Whats a RAM?

Random Access Memory Two main types: Static RAM (SRAM) and Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Differences lie in how bits are stored Other types: Flash RAM, SDRAM, Video RAM

RAM

Random Access Memory

The time to transfer data in and out the device is the same Information stored in group of bits called words. Each word is assigned an address.

RAM

Write and Read Operation

Write Operation: 1.Apply the binary address to address lines 2.Apply the data to the data lines 3.Activate the write input

Read Operation: 1.Apply the binary address to the address lines 2.Activate the read input

RAM

Basic RAM Architecture

Word Lines

Bit Cell Bit Lines High Sense Amplifier Low Data

RAM

Address

Static RAM (SRAM)

Word Line

Read: Drive word line, sense value on bit lines

!Bit

Bit

Write: Drive word line, drive new value (strongly) on bit lines

RAM

Accessing a Static RAM

CE Addr Data

Read

Write

Note: CE signal is often active-low as opposed to how shown here. SRAMs also generally have a write enable signal
RAM

Dynamic RAM (DRAM)

Word Line

Read: Drive word line, sense value on bit line (destroys saved value)

Write: Drive word line, drive new value on bit line.

Bit Line
RAM

Dynamic RAM Timing (Read)

RAS CAS Addr

Again, control signals are often active-low

RAM

Dynamic RAM
Bits stored as charge in capacitors Charges leak Need refreshing even when powered Simpler construction Smaller per bit Less expensive Need refresh circuits Slower Main memory

RAM

Static RAM
Bits stored as on/off switches No charges to leak No refreshing needed when powered More complex construction Larger per bit More expensive Does not need refresh circuits Faster Cache

RAM

Static vs. Dynamic RAM

Static RAM
Fast (active drive) Less dense (4-6 transistors/bit) Stable (holds value as long as power applied)

Dynamic RAM
Slower High density (1 transistor/bit) Unstable (needs refresh)

Neither device holds data if power removed

RAM