternalizmis axal samoselSi warmodgenisa, misi transformirebisa. sinamdvileSi Sinagan faqtors kognituri, maSasadame, idealuri da ara materialuri Sinaarsi aqvs, ise, rogorc igi al. koires mier iyo moazrebuli.

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Tavi mesa same Tavi mesame mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba ni Tare nonzomi mecni rebis ganviTare nie viTarebis kumulaci mulaciu mode deli $107. mecnierebis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modeli
zemoT ganvixileT mecnierebis ganviTarebis erTi aspeqti, kerZod, mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi garegani da Sinagani faqtorebis urTierTobis problema. axla saWiroa gairkves mecnierebis ganviTarebis kanonzomiereba, rogor viTardeba an saerTod viTardeba Tu ara mecnieruli codna? mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis Sesaxeb ori fundamentaluri da urTierTdapirispirebuli koncefcia arsebobs: evoluciuri da revoluciuri. pirvel maTgans kumulaciis Teorias uwodeben, vinaidan mas mecnierebis ganviTareba esmis rogorc codnis dagrovebis (kumulaciis) procesi. meore ki _ mecnierebis ganviTarebis revoluciuri modeli _ dakavSirebulia axali filosofiuri mimarTulebis _ postpozitivizmis _ CamoyalibebasTan. mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis evoluciur (kumulaciur) models xangrZlivi istoria aqvs. mas Zveli (antikuri) droidan gasuli saukunis meore naxevramde gabatonebuli mdgomareoba eWira. am modelis Tanaxmad, mecnieruli codna absoluturi WeSmaritebis marcvlebisagan Sedgeba, romlebic TandaTan izrdeba, grovdeba, e. i. codnas codna emateba da araviTari naxtomi, revolucia mecnierebis ganviTarebaSi ar xdeba. aqedan cxadia, rom kumulaciis Teorias mecniereba warmoudgenia rogorc absoluturi WeSmaritebebis jami, romelic TandaTan izrdeba. iseve rogorc oqros maZiebeli mravali tona qviSis gadarCevis Sedegad moipovebs oqros marcvlebs, aseve mecnieruli codna SecdomaTa labirinTebis daZlevis gziT yalibdeba. mecniereba agur-agur Sendeba. Ziebis procesSi mopovebuli WeSmaritebani _ oq-

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ros marcvlebi _ namdvili oqroa da Semdgom dazustebas aRar saWiroebs. rogorc vxedavT, kumulaciis Teorias mecnierebis ganviTareba esmis rogorc codnis raodenobrivi dagroveba da meti araferi. revoluciuri Zvrebi mecnieruli kvlevis procesSi gamoricxulia. j.s. mili, romelic am Teorias icavda, werda: mecnierebis ganviTareba yovelTvis eqstensiuri procesia da ara intensiuri. codna SeiZleba ganviTardes WeSmaritebaTa ricxvis gazrdis da ara misi gardaqmnisa da gaRrmavebis xarjze.1 mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modelis mTavar nakls antiistorizmi anu mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis uaryofa warmoadgens. mecnieruli codnis ganviTareba mas esmoda rogorc raodenobrivi zrda, xolo mopovebul codnas maradiul WeSmaritebad Tvlida. es ki sxva araferia, Tu ara mecnierebis ganviTarebis uaryofa, mecnierebis ganviTarebis daxuruli modeli, romelic absoluturi WeSmaritebis cnebidan amodis da, maSasadame, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobas gamoricxavs. amrigad, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis problemis kvleva misi uaryofiT damTavrda. daxuruli modeli swored ganviTarebis uaryofis aRmniSvnelia. es niSnavs, rom mecnierebis ganviTarebis kumulaciurma modelma mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqti ver axsna. mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis meore _ revoluciuri modelis _ SemuSaveba dakavSirebulia axali filosofiuri mimarTulebis _ postpozitivizmis _ CamoyalibebasTan. am mimarTulebis winaprad karl poperi iTvleba. amitom mecnierebis ganviTarebis postpozitivisturi koncefciis ganxilvamde poperis erT-erT ZiriTad filosofiur Teorias _ falsifikaciis Teorias _ SevexebiT.

pope peris falsifikaciis Teo sifikaci $108. karl poperis falsifikaciis Teoria

citirebulia wignidan: . . , , , , ,. 1986, . 28.

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karl poperi uaxlesi pozitivisturi jgufis _ venis wridan _ gamovida. neopozitivizmi anu Tanamedrove pozitivizmi sazrisis kriteriumad empiriuli verifikaciis princips Tvlida. sazrisiania is debuleba, romlis empiriuli verifikacia _ anu uSualo grZnobad monacemebze dayvana _ SesaZlebelia. yvela danarCeni usazriso anu metafizikur debulebad iTvleba, romelTa arc damtkiceba da arc uaryofa ar aris SesaZlebeli ris gamoc isini, rogorc yalbi, fsevdoproblemebi mecnieruli, azrovnebidan unda gamoiricxos. empiriuli verifikaciis principi induqciis princips emyareba. nebismieri codnis _ maT Soris mecnieruli codnis _ amosavalia cda, uSualo grZnobadi monacemebi. mTeli Cveni codna uSualo grZnobadi monacemebis induqciuri ganzogadebis Sedegad aris miRebuli. induqciuri codna ki albaTuria. mecniereba albaTuri debulebebisagan Sedgeba. induqciis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom mecniereba TandaTanobiT, evoluciurad viTardeba yovelgvari naxtomis gareSe. amdenad mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modeli moergo pozitivistur Semecnebis Teorias. karl poperma neopozitivisturi msoflmxedvelobisagan Camocileba mecnierebisa da metafizikis gammijnavi _ demarkaciis _ principis ZiebiT daiwyo. aseT principad neopozitivizmi empiriuli verifikaciis princips Tvlida, romelic, Tavis mxriv, induqciis princips emyareboda. induqciuri meTodiT, amtkicebs poperi, yvelas Semowmeba SeuZlebelia. amitom induqciis gziT miRebuli codna albaTuria anu apodiqturobas moklebulia. mecnierebas ki apodiqturi codna qmnis. amitom induqciis principi mecnierebis asagebad ar gamodgeba. poperi antiinduqtivistia; aq ukve aSkarad gamovlinda misi dacileba-dapirispireba pozitivizmTan. induqciis principis uaryofa empiriuli verifikaciis principis uaryofasac niSnavs, vinaidan induqciis principi empiriul verifikacias emyareba. induqciis im naklis gamo, rom usasrulobis Semowmeba SeuZlebelia, 381

empiriuli verifikacia mecnierebisa da metafizikis demarkaciis (gammijnav) kriteriumad ar gamodgeba. samagierod SesaZlebelia nebismieri zogadi debulebis falsifikacia-gayalbeba. Tu aRmoCnda Tundac erTi faqti, romelic zogad debulebas ewinaaRmdegeba, maSin es debuleba falsificirebulia. Tu vnaxavT Tundac erT geds, romelic TeTri ar aris (aseTi gedebi avstraliaSia), maSin is debuleba, rom yvela gedi TeTria falsificirebulia. amaSi mdgomareobs, poperis azriT, falsifikaciis principis upiratesoba verifikaciis principTan SedarebiT. amitom verifikaciis principi falsifikaciis principma unda Secvalos. falsifikaciis principidan gamomdinareobs, rom yvela mecnieruli Teoria sabolood yalbi aRmoCndeba. absoluturi WeSmariteba miuwvdomelia. amitom mecnieruli iseT Teorias ewodeba, romlis falsificireba SesaZlebelia. mecniereba, gveubneba poperi, SesaZlebelia rogorc yalbi mecniereba. mecnieruli codna ganuwyvetel dinebaSia; falsifikaciis meTodi ganuwyvetlad funqcionirebs; warmoebs arsebuli codnis falsificireba _ Secdomebis eliminacia _ da axali codnis dafuZneba, romelic sabolood Zvelis beds gaiziarebs _ odesme falsifikacias ganicdis. aqedan gamomdinareobs mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modelis siyalbe. kumulaciis Teoria absoluturi WeSmaritebis arsebobas aRiarebda. poperis falsifikaciis meTodi absolutur WeSmaritebas kategoriulad uaryofs. Cven yovelTvis viswrafviT WeSmaritebisaken, magram mas verasodes ver vaRwevT. Cven WeSmaritebis maZiebelni varT da ara mflobelni. amitom Cvens codnas yovelTvis hipoTezuri xasiaTi aqvs, e. i. mxolod varaudebs Seicavs. erTi sityviT, poperis falsifikaciis meTodma mecnieruli codnis apodiqturobis uaryofamde migviyvana.

mecni ruli codnis revoluci nie voluciu $109. mecnieruli codnis revoluciuri
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ganviTareb Teo ganviTarebis Teoria viTare


k. poperma safuZvlianad uaryo mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis evoluciuri (kumulaciuri) modeli, magram mas revoluciuri modeli ar SemouTavazebia, Tu ar CavTvliT imas, rom nebismieri falsifikacia erTgvar mikrorevolucias warmoadgens. falsificirebis gziT ama Tu im zogadi debulebis uaryofa SeiZleba gavigoT rogorc revoluciuri naxtomi codnis nebismier dargSi. miuxedavad amisa, poperis epistemologias revoluciurs ver vuwodebT, Tumca man kumulaciis Teoria kategoriulad uaryo da amiT, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis revoluciur models miuaxlovda. amdenad igi postpozitivizmis winaprad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis revoluciuri modelis SemuSaveba dakavSirebulia Tomas kunis saxelTan, romelmac 1962 wels gamoaqveyna fundamenturi monografia samecniero revoluciebis struqtura, rac sul male klasikur naSromad iqca. kunis mecnierebis ganviTarebis modelis amosavali cnebaa paradigma; igi Tvlis, rom yovel epoqaSi arsebobs azrovnebis garkveuli modeli, romelsac SeiZleba hqondes mecnieruli Teoriis an msoflmxedvelobis (SexedulebaTa sistemis) saxe. amgvar models man paradigma uwoda. aseTi paradigmebia ptolemeosis geocentruli sistema, kopernikis heliocentruli sistema, niutonis meqanika, ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria, kvanturi meqanika da a. S. isini iseTi Teoriebia, romelTa warmoSobas mecnierebis istoriaSi revoluciuri mniSvneloba hqonda. paradigmis qveS me vgulisxmob yvelas mier aRiarebul mecnierul miRwevebs, _ wers T. kuni _ romelic gansazRvruli drois manZilze mecnierul sazogadoebriobas awvdis problemis dayenebisa da maTi gadawyvetis models.1 paradigma samyaros xedvis meTodia, azrovnebis wesia, romelic saSualebas gvaZlevs axleburad davinaxoT samyaro da axleburad moviazroT manamde
1

. , , ., 1977, . 11.

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arsebuli mecnieruli codna. axali paradigmis pirobebSi Zveli cnebebi axal Sinaarss iZens. klasikur fizikaSi cnobilma sivrcis, droisa da moZraobis cnebebma ainStainis relatiurobis TeoriaSi sul sxva Sinaarsi SeiZina da axali paradigmis samsaxurSi Cadga. mecnier-mkvlevarTa im jgufs, romelic mocemuli paradigmis safuZvelze calkeul mecnierul problemebs amuSavebs, T. kunma mecnieruli sazogadoebrioba uwoda. maTi mTeli Sroma mocemuli paradigmis dacvasa da dasabuTebas emsaxureba. es paradigma maTTvis aris dogma, romelzec kamaTi ar warmoebs. paradigma mecnierTa am jgufisaTvis aris norma. amitom im mecnierul kvlevas, romelsac es jgufi awarmoebs, T. kunma normaluri mecniereba uwoda. igi normaluria imitom, rom garkveuli normebis mixedviT sruldeba. es norma aris paradigma. normaluri mecnierebis wevrebi SeiZleba iyvnen TvalsaCino mkvlevarebi, originaluri gamokvlevebis avtorebi, magram araviTar SemTxvevaSi geniosebi, vinaidan genioss mecnierebaSi revoluciuri gardaqmnebi Seaqvs. normalur mecnierebaSi ki aseTi ram gamoricxulia. T. kuni Tvlis, rom erT epoqaSi mxolod erTi paradigma SeiZleba arsebobdes. sxva epoqas da sxva mecnierul sazogadoebriobas sxva paradigma aqvs. paradigmebis Tanaarseboba SeuZlebelia. amave dros paradigmebi uTanazomoa; es niSnavs, rom maTi erTmaneTTan Sedareba, miT umetes, dapirispireba SeuZlebelia. T. kuni kategoriulad uaryofs mecnierebis ganviTarebis kumulaciur models, magram Tvlis, rom erTi paradigmis farglebSi mecnieruli codna grovdeba. normaluri mecnierebi wyveten bevr Tavsatex problemas mocemuli paradigmis farglebSi, magram didi mecnieruli aRmoCenebi iq ar xdeba. normaluri mecniereba ar aris didi mecniereba. miuxedavad amisa, codna izrdeba, magram paradigmis sazRvrebs ar scildeba. normaluri mecniereba droTa ganmavlobaSi zogjer iseT faqtebs waawydeba, romelTa axsna mocemuli paradigmis farglebSi SeuZlebelia. es aris anomalia, rome384

lic kvleva-ZiebaSi sirTuleebs qmnis. roca mecnieruli sazogadoebrioba darwmundeba, rom mas am faqtebis axsna ar SeuZlia, maSin igi dumils amjobinebs, cdilobs maT miCqmalvas. magram dumili ar SeiZleba usasrulod gagrZeldes, vinaidan kvlevis procesSi axal-axali sawinaaRmdego faqtebi grovdeba, romelTa axsna mecnierul sazogadoebriobas ar ZaluZs. ase TandaTan mwifdeba mecnieruli revoluciuri situacia, romelic mTavrdeba mocemuli paradigmis ngreviT da axali paradigmis CamoyalibebiT. mecnieruli revolucia myisier xasiaTs atarebs. igi SeiZleba sul erT RameSi moxdes. igi daibada geniosis TavSi da meore dRes mTeli mecnieruli samyaro Seicvala. is, rac revoluciamde mecniers ixvi egona, revoluciis Semdeg kurdRlis baWia aRmoCnda.1 mecnieruli revolucia aris samyaros axleburi xedva; saWiro xdeba yvelafris Tavidan moazreba. memkvidreoba da uwyvetoba urTierTSemcvlel paradigmebs Soris gamoricxulia. mecnieruli revoluciebis arsebobas, T. kunis mixedviT, paradigmebis uTanazomoba ganapirobebs. am uTanazomobis gareSe mecnieruli revolucia ar moxdeboda. paradigmebi erTmaneTs gamoricxavs. erTi paradigmis nangrevebze meore paradigma dafuZndeba. T. kunis meTodologiuri koncefciis mTavar damsaxurebas mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kumulaciuri modelis uaryofa warmoadgens, romelic antiistoriulobiT xasiaTdeboda da ver xsnida mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqtebs. kumulaciuri meTodi, romlis mizans mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis kanonzomierebis axsna warmoadgenda, faqtobrivad misi ganviTarebis uaryofiT damTavrda. T. kunma, Tavis mxriv, SemogvTavaza axali (revoluciuri) modeli da bevri iseTi faqti gamoavlina, rac am problemis istoriaSi ucnobi iyo. magram mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis revoluciur models aseve mravali arsebiTi nakli aRmoaCnda. T. kunis kritikosebi mas brals sdeben iracionalizmSi. pa1

. , , . 151.

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radigmebi uTanazomoa, rac imas niSnavs, rom maT Soris saerTo araferia. erTi paradigmidan meoreze gadasvla, rasac T. kuni mecnierul revolucias uwodebs, xdeba erTbaSad da Tanac paradigmis sruli ngrevis Sedegad. axali paradigma Zvelis nangrevebze fuZndeba. aseT SemTxvevaSi gaugebaria _ iracionaluria _ Tu rogor viTardeba mecnieruli codna, roca igi memkvidreobas moklebulia. iracionaluria isic, Tu rogor xdeba erTi paradigmidan meoreze gadasvla, rogor unda Secvalos axalma paradigmam Zveli, Tuki maT araferi ar akavSirebT? isic gaugebaria, Tu rogor SeiZleba paradigmebis winaaRmdegoba, roca isini uTanazomoa, xolo Tu maT Soris winaaRmdegoba SeuZlebelia, maSin ra aris mecnieruli revoluciis mamoZravebeli? cxadia, rom Tu paradigmebi Tavsebadia, e. i. erTi paradigma meoridan gamoiyvaneba, maSin mecnieruli revolucia gamoricxulia, magram igive mdgomareoba gveqneba paradigmebis uTanazomobis pirobebSic. paradigmebis uTanazomobis mtkicebaSi gamovlinda T. kunis meTodologiuri relativizmic. Tu paradigmebi uTanazomoa, maSin maT ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvT. revoluciis Sedegad erTi paradigma meores cvlis, romelTagan orive ekvivalenturia. aseT SemTxvevaSi ki mecnierebis ganviTarebaze laparaki SeuZlebelia. T. kunis mecnieruli revoluciebis meTodologiis mTavar nakls mainc is warmoadgens, rom man ver aCvena mecnieruli codnis ganviTareba, ver axsna mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqti. paradigmebis uTanazomobis mtkiceba da maT Soris memkvidreobis gamoricxva SeuZlebels xdis ganviTarebaze laparaks. T. kunis mecnieruli revoluciebis meTodologia kumulaciuri meTodologiis sapirispirod Seiqmna, im meTodologiisa, romelic antiistoriulobiT xasiaTdeba da, maSasadame, mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis faqts ver xsnis. magram, meore mxriv, verc T. kunma axsna mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis faqti. sadac ar arsebobs memkvidreoba, iq ganviTarebaze laparaki zedmetia. amrigad, verc evoluciurma da verc revoluciur386

ma Teoriam mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqtis axsna ver SeZles. piriqiT, maT mier SemoTavazebul modelebs mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis SesaZleblobis uaryofamde mivyavarT. T. kunis mecnieruli meTodologiis naklovanebebma dRis wesrigSi dasva axali mecnieruli meTodologiis Seqmnis saWiroeba. erT-erT aseT gaxmaurebul meTodologias warmoadgens imre lakatosis samecniero-kvleviTi programebis meTodologia. samecniero-kvleviTi programebis qveS i. lakatosi gulisxmobs iseTi mecnieruli Teoriebis jgufs, romelTac garkveuli amosavali principebi, saerTo ideebi akavSirebT. i. lakatosi laparakobs samecniero-kvleviTi programebis progresuloba-regresulobis Sesaxeb. kvleviTi programa _ wers igi _ progresulad maSin iTvleba, Tu misi Teoriuli zrda winaswar iTvaliswinebs mis empiriul zrdas, e. i. rodesac mas garkveuli warmatebiT SeuZlia axali faqtebis winaswarxedva... programa regress ganicdis, Tu misi Teoriuli zrda CamorCeba mis empiriul zrdas.1 i. lakatosi, T. kunisagan gansxvavebiT, laparakobs samecniero-kvleviTi programebis konkurenciisa da brZolis SesaZleblobasa da aucileblobaze. zogjer ise xdeba, rom erTsa da imave empiriul bazisze dapirispirebuli Teoriebi yalibdeba, romlebic erTsa da imave faqtebs sxvadasxvagvarad xsnis. amaSi xedavs igi mecnieruli Teoriebis ganviTarebis Sinagan kanonzomierebas. mecnierebis istoria _ gveubneba igi _ yovelTvis iyo da unda iyos kvleviTi programebis brZolis istoria. dapirispirebuli programebi ganuwyvetlad ebrZvian da aviwroeben erTmaneTs. brZolis Sedegad erT-erTi imarjvebs, rac mecnierul revolucias niSnavs, damarcxebuli ki asparezs tovebs. maSasadame, mecnierul revoluciebs permanentuli xasiaTi aqvs. es niSnavs, rom lakatosis meTodologia, T. kunis meTodologiisagan gansxvavebiT, raciona1

, ., 1978, . 219-220.

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luria. gadasvla erTi samecniero-kvleviTi programidan meoreze sruliad kanonzomieria. T. kunisa da i. lakatosisagan gansxvavebuli mecnieruli meTodologia Seqmna pol feierabendma, romelic anarqistuli meTodologiis avtorad iTvleba. p. feierabendi iziarebs T. kunis paradigmebis uTanazomobis princips da Tvlis, rom erTi Teoria meorisagan arasodes ar gamoiyvaneba. misi mecnieruli meTodologiis amosavalia alternatuli Teoriebis cneba. misTvis miuRebelia T. kunis azri erT epoqaSi mxolod erTi paradigmis arsebobis Sesaxeb. misi azriT, nebismier epoqaSi arsebobs ramdenime urTierTdapirispirebuli alternatiuli Teoria, romlebic ganuwyveteli konkurenciisa da brZolis procesSi imyofeba. am brZolis dadebiTi mxare is aris, rom igi ar iZleva mecnieruli azris modunebis, konservatizmis saSualebas. mxolod aseT pirobebSi SeiZleba mecnieruli codnis ganviTareba. Tu erTi Teoria ise gabatonda, rom mas ar hyavs mebrZoli (konkurenti) Teoria, maSin dogmatizmi gamefdeba da mecnierebis winsvla dabrkoldeba. am ideis safuZvelze p. feierabendma SeimuSava e. w. proliferaciis principi (termini aRebulia biologiidan, sadac igi niSnavs ujredebis gamravlebas gayofis gziT), romelic moiTxovs sul axal-axali alternatiuli Teoriis Seqmnas, ramac Teoriebs Soris ganuwyveteli brZola unda uzrunvelyos. Cemi koncefciis ZiriTadi principia proliferaciis principi, _ wers igi _ proliferaciis liferaci romelic mogviwodebs SevqmnaT da davamuSaoT iseTi axali Teoriebi, romlebic SeuTavsebadia miRebul TvalsazrisTan im SemTxvevaSic ki, Tu es ukanaskneli uaRresad dadasturebuli da aRiarebulia.1 am Teorias p. feierabendi zogjer Teoriul pluralizms uwodebs, vinaidan igi alternatiuli Teoriebis simravles moiTxovs da mas mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis aucilebel pirobad Tvlis.
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, . 420.

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rogorc vTqviT, p. feierabendisaTvis misaRebia T. kunis uTanazomobis principi, saidanac alternatiuli mecnieruli Teoriebis ekvivalenturoba gamomdinareobs. yvela Teorias ekvivalenturi mniSvneloba aqvs. aseT daskvnamde mivida p. feierabendi mis mTavar TxzulebaSi meTodis winaaRmdeg. ZiriTadi daskvna am Txzulebisa ori sityviT gamoiTqmeba: yvelaferi dasaSvebia (Anything goes), rac imas niSnavs, rom p. feierabendi uaryofs mecnieruli Semecnebis raime regulaciuri meTodologiis arsebobas mecnieruli Teoriis agebis procesSi. yvela meTodi ekvivalenturia da yovelgvari Teoriuli koncefcia dasaSvebia. ar arsebobs iseTi absurduli idea, romelic xels ar uwyobdes mecnierebis ganviTarebas. Tu yvelaferi dasaSvebia da, maSasadame, regulaciuri principi ar arsebobs, maSin meTodologiaSi sruli anarqizmi unda sufevdes. p. feierabendi swored ase fiqrobs. igi afuZnebs meTodologiur anarqizms anu anarqistul meTodologias, romelsac zogjer dadaizms (sityvebis uazro TamaSs) uwodebs. anarqistulma meTodologiam p. feierabendi iracionalizmamde miiyvana. igi amtkicebs, rom mecniereba upiratesad iracionaluria, vidre racionaluri. mecnierebis progresi SesaZlebelia mxolod anarqizmis pirobebSi, roca yovelgvari SezRudva moxsnilia. cnobil politikur anarqists kropotkins yvela dawesebulebis ganadgureba surda, magram mecnierebas ar exeboda, gveubneba p. feierabendi, me minda davicva sazogadoeba da misi mcxovrebni yovelgvari ideologiisagan, mecnierebis CaTvliT.1 cxadia, p. feierabendi mecnierebas rodi ebrZvis. misi mizania adamianis ganTavisufleba yovelgvari SemzRudavi faqtorisagan, maT Soris mecnierebisaganac. sazogadoeba, cxadia, ver iarsebebs mecnierebis gareSe, magram

P. Feyerabend, Against Method, Outline of a anarchistic theory of knowledge, London,

1979, p. 56.

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mecniereba ar unda iyos mimarTuli adamianis nebis winaaRmdeg, ar unda zRudavdes mis Tavisuflebas. p. feierabendis anarqistuli meTodologia anu antimeTodologia SemTxveviTi movlena ar aris postpozitivizmis istoriaSi. igi logikuri Sedegia relativizmisa, romelic postpozitivizmSi imTaviTve Caisaxa da T. kunisa da i. lakatosis gziT p. feierabendamde ganviTarda. relativizmi skepticizmsa da nihilizms iwvevs. amis dasturs jer kidev antikur filosofiaSi protagorasa da gorgias filosofiuri msoflmxedvelobebis urTierTmimarTeba warmoadgens. relativizms jer kidev k. poperis falsifikaciis Teoria Seicavda, roca igi WeSmaritebis Semecnebis SesaZleblobas uaryofda. T. kunis paradigmebis uTanazomobis principi, romelic am paradigmebis ekvivalenturobas niSnavs, relativizmis kidev ufro ganviTarebuli formaa. i. lakatosi am mimarTulebiT kidev ufro Sors wavida. konkurenciaSi myofi samecniero-kvleviTi programebidan arc erTi privilegirebuli ar aris; yvela ekvivalenturia. maT Soris gansxvaveba martooden isaa, rom Teoriuli zrda win uswrebs empiriuls, rac am programebs did upiratesobas ar aZlevs. maT Soris WeSmaritebis mixedviT gansxvaveba ar aris. dasasrul, p. feierabendma relativizmi bolomde miiyvana da anarqistuli meTodologia miiRo. principi yvelferi dasaSvebia relativizmis ukidures formas warmoadgens. amrigad, postpozitivizmma ver SeZlo mecnieruli codnis ganviTarebis axsna. revoluciuri Teoria iseve warumatebeli aRmoCnda, rogorc misi winamorbedi mecnierebis ganviTarebis evoluciuri (kumulaciuri) modeli. problema problemad darCa; rogor unda avxsnaT mecnierebis ganviTarebis faqti? am kiTxvaze pasuxis Cveneuli varianti mocemulia paragrafSi: mecnieruli Teoria ($94).

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Tavi meoT oTxe Tavi meoTxe mecnieruli codnis funqciebi mecnieruli codnis funqcie ni qci axsna aRwe wera mecni ruli codnis nie $110. axsna da aRwera _ mecnieruli codnis funqci qcie funqciebi
mecnieruli codnis funqciebis Sesaxeb nawilobriv zemoT gvqonda laparaki mecnieruli Teoriis fsevdoabsolutur bunebasTan dakavSirebiT. amJamad ki am funqciebis sxva arsebiT mxareebs SevexebiT. zemoT aRvniSneT, rom mecnieruli Teoria, rogorc mecnieruli codnis forma, sxva araferia, garda mecnieruli faqtebis axsnisa, maT Soris urTierTkavSiris povnisa. mecnieruli Teoriis Seqmna niSnavs mecnieruli faqtebis, rogorc Sinaarsis, mowesrigebas, maT sistemaSi moyvanas, rac maTi axsnis, maT Soris Sinagani kavSiris aRmoCeniT sruldeba. es niSnavs, rom axsna ara mxolod mecnieruli Teoriis arsebas warmoadgens, aramed igi saerTod mecnieruli codnis erT-erTi fundamenturi funqciaa. es garemoeba jer kidev aristotelem SeniSna, roca man Semecneba gaigo rogorc pasuxi kiTxvaze ratom? marTlac, Semecneba axsnas niSnavs, es, miT umetes, iTqmis mecnieruli Semecnebis Sesaxeb, romelic arsis siRrmiseuli sferoebis _ misi arsebis _ Semecnebas warmoadgens. arsebobs axsnis ori ZiriTadi forma: aramecnieruli da mecnieruli. pirvels miekuTvneba winamecnieruli (saRi azris doneze), religiuri, mistikuri, miTologiuri da sxv., romlebSic mecnieruli cnebebi, kategoriebi da meTodebi ar moixmareba. mecnierul axsna ki aris mizezobrivi, funqciuri, dinamikuri, statistikuri, geneturi, sistemuri, teleologiuri da axsnis sxva iseTi tipebi, romelTac mecnieruli, logikuri dasabuTebis xasiaTi aqvT. maT miekuTvneba filosofiuri axsnac, vinaidan filoso-

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fiac mecnierebaa, codnis sistemaa, Tumca specialur-mecnieruli codnisagan principulad gansxvavebuli. mecnieruli axsnis am tipebidan gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba mizezobriv axsnas aqvs. arc Tu ise didi xnis winaT mas mecnieruli axsnis erTaderT formad Tvlidnen misi fundamenturi mniSvnelobis gamo. j. s. milma mizezobrivi axsnis yvela ZiriTadi niSani Camoayaliba. imis cdebic iyo, rom mecnieruli axsnis yvela forma mizezobriv axsnaze daeyvanaT (bekoni, hiume, holbaxi da sxv.). xSirad mizezobrivi da teleologiuri axsna erTmaneTs cvlis. es garemoebac pirvelad aristotelem SeamCnia, roca mizani (finaluri mizezi) mizezobriobis erTerT formad miiCnia. miuxedavad amisa, mizezobrivi da miznobrivi axsna sxvadasxvaa. pirveli pasuxobs kiTxvaze: ratom, meore ki _ risTvis. arsebobs axsnis sxvadasxva Teoria, romelTagan gansakuTrebiT popularulia k. hempelisa da p. openhaimis mier 1948 wels Camoyalibebuli deduqciur-nomologiuri axsnis Teoria. am avtorebis mixedviT, mecnieruli axsna ori komponentisagan Sedgeba: asaxsneli anu eqsplanandumi da amxsneli anu eqsplanansi. eqsplanansi ori elementisagan Sedgeba: individualuri xdomiloba anu antecedenturi piroba da kanoni. axsna aris asaxsnelis (eqsplanandumis) daqvemdebareba (gamoyvana) kanonidan. amitom ewodeba am Teorias deduqciur-nomologiuri. magaliTad, Tu gvsurs imis axsna, Tu ratom aiwia vercxliswylis donem Termometris svetSi, rodesac igi cxel wyalSi CavuSviT, maSin antecedenturi piroba iqneba im individualuri faqtis gamoTqma, rom Termometri Sedgeba ciferblatisa da vercxliswylis svetisagan, romelic CaSvebulia cxel wyalSi. mecnierebis kanoni ki aris is, rom gaTboba afarToebs vercxliswyals. am ori tipis msjelobis safuZvelze vakeTebT daskvnas (vawarmoebT axsnas), Tu ratom aiwia TermometrSi vercxliswylis donem gaTbobis Sedegad. amrigad, deduqciur-nomologiuri axsna keTdeba antecedenturi pirobebisa da kanonis (zogadi debulebis) safuZvelze. 392

axsnis obieqti SeiZleba iyos ara mxolod individualuri xdomiloba, aramed TviTon kanonic. kanonis amxsnels ki Teoria warmoadgens. arsebiTad rom vTqvaT, kanoni TavisTavad arafers ar xsnis. igi axsnis saSualebaa da ara amxsneli. deduqciur-nomologiuri Teoria axsnis procesSi ratomRac kanons im funqcias akisrebs, rac Teorias evaleba. kanoni xom mecnieruli Teoriis Sinaarsis erT-erTi elementia, erT-erTi mecnieruli faqtia, romelic TviTon saWiroebs axsnas, Tumca mecnieruli axsna kanonis gareSe SeuZlebelia. zogjer amtkiceben, rom Tu usasruloa Semecnebis procesi, maSin usasrulo unda iyos axsnac. unda arsebobdes dabali da maRali axsnis formebi anu axsnis formebis ierarqia. magaliTad, r. b. braitvaiti gamoricxavs finaluri axsnis arsebobas. aris iseTi Tvalsazrisic, romelic axsnis doneebis usasrulobas uaryofs da Tvlis, rom bolos da bolos asaxsnelad uzogades kanons unda mivmarToT, romlis axsna SeuZlebeli iqneba masze ufro zogadi kanonis ararsebobis gamo da es iqneba finaluri axsna (n. kempbeli). Cven am kamaTSi ukanaskneli Tvalsazrisi ufro sworad migvaCnia, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, aristotelemde mivyavarT. es uzogadesi kanonebi filosofiis Seswavlis obieqtia. maSasadame, specialur-mecnieruli axsnis safuZvlebi filosofiaSi unda veZioT. mecnierebis kanonebi, romlebic axsnis procesSi mTavar rols TamaSobs, TavianTi bunebiT relatiuria, vinaidan isini movlenaTa msvlelobis gabatonebul tendencias asaxaven da, maSasadame, ara aqvT absoluturi mniSvneloba. es aris mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobis ontoloontolotolo giu safuZveli fuZveli. giuri safuZveli garda amisa, mecnierebis kanonebi induqciis wesiT dgindeba; induqcia ki mxolod relatiur codnas iZleva da amaSia mecnierebis kanonebis relatiurobis gnoseologiuri safuZveli magram Semecnebis prognose logi seo giu safuZveli fuZveli. cesSi adamians ar akmayofilebs mecnieruli kanonebis relatiuroba, Tvlis maT erTniSna, absolutur kanonebad, awarmoebs relatiuris gaabsoluturebas anu qmnis fsev-

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doabsoluturs. mecnieruli kanonebis fsevdoabsoluturoba ki mecnieruli axsnis fsevdoabsoluturobas iwvevs. winamecnieruli axsna mecnierulisagan ZiriTadad imiT gansxvavdeba, rom mas aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvs. igi aris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, aRweriTi axsna vinaidan aRweriTi axsna weri sna, saqme gvaqvs empiriul sinamdvilesTan, romelic grZnobadkonkretulobiT xasiaTdeba. mecnieruli axsnis sagania realuri arsis (movlenaTa samyaros) arseba anu specialuri arsebani. TviTon movlenebis axsnac maTi arsebis axsnas niSnavs. filosofiuri axsnis sagans ki mTeli sinamdvilis arseba anu substanciuri arseba warmoadgens, rac filosofiuri kategoriebiT (uzogadesi cnebebiT) xorcieldeba. aseTi axsna Tavisi arsebiT absoluturi unda iyos da ara fsevdoabsoluturi; magram vinaidan mas adamianebi awarmoeben, romlebic TavianTi SemecnebiTi unarebis SezRudulobis gamo arasodes Secdomebisagan ar arian dazRveuli, amitom filosofiuri axsnac faqtobrivad fsevdoabsoluturia. amrigad, axsnis nebismier formas fsevdoabsoluturi xasiaTi aqvs. arian iseTi moazrovneebic, romlebic uaryofen axsnis aucileblobas mecnieruli Semecnebis procesSi da cdiloben axsna aRweriT Secvalon. am Sexedulebis aqtiuri damcvelebi iyvnen e. maxi da misi mimdevrebi. axsna, e. maxis azriT, faqtebis urTierTobis aRweras warmoadgens. marTalia, faqtis cnebis qveS e. maxi kanonsac gulisxmobda, magram kanonic esmoda rogorc aRwera. es koncefcia p. diuhemma principul doneze aiyvana da amtkicebda, rom fizikuri Teoria axsna ar aris. mis mizans martooden eqsperimentulad dadgenili kanonebis aRwera da klasifikacia warmoadgens.1 mesame pozitivizmma es Tvalsazrisi odnav Searbila, magram ar uaruyvia. magaliTad, m. Sliki ar uaryofs mecnierebis axsniT funqcias, magram Tvlis, rom axsna aris aRweris axali saxe.2 zedmetia imis mtkiceba, rom

1 2

, , , . 1919, . 25. M. Schlick, Description and Explanation. Reading in the philosophy of science. N. Y. p. 471.

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mecnierebis arseba aris axsna; aRwera axsnas ver Secvlis, vinaidan es ukanaskneli Semecnebis ufro maRal formas warmoadgens; mas sinamdvilis siRrmiseul sferoebTan aqvs saqme. magram arc aRweris uaryofa SeiZleba, vinaidan isic Semecnebis erT-erTi saxea, Tanac aucilebeli, vinaidan axsna aRweras emyareba, aRwera win uswrebs axsnas. kidev metic, arsebobs aRweris sxvadasxva done da xSirad umaRlesi donis aRwera axsnisagan TiTqmis ar gansxvavdeba; asevea piriqiT, elementaruli axsna arsebiTad aris aRwera. es garemoeba axsnisa da aRweris urTierTkavSiris maCvenebelia. maT erTianobas isic amtkicebs, rom zogierTi kanonis aRmoCena SesaZlebelia aRweris doneze. magaliTad, boil-mariotis, gei-lusakis, omis, bio-savaras da sxva msgavsi kanonebi aRweris doneze iqna aRmoCenili. es imasac asabuTebs, rom aRwera yovelTvis grZnobad-aRqmaze ar daiyvaneba. grZnobad-Semecnebas, cxadia, aRweriTi xasiaTi aqvs, magram aRwera yovelTvis (magaliTad, maRali donis aRwera) grZnobad-konkretulobiT rodi xasiaTdeba. aRweris umartivesi formaa (donea) sivrceSi sxeulTa ganlagebis aRwera, fotografia, portreti da a. S. ufro maRal formas warmoadgens materialur sxeulTa Soris kavSir-urTierTobebis aRwera, kidev ufro maRalia mizezSedegobrivi kavSiris aRwera da a. S. arsebobs mecnierebani, romelSic aRwera upirates rols TamaSobs. neokantianelebi (magaliTad, rikerti) aseTad istorias Tvlida. kidev ufro TvalsaCinoa aRweris roli geografiaSi, kartografiaSi, demografiaSi da sxv. (grafia _ aRwera). am mecnierebebSi aRwera marTlac wina planze dgas. magram es iseTi maRali donis aRweraa, rom igi mecnieruli Semecnebis procesSi axsnis rols TamaSobs. es erTxel kidev adasturebs, rom mecnierebis arseba aris axsna, mecniereba ar arsebobs axsnis gareSe. aRwera umeteswilad winamecnieruli Semecnebis doneze funqcionirebs; magram igi ise axlos dgas axsnasTan, rom maT Soris mijnis gavlena SeuZlebeli xdeba. es imasac niSnavs, rom axsna SeiZleba iyos mecnierulic da aramecnierulic. pirvel SemTxvevaSi axsna kanonis safuZ395

velze xdeba, meore SemTxvevaSi ki kanonis codna aucilebeli ar aris, swored amitom ar aris winamecnieruli axsna mecnieruli. rodesac adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi raime movlenas aRwers, igi imavdroulad mis axsnasac iZleva, Tumca ara kanonis codnis safuZvelze da, maSasadame, aramecnieruls. Tu cxel zafxulSi quCaSi kaci waiqca da cnobiereba dakarga, vityviT, rom amis mizezia Tavis tvinze mzis sxivebis moqmedeba. es aris axsna, magram aramecnieruli, vinaidan ar viciT, Tu ra procesebs iwvevs Tavis tvinSi mzis sxivebis moqmedeba. amgvari axsna aRwerisagan TiTqmis arc gansxvavdeba. igi erTdroulad aris aRwerac da axsnac. amis safuZvelze SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom winamecnieruli axsna, romelic kanonis gareSe sruldeba, aris aRweriTi axsna namdvili axsna ki SeaRweriTi axsna weri sna. saZlebelia mecnieruli kanonebis codnis safuZvelze. winaswarxed naswarxedvis funqcia $111. winaswarxedvis funqcia winaswarxedvac, iseve rogorc axsna, mecnierebis erT-erT ZiriTad funqcias warmoadgens. magram, axsnis msgavsad, arsebobs aramecnieruli winaswarxedvac. maT Soris is gansxvavebaa, rom mecnieruli winaswarxedva mecnierebis kanons (kanonebs) emyareba, aramecnieruli ki misi codnis gareSe xdeba. r. karnapi Tvlis, rom winaswarxedva adamianis qcevis yvela aqtSi Sedis.1 es niSnavs, rom adamiani yoveldRiur cxovrebaSi sistematurad UmimarTavs winaswarxedvas: zamTrisaTvis imaragebs saTbobsa da sakvebs, Soreuli mgzavrobis win iTvaliswinebs mosalodnel SemTxvevebs. miT umetes sinoptikosebi axdenen amindis prognozirebas, astronomebi winaswarmetyveleben mzisa da mTvaris dabnelebas, sociologebi akeTeben prognozs mosalodneli socialuri movlenebis Sesaxeb da a. S. arsebobs winaswarxedvis sxvadasxva forma, romelTagan Cven amJamad mxolod mecnieruli da aramecnieruli wi1

. , , ., 1971, . 59.

396

naswarxedvis msgavseba-gansxvaveba gvainteresebs. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba maT Soris is aris, rom mecnieruli winaswarxedva mecnierebis kanonebis codnas (magaliTad, bunebismecnierebaSi), an movlenaTa tendenciis analizs (sociologiaSi) emyareba. arsebiTad, rom vTqvaT, winaswarxedvis am ori formis safuZvlebs Soris arsebiTi gansxvaveba ar aris, vinaidan mecnierebis kanoni TviTon aris gabatonebuli tendencia (k. marqsi). kanoni swored movlenaTa tendenciaSi gamovlindeba. aramecnieruli winaswarxedva ki, marTalia, uSualod kanons ar emyareba (vinaidan igi misTvis miuwvdomelia), magram movlenaTa ganmeorebadobidan, sakuTari an sxvisi gamocdilebidan amodis; amdenad igi, Tumca garegnulad, magram mainc emsgavseba mecnierul winaswarxedvas, ramdenadac mecnierebis kanonis aRmoCenaSi ganmeorebadobas, didi adgili uWiravs. erTmaneTisagan gansxvavdeba mecnieruli winaswarxedvis ori forma: imis winaswarxedva, rac TavisTavad ukve arsebobs, magram jer kidev ucnobia mecnierebisaTvis da imis winaswarxedva, rac jer kidev ar arsebobs, magram momavalSi iqneba. pirvelis magaliTia d. i. mendeleevis mier maSin jer kidev ucnobi qimiuri elementebis arsebobis winaswarxedva; an leveries mier planeta neptunis arsebobis mtkiceba, xolo meorisa _ sinoptikosebis mier amindis prognozireba. am ukanasknel SemTxvevaSi saqme gvaqvs imis winaswarxedvasTan, rac jer kidev ar arsebobs. swored amitom am tipis winaswarxedva gacilebiT ufro did sirTuleebTan aris dakavSirebuli. maT erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebas isic qmnis, rom pirvels gnoseolognose loseo giu giuri xasiaTi aqvs; winaswarxedvis obieqti arsebobs, magram igi Cven jer kidev ar viciT. swored amitom mas zogjer retroxedvas uwodeben. meore saxis winaswarxedva retroxedvas roxed ontologi tologiu ontologiuri Sinaarsis mqonea, vinaidan misi obieqti jer kidev ar arsebobs; amitom zogjer mas pirvelTan SedarebiT upiratesobas aniWeben. am tipis winaswarxedvas ubralod momavlis winaswarxedvas uwodeben. momav mavlis winaswarxed naswarxedvas mecnieruli winaswarxedva SeiZleba iyos apodiqturi an albaTuri. umeteswilad apodiqturia retroxedva, vinai397

dan misi obieqti ukve arsebobs. Tu winaswarxedva dadasturda, maSin mecnierul faqtad iqceva, xolo Tu ar dadasturda _ saerTod uariyofa. magram warumateblobis meti Sansi aqvs winaswarxedvis meore formas, romelic momavals Seexeba (astronomiuli, socialuri, hidrometeorologiuri da sxv.), swored amitom igi, rogorc wesi, albaTuri da hipoTezuria. mecnierul winaswarxedvas SeiZleba hqondes rogorc diskursiuli (logikuri), aseve intuiciuri xasiaTi. intuiciis gziT warmoebuli winaswarxedva dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi logikurad dasabuTdeba da mecnierebis saganZurSi Seva. mecnieruli winaswarxedva umeteswilad aRmoCenas warmoadgens, romelSic intuicias pirveladi mniSvneloba aqvs. mecnierul winaswarxedvas aqvs gnoseologiuri, evristikuli, informaciuli, pragmatuli da normatiuli funqciebi. pirveli imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi gvaZlevs codnas ucnobi movlenebis Sesaxeb; evristikuli mniSvneloba imaSia, rom mecnieruli winaswarxedva dadasturebis SemTxvevaSi SeiZleba sruliad axali codnis miRebis safuZveli aRmoCndes, mecnieruli winaswarxedva axal informaciebs gvawvdis aqamde ucnobi faqtebis Sesaxeb; SeiZleba winaswarxedvis obieqti adamianis praqtikuli cxovrebisaTvis friad Rirebuli aRmoCndes (pragmatuli funqcia) da, bolos, dadasturebul winaswarxedvas SeiZleba sazogadoebisaTvis raime dadebiTi Sedegi mohyves da misi cxovrebis normad iqces. mecnieruli winaswarxedva arasodes ar aris absoluturad zusti da mkacrad dasabuTebuli. igi yvela SemTxvevaSi relatiuria imitom, rom retroxedvis dros Cveni SemecnebiTi unarebis SezRudulobis gamo absolutur WeSmaritebas ver vwvdebiT, xolo momavlis winaswarxedva relatiuria ara marto am mizezis gamo, aramed imitomac, rom arasodes gamoricxuli ar aris momavalSi mosalodneli xdomilobis Secvlis SesaZlebloba. miuxedavad amisa, adamians ar ZaluZs relatiuri WeSmaritebiT dakmayofildes da winaswarxedvis didi albaTobiT mosalodnel da398

dasturebas absolutur mniSvnelobas aniWebs da, maSasadame, qmnis fsevdoabsoluturs, romlis Sesaxeb zeviT ukve gvqonda laparaki. nebismieri axsnac da winaswarxedvac fsevdoabsolutur xasiaTs atarebs. mWidro kavSiri arsebobs axsnisa da winaswarxedvis funqciebs Soris; zogierTi filosofosi maT erTmaneTisagan arc ki ganasxvavebs. isini Tvlian, rom axsna aris potencialuri winaswarxedva. magaliTad, Tu vici, rom siTbo afarToebs vercxliswyals, xolo vercxliswyliani Termometri CavdeviT cxel wyalSi, maSin iolad avxsniT, Tu ratom aiwia vercxliswyalma Termometris svetSi. magram es viTareba SeiZleba winaswarxedvis enaze ase gamoiTqvas: cxel wyalSi Cadebisas TermometrSi vercxliswyali gafarTovdeba da svetSi maRla aiwevs; es ki aris winaswarxedva. amis safuZvelze Tvlian, rom axsna aris potencialuri winaswarxedva. magram, maTi azriT, ar SeiZleba vTqvaT piriqiT: winaswarxedva ar aris axsna. xval mze amova aris winaswarxedva, magram igi arafers ar xsnis. amis safuZvelze Tvlian, rom axsnasa da winaswarxedvas Soris asimetriuli kavSiria. Cven sadavod migvaCnia asimetriis arseboba axsnasa da winaswarxedvas Soris. roca vambobT, rom Tu cxel wyalSi vercxliswylian Termometrs CavdebT, maSin Termometris svetSi vercxliswylis done aiwevs (winaswarxedva), maSin vgulisxmobT, rom cxel wyalSi Cadebuli vercxliswyliani Termometris svetSi vercxliswylis done imitom aiwevs, rom siTbo afarToebs vercxliswyals (axsna). es niSnavs, rom ara mxolod axsna aris potencialuri winaswarxedva, aramed, piriqiTac, winaswarxedvac gulisxmobs da emyareba axsnas. amitom ufro sworad migvaCnia is azri, rom yoveli axsna potencialurad aris winaswarxedva da, meore mxriv, yoveli winaswarxedva potencialurad aris axsna.1 amrigad, axsnasa da winas-

K. Lambert and G. G. Brittan, An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Resendra, Calif. 1979, p. 35-36.

399

warxedvas Soris arsebobs simetriuli da ara asimetriuli mimarTeba.

soci luri funqcia cia $112. socialuri funqcia


cnobilia, rom mecnierebis warmoSobas civilizaciis adreul safexurebze utilitaruli da pragmatuli safuZvlebi hqonda. vitaluri moTxovnilebebis dakmayofilebisaTvis brZolaSi adamianis codna evoluciurad mdidrdeboda, ramac, bolos da bolos, mecnierebis warmoSoba ganapiroba. geometria miwis gazomvis saWiroebam warmoSva, geografiasa da astronomias sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mogzaurobis moTxovnileba daedo safuZvlad, maTematikis ganviTareba vaWrobisa da gacvla-gamocvlis process unda umadlodes da a. S. erTi sityviT, mecnieruli azrovnebis Camoyalibeba adamianis praqtikuli cxovrebis moTxovnilebebma ganapiroba. cxadia, aq laparakia mecnierebis warmoSobis pirvel etapebze, rasac eqsternalizmma gansakuTrebiT gausva xazi. magram am debulebis gavrceleba yvela mecnierebaze SeuZlebelia. civilizaciis ganviTarebis ufro gviandel periodSi, miT umetes, Tanamedrove epoqaSi, araiSviaTad mecnieruli codnis Camoyalibebas ZiriTadad Teoriuli safuZvlebi aqvs. araevklidur geometrias ainStainis relatiurobis Teoriis Camoyalibebamde araviTari praqtikuli mniSvneloba ar hqonda da arc am mizniT iyo Camoyalibebuli. TviTon ainStainis relatiurobis Teoria da kvanturi meqanikac Teoriuli azrovnebis produqtia, Tumca erTmac da meoremac SemdgomSi praqtikuli gamoyeneba hpova. yvelaferi, rac zemoT iTqva, mecnierebis socialuri safuZvlebis maCvenebelia da ara socialuri funqciisa. es ukanaskneli mas Semdeg gamovlindeba, roca esa Tu is mecniereba imdenad mtkiced dafuZndeba, rom sazogadoebas sargebeli moutanos. mecniereba yovelTvis did rols TamaSobda adamianis socialur-ekonomikur cxovrebaSi, kul400

turulsa da samxedro moRvaweobaSi. orTqlis Zravebis aRmoCenam udidesi gavlena moaxdina sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze, gaadvilda mogzauroba, vaWroba-mrewveloba. denTis aRmoCenam Zireulad Secvala samxedro operaciebis warmoeba, eleqtrobis aRmoCenam revoluciuri roli iTamaSa adamianTa cxovrebaSi da a. S. mecnierebis socialuri funqcia gansakuTrebiT aSkaraa Tanamedrove epoqaSi; mecniereba aqtiurad CaerTo warmoebaSi da igi uSualo sawarmoo Zalad iqca. mecnierebis ganviTareba aCqarebs teqnikis ganviTarebas, xolo, meore mxriv, teqnikis ganviTareba stimuls aZlevs mecnierul progress. igi axal-axal amocanebs ayenebs mecnierebis winaSe, xolo mecnierebis aRmoCenebi xorcs isxams teqnikaSi. swored amitom mecnierebisa da teqnikis progresi erTianobaSi ganixileba da cnobilia mecnierul-teqnikuri progresis saxelwodebiT. es niSnavs, rom mecniereba pirvelad rols TamaSobs Tanamedrove epoqis socialur cxovrebaSi da amaSi gamovlindeba misi socialuri funqcia. simdidre _ wers j. bernali _ romelic SegviZlia amJamad movipovoT mecnierebis CvenTvis ukve cnobili miRwevebis saSualebiT, gacilebiT ufro metia yovelive imaze, risi miRebac SeiZleba yvelaze ufro nayofieri teritoriis dapyrobiT anda navTobis, qvanaxSirisa da nedleulis wyaroebze ganuyofeli batonobiT.1 da Semdeg: kacobriobis keTildReobisaTvis TviTon mecnierebis ganviTarebas ufro meti mniSvneloba aqvs, vidre energiis siuxves avtomatizirebul warmoebasTan erTad, vinaidan amJamad mecnierebazea damokidebuli rogorc energiis siuxve, ise avtomatizacia. Cveulebrivi davalebiT dakavebuli muSebis raodenobis SemcirebiT gadiddeba im adamianTa ricxvi, romlebic wminda mecnierebiT iqnebian dakavebuli.2 aseT fundamentur rols TamaSobs mecniereba Tanamedrove epoqis socialur cxovrebaSi.

1 2

. , , ., 1960, . 13. iqve, gv. 64.

401

saxelTa saZi beli Zie saxelTa saZiebeli* xel


avaliani sergi 88 avgustine 79 averoesi 232 albert didi 231 aleqsanderi semiuel 52 aleqsandre makedoneli 237 aleqsandrovi aleqsandre danielis Ze 141 aleqsiZe levan 329 anaqsagora 48, 67, 74, 168, 216 anaqsimandre 53, 74 anaqsimeni 53 andronike rodoseli 23 ainStaini albert 15, 56, 64, 69, 70, 71, 72, 75, 78, 88, 91, 92, 95, 102, 103, 104, 106, 107, 109, 110, 112, 115, 116, 118, 119, 137, 179, 212, 213, 251, 252, 259, 265, 267, 268, 269, 270, 272, 289, 292, 293, 296, 297, 308, 312, 319, 346, 352, 368. anselm kenterberieli 215 aristotele 3, 13, 16, 22, 23, 29, 31, 40, 43, 47, 48, 57, 60, 63, 67, 91, 93, 94, 102, 117, 120, 121, 125, 126, 128, 131, 135, 142, 143, 163, 165, 168, 183, 188, 189, 190, 191, 195, 198, 200, 202, 203, 204, 213, 214, 216, 218, 225, 232, 238, 254, 278, 286, 346, 360, 361, 362. arqimede 344 aslanikaSvili aleqsandre 92 baironi jorj Gnoel gordon banZelaZe gela 4 barou jon 84, 213, 228, 229 baumgarteni aleqsander gotlib bekoni rojer 231, 261
*

95

saxelTa saZiebeli Seadgina filosofiis doqtorma kaxa qecbaiam.

402

bentli 216 bergsoni anri 163, 188, 193 berkli jorj 50, 231, 246, 247, 338 bernali jon 131, 342, 369 bernuli Ddaniel 131 bertalanfi ludvig fon 163, 171, 175, 190, 219, 221 bio Jan batist 363 biufoni JorJ lui leklerk de 191 biuxneri ludvig 49, 178, 180 boili robert 231, 363 boliai ianoS 101 bolcano Bbernard 45 bolcmani ludvig 111 bomi devid 144, 145, 148, 152 bondi h. 77, 79 bori nils 64, 69, 70, 71, 161, 179, 251 borni maqs 64, 69, 70, 149, 252 boxenski iuzef maria 57, 205 braitvaiti r. b. 362 bregaZe anzor 227 briten (Brittan) j. j. 368 brijmeni persi uiliam 256, 260, 261, 262, 263, 264, 265, 266, 267, 268, 270, 271, 272, 273, 274, 339 bruno jordano 86, 118 butrini st. 77 buxarini n. i. 342 galenosi klavdius 291 galilei Ggalileo 113, 178, 274, 344, 346 gamalovi a. 172, 224 gamovi georg 77, 82 gausi karl fridrix 101 gei-lusaki Jozef lui 363 geseni b. m. 342 gokleniusi 13 goldi t. 77 403

gorgia 278, 286, 358 guTi alan 77, 83

404

daltoni jon darvini Carlz

65

171, 172, 175, 177, 180, 181, 185, 197, 208, 219, 220, 221, 222, 223, 224, 233 de-broili lui 337 devisi p. 76, 77, 83 dekarti rene 28, 33, 42, 53, 54, 57, 66, 88, 89, 122, 178, 180, 181, 203, 204, 215, 216, 232, 244, 254 demokrite 27, 117, 134, 178, 244 didro deni 180 dilTai vilhelm 163 diogene kreteli 231 diraki pol eidrian moris 77 diui jon 171 diuhemi pier 363 dicgeni ioseb 49 doliZe mamuka 5 dopleri kristian 74, 75 driSi hans 163, 188, 191, 192, 193, 195, 220 edingtoni arTur stenli 78, 89, 111, 272 evdoqse 344 evklide 99, 113 eklzi jon 86, 163 empedokle 48, 53, 71, 168 engelsi fridrix 30, 122, 164, 172, 221 erpi h. 86 eSbi uiliam ros 184 vavilovi sergei ivanes Ze 67 vainbergi stiven 74, 75, 76, 80, 81, 82 vaineri m. 81 vaiczekeri karl fon 68, 84 vencli aloiz 193 veteri gustav 171 vindelbandi vilhelm 222, 223 vineri norbert 184 volteri 237 405

volfi kaspar fridrix 191 volfi kristian 3, 4, 13, 24, 200 vsexsviatski s. 87 Talesi 53, 65 Teofraste 232 TarxniSvili ivane 181 Toma akvineli 231, 328 TomaSvili nino 5 inwkirveli givi iulius keisari 324 237

kagani m. s. 317 kaziutinski v. 87 kanti imanuel 4, 24, 25, 26, 36, 48, 114, 115, 116, 213, 214, 215, karnapi rudolf 249, 365 karneade 248 karteri Bbrandon 228 kasireri Eernst 225, 226 keleri volfgang 225 kempbeli n. 362 kepleri iohanes 203, 216, 231 klaini m. 211, 216 klarki samiuel 216 klausi georg 183, 186 koire aleqsandre 344, 347 kolmogorovi andria nikolozis Ze koperniki nikoloz 86, 228, 231, 312, koheni herman 26 kratili 126 kropotkini petre aleqsis Ze 358 kuni Tomas 311, 312, 352, 353, 354, 355,

57, 96, 98, 106, 113, 245, 253, 256, 346

183 346, 352

356, 357, 358

406

4, 13, 28, 53, 57, 106, 131, 195, 203, 204, 212, 215, 216, 220, 244, 254 lakatosi imre 355, 356, 358 lamarki Jan batist pier antuan de mone 171, 180 lamberti k. 368 lametri Jiulien ofre de 136, 178, 183 laplasi pier simon 134, 136, 143, 146, 150 leverie urben Jan Jozef 251, 337, 366 levkipe 122 lemetri J. 77, 82 lindsei r. 263, 269 lobaCevski nikoloz ivanes Ze 101, 115, 344 loki jon 244 lorenci hendrik anton 106 loski nikolai onufries Ze 279 lukreciusi titus karus 131 maiklsoni albert eibraham 307 maimonidi (rabi moSe ben maimoni) 232 margenau henri 269 marioti edm 363 marqsi karl 44, 183, 224, 312, 365 maqsveli jeimz klark 138, 141 maxi ernst 363 mendeleevi dimitri ivanes Ze 68, 251, 366 merseni 54, 216 mertoni robert king 342, 343, 345 mizesi rixard 141 mikulinski semion romanis Ze 347 mili jon stiuart 135, 349, 361 mirianaSvili maTe 88 moleSoti iakob 49, 178, 180 napoleon bonaparte natorpi paul 26 nikobaZe givi 84 237

laibnici gotfrid vilhelm

407

nikolo kuzaneli nikoloz pirveli

35, 118 344

408

niutoni isaak

21, 48, 54, 67, 88, 91, 96, 107, 113, 114, 115, 116, 118, 121, 133, 145, 168, 178, 182, 203, 210, 211, 213, 216, 231, 251, 255, 259, 268, 292, 293, 342, 344, 352 nicSe fridrix 59, 51, 163 noviki 183, 187 nucubiZe Salva 45 oparini aleqsandre ivanes Ze omi georg zimon 363 openhaimi p. 361 ortega i gaseti 236 169, 170, 174, 175

pavlovi ivane petre Ze 181 parmenide 31, 46, 53, 57 pasteri lui 190 pius XI 86 peli uiliam 218, 219 pironi 248 planki maqs karl Eernst ludvig 40, 64, 69, 285, 296 platoni 29, 31, 39, 48, 57, 67, 79, 168, 175, 200, 213, 238, 244, 254, 278, 286, 322, 337, 344, 346 ponomariovi 171, 224 poperi karl 165, 184, 222, 239, 244, 283, 307, 311, 349, 350, 351, 358 protagora 231, 278, 286, 338, 358 ptoleme klavdios 86, 312, 352 puankare anri 90, 91, 92, 96, 97, 98, 99, 100, 115, 299, 301, 332 raixenbaxi hans 61, 97, 99, 107, 108, 109, 160, 162 raseli bertran 152, 179, 180, 188, 208 reje tulio 76, 78, 82, 85 rikerti hainrix 323, 364 riuzi maikl 220 rovenski 185

154, 269, 214, 216,

338, 340,

295, 296,

409

rubinSteini sergei leonides Ze 181 rcxilaZe viqtor 205 savari feliqs 363 seCenovi ivane mixeilis Ze 181 seneka 60 seqstus empirikusi 248 slaiferi 74 sokrate 218, 231, 244, 328, 329, 337, 340 spinoza benediqt 42, 53, 54, 57, 134, 232, 233, 254 stalini ioseb besarionis Ze 237 stivensi (Stevens) s. s. 270 tipleri f. j. 84, 213, 228, 229 tolstoi lev nikolozis Ze 177, 322 tarenteli arxit 91 tiuringi alan meTison 186 uaithedi Aalfred norT 204 uemova e. 185 uemovi a. 185 uileri jon 80, 86, 228, 229 uitrou j. 107 feierabendi pol foxti (fogti) karl franki filip 72 franklini 224 fridmani a. a. 75 356, 357, 358 178, 180

qecbaia kaxa 5 qriste 206, 329 qsenofane 31 qsenofonti 218, 329 Safi adam 306 Selingi fridrix vilhelm iozef 56, 61, 203 Seringtoni Carlz skot 163 Sliki moric 37, 132, 246, 249, 252, 363 Solci hairix 116 Spengleri osvald 163 410

Spiulbeki 171 Sredingeri ervin Stali georg ernst

147 191

Cerniaki vladimer 349 cilzeli e. 343, 345 ciceroni 328 Zenoni 31, 123, 125, 126 189

wereTeli savle

jeimzi uiliam 287 jinzi jeimz hopvud jemeri m. 91

145, 284, 291

habli eduin pauel 74, 75 haidegeri martin 14, 27, 51 haizenbergi verner 30, 64, 69, 70, 73, 138, 139, 140, 147, 161, 162, 212, 251, 252 harvi uiliam 190, 191 hartmani eduard fon 193 hartmani nikolai 15, 16, 26, 27, 28, 49, 51, 61, 62, 175 hegeli georg vilhelm fridrix 14, 15, 21, 22, 23, 26, 34, 36, 39, 43, 46, 48, 54, 57, 61, 96, 125, 144, 203, 215, 224, 235, 237, 238, 239, 254, 276, 346 helveciusi klod Aadrian 180 helmholci herman 131 hempeli karl 361 hendersoni l. j. 220, 228 heraklite 126, 211, 286 hesiode 73, 206 hitleri adolf 237 hiumi devid 50, 106, 107, 132, 305, 361 hobzi tomas 178 411

hoili f. 77 holbaxi pol anri 49, 180, 361 holi a. r. 345 houkingi (Hawking) stefen 78, 83, 84, 85, 86, 97 huserli edmund 16, 255

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