Chng II : Cu trc my vi tnh

I. Chc nng v s cu trc my vi tnh

1.1. Chc nng ca my vi tnh My tnh l my vi in t hot ng theo chng trnh v c cc chc nng c bn sau y : Tip nhn x l thng tin vo ra (Vo/Ra : Input/Output). Vi chc

nng ny ngi s dng giao tip c vi my vi tnh. X l thng tin hay bin i thng tin, y l chc nng quan trng

nht ca my vi tnh, thc hin nhim v t ng ha x l thng tin thay cho con ngi. Lu tr thng tin. Cc thng tin s dng trn my vi tnh nu cn s

c lu tr trao i v s dng cho nhiu ln sau. 1.2. S cu trc my vi tnh

m bo cc chc nng c bn trn, my vi tnh c thit k vi cc khi chnh theo s cu trc sau:

Hnh 2.1. S cu trc my vi tnh : Tn hiu thng tin : Tn hiu iu khin

Cc thng tin t ngi s dng qua n v vo (Bn phm, chut,

a,...) c a vo b nh, t b nh cc thng tin c chuyn vo n v tnh ton s hc v logic x l, kt qu s l c chuyn vo b nh, t b nh chuyn n n v ra (mn hnh, my in, my v,...) v t ngi dng. Cc tn hiu iu khin c thit lp gia cc n v iu khin v

cc khi khc trong dn my vi tnh chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin ca n v iu khin ti cc khi khc v chuyn tn hiu phn hi t cc khi khc v n v iu khin. Cc khi trong my vi tnh c ni vi nhau bng cc cp truyn

dn (BUS), gm 3 loi cp l cp a ch (Bus address), cp d liu (Bus Data) v cp iu khin (Bus control). Trong my tnh c 2 khi quan trng nht l n v tnh ton s hc

v logic, n v iu khin nm trong mt v mch ca mch vi x l (Micro processor), gi l n v x l trung tm (CPU : Central Processor Unit) hay b vi x l (Micro Processor). CPU v b nh nm trong thn my. n v vo/ra nm bn ngoi

my gi chung l thit b ngoi vi. Ngy nay, cc thit b ngoi vi ca my vi tnh rt phong ph v a dng. Ngoi cc khi c bn trn, my vi tnh hot ng cn c thm

ngun in cung cp cho my vi tnh.

II. Cc b phn c bn ca my tnh

2.1. B x l trung tm (CPU : Central Processor Unit) a. Chc nng ca CPU CPU l b ch huy ca my tnh, c cc chc nng sau: Thc hin vic nhn lnh, gii m lnh v iu khin cc khi khc

thc hin lnh. Thc hin cc php tnh s hc, logic, v cc php tnh khc.

Sinh ra cc tn hiu a ch trn my.

b. Cu to ca CPU CPU bao gm cc thnh phn sau: n v iu khin (Control Unit) : Thc hin nhn lnh, gii m

lnh, v iu khin cc khi khc thc hin lnh v sinh ra cc tn hiu a ch trn my qun l b nh. n v tnh ton s hc (Arthimeric - Logic Unit) : Bao gm cc vi

mch thc hin cc php tnh s hc, logic v php tnh khc. Thanh ghi (Register) l cu trc gm 16 bit hoc 32 bit nh lin k

nhau c thip lp trong mch vi x l. 2.2. B nh (Memory)

B nh hay cn gi l b nh trong (B nh chnh) ca my tnh. Chc nng ca b nh : B nh dng cha thng tin cn thit nh

chng trnh, d liu trong qu tnh my hot ng. T chc b nh :

Cc thng tin c ct trong b nh di dng m nh phn. Mi nhm cc bt c th l 16 hoc 32... gi l mt nh. Mi nh c nh mt s th t trong h 16 gi l a ch nh. Thng tin ghi bn trong nh l ni dung ca nh. Dng a ch truy cp nh c ni dung hoc ghi ni dung vo nh. Kch thc ca b nh hay dung lng ca b nh l lng thng tin m b nh c kh nng cha c, thng dng n v MB hoc GB. Phn loi b nh: o ROM (Read Only Memory) : l b nh c nh ch cho php

c thng tin m khng cho ghi thng tin. ROM chc cc chng trnh khi ng my tnh. ROM khng b mt d liu khi khng c ngun cung cp.

RAM (Random Access Memory) : l b nh truy cp ngu

nhin, RAM s mt d liu khi khng c ngun cung cp, RAM cha d liu khi chy chng trnh. 2.3. Thit b ngoi vi

a. Bn phm (Keyboard) Bn phm l thit b thng dng ca my vi tnh. Bn phm l thit b

u vo, cc thng tin a vo nh lnh iu khin, chng trnh, d liu. Nguyn tc ca bn phm : Khi nhn mt phm gy ra mt xung

in, xung ny qua chng trnh iu khin ca bn phm a vo my vi tnh m ASCII ca phm . Bn phm c 5 khu vc : o Khu phm gm : k t, phm du, cch, phm cch (Space Bar) o Khu phm chc nng : F1,F2,....F12. o Khu phm s o Khu Phm iu hng o Phm iu khin : Insert, Del, Shift,... b. Mn hnh (Monitor) Mn hnh l thit b u ra, dng hin th thng tin x l ca my vi tnh mun a ra cho ngi dng. Mn hnh c cu to ging nh mn hnh v tuyn, cng c cc ng phng tia in t, mch qut ngang v qut dc... C hai loi mn hnh : M hnh vn bn : Text mode, phn thnh hai ch : 80 ct(k t)

25 dng l dng chun hoc 40 ct 25 dng. Mn hnh ha (Graphic mode) c thit k gm nhiu im

sng (pixel) theo hai chiu ngang v dc. Mn hnh ha c phn thnh nhiu ch khc nhau ty theo phn gii. c. a v a t

 a v a t l thit b vo/ra, cho php c thng tin t a t v ghi thng tin vo a t. a trong my tnh c 2 loi l : a cng (Hard Disk) v a mm (Flopy Disk). a cng thng c lp trong my vi tnh c dung lng cao, hin nay ph bin l 80GB tr ln. mm lp bn ngoi my, tuy nhin hin nay a mm khng cn trn th trng. d. My in (Printer) My in l thit b ra ca my vi tnh, dng in ra kt qu x l, d liu, bo co... My in phn thnh cc loi c bn sau: My in mu : (Ploter) gm 8 bt v mu khc nhau hot ng trn nguyn tc v. My in laser hot ng trn nguyn tc dng tia Laser p nng chy mc kh bm trn l. My in kim (9 kim hoc 24 kim) hot ng trn nguyn tc kim phun bn vo bng mc v tao ra trn giy cc nt chm en. e. Chut (mouse) Chut l thit b ngoi vi ca my tnh, c phn vo thit b vo. Chut dng chn lnh, chn i tng, di chuyn thay v dng bn phm. Thng thng chut c 2 phm bm, phm chut tri, v chut phi. Chut tri thng dng chn i tng v kch hot i tng, phm chut phi thng dng hin ra cc lnh c th tng tc ln i tng c chn. Ngy nay chut c thm nt cun gia phm tri v phm phi chut, nt cun ny dng cun ln, xung. f. Cc thit b khc Cc thit b ngoi vi rt a dng, ngoi cc thit b trn cn c cc thit b ngoi vi khc nh : Projector, my qut nh(Scanner),.....