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NE02
Questions & Answers To Help You Comply
In the pdf format this electronic version can be navigated by: 1. Scrolling using the side bar. 2. From the Contents, pages 3 & 4, click either the Section Number or Heading Topic of interest. 3. Using Catch Phrasesfound on pages A1 & A2 at the end of the document or using the button on this page. 4. Go to the edit menu, find and type phrase. Click find again to find repeated occurrences.
Catch Phrases
On-Line Training
available on www.bussmann.com See inside cover for details
used in this bulletin to focus on the factors which are pertinent to a basic understanding and application of overcurrent protective devices. Relevant sections of the National Electrical Code are referenced and analyzed in detail. Sections are translated into simple, easily understood language, complemented by one-line diagrams giving sound, practical means of applying overcurrent protection, as well as affording compliance with the National Electrical Code. This Buss bulletin is helpful to engineers, contractors, electricians, plant maintenance personnel, and electrical inspectors. It also should prove to be a valuable training aid for formal and informal instruction.
Contents
Page
90.2 110.3(A)(5), (6) and (8) 110.3(B) 110.9 110.10 110.16 110.22 210.20(A) and 215.3 215.10 230.82 230.95 240.1 240.2 240.4 240.5 240.6 240.8 240.9 240.10 240.12 240.13 240.21 240.40 240.50 240.51 240.53 and 254 240.60 240.61 240.83 240.85 240.86 240.90 and 240.2 240.92(B) 240.92(B)(1) 240.92(B)(2) 240.92(C) 240.100 240.100(B) 240.100(C) 250 250.2 250.4(A)(4) & (5) 250.4(B)(4) 250.90 250.96(A) 250.122 310.10 368.11 and 368.12 408.16 430.1 430.6 430.8
Scope of the NEC 5 Requirements for Equipment Selection 5 Requirements for Proper Installation of Listed and Labeled Equipment 5 Requirements for Proper Interrupting Rating of Overcurrent Protective Devices 6 Proper Protection of System Components from Short-Circuits 10 Flash Protection Field Marking 14 Field Marking of Series Combination Ratings16 Ratings of Overcurrent Devices on Branch Circuits and Feeders Serving Continuous and Non-Continuous Loads 17 Requirements for Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment on Feeders 17 Equipment Allowed to be Connected on the Line Side of the Service Disconnect 18 Ground Fault Protection for Services 18 Scope of Article 240 on Overcurrent Protection 19 Definitions: Coordination, Current-limiting Overcurrent Protective Device, and Tap Conductors 21 Protection of Conductors Other Than Flexible Cords and Fixture Wires 22 Protection Flexible Cords, Fixture Cables and Fixture Wires 22 Standard Ampere Ratings 22 Protective Devices Used in Parallel and 404.17 Fused Switches 23 Thermal Devices 23 Requirements for Supplementary Overcurrent Protection 23 System Coordination or Selectivity 24 Ground Fault Protection of Equipment on Buildings or Remote Structures 25 Location Requirements for Overcurrent Devices and Tap Conductors 25 Disconnecting Means for Fuses 29 Plug Fuses, Fuseholders, and Adapters 30 Edison-Base Fuses 30 Type S Fuses, Adapters and Fuseholders 30 Cartridge Fuses and Fuseholders 31 Classification of Fuses and Fuseholders 31 Circuit Breaker Markings 31 Clarifies Requirements for the Use of Slash-Rated Circuit Breakers and Application of Individual Pole Interrupting Capabilities for Various Grounding Schemes 32 Series Ratings 37 Supervised Industrial Installations 39 Transformer Secondary Conductors of Separately Derived Systems (Supervised Industrial Installations only) 39 Short-Circuit and Ground-Fault Protection (Supervised Industrial Installations only) 39 Overload Protection (Supervised Industrial Installations only) 39 Outside Feeder Taps (Supervised Industrial Installations only) 40 Feeder and Branch Circuit Protection Over 600 Volts Nominal 40 Protective Devices 40 Conductor Protection 40 Grounding 41 Definitions (Grounding) 41 General Requirements for Grounded Systems 41 General Requirements for Ungrounded Systems 42 Bonding Requirements and Short-Circuit Current Rating42 Bonding Other Enclosures and Short-Circuit Current Requirements 42 Sizing of Equipment Grounding Conductors 43 Temperature Limitation of Conductors 44 Busway Reduction and Feeders or Branch Circuits 44 Panelboard Overcurrent Protection 44 Scope of Motor Article 44 Ampacity of Conductors for Motor Branch Circuits and Feeders 44 Marking on Controllers 45
3
Contents (continued)
Page
430.32 430.36 430.52 430.53 430.62 and 430.63 430.71 430.72(A) 430.72(B) 430.72(C) 430.83(E) 430.94 430.102 430.109(A)(6) 440.5 440.22 450.3 450.3(A) 450.3(B) 450.6(A)(3) 455.7 460.8(B) 501.6(B) 517.17 520.53(F)(2) 550.6(B) 610.14(C) Article 620 620.51 620.61 620.62 620.91 670.3 700.5 700.16 700.25 701.6 702.5 705.16 725.23 760.23 Form
Motor Overload Protection 45 Fuses Used to Provide Overload and Single-Phasing Protection 45 Sizing of Various Overcurrent Devices for Motor Branch Circuit Protection 46 Connecting Several Motors or Loads on One Branch Circuit 47 Sizing Fuses for Feeders with Motor Loads 47 Motor Control-Circuit Protection 48 Motor Control-Circuit Overcurrent Protection 48 Motor Control-Circuit Conductor Protection 48 Motor Control-Circuit Transformer Protection 49 Requirements for Controllers with Slash Voltage Ratings 50 Motor Control Center Protection 50 Requirements For Disconnecting Means Within Sight Of Motors 51 Manual Motor Controller as a Motor Disconnect 52 Marking Requirements on HVAC Controllers 52 Application and Selection of the Branch Circuit Protection for HVAC Equipment 52 Protection Requirements for Transformers 52 Protection Requirements for Transformers Over 600 Volts 53 Protection Requirements for Transformers 600 Volts or Less 54 Tie Circuit Protection 54 Overcurrent Protection Requirements for Phase Converters 54 Overcurrent Protection of Capacitors 54 Fuses for Class I, Division 2 Locations 55 Requirements for Ground Fault Protection and Coordination in Health Care Facilities 55 Protection of Portable Switchboards on Stage 55 Overcurrent Protection Requirements for Mobile Homes and Parks 56 Conductor Sizes and Protection for Cranes and Hoists 56 Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, Moving Walks, Wheelchair Lifts, and Stairway Chair Lifts 56 Disconnecting Means (Elevators) 57 Overcurrent Protection (Elevators) 57 Selective Coordination (Elevators) 58 Emergency and Standby Power Systems (C)Disconnecting Means (Elevators) 58 Industrial Machinery 59 Emergency Systems Their Capacity and Rating 60 Emergency Illumination 60 Emergency System Overcurrent Protection Requirements (FPN) 60 Legally Required Standby Systems Capacity and Rating 61 Optional Standby Systems Capacity and Rating 61 Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources Interrupting and Short-Circuit Current Rating 61 Overcurrent Protection for Class 1 Circuits 61 Requirements for Nonpower-Limited Fire Alarm Signaling Circuits 61 Series Rating Inspection Form 62 & 63
ADME
UL
812H
8RY461M3-A
VAC COMPRESSOR FAN MOTOR
LRA
60 60
140
FUSED FEEDER CIRCUIT BRANCH CIRCUIT FUSED DISCONNECT AIR CONDITIONER MARKED WITH "MAX" FUSE
* C O M P R E S S O R R AT E D I N R L A MINIMUM CIRCUIT AMPACITY MAXIMUM FUSE SIZE AMPS MINIMUM OPERATING VOLTAGE FACTORY CHARGED WITH REFRIGERATOR SEE CONTROL PANEL COVER FOR A OF SYSTEM REFRIGERANT
Fuse protection in the branch circuit is mandatory to meet the requirements of the U.L. Listings and the National Electrical Code. Note that the U.L. Orange Book Electrical Appliance and Utilization Equipment Directory, April 2000, requires the following for heating and cooling equipment: Such multimotor and combination load equipment is to be connected only to a circuit protected by fuses or a circuit breaker with a rating which does not exceed the value marked on the data plate. This marked protective device rating is the maximum for which the equipment has been investigated and found acceptable. Where the marking specifies fuses, or HACR Type circuit breakers, the circuit is intended to be protected only by the type of protective device specified. U.L. Standard 1995 also covers this subject. What about a motor starter heater table (such as that shown below) which specifies Maximum Fuse?
Heater Code Marking XX03 XX04 XX05 XX06 Full-Load Current of Motor (Amperes) (40C Ambient) .25- .27 .28- .31 .32- .34 .35- .38 Max. Fuse
NON-FUSED DISCONNECT
CIRCUIT BREAKER
XX14 .76- .83 XX15 .84- .91 XX16 .92-1.00 XX17 1.01-1.11 XX18 1.12-1.22 Above Heaters for use on Size 0
Like an air conditioner, use of fuse protection is mandatory. Also, the fuse must provide branch circuit protection and be no larger than the specified size [430.53(C)]. The chart shown, for example, is typical for starter manufacturers and may be found on the inside of the door of the starter enclosure. (See starter manufacturer for specific recommendations.)
200A 42KA.I.R .
40,000 Amperes Available #12 Cu WIRE 10KA.I.R. 20A CB's Branch Circuit Fault <4' from Branch Circuit Breaker
200A Panelboard
The rating of contactors, motor starters, switches, circuit breakers and other devices for closing in and/or disconnecting loads at operating current levels must be sufficient for the current to be interrupted, including inrush currents of transformers, tungsten lamps, capacitors, etc. In addition to handling the full-load current of a motor, a switch and motor starter must also be capable of handling its locked rotor current. If the switch or motor starter has a horsepower rating at least as great as that of the motor, they will adequately disconnect even the locked rotor current of the motor. Most people are familiar with the normal current carrying ampere rating of a fuse or circuit breaker; however, what is a short-circuit interrupting rating? It is the maximum short-circuit current that an overcurrent protective device can safely interrupt under specified test conditions. What is a devices interrupting capacity? The following definition of Interrupting Capacity is from the IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronic Terms: Interrupting Capacity: The highest current at rated voltage that the device can interrupt. Because of the way fuses are short-circuit tested (without additional cable impedance), their interrupting capacity is greater than or equal to their interrupting rating. Because of the way circuit breakers are short circuit tested (with additional cable impedance), their interrupting capacity can be less than, equal to, or greater than their interrupting rating. What happens if a fault current exceeds the interrupting rating of a fuse or the interrupting capacity of a circuit breaker? It can be damaged or destroyed. Severe equipment damage and personnel injury can result.
At least 50,000 amperes. (Class R, J, T, L and CC fuses have an Interrupting Rating of at least 200,000 amperes. The interrupting rating of a fuse and switch combination may also be 200,000 amperes. . .well above the available short-circuit current of 50,000 amperes. The interrupting rating of Class G fuses is 100,000 amperes; K1 and K5 fuses can be 50,000, 100,000, or 200,000 amperes.) In this circuit, what interrupting rating must the circuit breaker have?
Available fault current50,000 amperes
Some value greater than or equal to 50,000 amperes. See discussion Molded Case Circuit BreakersUL 489 and CSA Test Procedures later in this discussion of 110.9 for further evaluation. (Faults within four feet of the breaker could cause complete destruction of the breaker if it is applied where the available fault current approaches the tested interrupting capacity of the breaker.) Section 110.9 also requires the overcurrent device to have a sufficient interrupting rating for both phase-to-phase voltage and phase-to-ground voltage. What is the significance of this requirement? Molded case circuit breakers typically have lower single-pole interrupting capabilities than their multi-pole interrupting rating. See discussion for section 240.85 on slash ratings and single pole interrupting capabilities. How does one know in practical applications if an overcurrent protective devices interrupting rating is sufficient? It is necessary to use tables or calculate the maximum short circuit current that is available at the line side of each overcurrent protective device. Then select an overcurrent protective device that has an interrupting rating equal to or greater than the maximum short circuit current. Modern current-limiting branch circuit fuses have interrupting ratings typically of 200,000 or 300,000 amperes, which is sufficient for most applications.
As shown in the circuit, can fuses be used to protect circuit breakers with a low interrupting rating?
100,000A available fault current
10,000A.I.C. breakers 200 ampere service entrance panel must have a short circuit rating equal to or greater than 100,000 amperes
Yes. Properly selected fuses can protect circuit breakers as well as branch circuit conductors by limiting short-circuit currents to a low level even though available short-circuit current is as high as 100,000 amperes. (Buss LOW-PEAK YELLOW or T-TRON fuses give optimum protection.) See the discussion on series ratings in 240.86 of this booklet. Application Note: Residential100 ampere and 200 ampere fused main-branch circuit breaker panels are commercially available. These load centers incorporate the small-sized T-TRON JJN fuses which make it possible to obtain a 100,000 amperes short-circuit current rating. Mobile home meter pedestals are also available incorporating the T-TRON JJN fuses in a Fuse Pullout Unit. Apartment ComplexesHave high densities of current and, therefore, high short-circuit currents for the typical meters. Grouped meter stacks are commercially available using the TTRON JJN fuses (up to 1200 amperes) to give the proper shortcircuit protection. Meter stacks are also available with Class T fuse pullouts on the load side of each meter.
Answer: at least 100,000 amperes. What must be the interrupting rating of the fuses? 100,000 amperes or greater. (Most current-limiting fuses have an interrupting rating of 200,000 or 300,000 amperes.) In this circuit, what must be the interrupting capacity of the main circuit breaker, and the short-circuit rating of the switchboard?
SWITCHBOARD 100,000A available fault current
MAIN BREAKER
METERS METERS
For other important related discussions see sections 240.85 slash ratings, 240.85 single pole interrupting and 240.86 series ratings.
COOPER
KVA
SER.
480Y/277
HV GAL OIL CLASS OA LBS. LBS. LBS. ENCLOSURE LBS. TOTAL LBS. OIL
H2
X2 H0X0 H3X1 X3
It is necessary to calculate available short-circuit currents at various points in a system to determine whether the equipment meets the requirements of Sections 110.9 and 110.10. How does one calculate the values of short-circuit currents at various points throughout a distribution system? There are a number of methods. Some give approximate values; some require extensive computations and are quite exacting. A simple, usually adequate method is the Buss Point-To-Point procedure presented in Buss bulletin SPD, Selecting Protective Devices. A program using the Buss Point-to-Point procedure can be found on www.bussmann.com and on the Bussmann Ready Reference CD. The point-to-point method is based on computation of the two main circuit impedance parameters: transformers and cables. Of these two components, the transformer is generally the major short-circuit current factor for faults near the service entrance. The percent impedance of the transformer can vary considerably. Thus, the transformer specification should always be checked. As shown in the illustration of a typical transformer nameplate, % impedance is specifically designated. Given the full-load transformer secondary amperage and percent impedance of a transformer, how can you compute the level of shortcircuit amperes that can be delivered at the secondary terminals (Assuming an infinite, unlimited, short-circuit current at the primary)? ISCA = (F.L.A.) x 100 %Z x .9 Given: 1.3% impedance from nameplate of 500 KVA transformer with a 480V secondary 601 Full-Load Amperes (from Table) ISCA = 601 x 100 = 51,368 Amperes 1.3 x .9
H1
%Z or Percentage Impedance
What are typical values of transformer short-circuit currents? Short-Circuit Currents Available from Various Size Transformers
Voltage+ and Phase KVA FullLoad Amperes 104 156 209 313 417 695 416 625 833 1388 2082 2776 4164 5552 6950 135 181 271 361 601 902 1203 1804 2406 3007 % Impedance (Name plate) 1.58 1.56 1.54 1.6 1.6 1.8 1.07 1.12 1.11 1.24 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.0 5.0 1.0 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.3 3.5 3.5 3.5 5.0 5.0
Short-
120/240 1 ph.*
120/208 3 ph.
277/480 3 ph.
25 371/2 50 75 100 167 150 225 300 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500 1121/2 150 225 300 500 750 1000 1500 2000 2500
Circuit Amperes 11,574 17,351 23,122 32,637 42,478 60,255 43,198 62,004 83,383 124,373 66,095 88,127 132,190 123,377 154,444 15,000 16,759 25,082 33,426 51,368 28,410 38,180 57,261 53,461 66,822
Three-phase short-circuit currents based on "infinite" primary. * Single-phase values are L-N values at transformer terminals. These figures are based on change in turns ratio between primary and secondary, 100,000 KVA primary, zero feet from terminals of transformer, 1.2 (%X) and 1.5 (%R) multipliers for L-N vs. L-L reactance and resistance values, and transformer X/R ratio = 3. U.L. listed transformers 25KVA or greater have a 10% impedance tolerance. ShortCircuit Amperes reflect a worst case scenario. + Fluctuations in system voltage will affect the available short-circuit current. For example, a 10% increase in system voltage will result in a 10% increase in the available short-circuit currents shown in the table.
Following is an example of a partial table showing the actual IP and IRMS values to which circuit breakers are tested.
240V2-Pole MCCB INTERRUPTING CAPACITIES (KA) CB 10KA 14KA 18KA RATING Ip Irms Ip Irms Ip 15A 7.2 5.1 8.7 6.1 9.3 20A 8.9 6.3 11.4 8.1 12.6 25A 10.7 7.5 14.2 10.1 16.5 30A 10.7 7.5 14.2 10.1 16.5 40A 11.7 8.3 16.0 11.3 19.2 50A 11.7 8.3 16.0 11.3 19.2 60A 12.5 8.8 17.3 12.2 21.3 70A 13.0 9.2 18.1 12.8 22.6 80A 13.0 9.2 18.1 12.8 22.6 90A 13.2 9.3 18.3 12.9 23.0 100A 13.2 9.3 18.3 12.9 23.0 22KA Ip 9.9 14.0 19.9 19.9 22.7 22.7 25.6 27.4 27.4 27.9 27.9
Irms 6.6 8.9 11.7 11.7 13.6 13.6 15.1 16.0 16.0 16.3 16.3
Irms 7.0 9.9 13.5 13.5 16.1 16.1 18.1 19.4 19.4 19.7 19.7
RLOAD XLOAD
What about the bus shot tests? Wont those prove that circuit breakers can safely and properly interrupt their marked interrupting rating? No! Beginning 10/31/2000, UL 489 requires circuit breakers rated 100A and less to additionally be tested under bus bar conditions. In this test, line and load terminals are connected to 10" of rated conductor. For single pole circuit breakers, these 10" leads are then connected to 4' of 1 AWG for connection to the test station. For multipole circuit breakers, the 10" line side leads are connected to the test station through 4' of 1 AWG. The load side is shorted by 10" leads of rated conductor per pole. These bus shots still do not fully address the situation where a fault can occur less than 4'10" from the circuit breaker. For example, 7.1.11.6.3.1 of UL 489 states The inability to relatch, reclose, or otherwise reestablish continuity shall be considered acceptable for circuit breakers which are tested under bus bar conditions. This says the circuit breaker doesnt have to work after a close-in fault occurs, and is in violation of the 2002 NEC requirement for a circuit breaker which is found in the definition. The NEC defines a circuit breaker as: A device designed to open and close a circuit by nonautomatic means and to open the circuit automatically on a predetermined overcurrent without damage to itself when properly applied within its rating.
Standard interrupting rating tests will allow for a maximum 4 ft. rated wire on the line side, and 10 in. rated wire on the load side of the circuit breaker. Performing a short-circuit analysis of this test circuit results in the following short-circuit parameters, as seen by the circuit breaker. Actual short-circuit RMS current = 9900 amperes RMS symmetrical Actual short-circuit power factor = 88% Actual short-circuit peak current = 14,001 amperes Conclusion: This 14,000 ampere (with short-circuit power factor of 20%) interrupting rated circuit breaker has an interrupting capacity of 9,900 amperes at a short-circuit power factor of 88%. Unless there is a guarantee that no fault will ever occur at less than 4'10" from the load terminals of the circuit breaker, this circuit breaker must only be applied where there are 9,900 amperes or less available on its line side.
2700 amperes. Since the protective device is not current-limiting, the short-circuit current must not exceed the one cycle withstand of the 12 AWG conductor, or 2700 amperes. In this 20 ampere circuit with a non-current-limiting protective device, what would be the smallest size conductor that would have to be used?
12,000A available fault current
?
PROTECTIVE DEVICE (20A, 1 cycle opening time; not current limiting) Short-Circuit
How is the component withstand rating of conductors expressed? As shown in the table below, component withstand of conductors is expressed in terms of maximum short-circuit current vs. cycles (or time). See discussion in this booklet on 240.1 which provides more information on conductor short-circuit current withstand. TableCopper, 75 Thermoplastic Insulated Cable Damage Table* (Based on 60 HZ).
Copper Wire Size (AWG) 75 Thermoplastic 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Maximum Short-Circuit Withstand Current in Amperes For For For 1/2 Cycle** 1 Cycle 2 Cycles 900** 700** 500** 1500** 1100** 700** 2,400 1,700** 1,200** 3,800 2,700** 1,900** 6,020 4,300 3,000 9,600 6,800 4,800 15,200 10,800 7,600 24,200 17,100 12,100
4 AWG wire. Since the protective device is not current-limiting, the wire selected must withstand 12,000 amperes for one cycle. In this circuit, what type of protective device must be used?
12,000A available fault current 2' #12 Cu PROTECTIVE DEVICE Short-Circuit
For 3 Cycles** 400** 600** 1,000 1,550 2,450 3,900 6,200 9,900
It must be current-limiting. When the available short-circuit current exceeds the short-circuit current rating of the wire, a protective device such as a current-limiting fuse, properly selected, will limit fault current to a level lower than the wire short-circuit current rating (3,800 amperes for 1/ 2 cycle). (See Section 240.1 FPN.) For instance, a LOW-PEAK YELLOW LPN-RK20SP fuse will limit the 12,000 amperes available short-circuit to less than 1000 amperes and clear in less than 1/ 2 cycle.
10
Wire (AWG)
20 18 18
16 14 12 8 6 4
Wire (AWG)
12 10 8 6 3 2
In this circuit, what kind of fuse must be used to provide adequate protection of the starter?
25,000A available fault current
A current-limiting fuse, such as the Buss LOW-PEAK YELLOW or FUSETRON dual-element fuse. Such a fuse must limit fault currents to a value below the withstand rating of the starter and clear the fault in less than 1/ 2 cycle.
11
Example of Type 2 Starter/Fuse selection table (partial) by starter manufacturers. Complete tables for several controller manufactures available on www.bussmann.com.
MOTOR CONTROLLER AND FUSE SELECTION TABLE FOR TYPE 2 PROTECTION (UL & CSA VERIFIED)
MAXIMUM THREE PHASE MOTOR HORSEPOWER STARTER 200V(FLC) 230V(FLC) 460V(FLC) 575V(FLC) SIZE CATALOG # HEATER
C O O R D I N AT E D PROTECTION .5(1.1) .75(1.3) .75(1.6) 1(1.7) 00 00 00 00 00 00 0 00 0 00 0 00 0 0 00 00 0 00 SA012V02S SA012V02S SA012V02S SA012V02S SA012V02S SA012V02S SB02V02S SA012V02S SB02V02S SA012V02S SB02V02S SA012V02S SB02V02S SB02V02S SA012V02S SA012V02S SB02V02S SA012V02S B1.67 B2.10 B2.40* B2.65* B3.30 B3.70* B3.70* B4.15 B4.15 B4.85 B4.85 B4.85 B4.85 B6.25 B6.90 B7.70* B7.70* B10.2
.5(2.2) .5(2.5)
.75(3.7)
.75(3.2)
12
Protection of Automatic Transfer Switches Transfers switches are utilized to transfer power from the normal source to an emergency power source in order to feed an emergency system or critical loads. The short-circuit current withstand rating of the transfer switch must be equal to or greater than the available short-circuit current at the location where the device is installed. The required rating will be the sum of the available short-circuit current from both the normal and emergency sources if the transfer switch uses a closed transition (parallels both sources). If the transfer switch uses an open transition, the larger fault current, from the normal or emergency source, will be used. Typically the larger fault current will be from the normal source. These devices are typically tested per UL 1008 to meet basic short-circuit testing requirements. In this testing, the short-circuit withstand rating is typically dependent upon the type of upstream overcurrent protective device. The table below, shows an example of a typical manufacturers short-circuit withstand rating. Note that the transfer switch withstand rating is usually substantially higher if current-limiting fuses are used upstream. For specific short-circuit current ratings of transfer switches based upon the overcurrent protective device selected, the manufacturer of the transfer switch must be consulted.
Withstand Rating with Withstand Rating With ATS Size (Amps) Class J or L Fuse (Max Size) CB (Max Size) 100 100,000A (300A) 22,000 (150A) 400 200,000A (800A) 35,000A (600A) 600 200,000A (1,200A) 42,000A (2,500A) 800 200,000A (1,200A) 42,000A (2,500A) 1000 200,000A (2,000A) 65,000A (2,500A)
100,000 amperes, because the overcurrent device is not currentlimiting. In this circuit, what would the busway short-circuit bracing have to be?
100,000A available fault current 1600A BUSWAY KRP-C1600SP FUSE (Current-limiting)
36,000 amperes (as shown in the Minimum Bracing Table). With an available short-circuit current of 100,000 amperes, the LOWPEAK YELLOW KRP-C1600SP fuse will only let-through an equivalent of 36,000 amperes, RMS symmetrical. Minimum Bracing Required for Bus Structures at 480V. (Amperes RMS Symmetrical)
Rating* Busway 100 225 400 600 601 800 1200 1600 2000 3000 4000 Fuse 100 225 400 600 601 800 1200 1600 2000 3000 4000 Available Short-Circuit Amperes RMS Sym. 25,000 50,000 75,000 100,000 3,400 4,200 4,800 5,200 6,000 7,000 8,000 9,000 9,200 11,00 13,000 14,000 12,000 15,000 17,000 19,000 11,000 14,500 17,000 18,000 14,200 17,500 20,000 23,000 16,000 22,500 26,000 28,000 22,500 28,500 33,000 36,000 25,000 32,000 37,000 40,000 25,000 43,000 50,000 58,000 25,000 48,000 58,000 68,000
200,000 6,500 12,000 17,000 24,000 24,000 29,000 39,000 46,000 52,000 73,000
Can cable limiters protect service entrance equipment from short-circuit currents?
METER
94,000
*Fuses are: 100-600 AmpereLOW-PEAK YELLOW Dual-Element FusesLPSRK_SP (Class RK1) or LPJ_SP (Class J); 800-4000 AmpereLOW-PEAK YELLOW Time-Delay FusesKRP-C_SP (Class L). (LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuses are current-limiting fuses.)
CABLE LIMITER
UNDERGROUND CABLE
Current-limiting cable limiters not only can be used to isolate a faulted service cable, but also can help to protect utility meters with low withstand ratings against high short-circuit currents. (See Section 230.82). It should be noted that while meter sockets have short-circuit current ratings, the short-circuit current rating of the meter itself is not typically included, resulting in a potentially significant safety hazard.
13
Example of warning label this label warns of both arc flash and shock hazards plus reminds workers to use proper PPE (Personal Protective Equipment).
What is the importance of 110.16? This new requirement is intended to reduce the occurrence of serious injury or death due to arcing faults to workers who work on or near energized electrical equipment. The warning label should remind a qualified worker who intends to open the equipment for analysis or work that a serious hazard exists and that the worker should follow appropriate work practices and wear appropriate personal protection equipment (PPE) for the specific hazard (a non qualified worker must not be opening the equipment). What is an arc flash hazard? An arcing fault is the flow of current through the air between phase conductors or phase conductors and neutral or ground. An arcing fault can release tremendous amounts of energy at the point of the arc in a small fraction of a second. The result can be extremely high temperatures, a tremendous pressure blast and shrapnel (equipment parts) hurling at high velocity (in excess of 700 miles per hour). An accidental slip of a tool or a loose part tumbling across live parts can initiate an arcing fault in the equipment. If a person is in the proximity of an arcing fault, the flash can cause serious injury or death. Figure 1 shows sequential photos of one of many staged tests that helped to understand and quantify the effects of arcing faults on workers. In this test, mannequins with temperature and pressure sensors were placed in the test cell. This was a 480 volt, three phase system with an available three phase short-circuit current of 22,600 symmetrical rms amperes. A non current-limiting overcurrent protective device was the nearest upstream protective device. An arcing fault was initiated in a combination motor controller enclosure. The arcing fault quickly escalated into a three phase arcing fault in the enclosure. The current flowed for 6 cycles (1/10 second). The temperature recorders (with maximum temperature limit of 437F) on the neck and hand of the mannequin closest to the arcing fault were pegged (beyond 437F limit) (threshold for incurable burn for skin is 205F for 1/10 second). The pressure sensor on this mannequins chest pegged 14
Prohibited Shock Boundary: Qualified Persons Only. PPE as if direct contact with live part Restricted Shock Boundary: Qualified Persons Only Limited Shock Boundary: Qualified or Unqualified Persons*
* Only if accompanied by Qualified Person
This example label includes more of the vital information that fosters safer work practices.
Are there restrictions on working on live equipment? OSHA regulations state in 1910.333 (a) that workers should not work on live equipment (greater than 50 volts) except for one of two reasons (NFPA 70E2000 Electrical Safety Requirements for Employee Workplaces, Part II 2-1.1.1 states essentially the same requirement): 1. Deenergizing introduces additional or increased hazards (such as cutting ventilation to a hazardous location) or 2. Infeasible due to equipment design or operational limitations (such as when voltage testing is required for diagnostics ). However, when it is necessary to work on equipment "live", it is necessary to follow safe work practices, which include assessing the risks, wearing adequate personal protective equipment and using the proper tools.
How can the risks associated with this hazard be reduced? There are viable means to reduce the risks of the shock and flash hazards. Use finger safe products that will reduce the chance that a shock or arcing fault can occur. Use current-limiting fuses or current-limiting circuit breakers. Current-limiting fuses or currentlimiting circuit breakers can reduce the risks associated with arc flash hazards by limiting the magnitude of the fault currents (provided the fault current is within the current-limiting range) and reducing the time duration of the fault. Figure 3 is the same test setup as shown in Figure 1 except that the arcing fault is cleared by 601 ampere current-limiting fuses. Consequently the arc flash was greatly reduced. Compare Figure 3 to Figure 1, which is the same test setup, but with noncurrent-limiting protection (Figure 1) versus current-limiting protection (Figure 3)! Are there resources to learn more? To learn more about electrical hazards and safety requirements see Bussmann Safety Basics Handbook for Electrical Safety. Bussmann also offers a trainers kit for electrical safety training which includes a video, handbook, electronic presentations and more order Safety Basics Kit Part # SBK from your local Bussmann distributor. For more information about Safety Basics visit www.bussmann.com.
15
Panel LDP1
Field labeling requirement (110.22) and manufacturers labeling requirement (240.86)
16
210.20(A) and 215.3 Ratings of Overcurrent Devices on Branch Circuits and Feeders Serving Continuous and Non-Continuous Loads
What is the importance of these Sections? The overcurrent protective device provided for branch circuits, must not be less than the total non-continuous load, plus 125% of the continuous load (defined as a load that continues for 3 hours or more). Rating not less than = [(10A) x 1.0] + [(8A) x 1.25] = 20A
EXAMPLE 20A Rating
An exception is given in 210.20(A) and 215.3 that reads: Where the assembly, including the fuse protecting the branch circuit(s), is listed for operation at 100% of its rating, the ampere rating of the overcurrent device must not be less than the sum of the continuous load plus the non-continuous load. Many bolted pressure switches are listed at 100% rating with Class L fuses. Other requirements in 210.20 are: 210.20(B) requires protection of conductors in accordance with 240.4. Flexible cords and fixture wires are required to be protected in accordance with 240.5. 210.20(C) requires the ampere rating of the fuse to not exceed that specified in applicable NEC Articles listed in 240.3 for specific equipment. For instance, it references Article 430 for motors. Note: See 430.52 and Table 430.52 for maximum sizing of fuses for motor branch circuits. Note for feeders: See 430.62 for increased sizing of feeders with all motor loads. See 430.63 for increased sizing of feeder with motor loads and additional lighting and appliance loads. See 430.94 for the sizing requirements feeders supplying motor control centers
Non-Continuous 10A
Continuous Load 8A
G.F.P. is not required on feeder equipment when it is provided on the supply side of the feeder (except for certain Health Care Facilities requirements, Article 517).
G.F.P. COMPLIANCE 480Y/277V 1000A or Greater Feeder of any rating no G.F.P. Required (Except Per Article 517)
Additionally, the requirements of this section do not apply to fire pumps or to a continuous industrial process where a nonorderly shutdown will introduce additional or increased hazards. See 230.95 for an in-depth discussion of Ground Fault Protection. Ground fault protection without current-limitation may not protect system components. See Section 110.10.
1000A or Greater
17
230.82 Equipment Allowed to be Connected on the Line Side of the Service Disconnect
What are the advantages of using cable limiters on the supply side of the service disconnect as permitted by 230.82(1)? Typical cable installations are shown in the illustration below. The benefits of cable limiters are several: 1. The isolation of a faulted cable permits the convenient scheduling of repair service. 2. Continuity of service is sustained even though one or more cables are faulted. 3. The possibility of severe equipment damage or burn down as a result of a fault is greatly reduced. (Typically, without cable limiters, the circuit from the transformer to the service equipment is afforded little or no protection.). 4. Their current-limiting feature can be used to provide protection against high short-circuit currents for utility meters and provide compliance with 110.10.
COMMERCIAL/INDUSTRIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE (Multiple cables per phase) RESIDENTIAL SERVICE ENTRANCE (Single cable per phase) #1 #2 RESIDENCES #3 #4 Open Faulted cable isolated; the other services continue in operation without being disturbed
What do 230.82(6) and (7) mean? The control circuit for power operable service disconnecting means and ground fault protection must have a means for disconnection and adequate overcurrent protectioninterrupting rating and component protection. Why is this important? An unprotected control circuit (without overcurrent protection) ahead of the service disconnecting means could incur an overcurrent that could cause a fault involving the service conductors on the lineside of the service disconnect. Then the protection may be provided by only the overcurrent protective devices on the transformer primary which may be slow to respond to such a condition.
Service Disconnect (Open) (Open) Faulted cable isolated; only the cable limiters in faulted cable open; others remain in operation
In this circuit, is protection provided against high magnitude groundfaults as well as low level faults?
Ground fault protection required
SWBD
480Y/277 3, 4W Service
No, it is not. There is no current-limitation. Is G.F.P. required on all services? No. The following do not require G.F.P.: 1. Continuous industrial process where non-orderly shutdown would increase hazard. 2. All services where disconnect is less than 1000 amperes. 3. All 120/208 volts, 3, 4W (wye) services. 4. All single-phase services including 120/240 volt, 1, 3W. 5. High or medium voltage services. (See NEC 240.13 and 215.10 for equipment and feeder requirements.) 6. All services on delta systems (grounded or ungrounded) such as: 240 volt, 3, 3W Delta, 480 volt, 3, 3W Delta, or 240 volt, 3, 4W Delta with midpoint tap. 7. Service with 6 disconnects or less (230.71) where each disconnect is less than 1000 amperes. A 4000 ampere service could be split into five 800 ampere switches. 8. Resistance or impedance grounded systems.
SWBD
480Y/277 3, 4W Service
18
KTS-R 125
KRP-C 1600SP
TIME IN SECONDS
KTS-R250
2,000
20,000
CURRENT IN AMPERES
fuse (30 ampere) is fast acting. It will clear and limit (cut off) shortcircuit current before it can build up to a level higher than the wire withstand. The opening time of the fuse is less than one-half cycle (less than 0.008 seconds). In this particular example, the prospective current let-thru by the fuse is less than 1850 amperes. Thus, opening time and current let-through of the fuse is far lower
19
30,000
100
200
Where: I = Short-Circuit CurrentAmperes A = Conductor AreaCircular Mils t = Time of Short-CircuitSeconds T1 = Maximum Operating Temperature75C T2 = Maximum Short-Circuit Temperature150C
Note: ICEA (Insulated Cable Engineers Association) is the most widely accepted authority on conductor short-circuit withstand ratings. 100 80 60 50 40 30
Yes. The 40,000 ampere short-circuit current far exceeds the withstand of the 10 AWG THW wire. Note the table and chart which follow. What can be done to correct the above misapplication? There are two possible solutions: 1. Use a larger size conductor (i.e., 1/0 AWG), one with a withstand greater than the short-circuit for one cycle (see chart below). 2. Use an overcurrent protective device which is current-limiting such as that shown in the previous question. The following table is based on Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc. (ICEA) insulated cable damage charts in Publication 32-382. This table assumes that the conductor is preloaded to its ampacity before a short-circuit is incurred. The formula that was used to develop the ICEA Damage Charts is given following the table. This formula can be used to extrapolate withstand data for wire sizes or time durations not furnished in the ICEA Publication 32-382 charts. A sample chart is shown at right. The mechanical overcurrent protective device opening time and any impedance (choking) effect should be known along with the available short-circuit current and cable withstand data to determine the proper conductor that must be used. Insulated Cable Damage Table (60Hz)
Wire Size (AWG) (THW Cu) 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 Maximum Short-Circuit Withstand Current Amperes) at Various Withstand Times 1 Cycle 1/2 Cycle 1/4 Cycle 700* 900* 1300* 1100* 1500* 2100* 1,700* 2,400* 3,400* 2,700* 3,800* 5,400* 4,300 6,020* 8,500* 6,800 9,600* 13,500* 10,800 15,200* 21,500* 17,100 24,200* 34,200*
20
1 .8 .6 .5 .4 .3 .2
See Insulated Cable Engineers Association, Inc., Short-Circuit Characteristics of Cable, Pub. P-32-382, and circuit breaker manufacturers published opening times for various types of circuit breakers. * From ICEA Formula
CONDUCTOR SIZE
20
1000
1/8 Cycle 1850* 3000* 4,800* 7,600* 12,000* 19,200* 30,400* 48,400*
1/0
2/0
3/0
500
10
.1
240.2 Definitions: Coordination, Current-limiting Overcurrent Protective Device, and Tap Conductors
What is the meaning of coordination as used in 240? Coordination is defined as properly localizing a fault condition so that only the affected equipment is removed from the system. This can be achieved by understanding the characteristics of overcurrent protective devices and selecting the appropriate types and sizes. See discussion in this booklet on 240.12 and an indepth discussion in Bussmann publication SPD Electrical Protection Handbook. What is the meaning of current-limiting overcurrent protective device? What is the importance of this Section?
Areas within waveform loops represent destructive energy impressed upon circuit components
To further appreciate current-limitation, assume for example, that the available prospective short-circuit current in a circuit is 50,000 amperes. If a 200 ampere LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuse is used to protect the circuit, the current let-through by the fuse will be only 6500 amperes instead of 50,000 amperes. Peak current will be only 15,000 amperes instead of a possible 115,000 amperes. Thus, in this particular example, currents are limited to only 13% of the available short-circuit values. As is true of fuse application in general, the application of current-limiting fuses in respect to current-limitation and component protection (110.10) is quite simple. Graphs or tables such as the one shown below permit easy determination of the let-thru currents that a fuse will pass for various levels of prospective short-circuit currents. For example, the table below shows that the 200 ampere LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuse will letthrough 6500 amperes when prospective short-circuit current is 50,000 amperes.
25,000A available fault current
Normal load current Circuit breaker trips and opens short-circuit in about 11/2 cycles
For the above circuit, the Size 1 Starter has a short-circuit withstand rating of 5000 amperes.* The question is, with the 25,000 ampere available short-circuit current, will a LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuse provide adequate protection of the starter? By referring to the table below, it can easily be seen that for a prospective short-circuit current of 25,000 amperes, fuses with ratings of 100 amperes or less will limit fault currents to below the 5000 ampere withstand of the starter and, thus, provide adequate protection. Current-Limiting Effects of RK1 LOW-PEAK YELLOW Fuses.
Prospective Let-Through Current (Apparent RMS Symmetrical) Short-Circuit LPS-RK_SP (600V) Fuse Ratings Current 30A 60A 100A 200A 400A 5,000 980 1,600 2,100 3,200 5,000 10,000 1,200 2,000 2,550 4,000 6,750 15,000 1,400 2,300 2,900 4,800 7,850 20,000 1,500 2,500 3,150 5,200 8,250 25,000 1,600 2,650 3,400 5,450 9,150 30,000 1,650 2,850 3,550 5,650 9,550 35,000 1,750 2,950 3,750 5,850 10,000 40,000 1,850 3,100 3,900 6,100 10,450 50,000 1,950 3,300 4,150 6,500 11,300 60,000 2,050 3,500 4,350 6,950 11,950 80,000 2,250 3,850 4,800 7,850 12,500 100,000 2,450 4,050 5,200 8,250 13,400 150,000 2,750 4,800 6,100 9,550 14,500 200,000 3,000 5,200 6,500 10,000 16,400 RMS Symmetrical Amperes
*Footnote: See discussion on Section 110.10 in this bulletin.
Simply stated, a current-limiting protective device is one which cuts off a fault current in less than one-half cycle. It thus prevents short-circuit currents from building up to their full available values. The greatest damage done to components by a fault current occurs in the first half-cycle (or more precisely, the first major loop of the sinewave). Heating of components to very high temperatures can cause deterioration of insulation, or even explosion. Tremendous magnetic forces between conductors can crack insulators and loosen or rupture bracing structures. The levels of both thermal energy and magnetic forces are proportionate to the square of current. Thermal energy is proportionate to the square of RMS current; maximum magnetic fields to the square of peak current. If a fault current is 100 times higher than normal load current, its increased heating effect equals (100) 2 or 10,000 times higher than that of the normal current. Thus, to prevent circuit component damage, the use of current-limiting protective devices is extremely important, particularly since present-day distribution systems are capable of delivering high level fault currents.
Footnote: The more technical definition of a current-limiting protective device is expressed by 240.2.
600A 5,000 9,150 10,200 11,300 12,200 12,800 13,500 13,900 15,000 15,400 16,600 17,500 19,400 21,000
The reader should note that much of the current-limitation claimed by small ampere circuit breakers is actually the result of the significant impedance added to the circuit breaker test circuit after the circuit has been calibrated. Refer to the circuit breaker protection portion of 110.9 for further information on circuit breaker test circuits. What is the definition of tap conductors? A tap conductor is defined as a conductor, other than a service conductor that has overcurrent protection ahead of its point of supply that exceeds the value permitted for similar conductors that are protected as described elsewhere in 240.4. Repinted from NEC 2002
21
240.4 Protection of Conductors Other Than Flexible Cords and Fixture Wires
What is the meaning of 240.4(B) and 240.4(C)? Where the ampacity of a conductor does not correspond with a standard rating (240.6) of a fuse, the next standard rating may be used as long as the fuse is not above 800 amps and the conductors are not part of a multi-outlet branch circuit supplying receptacles for cord and plug-connected portable loads. What does 240.4(D) mean? It requires the fuse to not exceed 15A for 14 AWG, 20A for 12 AWG, and 30A for 10 AWG copper; or 15A for 12 AWG and 25A for 10 AWG aluminum and copper-clad aluminum after any correction factors for ambient temperature and number of conductors have been applied. This is required unless specifically permitted in 240.4(E) through (G).
12 AWG Conductor, 75C
12 AWG copper conductor, 75C, has ampacity per Table 310.16 of 25A. But, fuse must be sized 20A or less, unless otherwise allowed.
What does 240.4(F) mean? Conductors fed from single-phase, 2-wire secondary transformers and three phase, delta-delta connected transformers with threewire (single-voltage) secondaries can be considered protected by the primary side fuses if the transformer is properly protected in accordance with Section 450.3. The primary fuse must be less than or equal to the secondary conductor ampacity times the secondary-to-primary transformer voltage ratio.
BRANCH CIRCUIT
BRANCH CIRCUIT To load 20A Fuse 16 AWG Fixture Wire 100 ft. or over To load 8A Fuse 16 AWG Fixture Wire 100 ft. or over
Receptacle 20A Branch Circuits Compliance (EXTENSION CORD) 18 AWG Extension Cord
BRANCH CIRCUIT
BRANCH CIRCUIT To load 20A Fuse 18 AWG Fixture Wire 50 ft. or over To load 6A Fuse 18 AWG Fixture Wire 50 ft. or over
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North American electrical system with that pertinent to IEC applications. Many devices on the market meet specific IEC requirements and specific North American electrical system requirements but the ratings are neither universal nor interchangeable. It is very easy to read the IEC ratings thinking they apply to the North American electrical system ratings. The literature from many manufacturers is easily misinterpreted or confusing concerning North American ratings and IEC ratings. Supplementary overcurrent protective devices are not general use devices, as are branch circuit devices, and must be evaluated for appropriate application in their particular use. One example of the difference and limitations is that a supplementary protector (mechanical device) recognized to UL 1077 has spacings, creepage and clearance, that are considerably less than that of a branch circuit rated circuit breaker listed to UL 489. Example: A supplemental protector, UL1077, has spacings that are 3/8 inch through air and 1/2 inch over surface. A branch circuit rated UL489 molded case circuit breaker has spacings that are 3/4 inch through air and 1 1/4 inch over surface. Branch circuit overcurrent protective devices have standard overload characteristics to protect branch circuits and feeder conductors. Supplementary overcurrent protective devices do not have standard overload characteristics and may differ from standard branch circuit overload characteristics. The interrupting ratings or short-circuit current ratings of supplementary overcurrent protective devices can ranges from less than 32 amps to 100,000 amps. When supplementary overcurrent protective devices are considered for proper use, it is important to be sure that the devices interrupting rating equals or exceeds the available short-circuit current (see the discussion for 110.9 in this booklet). Verify the supplementary overcurrent protective devices voltage rating and that the device has the proper voltage for the installation, including compliance with slash voltage rating requirements, if applicable. For discussion on slash voltage rating see 240.85 in this booklet.
What is a supplementary overcurrent protective device? A fuse or mechanical overcurrent protective device that is limited in application, due to the wide range of permissible ratings and performance. Supplementary overcurrent protective devices may be incomplete in construction or restricted in performance capabilities. Such a device is not suitable for and can not be used where branch circuit protection is required. They can only be used where specifically permitted in the NEC . The Tri-National Standard for supplementary fuses is UL/CSA/ANCE 248-14. What do I need to know about supplementary overcurrent protective devices? All too often supplementary overcurrent protective devices are being misapplied where branch circuit rated fuses or circuit breakers are required. This can be a serious safety issue. One must be sure to read the devices label, instruction sheets, and manufacturers literature for proper usage to meet the North American electrical system (NEC, NRTL & Inspection). Be sure not to confuse the device ratings and terminology pertinent to the
23
1. The 90 ampere breaker will unlatch (Point A) and free the breaker mechanism to start the actual opening process. 2. The 400 ampere breaker will unlatch (Point B) and it, too, would begin the opening process. Once a breaker unlatches, it will open. The process at the unlatching point is irreversible. 3. At Point C, the contacts of the 90 ampere breaker finally open and interrupt the fault current. 4. At Point D, the contacts of the 400 ampere breaker open. . .the entire feeder is blacked out! Example of Non-Selective System.
1,000 800 600 400 300 200 100 80 60 40 30
VIOLATION
1000A I.T.=10x
Opens
20
Opens
TIME IN SECONDS
225A I.T.=8x
400A
90A
20A I.T.=8x
ShortCircuit
Fault exceeding the instantaneous trip setting of all 3 circuit breakers in series will open all 3. This will blackout the entire system.
POINT D
.02
POINT C
POINT B
2,000
3,000 4,000
20,000
CURRENT IN AMPERES
20A
19-B
Fault opens the nearest upstream fuse, localizing the fault to the equipment affected. Service to the rest of the system remains energized.
If the ampere rating of a feeder overcurrent device is larger than the rating of the branch circuit device, are the two selectively coordinated? No. A difference in rating does not in itself assure coordination. For example, a feeder circuit breaker may have a rating of 400 amperes and the branch breaker 90 amperes. Under overload conditions in the branch circuit, the 90 ampere breaker will open before, and without, the 400 ampere breaker opening. However, under short-circuit conditions, not only will the 90 ampere device open, the 400 ampere may also open. In order to determine whether the two devices will coordinate, it is necessary to plot their time-current curves as shown. For a short-circuit of 4000 amperes:
Now, lets take the case of fuse coordination. When selective coordination of current-limiting fuses is desired, the Selectivity Ratio Guide (next page) provides the sizing information necessary. In other words, it is not necessary to draw and compare curves. Current-limiting fuses can be selectively coordinated by maintaining at least a minimum ampere rating ratio between the main fuse and feeder fuses and between the feeder fuse and branch circuit fuses. These ratios are based on the fact that the smaller downstream fuses will clear the overcurrent before the larger upstream fuses melt. An example of ratios of fuse ampere ratings which provide selective coordination is shown in the one-line circuit diagram.
2:1 (or more) LPS-RK90SP LPS-RK400SP Short-Circuit
24
30,000 30,000
100
200
300 400
225A
Not Open
.001
T-TRON (T) JJN JJS 2:1 2:1 3:1 3:1 1.5:1 2:1 3:1 3:1 3:1 2:1
Line-Side Fuse
.
* Note: At some values of fault current, specified ratios may be lowered to permit closer fuse sizing. Plot fuse curves or consult with Bussmann.
General Notes: Ratios given in this table apply only to Buss fuses. When fuses are within the same case size, consult Bussmann.
G.F.P. Required
25
Figure 2
Wireway
M 1 HP
M 5 HP
M 7.5 HP
The smallest of the three larger motors is a 15 HP motor with a FLC of 42A per Table 430.150. Per 430.22, the motor conductor ampacity is sized at 1.25 X 42A = 52.5 amperes. Per 310.15, this would require a 6 AWG conductor (75C, Cu, 65A ampacity, assuming 60/75C lugs). Per 240.21(B)(1)(4), this could be tapped to the 600A feeder since the ampacity of the 6 AWG, 75C, Cu conductor (65A) is more than 10% of the feeder fuse. Since, the tap conductors to the other motors (20 and 25 HP) are required to have an ampacity greater than the 15 HP motor per 430.22 and 310.15, the 20 and 25 HP motors could be tapped to 600A feeder fuses as well. What are requirements for 240.21(B)(2) Taps Not Over 7.5 m (25 ft) Long? Fuses are not required at the conductor supply if a feeder tap conductor, is not over 25 feet long, and: (1) Has an ampacity not less than 1/3 that of the feeder fuses from which the tap conductors receive their supply, and (2) Terminate in a single set of fuses sized not more than the tap conductor ampacity, and (3) Is suitably protected from physical damage. Example in Figure 3 complies with 240.21(B)(2): Taps are not over 25 ft 400A Feeder fuses 1. Minimum ampacity of 1/3 the feeder OCPD. 100 HP FLA = 124A (Table 430.150) Tap conductors to motor = 124 (1.25) = 155A (430.22) 2/0 Conductor, 75C, Cu (175A) (310.15) Maximum fuse would be 175 X 3 = 525A (400A ok) 2. Terminate in single set of fuses not more than the tap conductor ampacity (OCPD ( 175A). Optimum Fuse size: = 1.25 X FLA (or next standard size) = 1.25 X 124 = 155A (LPS-RK 175SP (175A) fuses (430.52). 3. Protected from physical damage. Figure 3
480V, 3 400A
M 1 HP
M 5 HP
M 7.5 HP
M 15 HP
M 20 HP
M 25 HP
240.21(B)(1)(4) requires that the maximum fuse for field installations shall not exceed 10 times the ampacity of the tap conductor, for example: 14 AWG, 75 C, Cu conductor (20A ampacity), max feeder overcurrent device is 200A. 10 AWG, 75 C, Cu conductor (35A ampacity), max feeder overcurrent device is 350A. To field tap the conductors of the 1, 5, and 7.5 HP motors to a 600A feeder overcurrent device would be a violation of 240.21(B)(1)(4). To comply with 240.21(B)(1)(4), the smaller motors must be fed from a feeder fuse that does not exceed the 10 times rating of the tap conductors ampacity (200A as shown in the Figure 2).
500 kcmil
25
M 100 HP
M 100 HP
26
(1) The conductors are protected from physical damage, and (2) The conductors terminate in a single set of fuses that limit the load to the ampacity of the conductors, and (3) The fuses are a part of or immediately adjacent to the disconnecting means, and (4) The disconnecting means is readily accessible and is installed outside, inside nearest the point of entrance, or installed per 230.6, nearest the point of entrance of the conductors. 240.21(C) Transformer Secondary Conductors. Conductors may be tapped to a transformer secondary, without fuses at the secondary, under several conditions as specified in 240.21(C)(1) through 240.21(C)(6). See Figure 5. Note: Refer to 450.3 for transformer overcurrent protection requirements and 408.16 for panelboard protection. Figure 5
Service
25 Feet or Less
No overcurrent protection at beginning of tap. Conductor tapped to secondary of transformer. Must meet one of the following: 240.21(C)(1) through 240.21(C)(6)
What are requirements for 240.21(B)(4) Taps Over 7.5 m (25 ft) Long? Fuses are not required at the conductor supply in high bay manufacturing buildings (over 35 high at walls) if: (1) Only qualified persons will service such a system, and (2) Feeder tap is not over 25 feet long horizontally and not over 100 feet long, total length, and (3) The ampacity of the tap conductors is not less than 1/3 of the fuse rating from which they are supplied, and (4) Taps terminate in a single set of fuses that limits the load to the ampacity of the tap conductor, and (5) Taps are protected from physical damage, and (6) Taps are not spliced, and (7) Taps are sized at least 6 AWG copper or 4 AWG aluminum, and (8) Taps do not penetrate walls, floors, or ceilings, and (9) Taps are made no less than 30 feet from the floor. What are requirements for 240.21(B)(5) Outside Taps of Unlimited Length? Fuses are not required at the supply for tap conductors located outside of a building or structure and where all of the following are met:
What are requirements for 240.21(C)(1) Protection by Primary Overcurrent Device? Fuses are not required on the secondary of a single-phase 2-wire (single-voltage) or three-phase, three wire (single-voltage), deltadelta transformer to provide conductor protection if: The transformer primary (supply) side is protected in accordance with 450.3, and The fuses on the primary of the transformer does not exceed the ampacity of the secondary conductor multiplied by the secondary to primary voltage ratio. Single-phase (other than 2-wire) and multiphase (other than deltadelta, 3-wire) transformer secondary conductors are not considered to be protected by the primary fuses. This eliminates the use of this tap rule on delta-wye transformers (480-208/120). What are requirements for 240.21(C)(2) Transformer Secondary Conductors Not Over 3 m (10 ft) Long? Fuses are not required on the secondary of a transformer if secondary conductors are not over 10 ft long, and: (1a) Secondary conductor ampacity is not less than the combined computed loads, and (1b) Secondary conductor ampacity is not less than the rating of the device they supply or the rating of the fuses at their termination, and (2) Secondary conductors do not extend beyond the enclosure(s) of the equipment they supply, and (3) Secondary conductors are enclosed in a raceway.
27
What are requirements for 240.21(C)(3) Industrial Installation Secondary Conductors Not Over 7.5 m (25ft)? Transformer secondary conductors, if 25 ft or less, do not require fuses at the transformer terminals, for industrial installations only, if: (1) Secondary conductor ampacity is not less than the secondary full load current of the transformer and not less than the sum of the ratings of the fuses, and (2) All overcurrent devices are grouped, and (3) Secondary conductors are protected from physical damage. Note: Refer to 408.16 for panelboard protection requirements and 450.3 for transformer protection. What are requirements for 240.21(C)(4) Outside Secondary Conductors of Unlimited Length? Fuses are not required on the secondary of a transformer to provide conductor protection where the secondary conductors are located outdoors, except at the point of termination, and all of the following are met: (1) The secondary conductors are protected from physical damage, and (2) The secondary conductors terminate in one set of fuses that limits the load to the ampacity of the conductors, and (3) The fuse is part of or immediately adjacent to the disconnecting means, and (5a) The disconnecting means for the conductors is readily accessible and outside of a building or structure, or (5b) Inside nearest the point of entrance of the conductors, or (4c) Installed in accordance with 230.6, nearest the point of entrance of the conductors. Note: Refer to 408.16 for panelboard protection requirements and 450.3 for transformer protection.
Load
What are requirements for 240.21(D) Service Conductors? Service-entrance conductors are permitted to be protected by fuses in accordance with 230.91. 230.91 requires the service fuses to be an integral part of the service disconnecting means or located immediately adjacent to the disconnecting means. What are requirements for 240.21(E) Busway Taps? Busways and busway taps are permitted to be protected against overcurrent in accordance with 368.10 through 368.13. See 368.11 and 368.12 in this booklet.
28
29
120 V 240 V M
120 V
208 V M
30
Branch circuit listed fuses are designed so that it is very difficult to replace an installed fuse with one of lesser capability. This is based on voltage, current, or current-limiting vs. noncurrent-limiting ratings. The interrupting rating must be marked on all branch circuit fuses with interrupting ratings other than 10,000 amperes.
New CUBEFuse. Shown is first finger-safe fuse, TCF 60 CUBEFuse, being inserted into a TCFH60 CUBEFuse base. The fuse shown has a 60 ampere normal current rating, 300,000 ampere interrupting rating and is rated 600 volts. It is dual-element, time delay fuse that is very current-limiting (Class J characteristics). For more information visit www.cubefuse.com
31
240.85 Clarifies Requirements for the Use of Slash-Rated Circuit Breakers and Application of Individual Pole Interrupting Capabilities for Various Grounding Schemes
Typical plant electrical systems use three-phase distribution schemes. As an industry practice, short-circuit calculations lead to the selection of overcurrent protective devices based on available three-phase fault currents. If the overcurrent devices have an adequate three-phase interrupting rating, engineers are generally satisfied that the system complies with NEC 110.9. Figure 1 Slash-rated circuit breakers are not intended to open phase-tophase voltages across only one pole. Where it is possible for full phase-to-phase voltage to appear across only one pole, a fully rated circuit breaker must be utilized. A fully rated circuit breaker is one that has only one voltage rating, such as a 480 volt circuit breaker. For example, a 480 volt circuit breaker can open an overcurrent at 480 volts with only one pole, such as might occur when Phase A shorts to ground on a 480 volt B-Phase grounded delta system. What is the NEC change for slash ratings? 240.85 of the 2002 NEC was changed to read: 240.85 Applications. A circuit breaker with a slash rating, such as 120/240V or 480Y/277, shall be permitted to be applied in a solidly grounded circuit where the nominal voltage of any conductor to ground does not exceed the lower of the two values of the circuit breakers voltage rating and the nominal voltage between any two conductors does not exceed the higher value of the circuit breakers voltage rating The change was the addition of the words solidly grounded*. This was needed to emphasize that slash-rated devices were not appropriate on resistance-grounded and ungrounded systems. The following paragraphs explain why slash-rated devices cannot be utilized on these types of systems. * Solidly grounded is defined in 230.95 of the NEC as Connection of the grounded conductor to ground without inserting any resistance or impedance devices.
Three phase bolted fault test has all three phase conductors connected electrically together.
How often, however, do three-phase faults occur? Commonly referred to as "three-phase bolted faults", these shorts require all three legs to be electrically connected (Figure 1). Though bolted faults do occur, far more common is the mishap of a slipped screwdriver, dropped wrench, or worn insulation that shorts one phase to ground, creating a single-pole short-circuit (Figure 2). These phase-to-ground faults affect the performance of circuit breakers in different ways, depending upon the grounding scheme. Two of these performance areas were addressed by changes to the 2002 NEC. They are the proper usage of slash ratings and individual pole interrupting capabilities. The following paragraphs explain the reasons behind these 2002 Code changes. Figure 2 - Single pole short-circuit
480Y/277 480
Grounded Equipment
480 480
277 277
Circuit breaker 480Y/277 slash voltage rating 480Y/277 Volt 480Y/277 Volt Three phase Three phase Four wire FourSolidly grounded wire Solidly grounded wye system wye system
A B C Ground
32
Answers to Slash Rated Exercise a) Yes b) No not solidly grounded system c) No Line to ground voltage is 480 volts which exceeds 277 volt rating d) No not solidly grounded
What is a slash rating? A slash-rated circuit breaker is one with two voltage ratings separated by a slash, such as 480Y/277 volt. The smaller of the two ratings is for overcurrents at line-to-ground voltages, meant to be cleared by one pole of the device. The larger of the two ratings is for overcurrents at line-to-line voltages, meant to be cleared by two or three poles of the circuit breaker. See Figure 3. Figure 3
480
480
480
Yes
No
480
480
Yes
No
240.85 Clarify Requirements for the Use of Slash-Rated Circuit Breakers and Application of Individual Pole Interrupting Capabilities for Various Grounding Schemes
Do fuses have slash ratings? No. Fuses, by their design, are rated for full voltage; therefore slash rating concerns are not an issue. For instance Class J fuses are rated at 600 volts. These fuses could be utilized on 600 volt or less systems irrespective if the system is solidly grounded, ungrounded or resistance grounded. single-pole interrupting capabilities according to Table 7.1.7.2 of UL 489. Table 1 on this page indicates the single-pole ratings of various three-pole molded-case circuit breakers taken from Table 7.1.7.2 of UL 489. A similar table is shown on page 54 of the IEEE Blue Book, Recommended Practice for Applying Low-Voltage Circuit Breakers Used in Industrial and Commercial Power Systems, (Std 1015-1997). Molded-case circuit breakers may not be able to safely interrupt single-pole faults above these values since they are typically not tested beyond these values. For current-limiting fuses, the marked interrupting rating is the tested single-pole interrupting rating. If the ratings shown in Table 1 are too low for the application, the actual single-pole rating for the breaker must be ascertained to insure proper application. TABLE 1 Single-Pole Interrupting Ratings for Three-Pole Molded Case Circuit Breakers (ANY I.R.) FRAME RATING 100A Maximum 250V Maximum 100A Maximum 251-600V 101 800 801 1200 1201 2000 2001 2500 2501 3000 3001 4000 4001 5000 5001 6000 240V 4,330 -8,660 12,120 14,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 480/277V -10,000 10,000 14,000 14,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 480V -8,660 8,660 12,120 14,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 600/347V -10,000 10,000 14,000 14,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000 600V -8,660 8,660 12,120 14,000 20,000 25,000 30,000 40,000 50,000
480Y/277 480
480 480
277 277
480
480
480
Yes
No
480
480
Yes
No
What was added about circuit breakers single pole interrupting capabilities? A Fine Print Note was added to 240.85 of the 2002 NEC to alert users that circuit breakers have single-pole interrupting capabilities that must be considered for proper application. It states: 240.85 FPN: Proper application of molded case circuit breakers on 3-phase systems, other than solidly grounded wye, particularly on corner grounded delta systems, considers the circuit breakers individual pole interrupting capability. The following paragraphs will also explain why this FPN was added to the 2002 NEC. What is a single pole interrupting capability? The single-pole interrupting capability of a circuit breaker is its ability to open an overcurrent at a specified voltage utilizing only one pole of the circuit breaker.
How about an actual example? As an example of single-pole interrupting capability in a typical installation, consider a common three-pole, 20 amp, 480 volt circuit breaker with a three-pole interrupting rating of 65,000 amperes. Referring to Table 1, this breaker has an 8,660 ampere single-pole interrupting capability for 480 volt faults across one pole. If the available line-to-ground fault current exceeds 8,660 amps at 480 volts, such as might occur on the secondary of a 1000 KVA, 480 volt, corner-grounded delta transformer, the circuit breaker may be misapplied. In this case, the circuit breaker manufacturer must be consulted to verify interrupting ratings and proper application. CALCULATING GROUND FAULT CURRENTS How much short-circuit current will flow in a ground fault condition? The answer is dependent upon the location of the fault with respect to the transformer secondary. Referring to Figure 5, the ground fault current flows through one coil of the wye transformer secondary and through the phase conductor to the point of the fault. The return path is through the enclosure and conduit to the bonding jumper and back to the secondary through the grounded neutral. Unlike three-phase faults, the impedance of the return path must be used in determining the magnitude of ground fault current. This ground return impedance is usually difficult to calculate. If the ground return path is relatively short (i.e. close to the center tap of the transformer), the ground fault current will approach the threephase short-circuit current.
What are the single-pole interrupting capabilities for overcurrent devices? Per ANSI C37.13 and C37.16, an airframe/power circuit breaker has a single-pole interrupting rating of 87% of its three-pole rating. Listed three-pole molded case circuit breakers have minimum
33
240.85 Clarify Requirements for the Use of Slash-Rated Circuit Breakers and Application of Individual Pole Interrupting Capabilities for Various Grounding Schemes
Theoretically, a bolted line-to-ground fault may be higher than a three-phase bolted fault since the zero-sequence impedance can be less than the positive sequence impedance. The ground fault location will determine the level of short-circuit current available. The prudent design engineer assumes that the ground fault current equals at least the available three-phase bolted fault current and makes sure that the overcurrent devices are rated accordingly. SOLIDLY GROUNDED WYE SYSTEMS The Solidly Grounded Wye system shown in Figure 4 is by far the most common type of electrical system. This system is typically delta connected on the primary and has an intentional solid connection between the ground and the center of the wye connected secondary (neutral). The grounded neutral conductor carries single-phase or unbalanced three-phase current. This system lends itself well to industrial applications where 480V(L-L-L) three-phase motor loads and 277V(L-N) lighting is needed. Figure 4 - Solidly Grounded WYE System In solidly grounded wye systems, the first low impedance fault to ground is generally sufficient to open the overcurrent device on the faulted leg. In Figure 5, this fault current causes the branch circuit overcurrent device to clear the 277 volt fault. Because the branch circuit device will clear the fault with only 277 volts across one pole, a slash-rated 480Y/277 volt circuit breaker is perfectly acceptable. This system requires compliance with single-pole interrupting capability for 277 volt faults on one pole. If the overcurrent devices have a single-pole interrupting capability adequate for the available short-circuit current, then the system meets NEC 110.9. Although not as common as the solidly grounded wye connection, the following three systems are typically found in industrial installations where continuous operation is essential. Whenever these systems are encountered, it is absolutely essential that the proper application of slash ratings and single-pole interrupting capabilities be assured. This is due to the fact that full phase-tophase voltage can appear across just one pole. Phase-to-phase voltage across one pole is much more difficult for an overcurrent device to clear than the line-to-neutral voltage associated with the solidly grounded wye systems. CORNER-GROUNDED-DELTA SYSTEMS (SOLIDLY GROUNDED)
Steel Conduit
277V
BRANCH PANEL
A
480V
B B
C 27
7V
The system of Figure 6 has a delta-connected secondary and is solidly grounded on the B-phase. If the B-phase should short to ground, no fault current will flow because it is already solidly grounded. Figure 6 Corner-Grounded Delta System (Solidly Grounded)
480V
C N N
If a fault occurs between any phase conductor and ground (Figure 5), the available short-circuit current is limited only by the combined impedance of the transformer winding, the phase conductor and the equipment ground path from the point of the fault back to the source. Some current (typically 5%) will flow in the parallel earth ground path. Since the earth impedance is typically much greater than the equipment ground path, current flow through earth ground is generally negligible. Figure 5 - Single-Pole Fault to Ground in Solidly Grounded Wye System
A
0V
48
B C
480V
B C
480V
B C B
480V
C N N
Fault to conduit
If either Phase A or C is shorted to ground, only one pole of the branch-circuit overcurrent device will see the 480V fault as shown in Figure 7. A slash rated 480Y/277 volt circuit breaker could not be utilized on this 480 volt corner-grounded delta circuit because the voltage to ground (480 volts), exceeds the lower of the two ratings (277 volts). This system also requires compliance with single-pole interrupting capabilities for 480 volt faults on one pole because the branch-circuit circuit breaker would be required to interrupt 480 volts with only one pole.
34
240.85 Clarify Requirements for the Use of Slash-Rated Circuit Breakers and Application of Individual Pole Interrupting Capabilities for Various Grounding Schemes
Figure 7 Fault to Ground on a Corner-Grounded Delta System
When the first fault occurs from phase to ground as shown in Figure 9, the current path is through the grounding resistor. Because of this inserted resistance, the fault current is not high enough to open protective devices. This allows the plant to continue on line. NEC 250.36(3) requires ground detectors to be installed on these systems, so that the first fault can be found and fixed before a second fault occurs on another phase. Figure 9 - First Fault in Resistance Grounded System
B C
480V
B C
Fault to conduit
BRANCH PANEL
Steel Conduit
480V
B C B
480V
C
A disadvantage of Corner-Grounded Delta systems is the inability to readily supply voltage levels for fluorescent or HID lighting (277V). Installations with this system require a 480-120V transformer to supply 120V lighting. Another disadvantage, as given on page 33 of IEEE Std 142-1991, Section 1.5.1(4) (Green Book) is the possibility of exceeding interrupting capabilities of marginally applied circuit breakers, because for a ground fault, the interrupting duty on the affected circuit breaker pole exceeds the three-phase fault duty. RESISTANCE GROUNDED SYSTEM Low or High resistance grounding schemes are found primarily in industrial installations. These systems are used to limit, to varying degrees, the amount of current that will flow in a phase to ground fault. Low resistance grounding is used to limit ground fault current to values acceptable for relaying schemes. This type of grounding is used mainly in medium voltage systems and is not widely installed in low voltage applications (600V or below). The High Resistance Grounded System offers the advantage that the first fault to ground will not draw enough current to cause the overcurrent device to open. This system will reduce the stresses, voltage dips, heating effects, etc. normally associated with high short-circuit current. Referring to Figure 8, High Resistance Grounded Systems have a resistor between the center tap of the wye transformer and ground. High resistance grounding systems are used in low voltage systems (600V or less). With high resistance grounded systems, line-to-neutral loads are not permitted per National Electrical Code, 250.36(4). Figure 8 - Resistance Grounded System
Even though the system is equipped with a ground alarm, the exact location of the ground fault may be difficult to determine. The first fault to ground MUST be removed before a second phase goes to ground, creating a 480 volt fault across only one pole of the affected branch circuit device. Figure 10 shows how the 480 volt fault can occur across one pole of the branch circuit device. It is exactly because of this possibility that a slash rated 480Y/277 volt device can not be used in this system. 480 volts would be impressed across one pole of the branch circuit device, even though it had been tested for only 277 volts. Figure 10 - Second fault in Resistance Grounded System
BRANCH PANEL
Steel Conduit
480V
C B
480V
C
SERVICE PANEL
A
480V
B C B
480V
C
The magnitude of this fault current can approach 87% of the L-L-L short-circuit current. Because of the possibility that a second fault will occur, single-pole interrupting capability must be investigated. The IEEE Red Book, Std 141-1993, page 367, supports this requirement, One final consideration for resistance-grounded systems is the necessity to apply overcurrent devices based upon their single-pole short-circuit interrupting rating, which can be equal to or in some cases less than their normal rating.
35
240.85 Clarify Requirements for the Use of Slash-Rated Circuit Breakers and Application of Individual Pole Interrupting Capabilities for Various Grounding Schemes
UNGROUNDED SYSTEMS The Ungrounded System of Figure 11 offers the same advantage for continuity of service that is characteristic of high resistance grounded systems. Figure 11 Ungrounded System The second fault from Phase B to ground (in Figure 13) will create a 480 volt fault across only one pole at the branch circuit overcurrent device. It is because of this possibility that a slashrated device cannot be used on this type of system. A pole that was tested for 277 volts might see an overcurrent and try to open 480 volts. Again, the values from Table 1 for single pole interrupting capabilities must be used for molded case circuit breaker systems as the tradeoff for the increased continuity of service. The IEEE Red Book, Std 141-1993, page 366, supports this requirement, One final consideration for ungrounded systems is the necessity to apply overcurrent devices based upon their single-pole shortcircuit interrupting rating, which can be equal to or in some cases less than their normal rating. In 250.4(B) Ungrounded Systems (4) Path for Fault Current of the 2002 NEC, it is required that the impedance path through the equipment be low so that the fault current is high when a second fault occurs on an ungrounded system. What are fuses single pole interrupting capabilities? By their inherent design a fuses interrupting rating is its single pole interrupting rating. Modern current-limiting fuses are available that have tested single pole interrupting ratings of 200,000 or 300,000 amperes. The Low-Peak LPJ_SP, KRP-C_SP, LPS-RK_SP and LPN-RK_SP Fuses all have UL Listed 300,000 ampere single pole interrupting ratings. This is a simple solution to assure adequate interrupting ratings for present and future systems no matter what the grounding scheme.
Ungrounded System
SERVICE PANEL
A A
BRANCH PANEL
Steel Conduit
480V
B C B
480V
C
Although not physically connected, the phase conductors are capacitively coupled to ground. The first fault to ground is limited by the large impedance through which the current has to flow (Figure 12). Since the fault current is reduced to such a low level, the overcurrent devices do not open and the plant continues to run. Figure 12 - First Fault to Conduit in Ungrounded System
Ungrounded System
SERVICE PANEL
A A
BRANCH PANEL
Steel Conduit
CONCLUSIONS Two significant additions to NEC 240.85 were included in the 2002 NEC. They cover voltage ratings of slash-rated circuit breakers and single-pole interrupting capabilities of circuit breakers. The proper application of both of these ratings is dependent upon the type of grounding scheme utilized. Slash-rated devices must be utilized only on solidly grounded systems. This automatically eliminates their usage on resistancegrounded and ungrounded systems. They can be properly utilized on solidly grounded wye systems, where the voltage to ground does not exceed the smaller of the circuit breakers two values and the voltage between any two conductors does not exceed the larger of the circuit breakers two values. Slash-rated devices can not be used on corner-grounded delta systems whenever the voltage to ground exceeds the smaller of the two ratings. Where slash-rated devices will not meet these requirements, fully rated devices are required. An overcurrent protective device must have an interrupting rating equal to or greater than the current available at its line terminals for both three-phase bolted faults and for one or more phase-toground faults. Although most electrical systems are designed with overcurrent devices having adequate three-phase interrupting ratings, the single-pole interrupting capabilities are easily overlooked. Simple solutions exist to provide adequate interrupting ratings if molded case circuit breaker single-pole interrupting capabilities as shown in Table 1 are not sufficient. First, the manufacturer can be consulted to see if single-pole interrupting capabilities are in compliance for the specific manufacterers circuit breaker. Second, air frame/power circuit breakers have tested single-pole interrupting ratings that are 87% of the published three-pole rating. And third, current-limiting fuses are available that have tested single-pole interrupting ratings of 200,000 and 300,000 amps. 36
480V
B C B
480V
C
Low Value of Fault Current Because of Large Capacitively Coupled Impedance to Ground
As with High Resistance Grounded Systems, ground detectors should (but are not required by the 2002 NEC) be installed, to warn the maintenance crew to find and fix the fault before a second fault from another phase also goes to ground (Figure 13). Figure 13 - Second Fault to Conduit in Ungrounded System
Ungrounded System
Single pole must SERVICE interrupt fault current PANEL
A A
BRANCH PANEL
Steel Conduit
480V
B C B
480V
C
What are the labeling requirements for series ratings? Factory labeling Requirement 240.86(A) requires that, when a series rated combination is used, the switchboards, panelboards, and loadcenters be tested, listed and factory marked for use with the series rated combinations to be utilized. It is the responsibility of the panelboard, switchboard and loadcenter manufacturers to have a Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratory listing for the complete package, which includes the series rated devices to be used in the specific gear. This is evidenced by a factory marked label affixed to the equipment - Figure 3. Because there is often not enough room in the equipment to show all of the legitimate series rated combinations, UL 67 (Panelboards) allows for a bulletin to be referenced and supplied with the panelboard. The bulletin is to be affixed to the panelboard. These bulletins typically provide all of the acceptable combinations. Field Labeling Requirement Besides the factory labeling requirement of 240.86(A) mentioned in the previous paragraph,110.22 requires the installer to place labels in the field which note the short-circuit rating of the series combination and call out for specific replacement overcurrent devices to be utilized - Figure 3. See the 110.22 discussion in this booklet on this requirement. Figure 3 - Field labeling requirement 110.22 and factory labeling requirement 240.86(A)
Contractor Installed Label Panel MDP1 CAUTION
Series Rated Combination System with panel LDP1 Rated 100,000 Amperes Replace with Bussmann LPJ-200SP Fuses Only
ISC=300,000 Amp Available Short Circuit ISC=300,000 Amp Available Short Circuit
What is a series rated system? A series rated system is a combination of circuit breakers, or fuses and circuit breakers, that can be applied at available short-circuit levels above the interrupting rating of the load side circuit breakers, but not above that of the main or line-side device. Series rated systems can consist of fuses protecting circuit breakers, or circuit breakers protecting circuit breakers. Figure 2 illustrates a fuse/circuit breaker series rated system. Figure 2 - Series Rated Fuse Protecting Circuit Breaker System
Panel LDP1
ISC=300,000 Amp Available Short Circuit ISC=200,000 Amp Available Short Circuit
What fuses protect which circuit breakers? Unfortunately, it is often difficult to determine which combinations go with which panelboards. In order to clear the confusion, Bussmann has researched the major manufacturers application literature and published the tables. These tables show, by manufacturer, the various combinations of fuses and circuit breakers that are acceptable by panelboard type. These tables are published on www.bussmann.com under Application Information/Publications. Table 1 is a partial reprinting of one of these tables.
Fully rated systems can be used everywhere, as long as individual interrupting ratings are adequate. On the other hand, series rated systems have limited applications and have extra NEC requirements that must be followed. 240.86 covers requirements for series rated systems.
37
INQOD Panelboards
Maximum System Voltage Maximum SCCR Line Side Fuse JJS, LPJ 240 Vac 200kA JJN
NOT AFFECTED
(See Notes Below)
NEHB Panelboards
Maximum System Voltage 480Y/277 Vac Maximum SCCR 100kA Line Side Fuse JJS, LPJ
OPENS
Amps Poles ALL 1, 2, 3
Load Side
Series Rated
NF Panelboard
Maximum System Voltage 480Y/277 Vac Maximum SCCR 100kA 200kA Line Side Fuse JJS, LPJ JJS, LPJ
Fault
NOTE (1): The data in these charts was compiled from information in Square D, Series Rating Data Bulletin No. 2700DB9901 and Square D Digest 171. Cooper Bussmann assumes no responsibility for the accuracy or reliability of the information. The information contained in the tables may change without notice due to equipment design modifications. NOTE (2): The line-side fused switch may be in a separate enclosure or in the same enclosure as the loadside circuit breaker. A line-side fused switch may be integral or remote. NOTE (3): Max fuse current rating denotes the largest amperage fuse that may be used for that series rated combination. A lower amperage fuse may be substituted for the listed fuse.
What are the series rated system motor contribution limitations? One critical requirement limits the use of series rated systems where motors are connected between the line-side (protecting) device and the load-side (protected) circuit breaker. 240.86(B) requires that series ratings shall not be used where the sum of motor full load currents exceeds 1% of the interrupting rating of the load-side (protected) circuit breaker. An application of this type would provide added short circuit current, via the motors contributing to a fault, in excess of what the load side (protected) circuit breaker was tested to handle. Example in Figure 4. Figure 4 - Example of violation of 240.86(B) due to motor contributions.
10,000 A. I.R.
38
240.92(B) Transformer Secondary Conductors of Separately Derived Systems (Supervised Industrial Installations only)
What does this section mean? Conductors may be connected directly to the secondary terminals of a transformer of a separately derived system, without overcurrent protection at the connection if the conductors meet special requirements for short-circuit, overload, and physical protection per 240.92(B)(1), (2), and (3).
39
240.100 Feeder and Branch Circuit Protection Over 600 Volts Nominal
What are the requirements of this section? This specifies the location of the overcurrent protective device for circuits of over 600 volts. It requires that protection be provided at the beginning of the feeder or branch-circuit unless another location is determined under engineering supervision. An important change to this 2002 section requires the engineering supervision to consider the available fault current, overcurrent protective devices short circuit current characteristics and the conductor withstand characteristics, as found in IEEE Color Books, Canadian Electrical Code, IEC Regulations, ICEA (Insulated Cable Engineers Association), and manufacturers literature.
40
250 Grounding
An electrical system with proper grounding is designed to provide for personnel safety and equipment protection. A system that can lose its grounding integrity or failure to provide a system with proper grounding is a serious safety hazard. Two important aspects of systems with proper grounding are: (1) Low impedance ground path When a ground fault occurs this reduces the electric shock hazard if a person comes in contact with any of the metalic electrical enclosures or conduit. A poor ground return path may result in enclosures or conduit having a lethal potential. A person unknowingly coming in contact may be electrocuted. The lower the impedance of the ground return path, the higher the fault current if a line to ground fault occurs; the higher the fault current the more likely the overcurrent protective device will operate to clear the fault. (2) The ground fault current path must safely carry the maximum ground fault current. This means that the equipment grounding conductors that might carry a ground fault must be selected by engineering analysis. This analysis should take into account maximum possible fault current, the operating characteristics of the fuses or circuit breakers, and the damage characteristics of these conductors. All to often, this aspect is overlooked or not properly analyzed. The result can be situations where the equipment grounding conductors change characteristics due to a fault and then the grounding system integrity is no longer as intended. Merely sizing the equipment grounding conductors per Table 250.122 may not provide a conductor size that can safely carry the maximum ground fault current. The solution may be to increase the size of the equipment ground conductor or to use the wire size in Table 250.122 in conjunction with current limiting fuses for the circuit protection. Be sure to read and comply with the following grounding requirements of Article 250.
41
42
For example, Table 250.122 allows a circuit protected by a 400 ampere overcurrent device to have a 3 AWG copper equipment grounding conductor. If the 400 ampere overcurrent device takes one cycle to open in a circuit where 50,000 amperes are available, typical cable manufacturers withstand charts show that the 3 AWG conductor would be damaged. One solution would be to install a 2/0 AWG copper equipment grounding conductor which would be able to withstand the 50,000 amperes for one cycle. The other alternative is to limit the 50,000 amperes to within the 22,000 ampere for one cycle limit of the 3 AWG conductor. This can be accomplished easily with the use of current-limiting fuses. What is the importance of 250.122(D)? Since instantaneous only circuit breakers (MCPs) can be set as high as 1700% of motor full-load current, the equipment grounding conductor shall be sized based on the motor overload relay. What is the problem with 250.122(F)(2)? This allows for protection of a parallelled equipment grounding conductor in a multiconductor cable with equipment ground fault protection. However, ground fault protection is not a substitute for overcurrent protection. It is designed to prevent the burn down of switchboards. It was not designed for, nor is it fast enough to protect equipment grounding conductors from annealing under short-circuit conditions. Take a 4,000 ampere circuit with 50,000 amperes available, as an example. Nine 750 kcmil/phase with one 500 kcmil as an EGC could be used. However, if 9 conduits are utilized, the 1996 code required a 500 kcmil EGC in each conduit. The requirements starting in the 1999 code would allow for a 2 AWG EGC in each conduit. (75C, 750 kcmil is rated for 475 amps, and EGC associated with a 500 ampere overcurrent device is a 2 AWG.) The I2t required to anneal a 2 AWG copper equipment grounding conductor (Soares validity rating) is 24.5 x 106 ampere squared seconds. The I2t let-through for GFP, set at 475 amperes for a typical delay of .3 seconds at 50,000 amperes, is 50,000 x 50,000 x .3 = 750 x 106. Thats more than 30 times the I2t needed to anneal the copper. After a fault, the equipment grounding conductor would not be tight under the lug. In other words, there would no longer be an effective ground fault path. The 500 kcmil required by the previous NEC has an I2t rating of 1,389 x 106 ampere squared seconds, more than enough to stay tight under a lug after a fault occurs. For more detailed explanation of these concepts, review the latest edition of Soares Book on Grounding, now published by IAEI. Another serious conductor damage level is the Onderdonk conductor melting point. This is the I2t at which the metal of a given size conductor melts. In the example of the previous paragraph the Onderdonk I2t melting point for 2 AWG copper is 83.1 x 10 6 and 500 kcmil is 4,721. x 10 6. This means in the example given with the GFP I2t let-thru of 750 x 106, that the 2 AWG copper equipment grounding conductor could melt. So after a ground fault there would no longer be an effective ground fault current path. If this did occur, the electricians repairing the fault may not even notice that the equipment grounding conductor is no longer effective unless they ran specific tests for this condition.
50,000A RMS
500 kcmil Copper Service Equipment Metal Enclosure 400A Non-CurrentLimiting Device
3 AWG Copper Equipment Grounding Conductor 3 Load Would need to increase Equipment Grounding Conductor to 2/0. COMPLIANCE Grounded Service Neutral 1/0 AWG Copper Grounding Electrode Conductor
Non-Metallic Raceway
Metal Enclosure
50,000A RMS
500 kcmil Copper Service Equipment Metal Enclosure 400A CurrentLimiting Device
Non-Metallic Raceway
Metal Enclosure
43
This fuse is sized at 25 (amperes) x .94 (temperature derating factor) x .70 (9 conductors in a raceway derating factor from Table 310.15(B)(2)(a) to ampacity tables) = 16.45 amperes. The next standard size is a 20 ampere Fuse.
44
Do fuses sized as above also provide branch circuit protection requirements? Yes. Sizing FUSETRON Class RK5 and LOW-PEAK YELLOW Class RK1 Dual-Element fuses for motor running overload protection also provides the necessary short-circuit protection per 430.52. The use of these dual-element fuses permits close sizing. Thus, fuse case sizes often can be smaller, thereby permitting the use of smaller switches. Can circuit breakers and fuses other than Class RK1 and RK5 dualelement fuses be used to give motor overload protection? Not generally. The conventional circuit breakers usually must be sized at 250% of the motor full-load amperes to avoid tripping on motor starting current, and thus cannot provide overload protection. Instantaneous only circuit breakers or motor shortcircuit protectors are only equipped with a short-circuit tripping element and, therefore, are incapable of providing overload protection. For motor applications, the non-time-delay fuses such as the LIMITRON KTS-R fuses normally have to be sized at 300% of a motor full-load current rating to avoid opening on motor startup and, therefore, do not provide overload protection. When single-phasing occurs on a 3-phase motor circuit, unbalanced currents flow through the motor, which can damage the motor if not taken off-line. Class RK1 and RK5 dual-element, time-delay fuses, sized for motor overload protection, can provide single-phase damage protection. See 430.36.
FootnoteAbnormal Motor Operation: The application of motors under certain abnormal operating conditions often requires the use of larger size fuses than would normally be required. The use of oversize fuses limits protection to short-circuit or branch circuit protection only. The types of abnormal motor installations that may be encountered include the following: (a) Fuses in high ambient temperature locations. (b) Motors having a high Code Letter (or possibly no Code Letter) with full-voltage start. (c) Motors driving high inertial loads or motors which must be frequently cycled off-and-on. Typical high inertial loads are machines such as punch presses having large mass flywheels, or machines such as centrifugal extractors and pulverizers, or large fans which cannot be brought up to speed quickly. (d) High efficiency motors with high inrush currents.
Typically, how are the devices selected for protection of motors? With starters and overload relays, the proper heater element is selected from manufacturers tables based on the motor nameplate full-load current rating. The level of protection reached in this selection process complies with Article 430. When employing only dual-element Class RK1 and RK5 fuses for motor running overload protection, the rating of the fuse should be as follows:
LOW-PEAK YELLOW Class RK1 or FUSETRON Class Class RK5 Dual-Element Fuse Size at 125% or less of motor full-load amps M S.F. 1.15 or higher or temp. rise 40C. or less M S.F. less than 1.15 or temp. rise over 40C. LOW-PEAK YELLOW Class RK1 or FUSETRON Class Class RK5 Dual-Element Fuse Size at 115% or less of motor full-load amps
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430.52 Sizing of Various Overcurrent Devices for Motor Branch Circuit Protection
What is the basic content of this section? This Section deals with the protection of motor branch circuits against short-circuit damage. It establishes the maximum permissible settings for overcurrent protective devices. (Branch circuits include all the circuit componentswire, switches, motor starters, etc.) As is apparent in Code Table 430.52, maximum settings vary with different types of motors, each type having unique starting characteristics. Motors to which the maximum permissible settings or ratings apply (shown in the condensed Table below) include all types of single-phase, three-phase squirrel cage and three-phase synchronous motors. The table below does not apply to Design E, Wound Rotor, and dc motors. These maximum values do not preclude the application of lower sizes. Also, compliance with Section 110.10 must be analyzed. Motor starters have relatively low short-circuit current withstands. Refer to Buss bulletin SPD for specific fuse recommendations. Maximum Rating or Setting of Protective Devices
Fuse Non-Time-Delay All Class CC 300% Dual-Element Time-Delay 175% Circuit Breaker* Instantaneous Type Only 800% Inverse Time Type 250%
Yes. Because the LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuse is currentlimiting, excellent short-circuit protection is provided, even though available short-circuit current greatly exceeds 22,000 amperes. (Specifically, the LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuse would give protection against fault currents through 200,000 amperes.) It is also significant to note that because the Class RK1 LOW-PEAK YELLOW fuse is a time-delay fuse, it actually could be sized at 125% of full-load current or the next larger size (30 amperes) with the advantage of permitting the use of a smaller disconnect switch, and providing backup overload protection and even better shortcircuit protection. These maximum sizing allowances are all overridden if a manufacturer's label shows overcurrent protection values lower than what 430.52 allows. The overload relay heater elements of a motor controller often have relatively low short-circuit current withstand ratings. The maximum ratings of protective devices given in Table 430.52, thus, do not necessarily apply since they may be too large to provide adequate protection. Consequently, the starter manufacturer often includes an overload relay table within the starter enclosure. If the table states the maximum fuse size ratings to be used which will adequately protect the overload relays, the protective device must be a fuse. TYPICAL EXAMPLE: The chart shown below is typical for starter manufacturers and may be found on the inside of the door of the starter enclosure. (See starter manufacturer for specific recommendation.)
Heater Code Marking XX03 XX04 XX05 XX06 XX14 XX15 XX16 XX17 XX18 Full Load Current of Motor (Amperes) (40C Ambient) .25- .27 .28- .31 .32- .34 .35- .38 .76- .83 .84- .91 .92-1.00 1.01-1.11 1.12-1.22 Max. Fuse 1 3 3 3 6 6 6 6 6
See Article 430, 430.52. * For latest information, check manufacturers data and/or Underwriters Laboratories U.L. Standard #508 for damage and warning label requirements.
What about starter withstandability and Section 110.10 requirements for component protection?
SIZE 1 STARTER LISTED FOR 22,000 AMPS WITH THE 50A BREAKER 71/2 HP (22A) Short-circuit current should not exceed M 22,000 amperes NON-CURRENT-LIMITING CIRCUIT BREAKER
Under short-circuit conditions, the branch circuit protective device must protect the circuit components from extensive damage. Therefore, the following factors should be analyzed: available short-circuit current, let-through characteristics of the overcurrent protective device, and starter withstandability. As an Example, this Size 1 Starter has been tested by U.L. with 22,000 ampere available short-circuit current per U.L. Standard 508. Thus, in the example above, the available short-circuit currents should not exceed 22,000 amperes since the circuit breaker is not current-limiting. Additionally an MCP, if used in a combination controller, must be listed for that specific combination. The MCP cannot be used as a separate motor branch circuit short-circuit protective device to protect a motor controller. Applications of MCPs on many motors, i.e., high efficiency or high Code Letter, may cause the MCP to operate needlessly, even when sized at 1700% of motor current. In the circuit below using a Buss LOW-PEAK YELLOW dual-element time-delay fuse, can available short-circuit current exceed 22000 amperes?
SIZE 1 STARTER LISTED FOR 200,000 AMPS WITH A 40A CLASS R FUSE 230V 3 LOW-PEAK DUAL-ELEMENT CLASS RK1 FUSE Max. size: 175% x 22 = 38.5. Go to next standard size of 40A. 71/2 HP (22A)
240.6 has an exception listing additional standard fuse ampere ratings of 1, 3, 6 and 10 amperes. The lower ratings were added to provide more effective protection for circuits with small motors, in accordance with 430.52 and 430.40 and requirements for protecting the overload relays in controllers for very small motors. Fuse manufacturers have available other intermediate fuse ampere ratings to provide closer circuit protection (such as sizing Class RK1 and RK5 dual-element fuses at 125% of motor current) or to comply with Maximum Fuse sizes specified in controller manufacturers overload relay tables.
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430.52 Sizing of Various Overcurrent Devices for Motor Branch Circuit Protection
Type 2 Starter Protection Tables Is there a way to be sure a motor starter has legitimate short circuit protection? Yes, specify Type 2 motor starter protection Motor starters typically have low short circuit withstand ratings. The damage level permissible under short circuit testing per UL 508 for motor starters may not meet the expectations of many designers and users; the heaters are allowed to disintegrate and the contacts allowed to weld or disintegrate. This level of protection is referred to as Type 1. There is another alternative, which is Type 2 protection. Type 2 is no damage protection; heater elements are not permitted to be damaged and the contacts must be able to be easily parted (if slightly welded). Motor starters in conjunction with specific type and size current-limiting fuses that are tested to Type 2 protection are available. Bussmann publishes tables by starter manufacturers of the fuse type and size that provide Type 2 protection. Visit the Application / Publications section of www.bussmann.com for these tables by starter manufacturer. Also, see the discussion in this booklet under 110.10. For a more in-depth discussion see the Bussmann SPD, Electrical Protection Handbook. 430.52(C)(5) allows other fuses to be used in place of those allowed in Table 430.52. Why is this Code provision necessary? Some solid-state motor starters and drives require fuses specifically designed to protect semiconductor components. The Code provision was necessary in order to give branch circuit, short-circuit and ground fault status to these fuses. What is the significance of 430.52(C)(3) Exc. 1, (C)(6) & (C)(7)? Design B energy efficient motors are included with Design E motors as far as protection with instantaneous trip circuit breakers (MCPs), self-protected combination controllers, and motor shortcircuit protectors (MSCPs) are concerned. These branch-circuit devices may be set as high as 1700% of the motor full load current as shown in Tables 430.147 through 430.150. Motor controllers may have difficulty opening at current levels just below the 1700% rating.
If the equipment nameplate specifies MAX circuit breaker of a certain manufacturer and part number, what must be used? Only that specific type and manufacturer may be used. In other words, that controller has been tested and listed with a certain circuit breaker, with certain short-circuit characteristics. Although breakers of other manufacturers and interrupting ratings may be interchangeable, that substitution is not allowed by 430.53(C)(3). This is due in part to the fact that there is no standardization of short-circuit performance of circuit breakers. Also, some circuit breakers exhibit current-limitation, to a degree, while not being marked current-limiting. This could prove to be a hazard if a noncurrent-limiting breaker of the same form and fit were to be installed.
430.62 and 430.63 Sizing Fuses for Feeders with Motor Loads
What are the requirements for sizing fuses for feeders with only motor loads? Per NEC 430.62, a fuse protecting a feeder supplying a specific fixed motor load(s), with conductor sizes based on 430.24, is required to have an ampere rating not greater than the permissible largest ampere rating of the branch-circuit shortcircuit and ground-fault protective device for any motor supplied by the feeder (based on the maximum permitted value per 430.52 & Table 430.52), plus the sum of the full-load current of the other motors of the group. The ampere rating of the feeder fuses is permitted to be based on the ampacity of the feeder conductors that have an ampacity greater than required by 430.24. For a fuse supplying a motor control center, the provisions of 430.94 apply. What are the requirements for sizing fuses for feeders with motor and other loads? Per NEC 430.63, a fuse protecting a feeder which supplies motor load and, in addition, a lighting or a lighting and appliance load, is required to have an ampere rating that is sufficient to carry the lighting or the lighting and appliance load as determined in accordance with Articles 210 and 220 (125% of continuous nonmotor load plus 100% of the non-continuous non-motor load) plus, for a single motor, the ampere rating permitted by 430.52 and Table 430.52, and, for two or more motors, the ampere rating permitted by 430.62. For a fuse supplying a motor control center, the provisions of 430.94 apply.
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430.71 defines the control circuit of a motor controller (control apparatus). The relationship of a control circuit to the circuit carrying the main power current is illustrated in the circuit diagram at left.
CONTROL CIRCUIT
M
Branch circuit or supplementary-type fuse
CONTROL CIRCUIT
As shown in the above circuit, the motor control circuit tapped on the load side of the motor branch circuit protective device can be
protected by either a branch or supplementary type protective device (such a control circuit is not to be considered a branch circuit). For motor controllers listed for available fault currents greater than 10,000 amperes, the control circuit fuse must be a branch circuit fuse with a sufficient interrupting rating. (The use of Buss FNQ-R, KTK-R, LP-CC, LPJ_SP, JJS, or JJN fuses is recommended; these fuses have branch circuit listing status, high interrupting rating, current-limitation, and small size.)
M
16 AWG Wire Within Enclosure Branch circuit or supplementary-type fuse
What if the control conductors remain within the enclosure? If the control conductors do not leave the enclosure, they can be considered to be protected by the branch circuit fuse, if that fuse does not exceed the values of Table 430.72(B) Column B. (430.72(B)(2))
No. The LPS-RK40SP fuses are sized within the 40 ampere requirement for 16 AWG conductor within an enclosure. (See Table 430.72(B).)
80A M 10A Required 25 HP 34A
M
Control circuit within enclosure The motor branch protective device is considered to also protect the control conductors if the conductors do not extend beyond the enclosure and the maximum rating of the protective device is not greater than Table 430.72(B) Column B. 16 AWG Wire Within Enclosur
Yes. Individual control circuit fuses are required since the 80 ampere circuit breaker has a rating in excess of the 40 ampere requirement for 16 AWG conductor within an enclosure. (See Table 430.72(B).
Note: 110.10 and 240.1 require that component withstand not be exceeded. Not all overcurrent devices sized per 430.72(B) can actually protect small conductors. See discussion on 240.1 in this booklet.
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From Table 430.72(B) Wire Size Max. Protection 18 AWG Copper 7 Ampere Fuse Maximum primary fuse shall not exceed 1.75A as determined by 120V x 7A = 1.75A 480V Therefore, .5 amp primary fuse complies.
What does 430.72(B) Exception No. 2 mean? Primary fusing of a control transformer can be considered to protect the 2-wire, secondary conductors if the fuse rating does not exceed the value of multiplying the appropriate rating from Table 430.72(B) with the secondary-to-primary voltage ratio.
Comparison By Largest HP Motor (460V) Circuit Where Branch Circuit Protective Device Is Considered To Protect The Control Conductors Per 430.72(B) (2).
Protective Device Approx. Size As Percent Motor F.L.A. Level Of Protection Overload and Branch Circuit Control Circuit Within Enclosure 18 AWG 16 AWG 15HP 25HP Control Circuit Extending Beyond Enclosure 18 AWG 16 AWG 3HP 5HP
14 AWG 60HP
14 AWG 25HP
125% LOW-PEAK YELLOW Class RK1 or FUSETRON Class RK5 dual-element Fuse 175% Non-Time-Delay 300% Fuse Thermal Magnetic 250% Circuit Breaker Instantaneous 1000%* Only Circuit Breaker
/4 H P
/2 H P
*Instantaneous only circuit breakers cannot provide any overload protection. Typically to hold starting currents, instantaneous trip is set at 1000% to 1700% of motor full-load amperes.
Even though a fuse or circuit breaker can be sized at 300% or 400% of the conductor ampacity, what level of control conductor protection can be expected? The protective device would respond only to high level conductor overcurrents; the control conductors would not be protected against lower overcurrent levels. This lack of protection could result in a prolonged 200% control circuit overcurrent and eventual
insulation breakdown and melting of the conductors. For example, if the control circuit run were of considerable length, the conductor impedance might be sufficiently high to limit fault currents to 200% to 400% of the conductor ampacity. Thus, oversized overcurrent devices would provide inadequate protection. In contrast, fuses sized to the conductors ampacity would provide full-range overcurrent protection; their use is to be recommended.
The conditions of 430.72(C)(3), permit the use of a control transformer rated less than 50 VA* without the inclusion of individual protection on the primary side of the transformer in the control circuit proper. Thus, protection of the transformer primary against short-circuit currents is dependent upon the device used
*Control Transformers rated less than 50 VA are usually impedance protected or have other types of protection, such as inherent protection.
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Class CC* CC* J* G* G* CC* T* T* G* SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP. SUP.* SUP.* SUP. SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP.* SUP. SUP. SUP. SUP. SUP. SUP.
Interrupting Rating 200KA 200KA 300KA 100KA 100KA 200KA 200KA 200KA 100KA 10KA 10KA 35A 100A 200A 10KA 1KA 35A 10KA 1KA 100KA 35A 100A 200A 750A 10KA 35A 35A 100A 200 A 750A
Comment
*
480V (25VA) .05A normal F.L.C. (breakdown of transformer windings could cause current to increase many times over normal level but less than 60A) *Conductor protection is still required per Section 430.72(B) 120V
Take the case, for instance, in which a short occurs in a control transformer (such as would result from insulation deterioration and breakdown). (See diagram above in which a 60 ampere branch circuit fuse is shown.) Now, if the overcurrent drawn by the control circuit as a result of the shorted control transformer is relatively low (actually could be less than 60 amperes) compared to the response time of the 60 ampere branch circuit fuse or circuit breaker, the transformer could become so hot that extensive damage could be done to the insulation of the control conductors . . . the transformer itself could burst into flames.
*Control Transformers rated less than 50 VA are usually impedance protected or have other types of protection, such as inherent protection.
However, inclusion of fuse protection in the primary of the control transformer would minimize this type of hazard. Buss FNQ-R Time-Delay fuses are excellent choices. When applying fuses, the time-current characteristics should be checked to determine if the fuse can hold the inrush magnetizing current of the transformer. Fuses Commonly Used in Control Circuits. There are several fuse types which have small dimensions that are ideally suited for control circuit protection. The KTK-R, FNQ-R and LP-CC fuses are listed as Class CC fuses, and JJN (JJS) fuses are listed as Class T fuses. When used for control transformer, coil, or solenoid protection, the fuse should be selected to withstand the inrush current for the required time.
600A Bus
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The new general rule is that a disconnecting means is required within sight of every motor, whether or not the disconnecting means at the controller is capable of being locked in the off position. This is a very significant change and an enormous advancement for improved worker safety. An example might help. Assume an MCC, with a lockable combination starter, feeds a 50 hp motor located 500 feet from the MCC. According to the 1999 NEC, a disconnecting means was not required within sight of the 50 hp motor because the disconnecting means for the controller, in the MCC, was capable of being locked in the off position. A maintenance worker that was called to the motor would have to walk the 500 feet back to the MCC to disconnect and lock off the motor circuit, and then return 500 feet to work at the motor. After the work was finished, the worker must walk 500 feet to re-energize the circuit and then walk back to the motor to check that everything is working correctly. In situations like this, some workers have been tempted to work the equipment hot, rather than walk back and forth to shut down and lock out the circuit properly.
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440.22 Application and Selection of the Branch Circuit Protection for HVAC Equipment
What are the requirements of 440.22(A)? The branch circuit protective device may be sized at the maximum value of 175% of the motor-compressor rated load current. If the motor cannot start due to high inrush currents, this value may be increased to, but cannot exceed, 225% of motor rated current. What are the requirements of 440.22(C)? 440.22(C) states that if the manufacturer's heater table shows a maximum protective device less than that allowed above, the protective device rating shall not exceed the manufacturer's values (refer to Section 430.52 also).
250% 150 KVA 208/120V IFLA = 417A This fuse or circuit breaker may be sized at 1.25 x 417A = 522A. The exception allows the next standard size of 600A to be used.
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
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250% 150 KVA 208/120V 200A ThermalMagnetic Circuit Breaker IFLA = 417A 200A ThermalMagnetic Circuit Breaker 200A ThermalMagnetic Circuit Breaker M 83A 581A MCP
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
If the single secondary main is eliminated, and dual-element fuses are utilized as branch circuit protection, the transformer can continue to be loaded with the five 83 ampere motors because 5 x 110 = 550 amperes (which is less than the maximum of 600 amperes).
No Single Secondary Device
Using a 200 ampere circuit breaker would allow three (600 200) motors to be connected. If the single secondary main is eliminated and MCP's are utilized as branch circuit protection, the transformer will be seriously underutilized because only one motor can be connected. For one motor, 1 x 700% of 83 = 581 amperes. For two motors, 2 x 700% of 83 = 1162 amperes. Since the sum of the devices cannot exceed 600 amperes, only one motor can be connected when the motor circuit is protected by an MCP. If the MCP will not hold at the 700% setting due to a high starting current, it cannot be adjusted beyond 722% (60083) and therefore it may not be able to be used.
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
M 83A
This part of the section sets the overcurrent protection requirements of transformers (over 600 volts): For primary and secondary protection, the primary should be protected by an individual protective device with fuse rating not in excess of 300% of the primary's rated current. Secondary sizing (600V and below) is at 125%* for any location or up to 250% for supervised installations. Secondary sizing (over 600V) can be up to 250%* for % Z 6% and 225% for % Z > 6%. For supervised installations, secondary protection is not required (above, at, or below 600 volts) if the primary is at 250% (or the next standard size if 250% does not correspond to a standard fuse size) of the primary full load amps. Note that conductor protection and panelboard protection may still be required.
*Where this does not correspond to a standard fuse size, the next higher standard size shall be permitted.
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Protection of circuit conductors is required per Articles 240 and 310; protection of panelboards per Article 408. Specific sections which should be referenced are Sections 240.4, 240.21 and Section 408.16. Note: Transformer overload protection will not be provided by using overcurrent protective devices sized much greater than the transformer F.L.A. The limits of 167%, 250% and 300% will not adequately protect transformers. It is suggested that for transformer overload protection, the fuse size should be within 125% of the transformer fullload amperes. There is a wide range of fuse ampere ratings available to properly protect transformers. FUSETRON (Class RK5) and LOWPEAK YELLOW (Class RK1) dual-element fuses can often be sized on the transformer primary and/or secondary, rated as low as 125% of the transformer F.L.A. These dual-element fuses have time delay to withstand the high magnetizing inrush currents of transformers. There is a wide ampere rating selection in the 0 to 15 ampere range for these dual-element fuses to provide protection for even small control transformers.
Secondary F.L.A. 9A 125% of F.L.A. of secondary* (For secondary < 9A, the fuse may be sized up to 167%)
Fuse no larger than 250% of F.L.A. of primary when secondary fuses are provided at 125%
*Where this does not correspond to a standard fuse size, the next standard size may be used.
M
3 Motor
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Faulted Ballast
Ballasts
517.17 Requirements for Ground Fault Protection and Coordination in Health Care Facilities
What does this section mean? If ground fault protection is placed on the main service or feeder of a health care facility, ground fault protection must also be placed on the next level of feeders. The separation between ground fault relay time bands for any feeder and main ground fault relay must be at least 6 cycles in order to achieve coordination between these two ground fault relays. In health care facilities where no ground fault protection is placed on the main or feeder, no ground fault protection is necessary at the next level down. Therefore, if the requirements of Sections 230.95 and 215.10 do not require ground fault protection, then no ground fault protection is required on the downstream feeders either. If the ground fault protection of the feeder coordinates with the main ground fault protection, will complete coordination between the main and feeder be assured for all ground faults? No, not necessarily! Merely providing coordinated ground fault relays does not prevent a main service blackout caused by feeder ground faults. The overcurrent protective devices must also be selectively coordinated. The intent of Section 517.17 is to achieve 100 percent selectivity for all magnitudes of ground fault current and overcurrents. 100% selectivity requires that the overcurrent protective devices be selectively coordinated for medium and high magnitude ground fault currents because the conventional overcurrent devices may operate at these levels. (See discussion of Section 240.12, System Coordination, for a more detailed explanation of selective coordination). What is one of the most important design parameters of the power distribution system of a health care facility? Selective coordination. To minimize the disruption of power and blackouts in a distribution system, it is absolutely mandatory that the overcurrent protective devices be selectively coordinated. What is selective coordination? A selectively coordinated system is one in which the overcurrent protective devices have been selected so that only the overcurrent device protecting that circuit in which a fault occurs opens; other circuits in the system are not disturbed. The danger of a major power failure in a health care facility such as a hospital is self evident. In any facility, a power failure is at least inconvenient, if not quite costly; in a hospital, it can easily give rise to panic and endanger lives. Continuity of electrical service by selective coordination of the protection devices is a must. (See Section 240.12, System Coordination, of this bulletin for a more detailed explanation of selective coordination. Also publication SPD, Electrical Protection Handbook has a detailed explaination of selective coordination.).
CURRENTLIMITING FUSE Switchboard short-circuit rating 50,000A when protected by a currentlimiting fuse
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Article 620 Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators, Moving Walks, Wheelchair Lifts, and Stairway Chair Lifts
What is an electrical contractor responsible for in an elevator installation? The electrical contractor is responsible for supplying the disconnecting means for the power to the elevator. These include the main supply power (620.51), the car lighting (620.22(A) and 620.53), and the HVAC (620.22(B) and 620.54). What are the requirements of 620.22(A) and 620.53? 620.22(A) requires the lighting, receptacle(s), auxiliary lighting power source, and ventilation for the elevator car to be supplied by a separate branch circuit and the overcurrent protective device must be located in the elevator machine room or machinery space. 620.53 requires a single disconnecting means for the car lighting, receptacle(s) and ventilation that must be capable of being locked in the open position and located in the machine room or machinery space. It is also required to have an identifying number to correspond to the elevator that it supplies. This disconnect must be separate from the disconnecting means that supplies the main power to the elevator car for motion (620.51) and the disconnecting means that supplies the heating and airconditioning (620.22(B) and 620.54). What are the requirements of 620.22(B) and 620.54? 620.22(B) requires the heating and air-conditioning source to be supplied by a dedicated branch circuit for each car and the overcurrent protective devices for each circuit must be located in the machine room or machinery space. 620.54 requires a single disconnecting means for the heating and air-conditioning source that must be located in the machine room or machinery space and must be capable of being locked in the open position. This disconnect must also be separate from the disconnecting means that supplies the main power to the elevator car for motion (620.51) and the disconnecting means that supplies the lighting, receptacle(s), auxiliary lighting power source, and ventilation (620.22(A) and 620.53).
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If contact closure occurs by either heat detector in Loop A, PLC 1 contact closes and energizes the Isolation Relay. When the Isolation Relay energizes, the IR Contact closes and the Shunt Trip Coil becomes energized, causing the switch to open and disconnect the power to the elevator. If the wiring in Loop A, Loop B, or Loop C becomes disconnected or short-circuited, the PLC will detect it and then close PLC 2 contact and cause the Trouble Signal Alarm to be activated which will notify someone that there is a problem that needs to be examined. This system is designed to be fail-safe so that if any problem occurs in the system, it can be fixed quickly and operational when it is needed to operate. These requirements are commonly overlooked in the bidding process and usually cause extreme confusion. To find out more about how to comply with these codes and standards with one complete package, contact Bussmann for information on the Power Module Switch and Panel for elevator circuits. The Power Module complies with these codes and standards and reduces contractor installation to a minimum in a UL listed assembly. For more information, including data sheets, look for Power Module, under products, at www.bussmann.com. Where should the disconnecting means be located? 620.51(C) requires the disconnecting means to be located where it is readily accessible and within sight of the elevator controller.
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Since F2 (Feeder 2) is a single feeder to multiple elevators, the branch OCPDs B1, B2, and B3 must be selectively coordinated with F2 to comply with Section 620.62. Now look at the load side of M1. This is also a single feeder to multiple elevators and must also be selectively coordinated with F2, F4, and B4 in order to eliminate the possibility of having a fault on one elevator cause the upstream OCPD to open, thereby removing the power to the other elevators. Since B4 and F4 are usually at or near the same
Notice that each of the feeders supplies their own elevator. This does not bypass the requirements of 620.62, which requires selective coordination when there is more than one driving machine being fed from a single feeder. According to Article 100, a feeder is considered to be all circuit conductors between the service equipment and the branch-circuit OCPD. This would mean that the load side conductors from M1 would be a single feeder to multiple driving machines. This would require F1, F2, F3, and F4 to be selectively coordinated with M1 in order to comply with 620.62. These situations would require selective coordination through to the main OCPD in the building. Otherwise, safety may be compromised if a fault occurs on the branch level that causes the main OCPD to operate. For more information on selective coordination see the discussion on 240.12 in this booklet or see the Bussmann Electrical Protection Handbook SPD for a more in depth discussion.
+ l CR
58
+ l
+ l CR
Control Relay NC Contact (While Relay is De-energized) CR Elevator Controller Solenoid Elevator Controller
Please note Figure 5. By not having the auxiliary contact, the manual opening of the Elevator Disconnect will be viewed by the Elevator Controller as a loss of power. A control relay is used to sense the main line power. When de-energized, this control relays contacts will become closed and allow the battery pack attachment to activate the solenoid. This could be a serious problem if a maintenance person is the one that opened the disconnecting means to work on the elevator. If he or she is going to work in the pit, he or she will bring the elevator up a floor or two to enable access. Depending upon the timing involved, this could potentially result in the elevator lowering with the maintenance worker in the pit. This is why 620.91(C) requires an auxiliary contact. See Figure 6. Figure 6 Normal Operation per NEC 620.91(C) (COMPLIES)
Elevator Disconnect With NC Auxiliary Contact
(Switch is ON)
During a normal loss of power (from the utility or other devices turned off upstream) the battery pack attachment would be able to operate the solenoid and lower the elevator. See Figure 8. Figure 8 Manual Operation of Disconnecting Means (COMPLIES)
Elevator Disconnect With NC Auxiliary Contact
(Switch is OFF)
+ l CR
As you can see, during normal operation having the auxiliary contact compromises nothing. See Figure 7.
As you can see in Figure 8, by having the auxiliary contact in the switch, the main line power and the battery pack attachment would both be disconnected when the switch is turned off so that the elevator will not be able to move. This is why 620.91(C) is important. Inspection plays a key part in this section in that the electrical contractor usually installs the disconnecting means and the elevator contractor usually installs the battery attachment. It is critical that the wiring for this be verified at the time of installation by both the electrical inspector and the elevator inspector. Both should have jurisdiction over this circuit to insure the highest level of safety.
59
Fault
1000A
Not Open
225A
225A I.T.=8x. Opens instantaneous at 1,800 A 20A I.T.=8A Opens 22,000 Amp Short-Circuit Fault exceeding the instantaneous trip setting of all three circuit breakers in series will open all three. This will blackout the entire emergency system.
*See also Section 4.5.1 of NFPA 110 (Emergency and Standby Power Systems) and Sections 3.3.2.1.2(4) & 3.4.1.1.1 of NFPA 99 (Health Care Facilities) for additional information on selective coordination.
20A
Fault opens the nearest upstream fuse, allowing other circuits to remain energized. Reliability of the emergency system is increased.
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701.6 Legally Required Standby Systems Capacity and Rating 702.5 Optional Standby Systems Capacity and Rating 705.16 Interconnected Electric Power Production Sources Interrupting and Short-Circuit Current Rating
What do these three sections mean? The NEC requires that emergency and standby systems shall have the capability of safely interrupting the available short-circuit current available at the line terminals of the equipment. Refer to Sections 110.9 and 110.10.
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This and the facing page can be copied as a two sided sheet. This page is a check list that can be completed by the installer and verified by the inspector. The facing page provides background information on the various NEC requirements. This form is available on the Bussmann website at www.bussmann.com.
This form provides documentation to assure compliance with the following National Electrical Code sections on the use of Series Rated Systems. NFPA 70, NEC 2002, Section 110.22 NFPA 70, NEC 2002, Section 240.86 JOB #: NAME: LOCATION: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________
CONTRACTOR: ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________________ ESSENTIAL INFORMATION: Load Side Panel Designation Load Side Circuit Breaker Part Number Load Side Circuit Breaker Interrupting Rating Line Side Panel Designation (If applicable) Line Side Overcurrent Protective Device Part Number Line Side Overcurrent Protective Device Interrupting Rating Available Short Circuit Current Series Combination Short Circuit Rating
Compliance Checklist (For further information see discussion on reverse side for each item) 1. Manufacturers Label Are both devices in use for the series rated combination marked on the end use equipment (or contained in a booklet affixed to the equipment) as required in 240.86(A)? YES NO 2. Field Installed Label Is the field label, required by 110.22, installed on all the end use equipment containing the devices used in the series rated combination with proper identification of the replacement parts, panel locations, and series combination short circuit rating? YES NO 3. Motor Contributions If motors are connected between the series rated devices, is the combined motor full load current less than 1% of the downstream circuit breakers interrupting rating? YES NO 4. Selective Coordination Series rated systems should not be used in health care facilities (NEC517.17), emergency systems (NEC 700.25 FPN), or elevator circuits which contain more than one elevator (NEC620.62). Is this series rated system being installed per these requirements? YES NO
AN ANSWER OF NO TO ANY OF THESE QUESTION IS EVIDENCE OF LACK OF COMPLIANCE. LACK OF SUBMITTALS IS CONSIDERED AS EVIDENCE OF LACK OF COMPLIANCE.
Conventional DimensionsClass RK1, RK5 (0-600A), L (601-6000A) All type loads (optimum overcurrent protection). Motors, welder, transformers, capacitor banks (circuits with heavy inrush currents). 100,000A Interrupting Rating (RMS symmetrical) or Greater Current-Limiting 0 to 600A 601 to 6000A 0 to 600A 0 to 600A 601 to 4000A Non-motor loads (circuits with no heavy inrush currents). LIMITRON fuses particularly suited for circuit breaker protection. 0 to 600A LOW-PEAK (dual-element, time-delay) LOW-PEAK (time-delay) FUSETRON (dual-element, time-delay) DURA-LAGTM (dual-element, time-delay) LIMITRON (time-delay) LPN-RK_SP LPS-RK_SP KRP-C_SP FRN-R FRS-R DLN-R DLS-R KLU KTN-R KTS-R LIMITRON (fast-acting) KTU 600V L 200 250V 600V 600V 250V 600V 250V 600V 600V 250V 600V RK1 All-purpose fuses. Unequaled for combined short-circuit and overload protection. (Specification grade product) Moderate degree of current-limitation. Time-delay passes surge-currents.
L RK5
300 200
RK5
200
L RK1
200 200
All-purpose fuse. Timedelay passes surge-currents. Same short-circuit protection as LOW-PEAK fuses but must be sized larger for circuits with surge-currents; i.e., up to 300%. A fast-acting, high performance fuse.
_____
601 to 6000A
Reduced Dimensions For Installation in Restricted SpaceCUBEFuse (0-60A+), Class J(0-600A), T(0-1200A), CC(0-30A), G(0-60A) All type loads 0 to 60A+ CUBEFuse TCF 600V J*** 300 Finger-safe. All-purpose fuses. (optimum (finger-safe, Unequaled for combined overcurrent dual-element, short-circuit and overload protection). time-delay) protection. (Specification grade product) All type loads (optimum overcurrent protection). LOW-PEAK (dual-element, time-delay) LPJ_SP 600V J 300 All-purpose fuses. Unequaled for combined short-circuit and overload protection. (Specification grade product) Very similar to KTS-R LIMITRON, but smaller. The space saver (13 the size of KTN-R/KTS-R). Very compact (1332 x 112); rejection feature. Excellent for motor circuit protection. Very compact (1332 x 112); rejection feature. Excellent for outdoor highway lighting. Very compact (1332 x 112); rejection feature. Excellent for control transformer protection.
13
0 to 600A
__________
Non-motor loads (circuits with no heavy inrush currents). Motor loads (circuits with heavy inrush currents.) Non-motor loads (circuits with no heavy inrush currents.) Control transformer circuits and lighting ballasts; etc. General purpose; i.e., lighting panelboards. 10,00050,000 AIC Miscellaneous
J T CC
LIMITRON (fast-acting)
KTK-R
600V
CC
200
Branch
TRON (time-delay) SC
FNQ-R
600V
CC
200
SC
100
ONE-TIME
NON NOS S
H or K5
10
Forerunners of the modern cartridge fuse. Base threads of Type S differ with amp ratings. T and W have Edison base. T & S fuses recommended for motor circuits. W not recommended for circuits with motor loads.
Plug fuses can be used for branch circuits and small component protection.
0 to 30A
10
125V
**
10
125V
**
10
** U.L. Listed as Edison Base Plug Fuse. Some ampere ratings are available as U.L. Class K5 with a 50,000A interrupting rating. RK1 and RK5 fuses fit standard switches, equipped for non-rejection fuses (K1, K5 and H) fuseblocks and holders; however, the rejection feature of Class R switches and fuseblocks designed specifically for rejection type fuses (RK1 and RK5) prevent the insertion of the non-rejection fuses (K1, K5, and H). + Higher ampering ratings planned. ***Class J performance, special finger-safe dimensions.
2002 Bussmann, Inc. P.O. Box 14460 St. Louis, MO 63178-4460 Phone: 636-394-2877 Fax: 1-800-544-2570 Visit us on the Web at http://www.bussmann.com
Catch Phrases
arc fault arc flash arc flash hazard bonding cable limiters circuit breaker standard ampere ratings Class I, Division 2 component protection component withstand conditions of listing conductor withstand coordination 110.16 110.3(A)(5), (6) & (8) 110.16 110.16 250.90 250.96(A) 230.82 240.6 501.6(B) 110.10 110.10 240.1 110.3(B) 110.10 240.2 517.17 240.12 620.62 240.12 240.85 240.2 110.10 240.40 430.102 250.2 250.4(A)(4) & (5) 620 620.51 620.61 620.62 620.91 620.51 620.91(C ) 620.62 620.61 620.91(C ) 700.5 700.16 700.25 701.6 702.5 705.16 250.122 110.16 110.22 110.3(A)(5), (6) & (8) 110.16 110.9 240.86 240.86 p. 64 240.6 240.8 & 404.17 215.10 230.95 240.13 517.17 grounding
(Page A1 of A2)
250 250.2 250.4(A)(4) & (5) 250.90 250.96(A) 430.53 670.3 110.9 110.9 240.60 240.85 110.16 110.22 240.86 110.3(B) 430.52 430.6 430.62 & 430.63 430.102 430.102 430.32 110.22 240.86 110.16 110.10 430.52 110.10 460.8(B) 110.10 240.1 430.72(B) 430.72(A) 110.10 430.8 250.122 250 215.10 230.95 240.13 517.17 240.92(B)(1) 440.22 110.3(B) 430.71 430.72(A) 430.72(B) 430.72(C) 430.72 (C) 455.7 110.10 430.8 430.52 430.72 (C) 450.3 450.3(A) 450.3(B)
labeling requirement
coordination, selective corner-grounded delta system current limiting disconnecting means effective ground fault current path elevator circuits
listed and labeled motor branch circuit protection motor circuit conductors motor circuit feeders motor controller disconnecting means motor disconnecting means motor overload protection protection of circuit breakers protection, arc flash protection, automatic transfer switch protection, busway protection, capacitors protection, conductor
elevator disconnecting means elevator overcurrent protection elevators, hydraulic emergency systems
equipment grounding conductors field marking finger safe flash protection fully rated systems fuse protection of circuit breakers fuse selection chart fuse standard ampere ratings fuse, paralleling ground fault protection
protection, transformer
Catch Phrases
purpose of overcurrent protection resistance grounded system selective coordination series ratings 110.10 240.1 240.85 240.12 517.17 110.22 240.86 form p. 62 & 63 240.86 110.3(A)(5), (6) & (8) 110.10 110.9 110.10 240.92(B)(1) 240.85 slash rated circuit breakers slash voltage ratings
(Page A2 of A2)
240.85 240.85 430.83(E) 240.85 240.10 240.2 240.12 110.10 430.52 250.4(B)(4) 240.85 110.16 110.10 240.1 240.100(C)
solidly grounded wye system supplementary protection tap conductors Type 2 protection ungrounded systems warning label withstand, component or conductor
series ratings, limitations shock short circuit current rating short circuit current, available short circuit protection single pole interrupting capability