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Sol Sistem Cuac Hoja2011
Sol Sistem Cuac Hoja2011
Sol Sistem Cuac Hoja2011
ALONSO QUESADA
ALGEBRA
SOLUCIONES: HOJA 11
1
MATEMTICAS: 2 BACHILLERATO
1) Resolver los siguientes sistemas de ecuaciones:
2 3 1
2x + 3y z = 1
x=
( 13, 513,1013)
Solucin: 9
x + 2 y + 3z = 1
b) 2 x y + z = 1 ;
3x
2z = 2
5
9
5
; y=
= ;
13
13
13
z=
10
10
=
13
13
S.C.D.
1
2
3
A = 2 1 1 = (2 + 6 + 0) ( 9 + 0 + 8) = 9 0
3
0 2
n ecuaciones = n
1 = ( 2 + 0 + 4) ( 6 + 0 4) = 12 ;
Ay = 2
3
1
0 2
1
1
2
1 = ( 2 12 3) (9 + 2 4) = 24
2
1
2 1
24
12 4
8
9
= ; y=
= ; z= =1
Az = 2 1 1 = ( 2 + 0 + 6 ) (3 + 0 8) = 9 x =
3
c)
y + 2 z = 3 ; A = 0 1 2 = (2 8) (6 12 ) = 0 No es un sistema de Cramer.
x 3y + z = 4
1 3 1
1 3 1 | 4 1 3 1 | 4
x 3y + z = 4
x +9+6z + z = 4 x = 57z
Por Gauss: 0 1 2 | 3 0 1 2 | 3
y = 32z
2 4 6 | 2 0 2 4 | 6 y + 2z = 3
S.C.I.
F3 F3 2F1
F3 = 2F2
2 ecuac. y
2 incg. principales: x,y
3 incgnitas 1 incg. secundaria: z
Solucin: x = -5 7z; y = -3 2z
( 5 7 ,3 2 , ) , .
2 1 1
2x y + z = 2
d) x + 2 y 2 z = 2 ; A = 1 2 2 = ( 12 + 3 + 8) (8 12 + 3) = 0 No es un sistema de Cramer.
4 x + 3 y 3 z = 3
4 3 3
Por Gauss: 1 2 2 | 2 2 1 1 | 2 0 5 5 | 2
4 3 3 | 3 4 3 3 | 3 0 5 5 | 5
F1F2
F2 F2 2F1
F3 F3 F2
F3 F3 4F1
x
2
y
2
z
2
+
0 3
1 2 2 | 2
0 5 5 | 2
0 0 0 | 3
1 1 1 | 2
1 1 1 | 2
1 1 1 | 2
0 1 1 | 4 0 1 1 | 4 0 1 1 | 4
2 1 3 | 2
0 1 5 | 2
0 0 6 | 6
F3 F3 2F1
F3 F3 F2
x yz =2
e)
yz=4
2 x y + 3 z = 2
x yz = 2
yz =4
6 z = 6
Solucin :
x 3 + 1 = 2 x = 4
y = 3 (4,3,1)
y +1 = 4
S .C.D.
z = 1
x + y + mz = 1
1
1
m
+
=
mx
(
m
1
)
y
z
m
; A = m m 1 1 = (m 1 + m 2 + 1) (m 2 m + 1 + m) = m 1 0
2) a)
x + y + z = m +1
1
1
1
Ax = m
) (
si m 1
m 1 1 = m 1 + m 2 + m + 1 m 3 m + 1 + m = m 3 + m 2 + 2m 1
m +1
1
m
) (
Ay = m
m
1 = m + m 3 + m 2 + 1 m 2 + m + 1 + m = m 3 m = m m 2 1 = m (m 1) (m + 1)
1 m +1 1
1
) (
Az = m m 1 m = m 2 1 + m + m m 1 + m + m 2 + m = m
1
1
m +1
m3 + m 2 + 2m 1
m (m 1) (m + 1)
m 3 + m 2 + 2m 1
m
m
; y=
; z=
x=
, m (m + 1),
m 1
m 1
m 1
m 1
m 1
x + y + z =1
2) si m=1 x +
+ z = 1 S.I. (no hay ningn valor de x, y y z talque x + y + z sea igual a 1 y al
x+ y+ z = 2
b) ax 2 y = 1
x + 5y = a
2 1
2
; A = a 2 rg(A) 2 ; M = a
1 5
1
1 2
1 rg(M) 3
a
2
5
M = a 2 1 = ( 4a + 10a 1) 4 + 10 a 2 = a 2 + 6a 7 0 si a 1, -7
1 5 a
Casos:
1) Si a 1, -7 |M| 0
2 x y = 2
2) Si a =1 x 2 y = 1
x + 5y = 1
| 2 0 3 | 0 0 1 | 0
0 1 | 0
0 7 | 0
| 1
F2 F2 2F1
F2 F2 /3
F3 = F2
F3 F3 F1
F3 F3 /7
rg(M) =3
1 2
2 1
1 5
x 2 y = 1 x = 1
y=0
5 | 7
2x y = 2
1
1 5 | 7
x + 5 y = 7
3) Si a = -7 7 x 2 y = 1 7 2 | 1 0 33 | 48
11 y = 16
x + 5 y = 7
2 1 | 2
0 11 | 16
F2 F2 + 7F1
F3 =-3 F2
n ec = n incg S.C.D.
F3 F3 2F1
y = -16/11 x
80
= 7 x = 3/11 Solucin: 3 , 16
11
11
11
S.C.D.
2 x my + 6 z = 0
2 m 6
2 m 6 0
rg(A) 2 ; M =
rg(M) 2
c)
; A =
x + 3 y mz = 0
1 3 m
1 3 m 0
x
y
2 m
A1 =
= 6 + m 0 si m -6
1 3
Casos:
1) Si m -6 A1 0 rg(A)=2 = rg(M) < 3=n incgnitas S.C.I. (Th. Rouch-Frbenius)
6z m
2 x my = 6 z
Ax =
= 18 z + m 2 z y
mz
3
x + 3 y = mz
Solucin: x =
18 z + m 2 z
;
6+m
y=
2mz + 6 z
6+m
S.C.I.
Ay =
2 6z
1
mz
= 2mz + 6 z
2 x + 6 y + 6 z = 0
1 3 6 | 0
1 3 6 | 0
x + 3y + 6z = 0
2) Si m = -6
6z = 0
x + 3y + 6z = 0
2 6 6 | 0
0 0 6 | 0
F2 F2 - 2F1
x + 3 y + 0 = 0 x = 3 y
; Solucin: x =-3y ; z=0
z=0
2 x y + z = a 2
d) x + 2 y = 0 ;
ax y + z = 1
( 3 , ,0)
S.C.I.
2 1 1
A = 1 2 0 = (4 + 1 + 0) (2a + 0 + 1) = 4 2a 0 si a 2
a 1 1
Casos:
1) Si a 2 |A| 0 y n ecuaciones = n incgnitas Sistema de Cramer S.C.D
a2 1 1
Ax = 0 2 0 = 2a2 + 0 + 0 (2 + 0 + 0) = 2a2 2 ;
2 a2 1
Ay = 1 0 0 = (0 1 + 0) 0 + 0 a2 = a2 1
1 1 1
1 1
2 1 a2
Az = 1 2 0 = 4 + a2 + 0 2a3 + 0 + 1 = 2a3 + a2 + 3
x=
Ax
A
) (
1 1
2a 2 2
;
4 2a
2a 2 2
Solucin:
,
4 2a
Ay
y=
a2 1
,
4 2a
a2 1
;
4 2a
Az
A
2a 3 + a 2 + 3
4 2a
2a 3 + a 2 + 3
S.C.D.
4 2a
2 x y + z = 4
x + 2 y = 0 S.I.
2x y + z = 1
2) Si a = 2
z=
e) ax y + z = 0 A = a
8x + y + 4 z = 0
8
) (
1 1 = 4a 2 + 2a + 24 16 + a 2 + 12a = 5a 2 10a + 40 0
1
4
si a 2, -4
Casos:1) Si a 2, -4
0
Ax = 0 1 1 = 0 ; Ay = a
8
0 1 4
0 2
a2
0 1 = 0 ; Az = a
1 0 = 0
0 4
0
0
0
= 0; y =
= 0; z =
= 0 (0, 0, 0) Solucin trivial
2
2
5a 10a + 40
5a 10a + 40
5a 10a + 40
2
2 1 1 | 0
2 1 1 | 0
4 x + 3 y + 2 z = 0
2) Si a=2 2 x y + z = 0 4 3 2 | 0 0 5 0 | 0
8 1 4 | 0
0 5 0 | 0
8x + y + 4 z = 0
F2 F2 - 2F1
F3 = F2
F3 F3 - 4F1
2 x y + z = 0
z = 2 x
2 1 1 | 0
, si x = (, 0, -2)
5y = 0
0 5 0 | 0
y=0
n ecuaciones < n incgnitas S.C.I.
16 x + 3 y + 2 z = 0
4 1 1 | 0
2) Si a=-4 4 x y + z = 0 16 3 2 | 0
8x + y + 4z = 0
8
1 4 | 0
F2 F2 +4F1
F3 F3 +2F1
4 x y + z = 0
x = 1,25 z
4 1 1 | 0
y = 6z
y + 6z = 0
0 1 6 | 0
n ecuaciones < n incgnitas S.C.I.
4 1 1 | 0
0 1 6 | 0
0 1 6 | 0
F3 = F2
, si z = 4
(-5, 24, 4)
3.- Discutir el sistema de ecuaciones lineales que viene a continuacin segn los valores del
2 x + py = 0
parmetro p:
x + pz = p . Hallar para que valor de p es compatible e indeterminado, y
x + y + 3z = 5
2
x + pz = p A = 1 0 p = p 5 p 0 si p 0,5
x + y + 3z = 5
1 1 3
Casos:
1) Si p 0, 5 |A| 0 y n ecuaciones = n incgnitas Sistema de Cramer S.C.D.
2x = 0
=0
x
2) Si p = 0 x = 0
n ecuaciones < n incgnitas S.C.I.
x + y + 3z = 5
x + y + 3z = 5
2x + 5 y = 0
1 0 5 | 5 1 0 5 | 5
1 0 5 | 5
3) Si p = 5 x + 5 z = 5 1 1 3 | 5 0 1 2 | 0 0 1 2 | 0
x + y + 3z = 5
2 5 0 | 0
0 5 10 | 10 0 0 0 | 10
F2 F2 F1
F3 F3 5F2
F3 F3 2F1
y 2z = 0
0 10
S.I.
x + y + 3z = 5
Si z = Solucin: (0, 5 3, ) R S.C.I.
4.- Discutir el siguiente sistema segn los valores del parmetro m y resolverlo para m = -2:
x + my z = 1
2 x + y mz = 2
x y z = m 1
(PAU SEPT2003)
Casos:
1) Si m 2, -1 |A| 0 y n ecuac. = n incg. Sistema de Cramer S.C.D.
2) Si m = 2
1 2
0 3
1
como
0
x + 2y z =1
1 2 1 | 1
1 2 1 | 1
2 x + y 2 z = 2 2 1 2 | 2 0 3 0 | 0
x y z =1
1 1 1 | 1
0 3 0 | 0
F2 F2 2F1
F3 = F2
F3 F3 F1
1 | 1
x + 2y z =1
n ecuaciones = 2 < n incgnitas = 3 S.C.I.
0 | 0
3y = 0
2
= - 3 0 (menor de orden 2) rg(A) = rg(M) =2 < n incgnitas = 3
3
(Teorema de Rouch-Frbenius)
x y z =1
Si m = -2 2 x + y + 2 z = 2 | A | = - (-2)2 + (-2) + 2 = - 4
x y z = 3
Ay
16
| Ay | = 2 2
=
= 4
2 = (-2 + 6 + 2) (-2 6 2) = 16 y =
4
A
1 3 1
1 2
| Az | = 2 1
1
1
Az
20
=
=5
2 = (-3 2 4) (1 2 + 12) = - 20 z =
4
A
1 3
k k
3 k
A=
5 k
1 0
|M| =
k k 1 2
3 k 0 0
5
k k 1 2
3 k 0 0
8
1 0 2 1 1
F3 F3 + F2
|M| 0 si k 0
0 0
0
; rg(A) 3;
0
k k
3 k
M=
5 k
1 0
1 2
0 0
; rg(M) 4
0 0
2 1
k
= 8A31+ 0A32 + 0A33 + 0A34 = 8 k
1 2
0 0 =8(-4k-(k)) = -40k
2 1
Casos: 1) Si k 0 |M| 0 rg(M) =4 y rg(A) 3 rg(A) < rg(M) S.I. (Th Rouch-Frbenius)
z = 2
z = 2
3x = 0
2) Si k = 0
x = 0 S.I.
5x = 0
0 4 = 1
x + 2 z = 1