Notes for Heat Transfer course

Subhransu Roy
September 7, 2010

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 1 / 16

Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Boundary layer equation development

Boundary layer Eq Boundary layer Eq

(Contd.) What is the best velocity prole f ()?

Sinusoidal prole laminar boundary layer

over a at plate Thermal Boundary Layer

Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 2 / 16

Boundary layer equation development

Free stream velocity U Bounday layer velocity u(y)

U 1 = U ( 1 ) =
2 U 2

(U u)d y ud y

0 0

u(U u)d y u2d y

2 U ( 1 2 ) =

1 dp dU = U dx dx d d p w = dx dx
(x) 0 (x)

u2d y ud y
0
Autumn 2010 3 / 16

Fluid Mechanics

x x

d U dx

Boundary layer Eq

dU d w = (x)U dx dx

(x) 0

d u dy + dx
2 (x) 0

(x) 0

dU U ud y dx

(x)

ud y
0

w 2 U

d dU = u(U u)d y + dx 0 dx dU d 2 [U 2 ] + 1U = dx dx 1 dU d 2 + (22 + 1 ) = dx U d x

(U u) d y

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 4 / 16

Boundary layer Eq (Contd.)

y u = f () where = U (x) 1 u 1 (1 = )d = 1 a constant U 0 1 u 2 u = 1 d = 2 a constant U U 0 For laminar boundary layer u w = 2 2 U U y = d f () U d

y=0

Therefore the nal equation for laminar boundary layer involving and f () is: 1 d f () d (22 + 1 ) dU 2 + = dx 2U dx 2 U d

After solving for we can nd w .

Fluid Mechanics Autumn 2010 5 / 16

What is the best velocity prole f ()?

u 2 u u +v = u x x y 2 =0: u =0 v =0 2 u =0 2 u =1 U u =0

=1:

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 6 / 16

Sinusoidal prole

sin u = U 1

for 0 < 1 for > 1

1 = 1 = 2 = 2 = d f () = d =0

2 = 0.3634 4 = 0.1366 2 = 1.5708 2

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 7 / 16

laminar boundary layer over a at plate

Over a at plate the free stream velocity U is uniform
0 x

d = 11.5 = 4.8 x

dx U

4.8 = U x Rex

1.74 1 1 = = x x Rex 2 2 0.655 = = x x Rex d f () w = 2 U U x d 2w dx = 2 L U

L 0

=0

CD =

2 d 2 22 (L) (L) dx = = 22 L dx L L

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 8 / 16

Hydrodynamic Boundary Layer Thermal Boundary Layer

Hydrodynamic and

thermal boundary layers for at plate Development of integral equation for boundary layers A suitable velocity and temperature prole in BL Find out the boundary layer thickness

boundary layer Cf and Nu Cf and Nu a rigourous

analysis

Thermal Boundary Layer

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 9 / 16

Hydrodynamic and thermal boundary layers for at plate

u u +v u x y T T u +v x y

= =

2 u 2 y 2 T 2 y

Using length scale, L, velocity scale, U and temperature scale, (T w T ) the dimensionless equations with starred () dimensionless variables become u u
u

+v

= =

1 2 u ReL y 2 1 2 ReL Pr y 2

u +v x y

Hydrodynamic boundary layer /L = f(x , ReL ) and Thermal boundary layer T /L = f(x , ReL , Pr) Ratio T / = f(Pr) as will be seen later

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 10 / 16

Development of integral equation for boundary layers

d Cp T dx H 0 H 0 H 0

udy

udy

uCp T dy

Free Stream velocity U temperature T yer dynamic boundary la hydro er mal boundary lay H ther T wall temperature Tw x

x0

For at plate the pressure p and U is uniform in the free stream u w = y T q w = k y

Fluid Mechanics

d = dx y=0 d = dx y=0

H 0 H 0

d u d y U dx
2

H 0

d u d y = dx
H 0

H 0

u(U u) d y
H 0

d uc p T d y c p T dx

d u d y = dx

c p u(T T ) d y
Autumn 2010 11 / 16

A suitable velocity and temperature prole in BL

2 u u = 0, =0 2 u u = 1, =0 U (3 2 ) 2 y = T = 0 T (x) T = 1 T Tw T T w 2 2 T

y ==0 (x) =1 u U

: : =

: : =

= 0,

=0

= 1, =0 T = (3 2 ) T 2
H 0

q w = U k(T T w ) U T

1 u d u = (x) (1 )d d x 0 U U H u d T T [(T T w )/(T T w )] = ( ) T (x) d T T d x 0 U T T w T =0

(u/U ) w = 2 U U

d = dx =0

u u (1 ) (x) d U U

d T (x) = dx

u (1 ) d T U

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 12 / 16

Find out the boundary layer thickness

3 (1 2 ) U 2

d = (x) dx =0

1 0

(3 2 ) 1 (3 2 ) d 2 2

d 39 3 = 2 U d x 280 = x 280 13 1 Rex =

4.64 Rex

If = T / = T / and < 1 then 3 (1 2 ) T U T 2 d T (x) = dx T =0

1 0

T T (3 2 2 ) 1 (3 2 ) d T T T 2 2

d 3(14 2 ) d 3T 3 = T 2 U T dx 280 dx 20 1 1 d 1 d d 2 2 d = T = 2 + [T ] = U 10 d x 10 d x 10 dx dx
2 1 2 2 d 3 1 2 2 d 3 d 3 1 d 2 + = + = 10 dx dx 10 3 d x 2 dx

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 13 / 16

boundary layer

4x d 3 13 1 + 3 = 3 dx 14 Pr

14 4x d 3 = + 3 U 13 U 3 d x 13 1 14 Pr

2 280 = x2 13 U x

3 = C x 3/4 + for boundary condition = 0 at x = x 0 13 1 x0 = 1 14 Pr x

3 3/4

x0 1 1 1 = 1.026 Pr1/3 x

3/4 1/3

4.64 x0 1 T = 1 x 1.026 Pr1/3 Re1/2 x x

Fluid Mechanics

3/4 1/3

Autumn 2010 14 / 16

Cf and Nu
substituting the valies of and T we get 3 1 x 3 1 3 w = = = 2 U 2 U 2 Rex 2 Rex 13 Rex 280

w x 0.323 = 2 2 U Rex 3 3 x q w = = U k(T T w ) 2 U T 2 U x T = 3 14 = U x 2 13

1/3

C f ,x

13 1/3 1/2 x0 Pr Rex 1 280 x

3/4 1/3

3/4 1/3

qw x x0 1/3 1/2 Nux = = 0.315 Pr Rex 1 k(T T w ) x

Fluid Mechanics

Autumn 2010 15 / 16

Cf and Nu a rigourous analysis

C f ,x 2

0.332 Rex
1/3

Nux = 0.332 Pr for x 0 = 0 we nd that C f ,x C f ,x 2

Re1/2 x

x0 1 x

3/4 1/3

Nux = Pr2/3 2 Rex Pr = St Pr2/3

Reynolds analogy between momentum and heat transfer C f ,x 2 Reynolds Colburn analogy
Fluid Mechanics

= St for Pr = 1

C f ,x 2

= St Pr2/3

for 0.6 < Pr < 60

Autumn 2010 16 / 16