Building and Structural Surveying N4-Assignment

Question 1: 1.1) Gravity The force produced that keeps the earth in equilibrium 1.2) Parallax This is formed when the cross hairs do not meet in the same vertical plane with the image. It produces that the observes eye to view apparent movement of the image relative to the hairs. 1.3) Bearing This is also known as magnetic bearing of a line . Bearing is measured in a north and south direction which then displays so many degrees east or west.

Question 2: 2.1) 1.do not exceed or over stretch the tape. 2. Make sure to pull the tape out straight and not pulled sideways. 3. Do not ride or walk over the tape. 4. Tap case gently so that it frees itself easily if it gets jammed.

Question 3: 2.2) Advantages of a steel tape: *light and easy to use. *It wounds open and close with relative ease. *the length if kept in good condition will remain accurate. Disadvantages: y Can not be reapired easily y To much tension on the tape will reduce its accuracy. y Very easy to break. Question 3: 3.1.1) The scale of a map represents a miniature picture of the proposed area. The map must represent a certain fraction of the true size of the area.. 3.1.2) The representative fraction (RF) expresses the fraction or scale the map represents explained in question 3.1.1. 3.2) 1:100 3.3) Refer to figure 1 on attachments 3.4) Refer to figure 2 on the attachments. 3.5) 1) Sexagesimal system: It is defined by a line rotated about its end point of a Complete revolution. (1/360 degrees).

2) Centesimal system: A right angle is divided by a hundred called grades. Eg. Covert 75 degrees into grades d/180 = g/200 75/180 = g/200 83.33 = grades 3) Circular system (Radian): A radian is a measurement of a angle at the centre of the circle by producing an arc. The arc length is equal to the radius of the circle.

Question 4: 4.1) the dumpy level/ levelling strument is placed on a tripod and roughly set to a levelled condition using levelling screws. The operators looks through the eyepiece of the telescope at the tape measure or vertical graduated staff. The instrument and staff are used to gather elevations during site suryes starting from a benchmark level and levelling continues. 4.2) 1. Placed on a precise horizontal level. 2. Attach a drawing sheet. 3. tripod legs adjusted so that bench is level. 4. Alidade is placed facing towards the object of intrest.

4.3) 1. Staking out of boundries,roads,tunnels, etc. 2. Determining the relative elevations of points. 3. Establishing lines and taking measurements to determine inaccessible points and distances.

Question 5- refer to attachments. Question 6: 6.1) G 6.2) I 6.3) C 6.4) A 6.5) H 6.6) E 6.7) F 6.8) B 6.9) D 6.10) J