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Anexcannap M. Herponnh,










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mHAOCmCKO1 HAHBEYCH1H

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HPHHO3H TEOPHJH BACHHTABA V HOIHEPV MHBEBA CBETHA H THA
FHBCTBOBABA V CABPEMEHHJHM uHHOCOuCKHM PA3MATPABHMA/
























HOBH CAP KOCOBCKA MHTPOBHHA
2004-2010


2

YBOB

Ecrernuxa pasmnmana ne nonpasymenaiy camo rony emnnpnicxy uynnocr ca xoiom ce
nonone y nesy nsnecna penexcnnna cranonnmra, nero npernocranaiy n rsn.
`rpancnennenranny ecrernxy` xoiy ie merononomxn xao naueno `ynyrpamne uynnocrn` yneo
iom Kanr. Ona ce onnocn na npahene cmncna naror y `axrnnnoi nennnn npnpone` n
nopasymena `nperpecane` cnnx nesa xoin raxny nennny caunnanaiy, a yonuaieno ie nasnnamo
cnerom. Cner /cnerno n rno/ y xome xnnnmo, xrenn mn ro nnn ne, cne nnme nounne na nnun
na ienan y rpenyrxy saycranen nacnoncxn sen. 3ennyno ie cne mro ie no cana nsrnenano xao
na croin non nexnm ypehennm noperxom n xao na xenn na noxaxe xaxo na neny ne naxe
camononono nocranene npennocrn pannonanne onro-reonornie. Hcnxonomxn
noxnnanana xao connianno-nonnrnuxa necrannnocr, ra ycxomemanocr xoioi xao
canpemennnn cnenounmo, xao na nac nonono npaha na npencnnrnnane nanno npeysernx
mnmena xoia rye cnoiy cnary. To nnie camo ocehane xpnse xoie n saxrenano nony
xpnrnunocr y npencnnrnnany, neh n ocehane nosnanocrn na ce crnapn pasrpannue n yxaxe
na none xopnsonre, one mro he cnehenem penenrnor onaxana na opare nonono naxny na
xnnor camor onaxana. V cnoioi rpehoi xpnrnnn, onoi mohn cyhena, Hmanyen Kanr ie
pasmarpanem cnoamne n ynyrpamne cnpxe xoiy nonpasymena xaysannrer npnpone
nocmarpan ns acnexra mexannuxe /rpancnennenranne/ n nonomxe /oprannsonane/
nepcnexrnne, nocneo no cranonnmra monanne onronornie y xoioi ie noxasao na ie
nncrnonane moryhe y xareropniama namepne n nenamepne reneonornie npnpone. Henora ce
ry noxasana ne camo xao crnap yxyca xoia nonymra nponsnonocr nonannnocrn,
nonpasymenaiyhn maxcnmy esnnrepecnor cnnhana, nero n xao oiexrnnno npnponno
npncycrno nnn nneia xoia perynarnnno yrnue na opmnpane anonnxrnuxor crana
nsnecnocrn. Ho ananornin ca ymernomhy raxo ie moryhe n sacnnnane nnoconie npnpone
xoie he nonycrnrn npncryn peannrery na nsnopan naunn, xao onai xoin ie nar nyrem
uynnocrn xoia ce pasymena, nnn y onaxannma ca mencypannnnm nennunnama saxnarana n
xapaxrepnsannia. Herarnnne nennunne yxasyiy na ono mra rpea nnn mra nenocraie, na n ce
sanonono nnrensnrer re norpee n onpemno nonoan ycnon saysnmana nosnnnie. Camo
namepna reneonornia nnn ona ca nnrennnonannom maxcnmom cyhena n saxyunnana, y
crany ie na onpxn npanan ncrpaxnnana raxo mro ie ocnocoena na, no ananornin ca
ymernomhy, npnhe npnponnocrn npnpone xao iennoi cncremarnsonanoi nennnn. V raxnom
npncryny nehe ce noxasnnarn pannonymnocr npema npnponnnm rnopennnama, nororono y
norneny nenore, iep ce ry npncryna nsnopnnm nauennma. Vnpano saxnayiyhn pasnoinoi
xnnnn nanmamnnana rauxe nocmarpana, xoia ie onronopna sa ornapane npema ecxonaunom,
nexn n npennocr xncnune nnoconie npen nocrmonepnom. Cner ie ca onaxnnm
npernocranxama nocrao nenme n sannmnnnie mecro sa xnnor, sa ncnynanane saxrena
rparana sa nanno nsryennm snannma xoin ra ocmnmanaiy, xao nocranennx npen
xpxxocr yncxor nyxa. Onne rne mop na ce nomn, nena n nosnpa, xao na ie xnnor nmunneo.
V cnoioi ynonnoi peun sa onpany marncrapcxor snana, oran Hanne Anexcannponnu
unopencxn ie narnacno nocreneno caxnmane mncnn y nnianexrnuxom nponecy xoie
onpranaiy npnponne rpannne peannocrn oxpenyre cne npennninm nomamainma n
nocrnrnyhnma: "Jep nnianexrnnn, xao merony, npnnana n noiana xnnora y peun, mana y
iennom n npyrom cnyuaiy cam xnnor moxe nrn n nnmranan n esnpenan. Pnianexrnuap
xenn na npnua ne o cnom nonnpnnany peannocrn neh na ra noxasyie...Xnna mncao nyxno ie
nnianexrnuna: y rome n iecre nen xnnor; mprne, nax mncnn nnn, raunnie, sanehene mncnn,
mncnn y crany ananose cy nennianexrnune, ri. nenoxperne, n mory nrn pacnopehene y
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nnny ynennxa, xao nexa npcra nennnnnia n resa. Ann n ry, unm saxennmo na ony romnny
nnn ono cxnannmre ocymenor n sampsnyror marepniana nonenemo y ynyrpamne iennncrno,
ri. na ra cxnarnmo - mopamo ysern naueno xperana on nennnnnie xa nennnnnin n on rese
xa resn...Cna nnme ne nennnmemo npenmer, neh nam cam npenmer nennnme cee. Mn ce
sarnenamo n sarnenamo y nera, n cnaxo nono nocrnrnyhe nerono cnyxn xao nona
nennnnnia. Cnaxo nono orxpnnene peannocrn no cen npnana nony xapnxy y nanny
nponnnana. Oxpehyhn ce npen namnm nornenom, peannocr noxasyie y cen cne none n none
crpane."/Hanne unopencxn, C+ucao uoea)u;+a, /"Pasym n nnianexrnxa"/, npen. H. Mapnh,
Feorpan, 2000, crp. 41-43/ Baano n nonarn na ce ro norocno pasanpane crnue nyrem
nnianexrnuxnx xperana onronapaiyhe npencrane o norocy. To ie npe cnera snane xoie nnie
noxeno camo sor xpemarncrnuxnx n xomopmncrnuxnx cnpxa (xao xon concra xoin
ysnmaiy uonexa xao mepy cnnx crnapn na n penarnnnsanniama neyrpanncann cnopne rauxe
snana), neh pann nocrnsana ocehaia ncnpannocrn n ymnpnnana canecrn xao n ycarnamanana
ca cnnme mro iecre n nna. Xapmonnunocr ie nanme moryha xpos onnoc y xome ce xperane
cnera n xperane noroca penexcnnno cyouanaiy y camoonnomeny, yxasyiyhn na unnennny
na cnecr sna nemro pasnnunro on cee, re na xpos ro pasnnxonane nocraie cnecr o cnecrn nnn
camocnecr.
Taxo ie y ouoneuene uonexa cnanana nerona enncremonomxa xomnerennnia, snauehn
noniennaxo pacr camocnecrn c osnpom na mnmene npnpone y onrnuxom n nnorenercxom
crarycy, xao n onronomxy sacnonanocr nennm npomnmanem na pannn onora mro yonmre
iecre npema onrorenercxnm cxononnma. Oran Hanen Anexcannponnu unopencxn nao ie n
ienny cxnny nnianexrnuxnx nennnnnia, xoia ie nonpasymenana npyrauniy crpyxrypanniy
noima nnunocrn, a xoia n n nanac morna na ce nonece ca nnnnnenrnnm nnnnnnnyannsmom
nesanncnor reopernuapa nnn eronsmom ncnxonomxor sacrpannnana, raxo na nnianexrnuxa
xeypncrnuxa nnmensnia ocrane ouynana: "Mnmene ie nenpecrana cnnresa onora xoin
casnaie n, npema rome, nyoxo n cxpos npoxero eneprniama nnunocrn xoia casnaie. Ann xo ie
cyiexr nnianexrnxe? To moxe na yne ancrpaxrno, esoino n esnnuno "casnane yonmre",
iep ia snam mra cam ro nocmarpao y peannocrn. To ne rpea na yne n nnxom nnie sannmnno
Ja ayropa, iep axo nexn Hanne nemro nocmarpa, onna napanno ono ne moxe n ne rpea na
yne snauaino y nnosonin. Ja xoie nocmarpa mopa na yne nnuno n, pehn hy uax, nnunnie
nero nepasnnieno Ja ayropa. Ann ono mopa na yne n nenonnro n xapaxrepncrnuno. Ono -
xonxperno-onmre, cnmnonnuxn-nnuno - Ja ounrnenno iecre Ja rnnnuno n axo my ce rpaxe
napanene onna ono nainnxe npnnasn onom rnny y ymernnuxom neny. Berono nnianexrnuxo
nocmarpane ie nnuno, ann nnie ncnxonomxo. Ono ie xonxperno, ann nerona cnoienpcnocr
nnie cnyuaina. Hasonnmo ra "merononomxnm Ja". H nomro nnianexrnxa cranno npernocrana
one xoin oio-ryov:oi, xoin npe-ronapaiy, onna merononomxom Ja onronapa merononomxo
mn n npyre merononomxe nepconae npamarnc nnanenrnnae. Onn n ocrnapyiy nexo nna-, npe-,
pas-, ri. merononomxy cpennny - xoia ca oiexrom cnnna cnoie nnune eneprnie...Ha rai naunn,
nnococxo crnapanamrno ncrnne ie y nainnxem cponcrny ca ymernnuxnm crnapanamrnom,
ne xao "noesnia noimona", nero xao naiane rnnnunnx cyiexara nnianexrnxe. H nox nnoco
nnie namao rnn nare nnianexrnxe, - on iom nnie npncrynno nnianexrnnn..." /Hanne
unopencxn, C+ucao uoea)u;+a, npen. Frn., 2000., crp.44-45/
Bonmenocr nocenonana nnunnx eneprnia xon nyoxoymnor unopencxor ie
nnorenercxn ycnon sa crynane y ecxonaunocr nneine iennnnne cnnrernsonane xpos cne
cnoiene noiannnana xoin snaue ounronana peannocrn. Hneia ie ry onrorennuno cxnahena
xao nemro mro nonesyie, ono mro peanno mnomrno nonesyie y ienno, nocpennnuxn
omoryhana cnaiane cnerona /semacxor c neecxnm, nesa mehy nnnnnnnyama/, noxnnaiyhn
nsonanniy mehy noianama nyrem nennmnunnx nonesanocrn, npexo canpxanana cnnunnx n
ncronpcnnx enemenara. Camocnecr xoia ie ry npe cnera reopnicxa /ona xoia carnenana, ynnha,
naxne onaxaina, ecrernuxa/ nnie nemro crpano nnacrnroi reopnicxoi crpyxrypannin, neh ie na
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ny eneprercxn ynyhena, raxo na nanasehn ce ys npenmernocr ocraie npn cen camoi xao
onnnnma nnacrnrnx canpxaia. Bnnern na mnomrno iecre ienno, a ienno mnoro, snaun
ocrnapnnane cnnrernuxor iennncrna onaxana xao uncror carnenanana nneie y
uernoponnmensnonannoi npocropnoi nniacrasn xoie ce npnmenyie na rponnmensnonannn
cner, raxo na ce neorpannuenocr n ecxonaunocr cymracrna ynnha npncyrno y
orpannuenocrn xonxpernor nha.
To ce casnane y anrnnn npnanano n penarnnno npamarnuno xana ie Coxpar, xnaraiyhn
yne na rpry sa nnxona yehena na nemro snaiy xao ono nnn ono, nemrnnom xoia ynomenem
ynnrnocrn pasnemana nansrnen unpcre npencrane nocranaiyhn nnrana na ocernne n cnae
rauxe nacranocrn ror snana, noxasnnao nnxony neounrnennocr. Hsnecnocrn xoie ce
ncnpememraiy y nyxy on cnoamnnx npennonana n nopoianana, oxpehy ce casnanany
npema pannn carnenanana ncronernocrn n pasnnxa (y xoinma ce one cnpcranaiy na cnoie
mecro). To ie uynena maieyrnuxa merona xoia crnapnma omoryhana cnoony na ce ncnocrane y
nnheny nnn ca+e norarv npen naxnom xoia nx pasanpe n cnpcrana na nosannny
sacnnnana snana, xoiy ie Hnaron cnponeo no xopena y cnoioi nnianexrnuxoi nornnn xao
reopnin nneia: "3nane xoie ce onnocn na cymracrno, nma sa ocnon ono mro iecre" /Hnaron,
upraea, 478n/. Kon Hnarona ie nneinn nnnamnsam onai xoin npyxa moryhnocr saxyunnana
o onronomxom crarycy y xopenonnma nneannsma. Hpoxno Pnianox y cnncy H)amouu:ra
meo)oeuia ynonn y pasmarpane n xapaxrep crnapnocrn n npnnnnnocrn onor mro iecre nyrem
npenosnanana xpomarcxor cnexrpa, y xome cy noiane na onpehenn naunn nnnnne,
nanomnnyhn n unnoneicrnyiyhn yspox xoin nounna na xonraxry nnn nonnpy ca crnapn,
nonaie n cnenehe: Jom nax, axo cy neeca nnnehn nornen na rope, ra he ce oia nasnnarn
cnnuno onom ymnom xoie ie ynpernyro ca nornenom. Vspox ie nax esoinor on onnx neecxn
mncnehnx, a on nnx ie n cmnpenocr. Jep n uynna ie oia xonenom on cynuanor cnerna...H xao
mro ie Pemniypr yspox saxnahennx, iep ie sa nnx n yspox n oran, y rome ie n xonraxr n ysop
sa ocamocraene orone. Jep rpn cy noperxa nsnaxena: oia, nrypa, xonraxr, a ro no
cymrnnn nannnasn npeneecxo mecro, (xao ono) esoino, nenryparnnno n nenonnpnno
/Proclus, Thologie platonicienne, Livre I-IV, Paris: Socit dedition Les belles letters, 1968-
1981. (Theol. Plat., IV, 12, p-198, 7-16., par H. D. Saffrey et L. G. Westerink)/ uyneno
Hpoxnono nnrane ns 12. rnane H)amouu:re meo)oeuie ns uernpror roma, xaxo ie moryha
xonaunocr xao saceuenn oncex nnn nynncxn ersncrennniano nocranen pes, nannasn onne
na onronop na ie ro cnnromnia nnn sapes, ri. y rpaiany nanpanena naysa y npemencxom
ncrynany xao excannec nnn y-cxox sa ns-cxox y ersncrennniannom cxoxy y nnane, xome
raxohe ycnehyie iom ienan pes xoin snaun nonparax n cnaiane nnn norahane ocrnapnnana
cymrnncxor iennncrna na xome nounna ecxonauno. 3a naunn na xoin ie Hnaron cmarpao na
ie ro moryhe, nanane cy mnore npnmene, ann ce nerona resa nasna noxasnnana onpxnnniom.
To ie namepa cnponohena xpos neonnmrno, yuecrnonane nnn naprnnnnanniy na crnapnma. Pa
n ro n nno moryhe, nyma mopa na moxe na nonece n nonnece reper namepe ca xoiom ce
npnxyuyie, ri. yonmre n nonia npnnnxa na ce ocern n nnnno npnxaxe mra ro yonmre n
snaun nrn xnn. Hpoxno Pnianox ie cmarpao na n nyma morna na omoryhn xnnor, neh npe
rora n cama mopa na moxe na yne xnna ri. noxaxe snaxe cnonecne namepe, a ro yxasyie na
neno neoryhnno npnencrno n nnrennnonanny nannexnocr y xnneny nnnnnor cnera. Ono
ca+o oumu casnaie v;por ceeea, mro nae nponsnonn cymracrno xao npno no peny, a rex xao
npyro nponsnonn xocmoc, cynne npema cnernocnocrn, re ocrana noiennna nha. Hnxonn cy
npoyspoxonann nemniyprnuxn, raxo na na nnxonnm noianama ocraie )enoma (nox cy n cama
rnapna neecxa rena nenna n nponannna). V morpeny camnx mncnenocrn, nyma ce ysnnxe
no re npnonrne nese ca esycnonnnm y xocmnuxom ymy xao na oc+ampa +uc)u meopua ue)oe
roc+oca. Pa crnapnma nnie yspox y onome mro ym oanesyie na mnmene, nnra ce Hpoxno,
mra n ro npxano nenone cnera es pacnanana n neypehenocrn, n mra n nno ca mepom n
ycnocranennm penom mehy crnapnma y nnany, na einocn ne npecrpoianaiy sna xoia
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nacraiy? Hocmarpanem einoca nyma ynnha nparonenocr camnx mepa nnn nncrnennx
npernocranxn, xao nopenax y xom ie ono aromnsonano n noiennnauno nocneno na cen
cnoicrneno mecro. 3a nnycrpanniy on nanonn cynne, mecen, snesne, neo, xao npnmepe
cneypehenocrn y nonpmenoi cxnannocrn. Tai cmncao nnie camo moryh (ayromarnsonannm
naunnom nacraiana - on cemena uonex, on sarnenanocrn y narpy nnamenonn, on npyher nerpa
cmoxne), neh n nenoyonnuen n nenoycrpoien no cnoioi cnpcn xoia nsnyrpa pyxononn
nonianem onnxa. Tnme ie cam cmncao (pasnoxnocr, nneinocr, noimnnocr) yunanen y
npnpony, raxo na ra ona u+a npexo nanenennx onnxornopnnx cnara. Taxnn ysponn xoin cy
ynanpen noxperany iecy nneie unie ie mecro nocroiana y ymy, sarnm y nymn, n na xpaiy y
npnponn /onom nspacraiyhem/. C osnpom na neoma onrepehenn noiam "ynyrpamnocrn" xao
"camopenexcnnnor nnnenrapa noiennnna", nnaronnuapn cy uecro saysnmann cran o norpen
ncrpaianana na "cnoamnocrn", mro nnie snaunno "exane on camor cee", nero npyxane
camom cen nonono nopnx moryhnocrn sa npana pasnnxonana nnn ocrnapnnane pacrepa y
camonnenrnnxanniama xao onunnm nacenannma n samenama. Ty ce yxasyie norpea sa
nponianem eneprercxnx cxnonona xoin npxe onpehene rnnonornie cnecrn yxanynennm, a
ra ce cnara crnue opmnpanem cnnonrnuxor rnennmra nnn npncycrnom y carnenanany
/rovio/. On cnecrpanocrn raxnor carnenanana nnn cnare npncyrnocrn y nemy sanncn n
cmncao nnhenor, a rnme n nneinn xopnsonr xao nnnexc sanpemnne n moryhnocrn
ncrnncrnonana. Ca yuemhem xoie ce ysnma na crnapnma cner cannm npyraunie nsrnena, a n
nerone oie cy npyraunie oaciane cnernom: Koi yoo n ouoic, ou; n on uovov, oo xoi
n uroio:n :v oio0r:v ;ouo:v xoi :v ooivourvovv o;nuo:v xoi :v ouo:ixv
oov rcnon:oi. 1i o6v :o\:o oruvov, rixoi :oic ouoroi ooro:iv: Ao ori :o :r
;ouo:o xoi :o o;nuo:o xoi :oc oooc ov0rv o;oi :v ro;o:v oio:rivriv xoi
ov:v ouoioc rcnonurvov ooooivriv :ov uroouooviov :oov. (Jep n npnpona, ne camo
y nennnn, nero n y nennmnunocrnma, on uynnnx (crnapn) ncxasyie oie n noianne nnxone n
nonnp ca rennma. uera ie ro snax, axo ie npncyran n xon npnponnnx? Hero naa n oie n
nnxone n nonnpe ca onnm rope cne no nocnennnx pacrannrn n cne peueno saienno nopnnarn
ca npeneecxor mecra.) /Proclus, Thologie platonicienne, Livre I-IV, Paris: Socit dedition
Les belles letters, 1968-1981. (Theol. Plat., IV, 12, p-199, 17-25., par H. D. Saffrey et L. G.
Westerink)/
Henoymnna ce ryn ca orxpnnanem noceher rpara nexanamner npncycrna, na ie
nopnnane onpehena npcra yrnphnnana. Taxo na cacnnm ancrpaxran n cnennnuan naunn
npnpona nna y nesn ca oxancxnm, ca ciaiem cnn-ecrecnsa nnn eneprnie xoia nocenyie
nynncxy cnernocr cnecrn. Anecresnpanocr raxan ciai ne moxe na npyxn n ocnernn
npenmernocr. Onne ie ancrpaxrnocr nonesana ca mohnma naxne n onaxana, raxo na ie
nynncxa nepnennnia nnn nncranocr oxa ono mro orxpnna crane nncrnonana nha y
nnxonom nonncy, nnn ciai namepe xoia nsncxyie enomenonomxn xapaxrep onnca xoin rex n
orxpnna xaxo iecre ono mro iecre. Cxemarsannie ce ocrnapyiy rex npenaxenem rpannna, ann
nm ycnone nocranana onpehyiy npncyrnn nnxonn n oie y nnrepaxnniama, raxo na ie cne
nnnnno rex n nnnnno saxnayiyhn oacianaiyhem cnerny (o:oc rouvrc). Mncnehn
oie (rnrpaino nyehy mnoronpcnocr noiana nsauennx npen cnnecrernuan nornen onora xoin
ce nyrem noroca canpe na cymrnncxo), ym nocnena no ncrnncxe nayxe cymrnncxor
nonpmanana, a ra noernuxa xpomarnxa enomena xao npnpone y neonnmrny na
xonrnomeparnma nnn saiennnnama eneprnia, mro noxasyiy cnoconocr cnnecrernunocrn
/yuecrnonana y uyncrny nnn cnecr/, excnnnnnpaiyhn ce raxo mro he ce cxnararn
anannsnpaiyhn npne n xpaine crnapn, on xoncraryie na nonn nainnmem noperxy
npeycnocranana npnpone onaxana. Onaxane ie c rnm mnmenem nnrennnonanno
nonesano, nnn xpos onrepehnnane uynnocrn saxrenom sa ynyrpamnnm onaxanem, cpoueno y
ncrn max xao iennncrneno nonymrane y xome ce noxasyiy noiane xoie ce nnaue ne n
noxasane. Hnycrpannie pann nomennmo ns nonnie xnnxennocrn nosnarn crnx Bnannxe Pana:
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Vnap nahe ncxpy y xameny nnn ienan neron sannc ns Fnexnnne Iope cy on ncxapax.
Ornopenocr nnnoxpyra onnyuyie, a ro ornapane nnnoxpyra ocraie xao nnrepnperarnnnn
nanor onome xoin xenn na ce ynyrn y camo mnmene n xpos nera no ocnona xoin ra nosnna
na mncnn, ri. na nnoconpa.

3nane y onaxnom nnnoxpyry ycnocranana crnapn nma oenexia nncrnenocrn,
xome onronapaiy pasnniene pacnonoxnne cnare nyme xoie pacnosnaiy npe noxasnnana.
Hsnnxyhn ce nsnan cnera crnopenor, uonexon ym ce roxom ysnasnor xperana npema
necrnopenom nsnopy on ror ciaia n cnerna npeopaxana y nyxonno uyncrno, a ono uyncrno y
oxancxy cnernocr n onaronaheno nncrane. Kananoxnicxn onn cy cmarpann na For Cnn n
Cnern Pyx raxohe nocenyiy necaonmrnno cymracrno Fora Ona. Hpnonrno, For ie npe cnera
ono mro nnienan ym y nennnn ne moxe na noimn, ono necasnarnno on xoier ce cxynaiy
yrncnn, cenxe ncrnne, sa xoie cn. Ipnropnie Forocnon xaxe: Hcrnncxn Fnncrnyiyhe ie
ncrnncxn xnnor, a a ncrnncxn nncrnyiyhe ie nenocrynno casnany na axo oxnnanaiyha
npnpona npenasnnasn casnane, onna ono mro casnaiemo nn na xoin naunn nnie xnnor...3nane
onora mro iecre ie ounmhene on narahana o rome mra ne nna...Hcrnna ie cnrypno nonmane
onora mro ncrnncxn nna. Camo raxo mro nyro y rnxonany (ncnxacrnuxn) rainm yan
npema mynpocrn n ysnnmenom pasmnmany, ca mnoro crpnnnocrn hem cxnarnrn mra ie
nncrnyiyhe xoie nma nhe no npnponn, a mra nenncrnyiyhe, mro nncrnyie camo npnnnnno,
iep nerona npnpona no cen ne nocroin. Foroianene ie Moicniy nano na sna na onm
npexopauyiyhe cymrnne n yspoxa cnera, on xora cne sanncn nnmra on cnera mro ocehamo n
nocmarpamo namnm pasymom, ne nocroin onncrnncxn. /I. Teonor: O Moicuieeo+ rueomv,
PG 44, 377 D/ Bennxn nncan Pnnncnie Apeonarnr, raxohe ie onaxo ocmncnno ncxycrno
Taine: 3ancra, Moicniy nnie nno sanoneheno camo na ce nainpe ouncrn, n na ce onna onnoin
on neounmhennx. Kana ce nornyno ouncrno, sauyo ie mnorornacne rpye, nnno mnore
ncrnunnxe cnerna xoin cy npeonnno nsnyunnann uncre spaxe. Onna ce onnoino on mnomrna
n ca nsapannm cnemrennnnma nocneo na nainnmn npx oxancxnx ycnona. Mehyrnm, nn
ramo on nnie cycpeo camor Fora. Hnie Ia nnneo, neh mecro rne npenna...H rana ce Moicnie
ocnoonno n camnx rnenannx crnapn n crnapn xoie rnenaiy, yronyo y ncrnncxn mncrnuxn
mpax necasnanana, y nemy sarnopno oun n oxpenyo ce on cnnx casnananauxnx nonmana.
Opeo ce y nornynoi neonnnnnocrn n nennnnnocrn, ynyhn can ca one crpane cnera, ne
npnnanaiyhn nn cen nnrn nno uemy npyrom, y naioem ce cmncny ciennnanaiyhn na
naunn nenenarnocrn xoia canpmeno ne sna nnxaxno nosnanane, casnaiyhn ono nanymno
ynpano necasnananem nnuera. Monnmo ce na n mn nocnemo y ry ramy, xoia npenasnnasn
cnernocr. Monnmo ce na npexo nennhena n necasnanana nnnnmo n casnamo Bera xoin ie
nsnan nnhena n casnanana, ynpano raxo na Ia ne nnnnmo n ne casnamo, iep ie ro crnapno
nnhene n casnanane. /Pnonncnie Apeonarnr, O +ucmu:roi meo)oeuiu, I, II/. uncro nnhene
cxpnnenor npernocrana onronomxo npocnanane cneror nnxa xaxan ie ornouerxa nnn
camonnxno, raxo na ce aaipesama nnn onysnmannma mncao npnnnxana iennncrnenocrn
nnocrasn, na n ce orxnonnno ono mro npnxpnna camonnxny nnocras cnernocrn cnera
nncrnyiyher. H Ipnropnie Hanama cmarpa nosnoennm na ce For Cnn n Cnern Pyx nasony
nnocrasnnm /nnunocnnm/ eneprniama Ona, ne npnxnaraiyhn aprymenranniy Bapnaama ns
Kanapnie n Axnnnna xoin nnrpenperarnnnnm opacnem nnaronnuxnx pannonannsannia
npnpone cacnnm onnaiaiy Tnopna n rnopennny. Morno n ce pehn na ie ro ienan
cxonacrnnnsonann nnaronnsam y nniacnopn ca cnoinm sauernnxom, ynyhn ie Hnaron ncrnao
epoc ncrpaxnnana y reopnin nneia n ncrpainocr na namepn npncehana nymennomhy
npnonrnor cnerna. Ona napnaamcxa pasymom nocrnrnyra nnrepnperannia cpyxrypa cnapn y
nnxy reonomxor pannonannsma, ne n npomna nn xon nanenennx reonomxnx mncnnnana
3anana, iep ie y ounrnennom nennnry axra neponana no nnrany xapaxrepa Foxnier
npncycrna. H y cnncy I)ac ovxoeuoe op)a Jonan Cxor Epnyrena ie yxasao na mnorocrpyxe n
7
esrpannune cnne npnpone xoie xpos ynynnane noxasyiy onaxannma ono mro ncnpna
cxpnnaiy, nosnnaiyhn ce ornopeno na mncrnuxn anoarnsam Pnonncnia Apeonarnra: - n na
rai naunn ce ynyyi y npnmepe xoie rn naie npnpona. On nnx hem ce xao na xpnnnma
npnponnor nocmarpana ysnnhn nsnan cnera n, nomohy Foxnie naronarn xoia re
npocnerana, npxom cnor yma mohn uem na yrnenam raine Peun, na hem ononnxo xonnxo ie
ro moryhe onnma xoin cnor Fora rpaxe ys nomoh yncxor noxasnnana nnnern xaxo cne mro
ie nocrano xpos Foxniy Peu xnnn y Boi n iecre xnnor. `V Bemy` xaxo ronope oxancxa
ycra, `xnnnmo, xpehemo ce n iecmo` (uan. 17,28). H xaxo xaxe nennxn Pnonncnie Apeonarnr:
Fnncrnonane cnera ie nancymracrneno Foxancrno`/Heoecra xuiepapxuia 4,1/. 11. `H xnnor
eme cnernocr ynnma` Cnna Foxnier, xora cn pannie, o naxenn orocnone nasnao Peu,
cana nmenyiem Xnnor n Cnernocr`. /Iohannes Scottus Eriugena, Vox spiritualis, X, XI/ Cnn
Foxoin xao xnnor n cnerno ynnma, anhennma n cnnm enomenanniama cnercxnm, npema
naronecrn cn. An. Jonana xaxe: Ja cam Cnernocr cnery, xo nne sa mnom nehe xonnrn y
ramn, nero he nmarn cnernocr neunor xnnora. /Ju. 8,12/ Inac nyxonnor opna ce nnra, nnie
nn onai cner onronapaiyhe opannmre sa cne mro ie oryheno on ncrnncxe Cnernocrn, npe
nero mro ce onpenenn sa pohene xoie ie no Pyxy (Jn 3,3), ca unme ce craie na nonn cner n
nonnxe xa ropnem ycnnonyiyhn ce Ony namem neecxom. Pyx snana n nooxnocrn
nocrnxe ce raxo npexo Iocnona Hcyca Xpncra, iep `y Bemy nynoha oxancrna npenna
renecno`, ri. cacnnm cnponeneno onosno no rope xao ncnynene npopouxnx nnhena, n cnaxo
omanonaxanane raxnnx nnhena nanpocro ie norexno ns onpehenor rnna ornenana
camopenexcnie xao eronrernor namehyher npnnnnna xoin ocraie na nnxoi pannn nosnanana
ncrnne. Kao ncrnna cnmona 3axona n ncnynene npopouancxnx nnhena, noiana Iocnona
Hcyca Xpncra omoryhnna ie orenonenem Peun na ce On rnena renecno, xaxo cy ra n nnnenn
anocronn y npeopaxeny na ropn (Mr 17,1-9; Mp 9,1-9; Hx 9,28-36), a raxohe ie no renecno
nnnnn n y cnann nacxpcena, xana ie nomao xpos sarnopena npara (Jn.20,26) n xana cy ra
anhenn nonnrnn na neo n ysneo ce Ony (Pan 1,1-11). Kao na ce y onom cxnarany n ornopno
remenn cnop pannonannnx xymanncra ca ncnxacrnma, rne ce nnpexrno noxasano na
Hnaronona reopnia nneia xoia nonpasymena npncycrno npncyrnor y nnocrpyxom xperany
noiane, onne ounronana npema cnom ryxnom cmepy nnayrypannie nerarnnnsma namerana
nanonne xonnenryanncrnuxe npemohn; cmepom xoin nne rexnnuxom nnnniom saopana
nncrnonana /Onor xoin iecre/, na xoiy ie ca ononnxo oaspnnocrn yxasnnao n xpos
npnnpemena ounronana cxpnnena y cymrnnn meransnxe pasorxpnnao Xainerep. Kao na y
nay ynyhnocrn cexy pasmnmana xoia ie yonnuno Xpncroc Janapac, xana ie y
nnoconin es oxnnana nanncao: Jenan ie yunre xoin ie pexao n noronnno ce. Cne mro ie
yunnno es peun, nocroino ie Ona. Ko ie y nnacro Hcycone peun, rai moxe na cnyma n
Berono hyrane. Taxo he nrn canpmen, nenonahe no onome mra ronopn a no rome o uemy
hyrn nhe npenosnar.(1986, crp.179) Eneprnia ne ynonn y cymracrno n iennncrno
nncrnonana nnxaxno pasnnaiane nnn nenane /ny normarnuapn cmarpaiy noporom, a
mncrnnn yany/, ynyhn na cymracrno camo no cen ocraie nocnnan eneprnia, a eneprnia
nonasehn on crnapn oner ne moxe na npehe y rnap iep ie y iennncrny ca Forom. Foxnie nme
raxo ne npnnana camo cymrnnn nero n neronnm eneprniama nnn cnoicrnnma xao nopora,
naronar, npemynpocr, cnernocr, npomncao, nncranocr, yan nrn. Vsnnsane xa Fory n
ocnehnnane (osapnnane) neronnm cnernom moryhe ie sor rora mro nacnena rnap nacroin na
ce npnnnxn ory, na Berona eneprnia caonmrena uonexy nocraie na ocnony
oronnnenauxor nanora n cnoicrno camor uonexa: Pa crexnemo Fora y cen, na ce ca Forom
nauncro cponnmo, re na ce nomemamo ca naiuncrniom cnernomhy /cn. I. Hanama, V ooopauv
ucuxacma, 1,3,42/ Taxo ie no npnuehy n nomohy Foxnie mnnocrn uonexy nocrynno ooxene
xao crenenonana nennunna cnnunocrn Fory, mro ne snaun nnrensnnny ncronernocr cymrnne,
neh na ie no cmncny moryhe rex eneprercxo noncronehnnane uonexa c Forom, ynyhn na ie
uonexon nyx epoc yma npema oxancxom norocy. Pannonanncrnuxa reonornia nyanncrnuxor
8
cmepa nonnaiana marepniannor n nyxonnor nnn nnrenexryannor npnnnnna, rpaxnna ie
nsnasax yma ns oneunmhanaiyher rena na n ce nocneno no nononor nyxonnor crana, nox
nynncxa nsnonornia monnrne ncnxasma saxrena npenasnnaxene nnysopnocrn raxnor
nyannsma ocnonnem na peannocr npncycrna Foxninx eneprnia n ynasax yma iom nye y
reno, nerono canpane n cxnynuanane y neronoi ncnxocomarcxoi nenonnrocrn, iep ce
ysnnsane ocrnapyie rex cnaxnnm noxperom n nyxonnnx n renecnnx cnna uonexa xao
saoxpyxene nnunocrn. /cn. I. Hanama, V ooopauv ucuxacma, 1,2,2/ Vm ce pasnnna no
oxpyxeny, a nerono naioe canpane noraha ce onna xana ce nparn y cpne, mro
nonpasymena nonyxnar neronor npahana nyrem ynncana. Tnme ce ym n oysnana iep ie on
cnera nairexn sa canpane n nainoxpernnnin , sor uera ce n npenopyuyie na ce nasn na
ynncaie n nsnncaie. For ce cxnara nncanem n cpnem, a ym ce cnonn na rpynn n ynnia
nocnonno cpnem, rne ce npnxyna ropyhn nnamen monnrne xoin npeopaxana ym n cna
npnpona uonexa y nyxonno uyno rauxe cranana ca Forom ecnouerno n ecxpaino.
4

Kana n cne nno onpeheno anrpononenrpnuno n pesepnncano iennno sa uonexa, nerona
uyna n mncnn, no n ro iacan snax na ce no nnrany meponannocrn npexomepno sacrpanyie.
To nonpasymena na ie y npnponn sa uonexa cne neh ynanpen nsnecno n iacno, na ce o rome cne
sna n na nnmra ne moxe na npencrana nsnenahene, mro n iom nexaxo n npomno y norneny
meransnuxe nsonannie xareropnie npocropa n oxonnor cnera, ann ce ro no ns saopana
nncrnonana nsnnoienom cymanyrom npannny npnmenyie n na npeme, snaiyhn (oe nsrnena
n on camor nparor Fora) - mra he ro nohn ns ynyhnocrn, na uax n xaxo he ce crnapn
noraharn n naxon nsnuxe cmprn, ynyhn na ce xpncronomxa naronemranana nacxcena npxe
sa onuny npnuy. Ta npnua ie cama no cen ne camo neonuna, nero n naineonunnia npnua

4
For ie oryn ecxpainn n ecnouernn ncxon xoin ce cnmonnuxn mannecryie y cnoinm eneprniama n nmennma,
nox sa napnaamcxe xymanncre n nopone pannonanne reonore penecanca nna npnnnnnnienan camo ancrpaxrnn
noiam Fora, a nerone mannecrannie y rnopennnn n camo nme Foxnie nnme nnie For neh pannonannsam
xoncrpyxnnie rnapnor nauena: To ce n noronnno xon Bapnaama, na ie For xao camocranan npenmer n
cymracrno ocrao cam no cen y nnny anconyrne necasnarnnocrn, a eneprnie y nnny nnxonor nosnanana n
pamunanenocrn, nocnene cy no nornyne onnoienocrn on Fora n cmarpane cy rnapnnm. Tnme ie oniennom
noxonana n xpnmhancxa rpancnenenrnocr Fora, ri. Berona nernapnocr, n nnaroncxo nepasnnxonane rnapnor n
nernapnor y mncrnuxom ncxycrny. Crora ie nno cacnnm pasymnno n ocnonano pasiapnnane napnaamnra
npornn cnnx npaxrnxa cnemrene ncnxnie ca nennm anconyrno pasronernnm pasnnxonanem uonexa n
orouonexa, opena n raine, c nenom mncrnunom rexnnxom camoncnnrnnana, camononcrnnana, ncnonenn,
nncainnx n cpnaunnx ocehana...Peuiy, axo ie Tanopcxo Cnerno neonenno on cymracrna Foxnier n no rome cam
For (mana For Cam nnie cnernocr) rana ie npanocnane cnaceno, nnn axo ie Cnerno onenno on cymracrna
Foxnier n no rome ie rnap - rana nounny anoxannnrnuxn rpuenn penecancnor 3anana (Anexce ueonoponnu
Hocen, O:epru aumu:uoeo cu+eo)u;+a u +udo)oeuu, Mocxna, 1993., crp. 872-873.) Ounrnenne npornnpeunocrn
xoie nanonn onne Hocen, nncy pesepnncane camo sa sananne reopernuape n nncne. Taxo ie y nnsanrnicxom
nomnnannsmy Hnhnop Ipnropa sacrynao ynepene na cy nneie camo nmena xoia ce crnapaiy y ymy, n nnmra
nnme, a Ipnropnie Hanama my ie onronopno nponnuno na o rome raxo mncne camo nnocon, ynyhn na cy sa
orocnone orxpnnena n ianana Foxninx eneprnia naxnn anonnxrnuxn, a ne nnianexrnuxn cnnornsmn.
Mehyrnm, n nexn canpemenn yuenn cnenennnn ncnxacra cmarpaiy xaxo ie nopo sapan mro neher ynaanana
on nnoconie ncnxasam npornacnrn emnnpnuxnm nnn excnepnmenrannnm orocnonem, ca unme ce oner
nerpnnxyie uynnocr onune cnecrn. Kao na ie npeopaxai uynnocrn xon noiennnna y naimany pyxy nyxan na
nsnene nexo npyrn, a ca rnme nne n penyxonan recr cranana na nnxy rpacy ynocroianana npnnne y nsnpmeny
Foxninx saxona, uax n no ornopenor sanocranana c osnpom na acnexr ooxena no xora n morno na ce
nonpe Hcyconom monnrnom y ymnom rnxonany. Mehyrnm, npnnna ie sa cne xao npenycnon ncnynanana
Foxninx saxona n npema Kanry nnrepnopnsyiyhn unn xoinm ce ynocroianamo Foxnie naronarn nnn mnnocrn.
Mehyrnm, n sa ayropa raxnor pasmarpana nynor ynyrpamnnx npornnpeunocrn n cyxoenocrn, maxap
nexnaparnnno naxn cran: To snane ie ysnnmennie on snana, xoie ce sanonia nocpencrnom uyncrana nnn, na
ynemo npennsnnin, ono ie carnacno ca uyncrnnma n nsnan (ie) uyncrana. Tenecne oun ce menaiy n nnne
nernapny cnernocr, xoia ie nncrane oxancxe npnpone, cnana oxancrna, nenora Hapcrna Heecxor. Ta
cnernocr ie nennnnna sa uyncrna cne nox ona ne yny npeopaxena Pyxom Cnernm...ocnona npanocnanne
enncremonornie iecre npocnerene n Foxnie orxponene ynyrap o:uuheuoe yncxor cpna. /Mn:oooi:ov
Nouox:ou Iroo0rou Bo;ou: Oyioc Ionyooioc o Hoouoc c oyioori:nc, Lxooon,BJ996., Iroo Movn
Irvr0iou :ncOro:oxou Hroyioc/, gl. XII., (npen. Frn., 2003., crp. 247.)
9
no cana xasana y nonecrn uoneuancrna. Vronnxo ie opahane naxne nonmany npnponnocrn
npnpone, ono mro camo ro nonmane nnxe ocnerana n pasasnaie ynyrpamny xoncrpyxnniy.
Kpos nonmane npenasa npnpona ce na nexn naunn rpancopmnme n no came nenocpennocrn
npncrynana onaxany, re nocraie nynnna, oxperna n cannrnna xpos naxny yma,
npnnpemena xpos nocpenyiyhn rpancepsannn ym, y cmncny penexronana penexcnia (ne
y cee xao cxemarnsyiyhn nmanenrnsam), neh npncnaiana y cmncny ymnor npounmhanana n
ncrnnana perynarnna xao xonrponncanocr rauaxa nonesnnana n nmnnnxannia, xoie cy
mehycexropcxn ornopene y cnoinm nennncannma npenmernocrn. V Kpumuuu +oh cvhena
Kanr ie cacnnm iacno nsneo rai perynarnnnn cran yma / 81/: "Ham ym ne cxnara moryhnocr
raxnor ynpyxnnana nne nornyno pasnnunre npcre xaysannrera, ynpyxnnana npnpone y
nenoi onmroi saxonnrocrn ca nneiom xoia npnpony orpannuana na ienny noceny opmy sa
xoiy npnpona cama sa cee ne canpxn nnxaxan pasnor; ra moryhnocr nexn y naruynnome
cyncrpary npnpone, o xome nncmo y crany na ncxaxemo nxoiy npyry nosnrnnny onpeny no
ry na on npencrana nhe no cen, uniy noiany ienna na nosnaiemo. Ann npn cnemy rome
ocraie na cnasn onai npnnnnn: cne mro mn npnsnaiemo xao nemro mro npnnana onoi npnponn
(nxaenomenon) n xao nen nponsnon mopamo ra samncnnrn raxohe xao ono mro ie ca
npnponom nonesano n mexannuxnm saxonnma, iep es one npcre xaysannrera oprannsonana
nha, naxo npencranaiy cnpxe npnpone, nnax ne n nna nponsnonn npnpone." Teneonomxn
npnnnnn xoin naie nonpmxy raxnom pasymenany sa Kanra ie ounrnenno npecrannnsam xao
nnnna nncnosnnnia oprancxe npnpone "cncrema ennrenese", iep cnpona marepnia nnie morna
npnonrno na oprannsyie camy cee na ocnony mexannuxnx saxona -"n na ie xnnor morao
nocrarn ns npnpone onora mro ie mprno, n na ie marepnia y crany na ce cama on cee
onpenenn sa opmy nexe cnpxonnrocrn xoia onpxana camy cee"/ucmo, crp. 310/, ann
cnoconocrn marepnie sa yneo y oprannsonanom reny ne npnnncyie cneny mexannuxy cnny,
nero "naron crnapana". Ona saronerna cnnrarma paspemnna ie anoarnsmom orana.
Hpema Kanry, npnpona ce sa norpee namer yma noxasyie cnpcncxonnom y
reneonomxom n ecrercxom norneny. Hocene npnponne saxone nonymreno ie na nonesyiemo y
nehe saxoncxe nennne (naiyhn rnme ymy iennncrno), xao snax carnacnocrn npnponnnx
saxonnrocrn n saxrena yma. Ecrernuxo casnane npnponno nenor, xao cxnarane na nocroie
npnponne noiane xoie onronapaiy nneannnm saxrennma namnx casnainnx mohn, onpehyiy
nenory xao pesynrar carnacnocrn npnpone n cnoone, rne ce noxasyie rpancepsanna
moryhnocr nara xao reneonomxa npnxnannocr npnpone sa name ymne mohn: "unnn moryhnm
npenas ns nonpyuia noima npnpone y nonpyuie noima cnoone"/K.+.c., 55/, xao ona opma
yma xoia my iemun "cncremarcxo iennncrno" xpos nonesnnane nonpyuia xao "xomnosnnnia
xereporenocrn n npenasnocrn". Ty ie cacnnm y npany Bonranr Benm xana raxo Kanrom
nocrynncann rpancepsannn ym /raxopehn - rexnnuxn (onai ym cnpcncxonnocrn rexnnxe
npnpone)/, xoin ie moryhe nponahn xao npyxeno cncremcxo iennncrno y rpanccexropcxnm
xoncrenanniama, raxo na onpehyie ayronomniy cexropa onnomenem na nexe rpannune /ne cne/
cexrope, ynyhn na cnaxn rnn pannonannocrn ncronpemeno canpxn xynrypny n ncropnicxy
reopniy, xoia ie nmnnnnnrna nnn narnamena y renepannom xonrexcry narocrn, rne ie ym
merapannonanna cnoconocr y nomnnnony nnreppannonannocrn xoia nx nnmana y rexnnuxoi
n axrnuxoi yraxmnnn pannonannocrn onnx xonnnxara, xoin cy nensexno nacrann ycnen
cncremarcxnx iennocrpanocrn.
8

Kaxo ie Kanr npenyseo cyouanane mnpoxor snauena noima npnpone ysnmaiyhn na ono
mro nnie npenmer nayune merone ne moxe nn na naxn xao nen oiexar, cacnnm ie
oncrpaneno ynaxanane ryena y remn xoia ca ynorpeom mohn casnana ne cmarpa sa
norpeno na ie yunnn npenmerom xpnrnuxe penexcnie. To, oner, ne snaun na ie on
enemnnncao nnrana npne nnoconie nnn meransnxe, nero na nx ie yxyuno y cnoi

8
Vnopenn n xnnry - B. Benm, Haua nocm+ooepua +ooepua, Cpemcxn Kapnonnn;Honn Can, 2000., crp. 317-319
10
crnapanauxn npoiexar sacnnnana meransnxe xao nayxe xpos casnanane nene nnacrnre
moryhnocrn. unnosonpanem meransnxa cama cee ncnocrana xao snane xoie nononn no
nayxe xon Kanra, rnme mro ce saxrena uncrnna nonmana nnn ycnocrana ycnon na ce
ynanpen pacxpun rno pasymenana ysnmaiyhn y osnp nnacrnry mannecranniy xpos ycnone
cnoie moryhnocrn, a ro ie nocao rsn. mpaucueuoeuma)ue du)ocoduie xoia pasmarpa nnrane
ycrpoicrna nncrnonana, xao nncrnonana onora mro y casnany rpea na yne casnaro. Taxo
ie npnanen ienan naunn nnococxor nponnrnnana n casnanana nyrem xoier nnoconia,
sacnnnaiyhn camy cee nocraie nayxa nnn yremeeno sacnnnane meransnxe ns ocnona, na
naunn na ce nnra o camom nncrnyiyhem, a ynpano nncncrnpane na apxernncxom nnrenexry
xoin n morao na saxyun, npexo nnrenexryanno npomnpnnannx nepnennnia, na y npnponn
nocroin cnpxa no xoioi mn nocmarpamo nha y xnneny a ne mamnne, sanpano ono mro nac
xpos rpannnnonanna snana naranoxena y nonecrn nnoconie nonono ynyhyie na cycper
xnnora ca xnnnm.
Xnno onne nma npe cnera oenexie cnecnor xnnor nha n y pasmarpany xapaxrepa
nerone npncyrnocrn, y ynaxeny y npncyrnocr, nma norpey na nonece snauene n snauai
camor nncrnonana. Tome ycnehyie cacnnm ouexnnan noimonnn saxnar xoin peun physis,
/iecracrno, narypa, npnpona/ nocnehyie naxny xoia ynaxana n nene nye npernocranxe,
xpos xoie ce ona pasnnia n ocrnapyie cama on cee, na n nocrnrna spenocr nnn crynnna na
panan y xoioi ncnynana nnacrnry ynyrpamny cnpxy. Cnaxaxo, ono mro nac na rai naunn
nymra y cnoony camopasnoia, ncronpemeno ie raxohe nemro mro nac ca samrnrnnuxnm
onnocom npema cnemy mro n raxo nemro onemoryhanano, ncronpemeno n perynarnnno
cnyrana. Vronnxo ie noiam cnoone raxan na ra nasna rpea nocmarparn y nesn ca nyxnomhy,
ynyhn na ie rorannn nnnerepmnnnsam neponarno naronomxa norpea nexor nonpehenor era,
xoin nema naunna na ce nomnpn ca unnennnom na on nera nocroie crapnie n nocroinnie
crnapn xoie n xoncrnryncane nrnie uonexa. unnoconia ysnnxe uonexa xao noymenanno n
enomenanno nhe cne no cepe y xoioi on moxe na ycnocrana carnacie ca cnerom, na ie
crora cacnnm pasymnno mro reopnicxa nnoconia ersncrnpa y onnxy nnianexrnxe xao
nemrnnom npenanana npenocnnor naunna pasmarpana. Hs ror yrna carnenanano onronomxo
cranonnmre, onaxano npema xaysannrery npnpone, apem y norneny opme nennx
nponsnona xao cnpxonnrnx (ecrercxn penexcnnnn cynonn xoin cy sacnonann y nyxnoi nnein
ncxycrna xao cncrema), ornapano ie xopnsonr cneiennncrnenocrn rnme mro ie yxasnnano na
axryannrer npencranane nennne xao xareropnianna xomnenrenrnocr. Onnoc cnpcncxonocrn
npema noimonnma mro nexe y ocnonn neronor nennrennnpanor /nenamepnor/ xaysannrera
xao ycnon, moxe ce nnnern iom n y Kanronnm pasmarpannma xao nnacrnuna nnn oprancxa
ymernocr npnpone, a xaysannrer xoin neicrnyie namepno noxperao n crnap nsnan nennx
rpannna. Hamepna reneonornia ce ynpano rnm aprymenrom nocnenno xoncrnryncana xpos
1peane (Sollen), xoie ie canpxanano nyxnocr pasnnunry on one nsnuxo-mexannuxe, xao
noiam cnpxonnrocrn npnpone xoin ie anpnopan, nperxonehn cnaxom emnnpnicxom oiexry xao
nesa yma ca emnnpnicxnm noimonnma, sanonien ca Kanronnm iacnnm ncrnnanem: axo ce
moxe n rpea nneiy o nexoi nennnn npernocrannrn na ocnony nexor npnnnnna npe onpene
nenona, onna nonena mopa na ce oann uav:uo, n camo na rai naunn nennna nocraie cncrem...a
na n ce roi nennnn naxnanno nana cncremarcxa opma ienne oormpuue (yxonnxo y norneny
npnpone re mohn casnana raxo nemro moxe yonmre nocroiarn) sa ro ce ne saxrena nnmra
npyro no na ce ca rnm nonexy ncnpnnocr npnmene na ono mro ie noceno n enerannnia
npennsnocrn. /Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cvhena, (Hpnn ynon y K.m.c.), npen. H. Hon., Frn.,
1991., crp. 51-52./
Ecrercxy nnmensniy rnme cmo nyxnn na cxnarnmo nanexo osnnnie, nanme xao
renecny oprannsanniy xonrnomepara eneprnia xoin cy cnpcncxonno ypehenn y oprannsmy
cxonno npnponnoi enrenexnin /y mexannuxom cmncny xao ymnoxax sanpemnunocrn n
xnanpara psnne xperana, rpancnennenranno xao nsnon ynxnnie ymnomxa eneprnie n cnne
11
xperana xao nnnnnresnmana xnne cnne, xoia n morna na naxn n xao nonomxa nopma/, re
xpos anernnnie n nepnennnie nsnoxenn moryhnm yrnnainma ecxonaunocrn xoin ce rnuy
npomene came nepnennnie uynnor craryca onaxana n neronnx uncrnx monyca xao nnhena
crnapnocrn crnapn. Fnarouecrnnocr xoia ce onarne xao neonxonna npernocranxa noianyie,
nnie y ncxyuyiyhem onnocy npema uynnnm nnnianniama n onaxainnm cenexnniama, xoie cy
nanexo cxnonnie meraopnnn cnernocrn n onnaiany npema einercxnm xpnrepniymnma, nero
npema yranany y emonnonanne memannne xoie nyne xomonnrer n nexn necynncao nonnamhen
craryc ynorpee yxyca, xao nonpnnnuno neonpehenor cpencrna ecrernuapcxor spnnanana n
rpaine pacnonoxnnocrn cexropcxnx npenmernnx nesa. Vronnxo ie noxnanane naxne xnnoi
penexcnnnoi n ecrernuxoi nponyxnnin nemro nanexo mane ynono, ann saro ornopeno
npema remey xoin cne nymra na yne n npxn saienno na oxyny na ce ne pacnanne, npema
Cnenpxnrey xoin ie nanno yxasao na nacxpc cnera y nyry, ncrnnn n xnnory xao na
nesaonnasny n nenanycrnny nnnnnresnmanny nennunny namnx nnacrnrnx xnnora. Tema
nacxpcanana, neh cmo xoncraronann na ie ysnmana sa neo yonuaiennx npononenn nnn
nonpasymenannx onnca xoin caunnanaiy onaxan cner, xaxo ra yonuaieno onaxamo.
Mehyrnm, nacxpcanane npnnana cnery npyraunie naxne, onom y xome npema cn. An. Hanny,
y cnaxom uonexy crnopenom na nxony n nonnnie Foxnie xnnn nacxpcno reno, xoie rom
npyrauniom naxnom omoryhana casnana xoinma ce xpann n ynehana cnoi nyxonnn crac n
pacr. Hnaron ie y cnncy upraea/478n/, ncrnnao xaxo ce snane onnocn na ono mro iecre
nponyeno y xnneponronomxy nosnnniy nancymracrnenor nopa xoie camo ynyhn nsnan
cnaxor nocenor cymracrna n omoryhana cnemy mro iecre na yne. Hecnnneno iennncrno
iennor n cnera y cne-iennncrno raxo ynasn y menononomxy npernocranxy canpemene
nayunocrn nayxe n crnapa onai ocnon xoin Xeren nmenyie Anconyrnnm Pyxom.
V nesn c rnm naa iom nemro nnxe pehn n o nacnnranocrn y norneny ynaxena y
nynne anrnuxor cxnarana cyiexrnnnocrn xoie nounne on Anonononor nanora y xpamy y
Pennma - "nosnai camor cee". Coxparonnm npncnaianem n npeopahanem ror oxancxor
nanora y saxren sa cnecnnm n onronopnnm nohenem xnnora, xoin ce ornena y onnocy npema
nymn nnn uonexonom ynyrpamnem nhy, xon Hnarona ie npennien y oxperane on nsnuxnx
narocrn xa noimonnma y nnianory 4eoou, xao uynena "npyra nnonnna" xa saxnarany ncrnne.
Camonocmarpane n camoncnnrnnane ycranonanaiy n crpyxrype camoonnomena, crpyxrype
concrna nnn camocnecrn, xoie cy ncraxnyre iom y panom Hnarononom nnianory Xapmnn:
"3naun, pasopnr uonex he iennnn nosnanarn camor cee n nrn cnocoan na npocynn mra
sna a mra ne sna, n ncro raxo he mohn na nnnn mra ocrann snaiy, mncne na snaiy n snaiy
sancra, nnn mra mncne na snaiy, a ne snaiy."/ma+o, 167
a
/. V pasnoiy nnianora ro uyneno
"snane o nesnany" xao axpemarncrnuxa nonnora mnmeny n "nennxo nopo" snanauxor
xnnena, nonymra na ce ")arue v:u u oa +v ie cee iacuuie, noumo v; cee umo v:u e)eoa mo
;uane"/ma+o, 172
b-c
/, raxo na ie ro "camoonnocehe ce snane" /rio:nunc rou:nc/ ounrnenno
ono, xoie nae pasnnia Apncroren y cnncy O ovuu n Memadu;ura /XII/, ann xao neeronomxy
napannrmy "npnrymene cyiexrnnnocrn". Pa nn ie ro n neyrpoxenocr y nnenrnrery rsn.
"nneanno-rnncxnx xoncrpyxnnia" anrnuxor rpahannna, nnn nponsnonocr nanpehnnana ca
cnoiom rooxnom "nononexonnom cnoonom" crapnma ca "uncrom n cnoonnom
cyiexrnnnomhy", sa ro ie nosnrnnan npnmep n anrnuxa rparennia xao oxnnp onnca. Pa ro
nncy rex npasnn nspasn, neh xpos saonnaxena monepnnx crepeornna n xpnnarnna
xynrypno-ncropnicxnx penarnnnsannia, y xoinma uecro npea onacnocr pasmernnocrn n
neyremeenocrn, "camoonnocehe ce snane" xao cyiexrnnnocr noxasyie ce y camoi
merponarnunocrn nocrynana monepnor uonexa, iep ie ono nouerno ynyrpamne ncxonnmre
xoie nnie nonpno no moryhnocr na crann y sarpane n npenasnhe npnponny cnecr. Hpnponna
cnecr ce noxasyie xao nannna y norneny nacnnranocrn snana c osnpom na ro uemy ona cama
crpemn n mra xohe, na ie neno npenasnnaxene ycnon ynyrpamne carnacnocrn ca coom n ca
cnnme mro iecre n nna.
12
Kon Hpoxna Pnianoxa je onnoc nornphnnana n nopnnana ynnna nmao snauai sa
ycpencpehene ecrercxe cnecnocrn (:o\ rvoc ouvoio0noic /Commentaria in Platonis
Parmenidem, 1071, 18/), na n ce nyrem ne nonpno no ncrnncxe cepe, y xoioi ie n
xoncrnryncana cnnecrernunocr xao cnecnocr onor camonsnnuyher ns nyme, mro nonn on
onor iennncrnenor xao nner nyme (n ou:oounc :nc vu;nc oic roi :o rv - /1191, 3-9/,
ov0oc :nc vu;nc/1046,6/). Kana ie oparno naxny na nen nynnin snauai n xopnsonr,
Hpoxno ie yxasao na ro na cxnara, xaxo ie ro ona nponsnoneha n ounronana npncyrnocr
einoca n npanor npxana npema nnenrnnxanniama n cyiexrnnnrery xao nspasnma
ayromenrannrera: "xao mro n ncro ienno n nanpocro, nnie nonmernocr onom
nponsnonnnauxom, cne nox raxno ienno ne nacrane cnpam camoiennor" (ucmo, 1177,22).
Hner nyme ie nexa cnnecrernuna cnnxa onor iennor y nama, xoier ocnerananem
nponsnonnmo (ucmo, 1071,1), a y npyrnm xomenrapnma nasnao ra ie npxynnem nyme n nnerom
namer cymracrna xao onai ynyrpamnn (o rvoov vo\c) n npnonrnn ym (:o\ vo\ : o:).
Houerax y npemeny ie nouerax on npemena, a npann nouerax ne xpehe on rpahe ncnoanana,
nero on nnuera na uemy ce remen. Teme iecre nama cnnecrernuno noxyuyiyha ymnocr xpos
sanounnane nyra y nsrpanny xopnsonra naror mncaono npenacnnrannm spenem, xoie naa
nonynanarn onaxannma na unie nynncxe moryhnocrn nnie ynex opahana nonona naxna.
Ono mro ie no cana xao nnnepsna noa nno nrnopncano, iep ne nonpxana noy sa noom
n cynonnpany noy sa moh xao crenen nornphenocrn iacrnenor yrnphnnana ocnrypanannx
npencrana, orxpnna nornyno npyraunin cyncrannniannn cyncrpar. Ta nenocpenna nesa
oxpenyra npnonrnocrn nma sa nnrennnonannom xopnsonry cnecrn noiane ocnerennx
snana xao cnernnno snana. Erocna ecnpexopnocr nncnnnnnne mnmena n nanymrane
esnauainor npara camonaxnocrn neronnm crananem y sarpane npnpacne nannne cnecrn,
nonono ce ocnocoana sa craiane npen cnernnna cnera y nnxonoi nynncxoi nnmensnin,
onaxaiyhn n ono Jenno y nnma mro cne npxn na ce ne pacnanne y nepnepna nenrpnpana
eneprnia n ecxpaine ianone nncxypce.
Onaxo nnhena mynpocr iecre npennopie npane raine xoia ce rnue camor rena n
cmncna neronor nncrnonana y nnmensnin yremennana xao ymnor cehana na ono mro iecre
na naunn xaxo ono iecre. Vmno cehane n npenanocr /Xeren: Andenken - Andacht/ caunnana
nyr n xnnor onor mro cmo y nonmany pasapann, y capanom ronopy noxasann xao
noimeno y cnerny camonpenasnnasehnx ce nneinnx orxpnnana. Vmno reno xao xopnyc nneia,
mehyrnm, canpxn xao cnoi nancamprnn ocnon nacxpcno reno xoie ie on nera ysnnmennie n
npeue, xao eneprnia rnx nneia xoia nparn nnxone ciaine rparone no ncxonnmra n noxasyie ce
cnaconocnom. Onroreonornia xoia ce opmnpa xpos nymrane nacxpcnom reny na cracana n
nonpnnocn nyxonnom onnemennnany iennnxe ncnocrananem nsnopnninx ynnna,
cnerorpoinuxa nncrnonane, nnie ona pannonanncrnuxo reonomxa n y naueny sacrpanyiyha
npema nsnopnnm enomennma cnera n xnnora. Ona ie y ocnonn cnexynarnnno-nnianexrnuxa,
ysnma cyncrannniy /nnocras/ sa cyiexr /nnoxeimenon/, na ra nnocrasno-cyiexrna nnn nnuna
norennnia, rne nnunocr ne nna nocmarpana nesanncno on cnoie cymrnne n nenana caunnana
onai ocnon, no xome ie moryhe xnno cycperane ce ca ncrnnom, a rne yan n narna
caunnanaiy cnary n ynepnnocr raxne mynpocrn.





13

A

MHCAOHO AYPHPAHE mHAOCOmH1E
MAPTHHA XA1BEIEPA


I

KOCMOC H YMETHOCT HA HYTEBHMA CABPEMEHE
mHAOCOmH1E


Cvumuua mexuure u numane npe+a v+emuocmu
11


Hpenronop npnpehnnaua onor ciainor sopnnxa onmax yxasyie na ie saronerna
cymrnna rexnnxe y ncrn max n nnrane ymernocrn, iep ie sa ny nsnopno nesano. V cnoioi
ynonnoi peun Xanc-Ieopr Iaaauep oparno ie naxny na nesy nsmehy xoncrnrynnie
rexnnuxor nonmana crnapn n Apncrorenonor nnoconpana, ynyhn na ie ono nno nennxo
noe mncaonor ncxycrna sa Xainerepa, noceno y norneny nocranana onnoca
xepmeneyrnxe n axrnnnrera y neronoi enomenonomxoi nnrepnperannin. Hosnanane
onpehene nemrnne xoncrnrynme n onpehen cnenniannsonann rnn snana, a ono c npyre
crpane rpaxn cnoi nernrnmnrer npema snany yonmre, nonpasymenaiyhn onpehen nopenax
nneia xoie nmnnnnnrno yxyuyie es npencnnrnnana n onpeneyie snauaiene crnapnma.
Hpnn neo cnomennne nacnonen "Cymrnna rexnnxe n nnrane npema ymernocrn"
nounne ca nponoxarnnnnm nsnaranem O1a Herenepa - "ua )u ie cnauaeane u;)uuuo?
Xainerepon nocnennn nyr." H cam y rexcry ynosopanaiyhn na cnoi pannin pan, rne ie
npaxrnuna nnoconia ncraxnyra y npnn nnan, xao na ie ona nnmensnia npenosnanana nnax
ocrana y pacxopaxy ca ayronomnom ernunomhy xoiy ie Xainerepona ecnpexopnocr y
mnmeny noxasana, ynpxoc onanannma xoia cy ie nposnnana, na yme na nx naniauana cnoinm
ciaiem, re ce ro cnehene n camo noxasano nyno samxn n nsnenahena.
12
Vronnxo ie ono nosno
pasmarpane "ncropnie nncrnonana" cymrnncxn ooraheno xpainnm onpesom n
rpesnenomhy, ca naxnnnm mapxnpanem sanonnnuxnx nora.
Vcpen pasnoia cnercxe nnnnnnsannie n rexno-nornxe y noi, "ymernnuxa
nnrennrennnia" ce ycranonanana na nonn naunn, a ro ie ncronpemeno npernocranano n

11
Zbornik - KUNST UND TECHNIK Gedchtschrift zum 100 Geburtstag von Martin Heidegger, Hrg. Von Walter
Biemel und Friedrich Wilchelm v. Hermann, Fr. am Main, /Klostermann/, 1989. Kao mncnnnan ymernocrn (npe
cnera noesnie), a mane xao pannxannnm nannsmom nnnnnpann mncnnnan rexnnxe ca `nocroa` cnercxo-
ncropnicxnx nnmensnia nponacrn uoneuancrna, Xainerep n nanac nma mra na nam nopyun.
12
Otto Pgeller, Der Denkweg Martin Heidegger, /Pfllingen, 1983/, y xome ie cnehena cenxa ona /rpancnononana
ca nonomxor ona na Anona Xnrnepa/, xnnocrasnpanor no nennxor yunrea mnmena ca nnnnnm pyxama
npema Jacnepconom caonmreny, re xoncrarannie xaxo ie yonmre nomno no Xainerepone perpyrannie y
nanncrnuxn noxper, nanme nemy `necnecnnm orxnonom` xoin ie npemepnna onnnuna crynnia /npnpehnnau Otto
Pgeller/ Heidegger und die praktische Philosophie, Fr. Am Main, 1987. Hsrnena ce nemauxn manorpahancxn
ncxomnnexcnpan menrannrer ocnerno mncnnony.
14
npenasnnaxene axanemcxo-nnococxor npncryna rymaueny onnoca came ymernocrn n
rexnnxe. To ce onmax nnnn n no samepxn xoiom Herenep rennennniy xa pacnom
oprannsonany nopenn ca omennuxnm "xnacnnm", ann ncro raxo ynnha na on 1966. r.
Xainerep ro nnnn xao "anonorniy" nocroieher, xao neynnrnn camonoron rexnnuxor
mnmena, re na "innere Wahrheit und gre" ns nann-merarpenna 1935., nocraie "Nur noch
ein Gott kann uns retten" 1976. /crp. 9/, xana ce naxon cnoma Tpeher Paixa no nemy nsrynna
rnpna rpannna nsmehy para n mnpa, a uemy y npnnor nne one unnennna o norahainma xoin
cy ce snnn xpaiem npomnor n nouerxom onor mnnenniyma. Hcxas, xoin ie mnornma sacmerao
sor nonpasymenana reonomxor xapaxrepa nenonana npomncnn nnannor yspoxa nnn
cnaconcxe n nacxpcne nornxe nncrnonana, Herenep ie naxnno pasmarpao, ncrepyiyhn
npernocranxe xoie cy no nera nonene na uncrnny, saxyuyiyhn cnnuno Kapny Hennry (nncmo
ns npemena mramnana Xainerepone Hnaronone ncrnne o nncrnonany y Hrannin), xoin
xaxe na Hemnnma yonmre nnie remxo na npema manorpahancxoi rpannnnin yny
penonynnonapnn y reopnin n xonopmncrnunn y npaxcn...
Haxon rame ns xoie ie nsponnna rema npomonnie noe sa moh, xpos nesy rexnnxe n
nonnrnxe, nonn xopnsonr ornapana nnrana ie remarnsonane ysaiamnocrn onnoca ymernocrn
n nsanena. Haxon mro ce y II Cnercxom pary neo cnomnno nan Hemauxom, Xennepnnnono
"cnaconocno" n Tpaxnono "nompauene" nocrane cy xonnryparnnne meraope nponacrn,
xoiom ce xapaxrepnme xynrypnecnmncrnuxa armocepa, nanexo on nno xaxne
nsmnmornne. Henane n mnmene xao nerna mnroc n noroc, npncnnie ce nonesyiy xpos son
seme n sannuainocrn. Jom on xenencxe nannnne xoia ie cacnnm npoxera mnrocom,
nnoconpane ie nsasnnano noesniom n opennom ymernomhy, a ry ie nar nouernn ocnon sa
npenasnnaxene npeonema y npyrnm cepama xnnora, xao n nouerax sa nnoconiy yonmre,
ynyhn na mnpnna n nynna onaxainor saxnarana xoie ie moryhe n y noercxom nanaxnyhy,
onpehyie n canpxai onor nnococxor "nnmra" ns xor ce nsnnia noiam. Maxap ro sa
canpemeny nnreparypy no xpaine nenaronan cran sor "necrpyxrnnnocrn" xoiom ce
cnpononn mncaono xpuene nyra n saxrena "xpnrnxa xymannsma", ona ie sacnrypno onpannana
y onoi mepn, y xoioi cnehene ror nyra npomamyie oxancxo a uonexa ynnaun y
excnenrpnunocrn n nymra na noy cnaxonpcnnm sacrpannnannma. Xainerep uax xpapo
ynnha xaxo cy ycranonenn crannapnnn nnnnnnsannie penarnnnsonann n npornnpeuno ce
carnenanaiy n npnmenyiy y sanncnocrn on rpenyrnnx cxnonocrn xoie npeonnahyiy y
nenrpnma mohn, re na ie camnm rnm n name nacnnranane y ocnonn nnxnnncrnuxo. Haxon
cnoienpcne anonornie nanncrnuxnx cxnarana crnapnocrn y xnnrama o Hnuey, Xainerep ie
nocneo no cxnarana xaxo ie cnercxo-ncropnicxn nponem ro, mro ie npeepennniom
meransnuxor npnmara mnmena uoneuancrny ycxpaheno mohno nocroe na xoie ce nonena
monepna rexnnxa xao xonxpernsonana pannonanna onronornia nnn meransnxa, a neno
camopasymnno cnoamne npeepncane remxo na moxe na ocnopn rai ynnn. On, nonyme,
naie n nauenno noap npennor, na cy sa uoneuancrno neonxonna nona ornapana n
connnapnocr xoia nx nparn, iep n cama cnercxa nnanerapna nnnnnnsannia ornapa
nepcnexrnne nonnx snana n norpea npema rexnonomxnm, meraonronomxnm saxrennma.
Hayuno-rexnnuxa ennsona nnanannne naprnxynapnnx yncxnx nonmana, rne ce n ronopn o
"xpaiy ymernocrn", noxnana ce ca enoxannomhy "cmprn n narpe", xao nspas npemena n
nncrnonana, a ynpano ro yxasyie na xopnsonr cnacanana on raxnor xnnora xao na
/nynncxo-pennrnosnn/ nex sa sacrpannnane y xoie ie ymno uoneuancrno na nnanern.
mpnapnx Bnnxenu mon Xepuan ynyrno ce na xopnsonr ncropnicxor nncrnonana
nnranem o cymrnnn ymernocrn y cnerny rexnnxe, xao naunny noxasnnana nncrnonana. V
cnryannin ornapana cnera n xana nnmra nnie nemoryhe y nexom ncromepnom saiennnuxom
npahany xpos crpana ncnynena, unme ce ornapa npocrop sa noiannnane npyror xao
crpanor, y canpnnannom nonnaueny onora mro ne moxe na ce nonyue, ro npyro ie cnoienpcan
cyporar. 3axpnnane nncrnonana y cymrnnn omohanana noxasyie yxopenenocr xao
15
ynornynanaiyhn "Qualitt als Quantitt" /c.27/, n ro xao remenn xapaxrep came cymrnne
nncrnonana (xao cyporara, naano n nonarn). To ie norahane cnoicrneno saopany
ncropnie ncrnonana, na ie camo pasmarpane ncrnne camnm rnm n nsanane (Bergung), a
ono ie no on Xepmany nonaxene no ncrnne nncrnonana y nncrnyiyhem, xoia ce snna y
cymrnnn ymernocrn, xpos neno ornapane y ymernnuxom neny. uon Xepman npxn no ror
ornapana n xasyiyhn na ie ro nsanane ncrnne nncrnonana nen nonparax y "sarnopenocr
seme"/c.28/
13
, nanomnnyhn na n Xainerep nononn y nnrane nncrpymenranno-
anrpononomxo camoonpehene rexnnxe, mro ie nocnennna cymrnncxor onpehnnana uonexa
xao animal rationale, c uera ra npaha na ono "ry n onne" xao onnoc uonexa n ornopenocrn
nncrnonana. Crnap ie nnrnyra no xopnsonra na xome ce npernenna xonnrypannia ne
noxnnana xao pasnor sa nannxy nnn yrepnnane crpaxa, raxo na ma xonnxo nam rexnnxa
nna cynnnom /c. 33/, on ymernocrn npnmamo cnaconocne mnrone. Onn ce xao
npennonnnuxa ncnocranenocr y ymernnuxom neny ounryiy n y nenpenmernoi nnn
ancrpaxrnoi ymernocrn, ycrpoienoi na rexnnuxo-nayunn naunn xoncrpyxnnie cnera /c.45/,
ynyhn na nx nonn mepa peun n xasnnana, mana npenmernocr nnie nexn oiexr sa
npencranaiyhn cyiexr, nero npenmernocr cmncna crnapn ynyrap cnera. V ncrnnn
nncrnonana ymernocr nna ncropnicxn saryena sor nnanannne rexnnuxor nocroa
(yxparxo, enoxanne nnanannne meransnxe cyiexrnnnocrn xpos nnanannny cne
ncranuanannie noe sa moh, xao nspasa camoonnocne penexcnie animal rationale y
esycnonnocrn onor rationale), a nyr nsanena nonn xa "npnonrnom ciaiy" /c. 43-44/
Honecno unnehy moryhnocr, npema on Xepmany, ornapa npyraunin naunn npncryna
crnapnma, cynpornocr nouernor nsanena xoia saxrena na ce yne y crany pasmnmana na
ymernocrn cxonan naunn (Knsterliche Besinnung) ns came cymrnne rexnnxe, ocnooheno on
ecrernuxnx penenprypa. Opahanem nncrnonany xoie nexn y rexnnuxnm nhnma n
xoneparnnnom uonexonom saopanany nncrnonana, cyouanamo ce ca yonuaienom
iennonnunomhy, xoia nnie camo nocnennna oecmnmanana neunrnx conniannnx npaxrnxa,
neh n rorono xopnsonrannn nnxnnnsam yrnphnnan y xopeny meransnxe cyiexrnnnrera.
Taxo ro nnie rex onnoc npema nnuemy yonmre, neh nnxnnncrnunocr nara na nocpenan naunn
saopananem nncrnonana, a xoiy no nemy pasorxpnna rsn. `nsnopna ymernocr`. Jep
ymernocr xao nspas ncrnne nncrnonana y noa nnanannne rexnnuxn ocnrypanor nocroa
"camoonnocne penexcnie", nna noimena xao npennopie ynyhenocrn y ncrnnnrocr y roi
ncropnicxoi nsryenocrn n camnm rnm nsannrecxn enemenr "als ein Ereignis des Seins"
(Heidegger, M.: Beitrge zur Philosophie, A.o.O. VIII, 277) Onne ayrop npeysnma ony

13
uon Xepman ie neponarno nmao y nnny Xainerepony anannsy nnoconie npnpone xon npecoxparonana, rne
noiam seme ne nonpasymena nexo nonnnaxene crany sarexnocrn neh nynnny ciaia moryhnocrn, xao mro ie n
cam xnnor unnennna nnmer pena on yonuaiene nonorncrnuxe nnrepnperannie /nn monepna nonornia iom
ynex nnie ycnena na ce pacrocna Apncrorenonor noima enrenexnie y nosnnnonncany cmncna n enemenrapne
cnpxe xnnora). Xainerep ce nanneo nan pasymenanem snauena rpuxe peun sa xnnor xoin xao npenxc sa
snaun noiauane, a onaxne cnene n xoncexnennnie npomnmana: Pasna mecra, nnannne, noa, peune oane
Hnnnap nasnna o0roc n ro onna xan xenn pehn na cy oronn, onn xoin cniaiy n rnenaiy cnyn oxono, nonycrnnn
na nx na rnm mecrnma sancra nnhaiy uecro, xan xenn pehn na cy oronn nnn npncyrnn noianyiyhn ce na rnm
mecrnma. Ta mecra cy napounro cnera saro mro ce hncro pahaiy y nonymrany na ce noiann onai mro cnia...Peuiy
`narpa` xepaxnnr nmenyie ono mro o\:r :ic 0rv o\:r ov0orv roinorv, `ono mro nnie npo-nsneo nn nexo
on orona nn nexo on ynn`, ono mro, nanpornn, ynex npen oronnma n ynnma n sa orone n yne neh nounna
y cen xao ouoic, ono mro ocraie y cen n na rai naunn uyna cnaxo nonaxene. A ro ie `xoouoc`. Mn xaxemo
`cner` n pasmnmamo o nemy norpemno nox ron ra npencranamo ncxyunno, nnn uax camo c nouerxa, y
oxnnpy xocmonornie nnn nnosonie npnpone. Cner ie rpaina narpa, rpaino nsnaxene y nynom cmncny ouoij-a.
Axo ry ronopnmo o neunom cnercxom noxapy, mn ne cmemo na nainpe samncnnmo cner xoin ie nesanncan n xoin
sarnm saxnara n npoxnnpe noxap. Hpe he nrn na cneronane cnera, :o \o, :o oriov, :o un o\vov o:r iecy
ncro.3aro cymracrnonane narpa na xoiy Xepaxnnr mncnn nnie raxo nenocpenno ounrnenno xao mro nam ce
unnn nox rnenamo yxrann nnamen. /Maprnn Xainerep, Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, npen. Frn., 1999., crp 220-221
(A)emxeua, Xepaxnnr, parmenr 16)/.

16
`remeny nncranny` npema Xerenonoi nnoconin xao `npnraienoi concrnnn`, ann es
nxaxnor yuecrnonana y nonarany pauyna samro ie raxo, a ne moxna n npyraunie. Taxo ce
norahane nncrnonana ycpen nnanannne cymrnne rexnnxe nnnn y mepn ciaia ymernnuxor
nena, a ro cy cnacnnauxn ynnnn o cnery npenoecrnapena crnapn. Cnaxaxo na ymernocr xao
`uynnn ciai ncrnne` n xon Hnana Hnna, n ymnorome n xon Kpouea n Tenrnnea, moxe na
yxaxe n na npyrauniy nnmensniy onnoca npema ncrnnn y nnoconin, ann ro ayropa ne
ranrnpa, raxo na ocraiemo npen nparnma `oehanor paia` ca mynrncnacnnauxnm exnnama y
neynnopmncannm ymernnuxnm rpynama, ann ca casnanem na cy n nae `y nohn cne xpane
npne`, xao n na y nonynanocrn cnnx onnuia nacryna xomynnxarnnna saiennnna nacna.
Enxo Kanaxapa ie ayrop cneneher rexcra - "Texuura u mono)oeuia ouecmeoeana v
+uu+env Mapmuua Xaioeeepa", xoin pasmarpa nyr nnrana, mncnnona n noery, mecro
rexnnxe n ouexnnana ncxona. Orxnanaiyhn anoxannnrnuxe, mecniancxe, xepoicxe nnn
yronnicxe, nnonnune, neyremeene, esorepnuxe nnn nocranrnuxn nnronnpane
nnrepnperarnnne xapaxrepncrnxe, Kanaxapa ie ynosopno na ce xon Xainerepa ne pann nn o
xaxnom mncrnnnsmy, na sa pasymenane neronor mnmena npenopyuyie rononomxn nyr,
ynyhn na neronn nanncn nncy nnmenn ncropncxn nonmane iacnohe, ca xoiom carnenana npe
cnera nasnaueno nnrane onnoca ymernocrn n rexnnxe. Cnaxaxo na ie Kanaxapnn nerarnnan
onnoc npema mncrnnn xao npema neuemy mro "myrn nony na ce ne nnnn na croin y nnnhaxy"
ynennxo nmnpernnpan neronnm npomnmenem onuainocrn, rne cnaxaxo nannasnmo na
nponeme ca "rnnonorniom xoncrnrynnie cnecrn" c osnpom na sacnonane moryhnocrn
nomnmana na ono mro iecre, y uemy nnax naa nnnern n snauaian unnnnan npenoca
cemanrnuxnx nopyxa ianancxe onuainocrn y iesnuxe canpxaie n nnxono pasymenane.
14
V
rexnnnn xao cnennnunom "snany", ncrnna ce na cnoi naunn mannecryie, a ono y mra ce ro
snano nponsnohene cxyna, Xainerep nmenyie "no-crane" nnn "nocroe". Ono ce uonexy
naie ncropnicxom nocyhenomhy, raxo na ie ys nera nar n nyr nsanena (mana ce raxna
nnianexrnxa n ne unnn cacnnm yremeenom iep onanyie cnoiy cnexynarnnny nonnory
cnerorpoinuxe yremeenocrn). Panane nyra ie cnane xao nosnanocr na nyr `cacnanem` xoie
ce noraha ynyrap ncropie xoia nocroe rexnnxe n ycnocrana. Tai ynec nncrnonana iecre
onacnocr, ann ce npema Xennepnnnonnm peunma, y rom onacnom xopenn n cnaconocno xoie ie
noniennaxo crnapno. Vnpano ry Kanaxapnna ocyna mncrnxe sanpano noxasyie xonnxo ce pann
o necnopasymy ca nopyxama mncnn, xao n iennom nnxpycrpanniom nperepanor nonepena.
Hocroe rexnnxe ie crnap crnapnocrn xao uonexon onnoc npema nncrnonany, xao
onnoc npema crnapnocrn cymrnne ncrnne, a am onarne ce mnpn cnerno n ana ciai
cnaconocnor, iep nonpasymena moryhnocr opara. Kanaxapa ry cacnnm nopo npnmehyie xaxo
ce ra moryhnocr npyxa raxo, na ce ncrnna cymrnne nncrnonana npeoxpene y nncrnyiyhe
cnoicrno opara, ann mro n ns xainereponcxe nepcnexrnne no xopax ynasan, ri. oner `nan
nasan y meransnxy`. Taxo ie onacnocr xao nocroe rexnnxe raxo nnhena, na nonpasymena
sacrpro npncycrnyiyhy cnaconocnocr, iep omoryhana na cama uncrnna cymrnne nncrnonana,
xoia sacnernn y opary n nocrane carnennna, nspana npe cnera nyrem raine xoiy y cen uyna
cymrnna ymernocrn (ann xaxnnx xnannrera?). Kanaxapa ce n cam nnra mra ie ro xana ce
raxan ynnn noraha, n onronapa na ie ro nacranenocr y nnsnnn, nncxocr cnery crnapnocrn
(eneprnia) crnapn /c. 50/. Texehn xa raxnoi nnsnnn on npxn na rexnmo nouennma, orxyn cy
sema n neo, npnnanno cmprno n oxancxo. V rom ie xonrexcry ncxycrno monepnor
rexnnuxor cnera ie ienna npennrpa norahana y cymrnnn nocananer nnenrnrera n ncrynana y

14
Fnnsnna mennnroncxom noxernsmy xon Xainerepa, younna ie ne camo y pasnniany `camoocnoohenocrn`
Bennnrone rese o cymrnnn yncxe cnoone, na ry `cnoononane cnoone` nna ocnoahano `sa ny camy`
nesanncno on uonexa n Fora, nero n y nnrarnma mncrnxa ca Paine, Maicrepa Exxapra, Toinepa n Comca (y
crynniama o Hnuey), xao n cne iaunm saoxperanem xa rainn xoia ys cnehenn ymernnuxn ecrernsam nocn n
npnsnyx rnocrnnncrnuxe oxonocrn nonnaiana xonopmne ersncrennnie n camonpoxnamyiyhnx nneana hynn.

17
nonecno mnmene. Pnepennniannie nnenrnrera nsrynne cy ry cynrnnnocr npncryna. On,
nonyme, cmarpa na ie ro moryhe nanoxnannrn resom na ce y nnianory necnnmrna n
nnoconie ncrnna noraha xao nponnrnnane "nmuesanana oxancxor" ca unme nannpe
nononexonnn nnxnnnsam, re nmuesanaiy "Ouene spaxe"
15
, on xoinx ce xnnn, a y uniem
nenocraiany xpos nncrnonane n npeme cam Xainerep ro npenosnaie xao nesaopanno
norahane.
Kanaxapa nanonn n nonarax xoin nnie esnauaian, na y nncmy Xany Fopey ns 1946.,
Xainerep n nspnunro xaxe na ie nerono nnacrnro mnmene: das Andenken an das Sein
und nichts Auerdem. Zum Sein Gehrig, weil vom Sein in die Wahrnis seiner Wahrheit
geworfen und fr sie in den Anspruch genommen, denkt er das Sein. /Heidegger m.: Briefe
ber das Humanismus, c.42/ ("Cehane na nncrnonane n nnmra cnoamne. Hpnnanno
nncrnonany, iep on nncrnonana aueno y uynane nerone ncrnne n sa ny ysero y cnyxy,
ono mncnn nncrnonane."), a na cy pannin cnncn unnnnn npnnpemy sa npenas no oxpera xa
nncrnonany.
16
Hosnnnia onronomxor craryca xonyne y iesnuxom nspaxanany xao moryhe
npnnnxanane ysopnocrn nncrnonana ns Moicniene xnnre Fnrnia, nnie nn nerarnnno
npncyrna y neronoi penexcnin, raxo na pesynrar pasmarpana nonpnma nnxnnncrnuxy oiy.
Mecro nnn nomecnocr nncrnonana iecre nerona rononornia, a on ie nanasn y
necnnuxom xasnnany xao "xyhn nncrnonana" nnn xao nperpecane /pacnpana/ nnn nyr
mnmena xoin onronapa na nnrane. Tnme ie ysnpmana n cama uonexona cymrnna ann
enomenonomxn remnnpano xa "Die Sprache als die Sprache zur Sprache bringen" /c.61/, unme
ce yxasyie na enomenonomxy ayrenrnunocr uonexa xao npncyrnocr nemy cnoicrnene
cymrnne nponcrexne ns onnoca npema nncrnonany. Kanaxapa ie nacroiao na noxaxe na ie
rana nperpec nnn pacnpana nemro onpncyrneno mecrom, xao nomecno nanaxene y
uonexonom nnacrnrom onronapany na saopan nncrnonana (y ronocy ianancxe sannuainocrn,
ys rpemne n nprone, ro snaun n nenpniarecrno npema Pycnin sor Kypnncxnx ocrpna, xao n
ernuxn cynonpar ca aromcxnm excnepnmenrncannma y saysnmany nosnnnia mohn). Vnpano
ro nanaxene mecra ie npnnnxanane nncrnonany n neronom norahany, ri. ncropnicxom
mnmeny y nnnoxpyry ouexnnana, xoia mory na yny n nsnenepena, ri. na ce noxaxy n xao
ienna on opmn camoypymanaiyhnx npernama nocrnsanannm mohnma. Ty na mecry y xoiem ce
nanasn ono mro Kanaxapa ouexyie /ne am cacnnm nnmen cxemarncrnuxnx monena
connierernnx pannonannsannia/, npema nemy npecraie ocxynnna, na ce xpos ncxopaunnane
ynasan ornapaiy `neuarn ncrnne` npencnnrnnanem xoie ornapa nony nnmensniy onora mro ie
pannie nno saxyuano. Berona nnrepnperarnnna nanenna raxo nnax ocraie rex y
npnraienom nasnaueny xoie naronemranaiyhn npxn n na ie crnap oxo ncnnrnnana sanpmena.
mpanxo Bonnn npnmehyie remeny nanerocr c osnpom na noiam npnpone y
caonmreny nacnonenom -"Hores xa Hnarony n Apncroreny y Xainereponom
ynnamenrannom onnocy npema rexnnnn". V panom noimy "techne" nexn pyxonohenocr
casnananem xao npaxca nnn cran unnena (praktische Ttigkeitals herstellen im weitersten
Sinne und die dieses leitende 'Erkentnis' /c.75/ ri. npencranane eineronomxor yrna nnhena n
yrnphnnana casnana, ca unme nonasn no saxyuxa, na ie Xainerepona xpnrnxa y crnapn

15
Ha rai naunn rexna xa cnpanany n onpemany nexor opmanno canpmenor cncrema nayxa, caniany y
rpannne onpehenom nornxom noxyunne ncrnne n npomonncany eroa xoin mncnn y oxancrno, cacnnm ce
iennocranno pexynepnme na nnannn xaysannrer cnera nocroieher n xnnor c Forom y creuennm casnannma
saxnayiyhn neronnm naronernnm eneprniama. Cnexynarnnno mnmene xoie ce sacnnna na uncroi non
noiennnna na nnx n nononieFoxnie, nnie nnmra nenpemocrnnnm iasom onnoieno on rynncrnonana, maxap ce n
onnaiano y cepn nonnrnxe sor nocrnsana neiacno noxasnnannx nnena, ri. nporypana noe sa moh xao
nenoe n mrannme nnysnonncrnuxnm synnnana pann ycnexa y nonnm nopoanannma n excnnoarncannma
cmncna yncxor nyxa. Connianno ynprane ersncrennniannnx pannn sor mohn nma neuare, a nouecro n
cynnncxe crnrme, xao n nparehy nemesy mencroenecxor yma.
16
Kanaxapa ce y pacneranany onaxnor crana nosnao n na npenronop xnnsn - William J. Richardson: Heidegger.
Though Phenomenology to Thought, Den Hag, 1963, XIX.
18
xpnrnxa nnaronnsma n apncrorennsma, y xoioi ce n cama npnpona nonma xao nexa rexnnxa, ri.
remeno nocroe xoie naa npenasnnasnrn ns rpancmeransnuxnx norennnia /c.90/. Taxo cy
nncrnyiyha no npnponn onronomxn penenanrnnia on onnx nacrannx no nemrnnn, nonyr
rora mro ie npnponna npanennocr iaua on one no yncxom saxony, c osnpom na moryhnocrn
xopnronana yncxnx cmnnannna (yunnaxa-nspana). Bonnn xao na ie na nsnecran naunn
cmernyo c yma na ie Xainerepon onnoc npema Hnarony xpaine amnnanenran /xon nera ie n
`cne naioe n cne nairope`, na samro rnenarn camo samepxe?/, a npema Apncroreny xao
nonpmnrey n cncremarnsaropy ocnonnnx nnrana anrnuxe nnoconie nyoxo anoparnnan
n npncan, es osnpa mro nerono yremeene camoonnocne penexcnie y cnexynarnnnoi
reonornin sancra cmarpa npannem pasnniana meransnxe cyiexrnnnocrn xoiom ie xao
crpannyrnnom xpenyna sanannoenponcxa nnoconia. Vocranom, sap n cam Apncroren y
cnncy O +o)umeu (up. 49 P) ne xaxe - "For ie ym nnn nemro c ony crpany yma", ri. ono
Popo n Jenno xoie npenasnnasn n cnaxy einercxn onaxeny cymrnny. Ennnenrno ie na ce
nneie nnn eneprnie yma n oxpehy oxo ror ennnenrpa.
17
Bannranocr y xpyry nauennnx
npernocranxn nnococxor opasonana noimona onne ie nenocpenno nsocrana.
Bpanxo Bomnax raxohe ie npnmao rexnnnn xao ncxycrny yncxe ersncrennnie,
nononehn y nesy Xainerepony ca Apncrorenonom n Mapxconom nnoconiom. Tauno ie na ie
Xainerep y `Hncmy o Xymannsmy` Xany Fopey, nesano sa Caprpon nonnrnuxn anraxman,
ycnyr cnomenyo yuene Kapna Mapxca o nponyxrnnnnm cnarama pana y onrnnn ncropnicxor
marepniannsma, cmarpaiyhn ra nonpmenem opahyiyhe opme nocranana reopnicxor
nocroa mohn y canpemenocrn, n na rai naunn ra nmenyiyhn reopnicxn nmnpernncannm
cranonnmrem xoie ie y paroopnoi npemohn nan ocrannma. Taxohe ie n y rexcry `Kanrona
resa o nncrnonany` ncraxao xaxo mnmene naa na ce mena iennno raxo, na crynn na nyr
onor mro ie mncnn nocroino, n na ca rnme yunnn nainpexpernnuxnie nanope. To mro
nncrnonane ncryna xao nocroino ocmnmanana, nnie nponsnona npernocranxa nnn
penonynnonapna nocxyna sa naxo oehane psnne conniannnx npomena, nero nainpeua
crnap xoia npncrnxe npexo rnaca rpannnnie, a xoia n nac nanamne iom onpeneyie, npnrom
nanexo onnyunnie, nero mro n ro ynn xrenn na npnmere.
18
Fpanxo Fomnax ie y nnme
nanpara noxymao na nonexe xymanncrnuxy nosnnniy, resy o penonynnonapnom menany
cnera n nnococxo mnmene ca pasnnunrnm ycnexom, a y onom sopnnxy ie noxymao na

17
H Xanc-Ieopr Ianamep ie cmarpao na Xainerep nonanyie y norneny pasymenana Xerenonnx saxnara y
nnoconin, xao mro ie npema nsnenennm anannsama iacno n ro na ie Xeren noxasao n xoncryxrnnnnie
pasymenane, a n connnnnie rymauene Hnarononnx ynnna, nero mro ie ro nno nocrynno onom npnom, nauenno
saxyuyiyhn: "Annahme von Ideen als solche - und insbezondere die Annahme von einzelnen Ideen - berhaupt
nicht fr das Wesentliche an Platons Philosophie za halten, sondern das dialektische Verhltnis von Einheit und
Vielheit, das unter ihnen besteht. - "Hpnxnarane nneia xao raxnnx n noceno npnxnarane noiennnaunnx nneia
yonmre ne rpea cmarparn cymrnncxnm y Hnarononoi nnoconin, nero nnianexrnuxn onnoc iennor n
mnomrna, mro non nnma croie." /Gadamer, Kleine Schriften III, s. 145/) V rom npanny ie Klaus Oehler /Aristotle
on Self-Knowledge, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 118, 1974., s. 493-506/ ornmao iom
nae, nonmaiyhn cyiexr-cyncranrnnan npncryn cnexynarnnnor yma ns nnmensnie pasrpannuena ca anconyrom
nnhennm n xao cyiexr-oiexrnnan oiexrnnnrer, re nepno anrnuxoi rpannnnin pasymenane xao nesy nneie n
peannocrn anconyrnor na ncropnicxoi ocnonn. Cnaxaxo na ie Bonnn xpaine ynaen on raxnor ocmnmanana.
18
Inenano na ro mra cana iecre, mro nac crncxa xao cymro n n sacrpamyie xao moryhe nenncrnonane,
Kanrona resa o nncrnonany noxasyie nam ce onmnmenom, onecnoxoianaiyhom n nenom. Vs ro n sa npomno
npeme y nnoconin ie rpaxeno na ce ona ne sanonon nnme oiamnananem cnera n ne npaha y ancrpaxrne
cnexynannie, neh na npncrynn npaxrnuxoi nsmenn cnera. Hcrnna, mnpoxo samnmena nsmena cnera ns nouerxa
ie saxrenana na ce nsmenn mnmene, nonyr rora xaxo ie neh n sa nmenonannm saxrenom neh craiano nexaxno
menane mnmena. (Vnopenn Kapn Mapxc, Hemauxa nneonornia, Tese o uoiepaxy, ad Feuerbach, 11:
unnocon cy camo pasnnunro nnrepnpernpann cner; pann ce o rome na ce on nsmenn) Camo xaxo na rai naunn
naa na ce mnmene mena, axo ne crynn na nyr onor, mro ie mncnn nocroino? A ro mro nncrnonane ncryna
xao nocroino ocmnmanana, ro nnie nponsnona npernocranxa, n nnie npasan nsym. To ie rnac rpannnnie, xoia
nac nanamne iom onpeneyie, npnrom nanexo onnyunnie, nero mro n ro ynn xrenn na npnmere./Heidegger,
M.: Kants These ber das Sein, Frankfurt am Main, 1962, s. 6-7/
19
nonecno oryhnnane pana nonnene non xpemarnsam xoin rexnnuxnm nocroem npeornma
yncxe cnare n eneprnie. Penonynnonapno cranonnmre menana npymrnennx crpyxrypa
cnnom, raxo ie apem npenyueno y npyrn nnan, a rexna na ce cymracrno uonexa nnax nexaxo
sanpxn na xopnsonry mnmena nnie sanemapnno. Taxo ie canamnn nporpam nocroiana
moryhe no nemy nasnarn n nepnonom anrponoxparnie, a xoier oner naa npenasnhn, raxo na
ce ne npomamn cymrnna yncxocrn. Ono mro ry ocraie cnopno iecre nannnnocr eineronornie
xomonnnrera /ounro nenepernyro Xainerepono pasmarpane noima xymannsma/, xao n
sanarane sa cner xoin rex nocraie uonexonnm /mapxcncrnuxnm/, axo ce npeneperny anopnie
xynrypnor nanperxa, xnnene es npenpacyna y camocnecnom casnany n anconyrnoi
cnoonn. Anopnie cy poine, ann poi nnxonnx conynnia ca onaxnnm onncom nnie penyxonan.
ax Taunno nosaanno ce Xainereponom nexrnpom Pexapra, sa unie nacnehe on
npxn na ie cnoiom ynnamenrannom onronorniom mennrarnnnor camoonpehnnana, yrnnano
na nanymrane onune apnxannie mnmena n oxperane xa nponyenniem ncrpaxnnany
nncrnonana. Cnaxaxo na ie ro pnsnuan nyr ycyna mnmena, c osnpom na cne nerarnnne
nocnennne xoie ie raxno mnmene nponsneno, n xoie nanamna nnococxa mncaona
crpyiana remxo na cy nona na npnxnare camopasymnno, ri. na n nae cnoce pasopne
xoncexnenne raxnor cranonnmra. Kon nera nnie peu nn o peopmn, iom mane o ononn, a
nororono ne o nyxom oxnnanany nnoccxor nacneha, neh nornyno nonom sanounnany,
xpos pannxanno opcnpane nononpcnor xao ncxyunne ynnnepsannocrn, xoiy ie y npnoi
xpnrnnn rnenao na oysna Kanr, a na cacnnm peanne ocnone ycneo na cnene rex Xeren,
youanaiyhn nosnrnnan enemenr y npyxenoi nnmensnin mncaone ecxonaunocrn ornapana era
npema cen n onome mro ra omoryhana mnpe on sanprannx npernocranxn. Honocr ror nonor
yremennana ego cogito xao res cogitans /fundamentum inconcussum/, nonymra mepene
onora crapnier nonnm, raxo na ono noniennaxo naxn, mro nparn naroc nornyno nsmenenor
cxnarana noima cnoone n nopnn npecrpyxrypannia xoie y npnnpemannma ornapaiy
esrpannunocr nacrynana enoxe nayuno-rexnnuxor cnera, a xoia ce noianno nomaa ca
xeom sa onnanananem npnponom, re xpos oanane sanarxa no xome nyx rpea ocrnapnrn
xao pan nyrem mamnna /rexnnuxn narenrnpannx nanpana, cnpana, coxohena/, ocnrypannm
rasnonanem nan nnma. Mehyrnm, raxohe ie nsnecno na ie camo iacrno nnn enomen naranne
nnunocrn
19
cexynnapna xapaxrepncrnxa yncxor nha, re na cy nerone xornnrnnne n

19
Knacnuna mncao nma cacnnm cnennnuno nnhene uonexa n nerone nymennocrn y xoioi cracana ono mro
nanac nmenyiemo nnunomhy. Onnoc xoin ce ry saysnmao npema enomeny cnecrn ncrn ie xao onai npema
enomennma y soonornin nnn orannnn. Taxo ie n Apncrorenon cnnc O ovuu nnme nemro y pony nsnuxnx
cnnca, rne ie nyma nnhena xao cna nha npe nexa onpehena ncnxonsnxa nnn nporononornia, sanpano nornxa
oxnnenocrn cnera xnnor. Ocnonnn rnn xnnora npenosnaie ce y oprannsannin nyme na ie cnecr canpxaino
pasasnarnna penexcniom, na xana ie npn cen ona sna ono on cee xao pasnnunro, xpos mra nocraie cnecna
came cee. Hcrpaxnnana xornnrnnnnx nponeca ry ce yonmreno cnone na ncnnrnnana onnxa n naunna
noiannnana cnecrn, raxo na ie cnecr neh ynanpen nnrennnonanno onpehena n nara c osnpom na ry
nnrennnonannocr, es meronnuxe remarnsannie. Ipnn cy onnoc nsmehy cyiexra /onor xoin casnaie/ n oiexra
/npnpone/ cxnarnnn nnianexrnuxn, na nm onronomxn npnmar penexcnnnor camoonnomena nnie no
neonxonan. Mnmeny ie crpyxrypy nanano camoonnomene nha y onnxy npesenrannie nneia, rne cnaxn einoc
npencrana onacr npernocranxe xoia ce pasmarpa y oxnnpy xniepapxnie nha xao nnrennrnnnnnx npenycnona
onaxana xoie ono mro iecre unnn npenosnarnnnm. Kana ce mncnn na onpeheno nhe ono mopa na yne
canpxnncxn onpncyrneno, a ro ce xon Hnarona reopnicxn snnano nocpencrnom nneia, na ie yuene o nneiama
pesynrar penexcnie o ycnonnma casnana onor mro iecre. Vpehenocr nncrnonana ie mnmeny ynanpen nara n
mnmene ce npema noi n ycmepana, crnuyhn ncxycrno penexcnie xpos oyxnarane nmnnnnnrnnx einercxnx n
ymcrnennx ycnona onaxana, a ynpano ro n naie npenosnarnnocr onome mro iecre. Pnmensnie crnapnocrn raxo
nncy nare na naunn yrpahnnannx nponyxnnia cnecrn, neh xao crnap pasorxpnnana. Oxper on ornenana
camopenexcnie xao nspasa eronarnie /cogito ergo sum/, xa onaxaiyhem nocroiany, xao nosnrnnna ersncrennnia
n ne moxe na ce nsnene npyraunie nero xao npomena onaxana y npymrnenoi ocnonnnn, y rnnonornin came
cnecrn xao nenoi cymrnnn. Penanocr nnie raxna na ce cacroin iennno y oiexrnnanniama cnecrn, rne n ce xpos
pannxanny cymny nauenno nononnna y nnrane xomnnexcnocr crnapnocrn cnoamner cnera. Vehene na ona
iecre raxna, nounna na ynepeny na cnecr nnxana ne moxe na rpancnennnpa rpannne xoie ie cama cen nocrannna
20
emornnne cnoconocrn sa iacnocr casnana, nanexo nehe. (uncra nnoconia, xao crpora
nayxa y cmncny ienne ynnnepsanne noimonnocrn xoia n ce cannm onynpna ncnxonornsmnma
n narypannsanniama /rsn. uaueuoi ceecmu/, nornyno cranaiyhn y sarpane camopasymnnocr
sareuennx crnapn ns onune nnn nannne cnecrn, sanpano n nna npano ncnynene nsnopne
moryhnocrn.) Honaxene on nauena iacrna xao cnoonom npnpehene `uncre noe` y
nnoconin npxannor npana, rne ie cne crnapno n ymno, nma cnaocr nsrpahenocrn
xynrypne nnnamnxe, xao n cracanocrn sa crpyxrype ycnocranana nneinnx roxona y
rpahancrny nyxa nnn y xperannma ennomopnsma nncrnrynnia n iennnxn y nnnnnnsannin.
Hapnnc Euona nocranno ie nnrane onnoca rexnonornie n noe sa moh, cmarpaiyhn
na ce nesarnopeno nncrnonane noraha rex npenasnnaxenem xanxynaropcxor
cyiexrnnnrera, xpos pacrnapane nncrnonana, y xome - xaxo xaxe, ne nnana nnme ronop
mannpa cnaxonnennne xao being in a good mood /c.140/. Cnmnnnnxannia ie raxo nocrana
ponno mecro pasmarpana, iep `naunn nope narocrn nncrnonana` ie ycynan, no on noap
nnn nom, mohan nnn onemohao, ynyhn na neh nonpasymena onnananocr ersncrennniannnm
monycnma n rexyhnm npaxcama. Haxo oehane psnne ry yanyiy y `pnxnepn`, raxo na
sayxanocr n npn onnaiany xnaunna on pannnnne sanpmana y nomnann.
Tann Ba1nuo ie noxymao na noxyun cmncao nnxnnnsma xon Xainerepa opranem
cnryannie raxo, na ie Hnuea yseo sa Xainereponor nnrepnpera, ri. nnnnxarnnnocr
narernyrocrn n norpey sa npnnncnnannma y camoi Xainereponoi crynnin o Hnuey. On ra ie
naymanno onenno xao "nnocoa xynrype" xoin ie cacnnm nopo cnenno xanroncxn cmep
pasmarpana (cmarpaiyhn na ie npecynan no yrnnai Kacnpepa n Pnnraia na xoncrenanniy
Xainereponor mnmena /remxo na ro nnme rexn on nacymnune cnmnnnxannie/), mro ra ie
noncraxno na nerony nnoconiy noxnnn xao enncremonomxy mncrnxy ocnnnnpaiyhnx
nnrepnperarnnnnx pesynrara. H na ro iecre raxo, mra n y rome rpeano na yne nome?!?
Ono "unpcro" mro n Barnmo ouexnnao, y cnaxom cnyuaiy nnie cacnane nnn ycyn mnmena
xoie ce npnceha nnn noxnananem naxne npnxyna n npnnnxana ce, neh nexn rorono
xapresniancxn oiexrnnnrer xoin n rparnunnm camoycnocrananem, ne nnehn ce on
ysypnaropcrna, oesehnnao npenmernocr cnpam `ncxoncxor`, ca unme n ce sananna mncao
nonpmanana. Honnia pacnpanana mory na ce oxapaxrepnmy xao ona xoia cy cynncno n
cracano npnxnarana pasmarpana pannie ncxasannx cranonnmra, a cnoienpcan aronnsam ie
nparehn neo nsnopnnier ynnhana, xao n cnecrn na ce crnrno no npexperne rauxe y xoioi ie rex
remennm pasnnxonanem moryhe ncnomronarn nennunny n snauai ncraxnyror orxpnha. Ty
nnmensniy pacnpane noncraxna ie ncropnia norahana xao ona xoia ce noraha n cama xasyie na
nn yonmre n xaxo nma npemena n nma nncrnonana, ynyun na y xacnnm cnncnma Xainerep
rnpnn: "Panane xoie naie npano npeme nasnnamo ornapauxo-cxpnnanauxnm npyxanem.
Fynyhn na ie camo npyxane nanane, nanane nanana xpnie ce y npanom npemeny"/ M.
Xainerep, O cmeapu +uu+ena, Frn., 1998., crp. 20./ Hpyxane npemena raxo npernocrana
raxno nnhene npnpone y xome xao y rpuxn yremeenom noimy ouoic ono nma ocnony y

xapresniancxom nosnnniom camonsnecne cyiexrnnnocrn xoia oenexana enoxy monepne (y ocnonn ocnoahana
eronrera sa anconyrny cnoony), re na cy cne name npencrane ncnpanne iennno onna xana nx raxo nacrpoiena
cnecr nponsnonn. Tymauene axrnunocrn, nax, y camom einocy nnnn cmncao axrnnnrera xpos ono mro on
cnoinm nocroianem nonpasymena, es uera ce noraha sananane y ynohene mexannuxnx onnoca y cnryannie
mnmena xoie cnoiom crepnnnomhy nnme nnmra nncy morne na nam xaxy o xnnory n cnery. V rom neisaxy
pannonannrera nnunocno nponyxonen onnoc npema crnapnma ce rymaun xao nemro excnecno nnn uax
cynepsnnncrnuno, a peannn xnnor nonpyuiem neymepene excnnoarannie, rne ce nexonrponncanom xynnom sa
sapanom n nonehanem conniannor craryca n nosnnnia mohn xoie oesehyiy xomonnrer, napounro rnaun n
napymana cama xnna n nexnna npnpona. Hnunocr ie nosnana na npenasnnaxene re pannonanncrnuxe nosnnnie
npeymnnanem (noxaianem nnn monnrnennm cranom), xao anexnarnnm onronopom na saxrene cnera xnnora xoie
nponemarnuno nocranno. Vronnxo ie n npnponnonayunn ym nyxan na nocrane cnecran cnoinx orpannuena, y
mepn xoia n onronapana unnennnn na reopnie npnponnnx nayxa npencranaiy camo monene nnrepnperannie
cnera, xoin ce rnm monennma noiamnana, ann ne n na ce camnm rnm no xpaia oiamnana.
21
orxpnnanauxo-crnapanauxom nanany, y nonnpy ca ncxoncxom norocnom cnernomhy ncrnne
xoia ro omoryhana. Mehyrnm, mro ce rnue nncrnonana, nponem ce nocrana ca npnponom
n ncrnnom cnera mro iecre, raxo na mnmene xoie n na npeonnana y cmncny
nnpexrnnnsannie n npenomnnarnnnor noxpnnana xoie ie camo iom peunma nesano sa nspas
nncrnonane, nnie ono xoie ie nocroino naxnnnier pasmarpana. Haxo ne n rpeano
crannrn pyxy y narpy na ro nnie n nsnopna Xainerepona nnrennnia, nnax ie cacnnm npyra
nornxa ona xoia ce ncxasyie nyrem npennxara renernuxe xoncrnrynnie, rne cymrnncxn
ncropncxn onpehen cner xnnora oiennnyie nennny enemenrapnnx ynxnnia cnecrn xoie cy
saiennnuxe cnnm ynnma, es osnpa na ro xoioi rpynn nnn enoxn npnnanaiy. Popo y rome
ie nsnecnocr na Barnmo ounrnenno nnax npeepnme xerenoncxy onrnxy ca ecrercxnm
cxemarnsmom y penexcnnnoi nonesanocrn noe sa noom, y xoioi ce xopenn axr
nynonpannor camosaoxpyxnnana esycnonnocrn snana xao "camoonnocne penexcnie",
npxehn na ie nornuxo npnnpane xao npnxnanane naxne cnomnnany nncrnonana
cnoonnonenehe samnmane nexor cenrnmenranno nenpeonnnor uonexonor cnera ca
yxnnyrnm npenpacynama, ymecro crnapnocrn. Ty npocro nenocraie unpcrnna `Hayxe nornxe`.
1npo Ba1anae raxohe ie nocranno nnrane o cymrnnn ymernocrn xon Xainerepa n
Hnuea, noncehaiyhn na rnxo cnymane neunocrn xon noera n mncnnnana. To mro ie Hnue
cnoiom cnnonnromhy uexnh-nnoconpana raxny moryhnocr nryparnnno nspasniao, a
Xainerep na cnaxom xopaxy noxasnnao onnym cnoicrnen excnenrpnxy, ayropa nnie synnno.
Hon Cannc ie pasmarpao Xainerepony noernxy xpos nnrane nonpaxanana /ounro es
xoncynrannie Pnxeponnx rymauena naunna ncxasnnana meraopnunomhy xao nanerocrn
nsmehy nemena n npn-nonecrn/, nox ie nonpaxanane xapaxrepa xapaxrepncrnuno sa rpuxo
npamcxo necnnmrno (a samro na ne n sa cxynnrypy nnn cnnxapcrno nponyxeno y
nxonorpaniy), necrano ca xopnsonra saienno ca remom ernuxe n rononomxe onpehenocrn,
nnn canpemeno peueno, saienno ca nnranem onronopnocrn ymernocrn npema onom
ymernnuxom y noi nnn npema nyxonnoi npenmernocrn.
Kene1 Mann je rpaxno mecro sa neno ymernocrn xpos mamry, naauai n noxasnnane,
nparehn mnrone onor mro ce mannecryie xparxo nnn y noiennnnm rpenynnma. Bemy ce
unnn na ie ro ynopennno ca Hao-Heonnm nmenonanem Taoa, xao esnmenor nyra cxpnnenor
nsnaxena. Xainerepono ecrernuxo nonnnaxene raonsmy nma n cnoi oon y xonaunnm
pasmarpannma, nanme resy Anopna na on nn y ymernocrn nn y nnoconin nnmra
ayrenrnuno nnie pasymeo, a xana ce rai npnronop ynyrn n anopny, morno n ce pehn na ie ys
cna cnoia orpannuena nosnnnie xoiy ie sayseo n y monepnoi ecrernnn n y nnoconin none
mysnxe, apem ocrao ncxpen nahennx. Hanme, ncropnicxn nponecn pannonannsannie y
mysnnn noxasann cy na Anopnona cxnarana y roi mepn ocnpomamyiy reopnicxa cranonnmra,
na `nnie am naxo ocnpomamene re nponemarnxe cnannrn xao nanpenax nayunocrn`.
(Panxayc). Hcro raxo n nnonanncrnuxa npnrnopnocr ca xecroxnm mapxcncrnuxnm
nmnyncom xoia ce ymemana `npornn enncremonornie` sapan `nerarnnne nnianexrnxe` nnie
ocrannna mane nycromn na reopnicxom nonpyuiy. Cnaxaxo, ro nann-Xainerepa ne onpannana.
Iapnjena Annneanya sannmao ie noiam cnera y Xainereponom cnncy H;eop v+emuu:roe
oe)a, na ie y nesy noneo ymernocr n ncropniy xao cepy napanoxca, ann onpeneyiyhn ce sa
nnianor na yxynnom xopnsonry xomnnnxonane nponemarnxe onronapana. 3a ienan
nnnnomarcxn onronop crparemxn nonpnnnuno nenonono nopo opmynncano
neynaxanane, iep noyan noiam `ayrenrnunocrn` nocn n noxase o ounrom sny (`naxon
Aymnnna noesnia ie nemoryha - Anopno), xao n npencnnrnnana cnexynarnnne ynore
xoncrnrynnie canecrn n oryn nsnohennx npannnx n nonnrnuxnx xoncexnennn npaxrnunor
nyxa. Vrnnnrapna ncnxonornia ie nemro na mra rex rpea npncrarn n espesepnno ce onarn.
Ca onnm rexcronnma sanpmen ie npnn neo pacnpana nocnehennx pasmarpany
cymrnne rexnnxe n nocranana nnrana o ymernocrn, nox ie y npyrom neny narnacax
cranen na camy ymernocr n nen onnoc npema mnmeny.
22

II neo Ka ;ua:env v+emuocmu v xopu;oumv +uu+ena

Bn1ep 1annnr nosaanno ce yrnnaiem cnnca H;eop v+emuu:roe oe)a na reopernuape
monepne ymernocrn, xopncrehn ecrernuxa pasmarpana n monepne ymernocrn n
nocrmonepnnsma, xpos onrnxy cnohena ymernocrn na nncrpymenrannsonany
nnopmarnnnocr nnn anonnxrnuxe opmannsannie nsnanmrena. Hoceno opahaiyhn
naxny na noronop cnncy H;eop v+emuu:roe oe)a (ns 1936.r) xoin ie nncan mesnecernx
ronnna n npnxyuen my xao nonarax y snpnn Bv+cru nvmeeu (GA, Bd.5, 1977), ro on
ncronpemeno ysnma n sa nnrepnperarnnnn nynxr xonrnnynrera npomnmana. Ty ie cna
ymernocr y cymrnnn noesnia /c.247/, raxo na xasnnane o necnnuxoi cymrnnn ymernocrn
crana y sarpane ecrercxy resy o ymernnuxom neny xao o nexom npenmery, ncrpaianaiyhn na
uynnom npnmehnnany meponannor nsnopa, na npnxasnnany y xome ie cner crane a ne
xareropnia xoia ce nerpnnxyie. Cner ce ornapa na mecry xoie ie ymernnuxo neno na rai
naunn, na ce nepnenrnnno canpe y npnnanny cynnny ncrnne xao nrpe nea n seme.
Jannnr oryn cmarpa na ie xon Xainerepa ono nsnopno nemro noyr Fpanxysnienor nouerxa -
sanpano craporpuxo xepaxnnroncxo nonmane iennor ecxonaunor nonyr narpenor
iennncrna.
20
unrypa nnie y nnxy, neh nornen n nnx nocenyiy nnacrnre onnnie, xoie sa
nsrpahenn yxyc nopo nspaxana cancxprcxa peu rasa: stage and audience /c. 250/, na mra
yxasyie Xainerep xao xpnrnuap npemena ca cynrnnnnm nncrnnxnniama npenpyunor n
npnpyunor (npenmannnynarnnnor n nncrpymenrannsyiyher). Vcnocranane cnera, a ne
npencranane npenmernocrn, nonyuenocr xa semn n nnmrannny xao sanocenane eneprnie
nnn sacnonana nnopmarnnnocr, cmarpa Jannnr, n iecre ncnynene nsnopnnier cmncna
ymernocrn, a rnme n ncropnicxor mnmena. /c.254/ 3axyuax ca cnopnom
nnenrnnxanniom, xoia ne npesa on `xynra npnmnrnnnsma` c ienne crpane, xao n on
nonanana nonnrnuxnm nenerpanniama xoie `nymraiy na noy nrpama`, xaxne ron na cy.
Io1mpna Beu pasmarpao ie remy "Ha xopu;oumv epe+eua. Xainerepon noiam nena n
ymernocr monepne", nacrana y ncrom nyxy, raxohe nncrannnpaiyhn Xainerepony crynniy on
ecrernuxnx n nnococxo-ymernnuxnx cxnonocrn, nncncrnpaiyhn na yxnanany xanxynannia
y nponecnma crnapana n ynaxanany ocoenocrn nepnennnie. Crnap ie nenocrnapnna
saxnayiyhn ayrenrnunocrn rpahena xomnosnnnie y aexrnnnom onnocy nyme n npnpone,
ycnen uera cmarpa na xapaxrep Xainereponor npnxasnnana nocenyie n nemro unme
nonpnnocn ncropnin ymernocrn cnoinm npocnernrecxnm cxperanem naxne, ynosopananem
na naxo npeneperanane nerae. V cnaxom cnyuaiy, ysnpmananem remennx noimona na
xoinma ie nounnana, on monepnoi ymernocrn npyxa mnorocrpyxe npnnnxe sa iacnohy /c.285/,
nonyme onor rnna xoia nehe nocranarn nnrane onronopnocrn, iennaxo xao nn nnrane o
cmncny aena xoie y pesynrarnma uecro nne n na cnannana seme, no mencroenecxnx
pasmepa yrnphnnana snoynorpeene Caprpone xpnnarnne na cy naxao onn npyrn,

20
Jom ienan nanon ns Xainereponor pasmnmana ynyhyie nac na xepmeneyrnuxy cnryanniy nnsnne mncnn n
narpe: H\o osnauana xprnenn oran, narpy na ornnmry, crpaxapcxy narpy, ann n ciai axn, cnernynane
snesna. V `narpn` nnana cnernene, yxapenocr, nnamcane, naro cniane, ono mro ynehana npocrop y cnernnnn.
Mehyrnm, y `narpn` nnana n omrehnnane, ynnmranane, cnannane, sarnpane. Kan ronopn o narpn, Xepaxnnr
mncnn npe cnera na cnernehe nnanane, ynyhnnane xoie naie mepy n onysnma. Hpema iennom parmenry xon
Xnnonnra, xoin ie orxpno, n uniy ie ayrenrnunocr yennno noxasao Kapn Painxapr (Xep+ec, r.77, 1942, crp. 1
n nae), :o \o ie sa Xepaxnnra y ncrn max :o oooviuov, ono-mro-pasmnma. Ono cnemy noxasyie nyr n cne
crana npen ono uemy npnnana. Barpa xoia cranaiyhn-npen pasmnma, cne cxyna n spnnana, y cnoiep
cymracrnonane. Barpa xoia pasmnma iecre cxynane xoie cne crana-n-nsnocn-npen-nac (y npncycrnonane).
1o \o (narpa) iecre o Aoyoc. Beno pasmnmane ie cpne, ro iecr npocrpancrno cnera xoie cnernn n spnnana.
Kopncrehn ce pasnopasnnm nasnnnma - ouoic, \o, oyoc, oouovin, oruoc, roic, (oiio), rv, Xepaxnnr
mncnn o cymrnncxoi nynohn ncrora. /ucmo, crp. 221/

23
oesnnuananem neronnx noiannnx opmn no cnnx nnunnx (camononnx) nerancana n
iannor yxnnana y nponsnonnn sacrpamnnana yncxor enemenra y enopmnnm xonnunnama.
Poep1 Kyanenxa ounrnenno cnana y one unraone xoin n Xainerepono nacroiane oxo
nsannnana ns xynrypnnx rpennona /mecra y exonomcxo-nonnrnuxn nscexropncanom
repeny/, ne ysnmaiy osnno n pahe ce ane rexnnxama nnxonnnx npnxasa, aporanrno
npxehn na mncnnonn iom nncy ocmncnnnn npano semacxo nncrnonane xao nocrnrnyro
ynpaxnanane nnn crnapn cnoicrneno yonuaianane. Ono mpmano reopnicxo aprnxynncane
cranonnmra npernocrana n remxo nyxonno cnpomamrno na xoie ce ne mncnn xao na
naronar y Iocnonnnm peunma y `Hpononenn na ropn`. Vronnxo ie ca cnoiom remom Aopenn
Bn1uan mane nperennnosan, iep ce orpannuana camo na cnnxapcxa nena, nornpranaiyhn
ramy, nenocrarax, nsryenocr npen uncrnnom n ornenanny nrpy y xoioi ce onno ocrnapyiy
ymernnuxa nena na pasmehy semacxor n neecxor, oxancxor n cmprnor. Cacnnm ie ymecan
naunn rnenana na ie"crnopenocr sa rainy", xao ono mro nyue, ynyhn na ie ro cnna na xoiy ce
y rexnnuxom cnery saopana, re na cnnxapcrno 20. nexa ry rainy nonono npenosnaie xao
"saopanenn cmncao" /c. 329/. Tai ie cmncao maicropcxn aprnxynncao y uernproi nenennin
npomnor nexa Hnan Anexcannponnu Hnn, na onaxnnm reopernnnma rex npencroin
nensnecno orxpnnane `ronne nonnne` y ynyhnocrn. mpancya meanjep ie noxymao na
caunnn ysaiamny nnrepnperanniy Cesanonor ymernnuxor nyra n Xainerepone nnoconie,
nmaiyhn y nnny upanxacrenony nanomeny o menany nepcnexrnne ca rpanuxn yseror
penecancnor rnna npocropnocrn na nynncxy nnmensniy came oie xao noi cnoicrene
npocropnocrn, ri. ronoca `cnor cnera`, a mpancya Besnn noncraxao nnrane ysaiamnocrn
apxnrexrype n noesnie. 1osem X. Koxenuanc rparao ie sa nonmanem mysnxe n nenor mecra y
namem cnery, nnennpaiyhn sa yxyunnane mysnxe y onuan yncxn xnnor, xoin n ca rnm
nocrnrnyhem sacnyxnnao oneny naineher crenena, neh n xomynnrapncrnuxn n yryponnno.
Beaa Aneuan saxnarno ie y anrpononomxom paxypcy nnrepapno-reopnicxn nncxypc
mnmena n uonexa. Hpn rome ie nao onronop na nnrane na nn ie xornrarnnna noesnia nemro
xao ynopnmna nporpamcxa rauxa pasymnno nerarnnna, ynyhn na ie nnrane
ynxnnonannocrn onpeheno remennm xapaxrepom ynanpen nomenor nasnauena. V nrpy
ynase xornnrnnne onmrocrn mncnehnx penexcnia n noercxn naoi, xoie nesyie iesnunocr
nnn nax nponyxrnnno-rexnnuxa orpannuena "iesnuxor marepniana" /c. 387/. V rom ie norneny
snauaian noernnnrer rexcryannocrn xome npenas naie norpenn nornen. Hnrepnperannie
canpxaia rnme npxe nynncxoncnxonomxy nnn npymrneno-xpnrnuxy nory y ymernocrn, a
nponyxrnnnocr ie camepnna ca ycnexom y ysaiamnom nnmanany on nnysnia.
V rexcry "Oceaia: ceema" u neeane v Pe+oooeo+ oe)v, Kypa Oxna1 cmarpa na ie
Pemoona noesnia cacnnm canpemena iep nasnauana enoxy nnxnnnsma n cnernocny cepy xoia
ce cnaconocno noxpannna iom iennno y noesnin. Hpema Xainereponom ncxasy - Da ist das
Wesen der modernen technik gesehen,
21
cnoinm onncom napona y npemeny xoie ryn cymrnny
n sacrpanyie, Oxnann cmarpa na ie Xainerep cacnnm nopo noxyuno na Pemo naie nsnopan
mnr xa nmany npemena n nncrnonana npema nonecnom sanounnany cneronana cnera.
Heo onai sopnnx saoxpyxno ie na cen cnoicrnen naunn npnpehnnau Ban1ep Bnuen
remom - "Ka ;ua:env uauee epe+eua roo Kadre u Xaioeeepa". Kao na xaxniancxn cner
nororono cana npxn ocnaiauxy cnny ynpane crpannx n nepasymnnnx npennocrn
perynapnnm, na ce nouecro remxo ornmamo yrncxy xonexrnnnnx oncennyha. Fnmen xpehe on
nosne Kaxnne npnue Der Bau (snma 1923/24, /Ipaheeuua/), oxo xoie ie rnmnna nainenma
/c.428/ n cner uonexa xao pannonanne xnnornne saxrena camooryhnnane xpos pan pann
cmncna pana (ri. y nainnmoi norennnin pann ncrnne norexne on camoonnocne penexcnie).
Toranna nsonannia y pany xoin ie nocrao cner n crane pannonannor nnannpana n
npannonannnx nana, npennannne cy xopnsonr oesehennm npencranama meransnxe

21
Vortrge und Aufsatze, 1954.
24
cyiexrnnnrera, yanyiyhn nac y noa cnnxe cnera. Taxo uonexono nyrane nna ocnrypano sa
enponcxn nnxnnnsam xao camosanonona camoonnocna penexcnia y pany pann pana n uonex
xao na ie cen caunnno concrnenn sarnop penpesenrarnnnomhy iacrna n nponsnonomhy
penexronana, a ca rnme nono ynanaiyhn y nenoy xoiy nnme ne npenosnaie, mro n iecre
Xainerepon enomenonomxn onnc canpemenocrn. Fnmen crora xoncraryie: Diesen
Willenszug in der neuzeitlichen Metaphysik hat Heidegger von Leibniz ber Kant zy Nietzsche
deutlich herausgestellt, das braucht hier nicht ereignis ausgefhrt zu werden. (ono nonarane
noe y nononexonnoi meransnnn Xainerep rymaun ycranonananem on Hainnna npexo
Kanra no Hnuea, onaxne nnmra ocoeno nnie nsneneno y nnane. /c. 437/)
Hpnmehyiyhn na ie cnoiy npnuy Kaxa noueo ca iennnm ia, xoie nnie rex ienno mehy
mnornm nnnnnnnyannnm nhnma, nero noceno ysero, Fnmen ie cmarpao sa norpeno na
nanene n Xainerepono mnmene ns nerone crynnie Hap+euuo (GA, Bd. 54, c. 203), rne on
cmarpa na ie cymrnna iainocrn /iacrna Ichheit, Egoitt/ y nasnauanany, na ie cne
nncrnyiyhn npenmerno nnn onpenmehnnano neronnm npencranama naro ncxycrny, re na
onpehen naunn npernocraneno nennnn nncrncrnyiyher. Taxo ie nonnen napanenan
nnocrpyxn ynnn xon ymernnxa n mncnnona, mro Fnmen nmenyie pananrnnm onnoiennm
enomennma ns rauaxa nocmarpana, xoin nornyny ynepenocr ysnpmanaiy y ocnonn, raxo mro
ce ienna y npyroi nponanase xao nnne n nannuie ienne ncre crnapn. Taxo ono mro Xainerep
npxn na ie cranonane n npennaiyha sannuainocr uonexa, Kaxa cmarpa nesannuainnm n
npencrana y cmncny essannuainocrn, ne nonymraiyhn sa animal rationale nxaxan pasnor
cranonana. Xainerep n pexao na uonex cen nocrana cner n ncnocrana npnpony, raxo na
ie npeynemana ramo rne ona ne sanonoana nerono npencranane, ncnocranaiyhn (npo-ns-
nonehn /techne/) none crnapn onne rne my nenocraiy, npememra rne my cmeraiy, nocrana
nemro nsmehy cee n crnapn ramo rne ra onnpahaiy on nerone namepe, n ro cmarpa
camopasymnnnm, saycranaiyhn n ycrayiyhn cner. Ornopenocr cnera nocraie npenmerna n
nonpenmehyiyhn ra, uonex nacnpam nera ncnocrana cam cee (nanpehyie ce y cyiexr-
oiexr penannin), raxo na nocrana cam cee xao onor xoin namepno cnpononn unrano ro
ncnocranane cnera (xao noa sa noy rpryie ca nncrnonanem norunnanaiyhn cne
camoonnocnoi penexcnin xao pauyncxoi rpancaxnnin), nononehnn ce y crane yncxor
napehnnana, ycranonanaiyhn ce xao esycnonna nnacr, a noniaiyhn rai nanor ynpano ns
cxpnnene cymrnne rexnnxe.
Texnnuxn nsrpahyiyhn cner xao npenmer, uonex cam cen npenpeuana nyr y ornopeno,
nocraie ynxnnonep rexnnxe cee-cnponohenem y neno, n oprannsonano ce pasnnaiaiyhn on
nsnopnninx moryhnocrn npnmana on onor mro ra xao neuyneno cpennmre nncrnyiyher nyue
x cen xao n cne uncre cnne. Ono mro ie y rexnnuxom onxoheny n crany onacno, cam Fnmen
carnenao ie xao nnysnonnsam xoin sa ony npnnnxy nnme nero nopo onncyiy snauaine
Xainerepone peun ns pasmarpana Ue+v necuuuu /Holzwege, c. 272/: "Ono mro uonexa
yrpoxana y neronoi cymrnnn iecre mnene na rexnnuxo ncnocranane (nponsnonna
/Herstellen) nononn cner y pen, nox ynpano ro ypehnnane yrana cnaxn ordo, ro iecr cnaxn
panr, y iennoopasnocr ncnocranana n raxo ynanpen ynnmrana onacr moryher nopexna
panra n npnsnana ns nncrnonana.
Hnie rex rorannocr xrena onacnocr, neh camo xrene y onnxy cee-cnponohena
ynyrap cnera xoin ie nonymren camo xao noa." Fnmen cacnnm onpannano nornprana rai
naxnn Xainerepon ynnn (ynexonnxo npennhaiyhn nponemarnxy uncre noe xon Kanra, a n
xon Xerena y crpyxrypanniama nonnrnxe n conniannor amnienra), xoin unnn snauainy
oxocnnny nonecnor mnmena, na xrene xoie ce ycnocrannno na ocnony raxne noe n
onnyunno sa esycnonno napehnnane, ncnopyuyiyhn ce na rai naunn pasnnm npcrama
oprannsonana y camosarnapaiyhe opme nnn rorannrere, nnie onronapaiyhe. Jep sa cnoie
yonnuanane rexnnuxn crannapn nonpasymena pasnoi nexe npcre snana y nayxama, ann ie ro
snane nnno nnn npoiexarcxn nonpeheno pasnoiy rexnnuxnx moryhnocrn n norpea, raxo na
25
n mncnnonn n necnnnn naa na ynosopanaiy na onacnocr xoia npern uonexonom onnocy
npema nncrnonany, caxpnnenoi y esnany ncnon cnera nncrnyiyher, orxpnnaiyhn
yrpoxenocr y cymrnnn xoia nnana sa npeme rpaiana raxne cynnne. Taxo ce no cnoioi
cymrnnn npyraunie xrene noraha xao ono xoie onronapa nncrnonany, a nera nmaiy ynn
xoin ne crnuy npennocr n ne cnyxe nnacrnroi cenunocrn n ceeyy, xpos pasmerana
nexnm nsysernnm nocrnrnyhnma. Ty nexn onnaxnocr xoiy npyxa cnrypnocr nanaxena y
nonyuenocrn cpennmrem xoie nenyie nonyr cnne rexe uncrnx cnna, na ie ocnocoeno na
npnmaiyhn nsnpmana nnn na nac ocnoaha sa ncrnny. Fnmen crora cacnnm y nyxy
Xainereponnx nainynx ynnna iennocranno saxyuyie xaxo pasronop necnnxa n mncnnnana
xpos ynnn y craiane uonexa y ncrnnn, sanpano iecre neron onnoc npema nncrnonany. A;uia
npeo epamu+a necnnxa Pene Bapa, ca xoinm nenonpmennm necnnuxnm panom, ycnen rora
mro ra ie ronnny nana pannie nperexna cmpr, n sanpmana nnsane panona y onom sopnnxy,
camo nornphyie nacranax pasronopa necnnxa n mncnnnana, nasnauanaiyhn ysaiamny
npnnannocr n nnsnny nsnopnocrn.
Ono mro ne moxe na ne ocrane nenpnmeheno y onom sopnnxy nocnehenom
croronnmnnnn pohena Maprnna Xainerepa, iecre na cy ce nnococxn nyxonn na nexn
naunn cmnpnnn y pacnpanannma oxo npaxrnuxe nnoconie n oxpenynn onome mro ie xao
npnencrnennie n pannie craiano xao nexn cnoienpcan Xainerepon recramenr xoinm ie nao mnr
sa npenasnnaxene npaxrnxonana maconnor npenparnnuxor mnmena, cxpehyhn naxny na
ono mro mnmene xao raxno yrpoxana y remey. To ie nyr xoinm ce pasnniana monepna
rexnnuxa mncao n xoin ie sanperno uoneuancrny n npnponn xaracrpoannnm nocnennnama,
yxonnxo ce ne nsnahe npyraunin nyr na xoin he ce crarn, xao na nosnrnnno rno ns yann,
nane n ncrnne, a ro ie oner crapa Xerenona npenopyxa ns rpancranaronomxnx mnconnx
pannn. V cnoonn cnor noiannnana enomen cam saysnma cen cnoicrnen npocrop n na rai
naunn ornapa nnrane xaxo npocropnocrn xao raxne, raxo n npemena y xome ce ro ornapane
snna, raxo na my crpane xperana onpehyie (on Xerena nainye npomnmano) ncropnicxo
mnmene. Baxno ie na npnnonnmo npeme na xpene xa nama n ry orpomnocr ecxonaunocrn
nounemo na cannahyiemo npannm onaxanem, nepnennniama xoie hemo na iauamo camnm rnme
mro hemo npxarn no nnx mncaono, ann ne na n one crnnncrnuxn nonynanane nam neh
ocnrypann cnnm moryhnm n nemoryhnm cpencrnnma eronrer, neh pann norpee sa
ncrnncrnonanem na xoiy nac ynyhyie nama xonaunocr n nenosnaro n neouexnnano mro croin
nsa ne. Taina cymrnne nemonnie rexnnxe ie sanpano y namem onnocy npema cen camnma n
npema cnemy mro iecre n nna, ri. y onnm nauennma xoia xoncrnrynmy namy cnecr n nnanaiy
namnm mnmenem. Hpnnnxanane roi rainn xpos peanna onaxana, raxo mro ce
anrasmaropnie n menranne xomanne xoie cnyranaiy nyx na ce nnne y nenosnaro, na onmrn ca
ecxonaunnm, cranaiy y sarpane xao cnoamne nncranannie, xao na cmo crynnnn na nyr na
xome he nam npennn noiam nncrnonana nocraiarn cne pasymnnnin, ncropnicxn nnsax n
npenosnarnn, a monnrnenn nanor ns enomenonornie nyxa raxohe cne nnxn n iacnnin.












26
II

O XA1BEIEPOBO1 HPEHOPYHH 3A HPEIOPEBAHE EHOXE
HHXHAH3MA

Hainehn oxper onor nexa y nnococxoi reopnin xoia yxyuyie oxancxo, xao
npenniane n npeycmepanane reopnie nneia yonmre, nsnpmno ie ynnamenrannn onronor,
sarnm mncnnnan nncrnyiyher n nonecnn naronecrnnan nncrnonana camor - Maprnn
Xainerep. Jom y mehyparnnm npenanannma o Hnuey xao "nonpmanarey meransnxe"
snauaino ie narnacno: "Her remennx peun: "noa sa moh" , "nnxnnnsam" , "neunn nonparax
iennaxor", "nanuonex" n "npanennocr" onronapaiy nerocrpyxo pamunanenom nncrnonany
meransnxe, ann nncrnonane re iennncrnenocrn ocraie ynyrap meransnxe cxpnneno iom y
noi camoi ... axo meransnxa yonmre iecre ncrnna nha xao raxnor y nennnn, remena peu
"npanennocr", xoia nnax nmenyie remeno snauene ncrnne re meransnxe, osnauanana n
Hnueony meransnxy ... "unnococxe remene nayxe" mnenaiy nncrno meransnxe xoie ce
nonpmana, a xoia no cnom remenom snauaiy nocn sanannauxy ncropniy, onnxyie ie xao
enponcxo-nononexonny n onpehyie ie sa "nnanannny cnerom". Ono mro ce y mnmeny
enponcxnx mncnnnana nspnue moxe ce ncropnicxn npnnncarn nannonannom nncrny rnx
mncnnnana, ann ce nnxana ne moxe nsnanarn sa nannonanny nnacrnrocr."
22
3anaona:ra
noeecm ie eeponcro-uoeoeeroeua n onpehyiyha sa e)aoaeuuv ceemo+ - rnpnn Xainerep,
nsiennauanaiyhn rnme ca noom noxpanenom y nnrennnonannoi cnecrn rpannpane
onronornie /nnn meransnxe/, nonecne rexne ca nnamhy, rne onn enponcxn naponn xoin
nncy "sanannauxn", camn raxopehn nemaiy mra na rpaxe y roi n raxnoi ncropnin.
23


22
Heidegger Martin, Nietzsche, Band II, Pfllingen, 1961., s. 299-333.
23
Taxna nanmenocr sanannoenponcxor menrannrera nnme ie nero iacna n moxe ce namnpoxo
noxymenronarn.Beh Xeren y cnoioi unnoconin nonecrn onncyie Cpe xao napon nenpnnonien sa sanannn ym,
xoin ce cnonn na amopny n enny macy ocraraxa napnapcxnx xopnn, necnocoan na nacrynn xao camocranan
momenar y cnery: "...v Mo)oaeuiu, B)auroi u ceeepuoi Ip:roi cv Bveapu, Cpou u A)oauuu ucmo a;uicroe noper)
anoo voapu+a u npomuevoapu+a uapooa ocma)u cv eoe rao c)o++euu eapeapcru ocmauu. Oeu uapoou cv
ooovue cmeopu)u rpa+eecmea u npou)u cp:aue oopoe c pa;uu+ uapoou+a; nouerao cv rao npeoxoouuue, rao
nocpeouur cmvna)u v oopov xpuuhaucre Eepone u uexpuuhaucre A;uie, Ho+auu cv :ar oc)oooou)u onceouvmu
Be: oo Tvpara, a ieoau oeo C)oeeua ouo ie npuooouieu ;a ;anaouu v+. Vnproc mo+e, ue)a ma +aca ocmaie
ucr+v:eua u; uauux pa;+ampanaiep oo caoa uuie uacmvnu)a rao ca+ocma)au +o+euam v uu;v oo)ura v+a v
ceemv. ua )u he ce mo ooeooumu v ovovhuocmu, mo ce uac oeoe ue mu:e, noumo v noeecmu u+a+o noc)a ca
npou)ouhv. "... in Moldau und Wallachei und dem nrdlichen Griechenland sind die Bulgaren, Serbier und
Albanesen ebenso asiatischen Ursprungs und in den Sten und Gegensten der Vlkerschaften hier als
gebrochene barbarische Reste gebliben. Es haben zwardiese Vlkerschaften Kningsreiche gebildet und mutige
Kmpfe mit dem verschidenen Nationen bestanden; sie haben bisweilen als Vortruppern, als ein Mittelwesen in den
Kmpf des christlischen Europa und unchristlichen Asien eingegriffen, die Polen haben sogar das belagerte Wien
von den Trken bestreit, und ein Teil der Slaven ist der westlichen Vernunft erobert worden..."(Hegel, Vorlesungen
ber die Philosophie der Geschichte, Leipzig, 1924, s. 455; Hegel, Filozofija povesti, Zagreb, 1951, (prev. Viktor D.
Zonenfeld) str. 322.). Sloveni su uopte ratarski i nereformisani narod, nesposoban da
prihvati modernu ideju slobode. Istorijski udes Srba le~i i u wihovom
pripadawu vizantijskom duhu, koji je duh ropstva i nasiqa, bigotizma i
zverstava i kao takav predstavlja oli~ewe svih strahota nemodernog duha. Po
Hegelu, Srbi spadaju u "masu" nepovesnih naroda, su{tinski nesposobnih da
pru`e svoj doprinos u razvoju ideje slobode, koju bi svojom delatno{}u
ozbiqili u svetu i tako sebi obezbedili mesto u povesti. (O posledicama
"pridobijawa za Zapadni um", dakle, dobrovoqnog svo|ewa na resurs qudstva i
sirovina, drugom prilikom)...Izrazi "vizantijska prepredenost, zloba i
mra~wa{tvo" u germanskom svetu jesu te{ke uvrede, a spomiwe ih Hegel u oceni
Vizantije, donekle slep za ~iwenicu da je podlost kqu~na politi~ka vrlina
27
Hnraiyhn ce y nyem cnoienany mnmena xaxo ie nomno no rora na nornxa yne
meponanno rymauene mnmena, re xaxo ie nomno no pacra y crannom ynehanany mohnor
nonoxaia xoin ie nornnn oesehnnan, Xainerep ie npnmerno nenonana npnmapnnx narona
y nacrannnuxom /nenaromxom/ nocny, nororono xon Xerena, xon xora ie ono mro ie nornuno
ne camo anconyrna opma ncrnne, nero n cama uncra ncrnna: Tome mohnome nonoxaiy
onora mro ie `nornuno` onronapa ro mro Xeren ono yuene, xoie ce nnaue onmre osnauana xao
`meransnxa`, namepno nasnna `nornxom`. Berono 3uaucmeo )oeure (Wissenschaft der Logik)
nema nnxaxne nese ca nexnm ynennxom nornxe yonuaienora crnna. Mncnnrn xaxe ce
narnncxn intelligere. To ie crnap intellectusa. Axo ce opnmo npornn nnrenexryannsma, onna
mopamo, na ncmo ce crnapno opnnn, nosnanarn npornnnnxa, ro iecr naa snarn na ie
nnrenexryannsam camo ienna nanamna n neoma oxpxanena npexa n nsnanax iennor nyro
npnnpemanor n cpencrnnma sanannauxe meransnxe nsrpahnnanor, npenmyhcrnenor
nonoxaia (n crana) mnmena. Opesnnane nspacnnna nanamnera nnrenexryannsma ie naxno.
Ann ce neron nonoxai (n cran) rnme nn naimane ne norpeca, on ce uax n ne nornue.
Onacnocr cynonpahana y nnrenexryannsam nocroin n nae ynpano sa one xoin xene na ce
ope npornn nera. /ma+o, crp. 134-135/ V ianno oianenom Huc+v o xv+auu;+v 1949.
ronnne Xainerep ie opmynncao n cnoi orxnon npema xymanncrnuxom crany, xao
nenononocr y cymrnnn opasonana /xomnnncrnuxn cran/, xoin naa na yne nonenen y
nnrane: "Hnxaxna ce meransnxa, nno nneanncrnuxa, nno marepnianncrnuxa, nno
xpnmhancxa npema cnoioi nrn, a nnnomro camo y noxymannm nanopnma, ne moxe pasnnrn,
iom no-crnhn cyny, mro he pehn: mncaono nocrnhn n caparn mro y iennom ncnynenom
cmncny nrxa /nncrnonana/ cana iecr ... Ona ra ie (cmncao peun) nsrynna ynnnom na ie nr
xymannsma meransnuxa, n ro cana snaun na meransnxa nnrane o ncrnnn nrxa ne camo
mro ne nocrana nero ra n onemoryhyie, yxonnxo meransnxa ncrpaie y saopany nrxa."
24

Pa n saomrpen onnoc npema rpannnnonannoi meransnnn cyiexrnnnocrn nonpnmno
nsrnen osnne pacnpane, norpynno ce Xainerep nncanem xnnre Veohene v +emadu;urv,
oianene 1953. ronnne. V nornany Buecmeo u +uu+ene on nnra: "On xana nounne
nsrpahnnane nornxe? On onna on xana ce rpuxa nnoconia nnxn /cnome/ xpaiy n nocraie
crnap mxone, oprannsannie n rexnnxe. To nounne on onna on xana rov nhe onora mro nna,
noianyie xao ioro n xao raxna nocraie "npornn-craianem" /"npornn-cranem", "npen-merom"
/rio:nun/."
25
Kana ce oroena oiexrnnnocr n cnoamna yuenocr camonspyuyiy came cen,
ono mro ns rora nsnnaun xopncr sa esycnonno naxene cnaxaxo ie - nornxa: "Taxo oyoc ne

feudalnog sveta i Germana i Romana, i da se radi o ~istom mehanizmu
projekcije. Me|utim, pojam vizantijskog duha vanredno je zna~ajan sa
stanovi{ta povesnosti kao primer emfati~ke neslobode sklup~ane u vlastito
istrajavawe. Sr|an Damwanovi}, Srbi u Hegelovoj "Filosofiji povesti", Letopis
Matice srpske, kwiga 470, sv. 5, novembar 2002, god. 178, Novi Sad./
24
Hrestomatija eti~kih tekstova, Sarajevo, 1978., prev. Danilo Pejovi}, str.
314.
25
Martin Hajdeger, Uvo|ewe u metafiziku Beograd, 1976., prev. Vlastimir
\akovi}, str. 133. Slu}ewe dominantne nevoqe koja vodi dominaciji razularene
afektivnosti, kao da isporu~uje situaciju ~ovekove pozicije u poretku
bivstvovawa da bude prikazana u kultur-pesimisti~kim bojama strahote i
teskobe, a ~emu je i Hajdeger dao svoj obol - "Was heute vollends als Philosophie des
Nationalsozialismus herumgeboten wird, aber mit der inneren Wahrheit und Gre dieser Bewegung (nmlich mit
der Begegung der planetarisch bestimmten Technik und das neuzeitlichen Menschen) nicht das Geringste zu tun hat,
das macht seine Fischzge in diesen trben Gewsern der 'Werte' und der 'Ganzheiten'"./ - Ono o ~emu se i
danas kao o filosofiji nacionalsocijalizma naokolo pri~a, ali {to nema ni
najmawe veze sa unutra{wom istinom i veli~anstveno{}u ovog pokreta (naime sa
susretom planetarno odre|ene tehnike sa modernim ~ovekom), predstavqa lov u
ovim mutnim vodama "vrednosti" i "celina". /Martin Heidegger, Einfhrung in die Metaphysik,
Frankfurt am Main, 1983., s. 208./
28
camo xon Xepaxnnra neh iom n xon Hnarona nma cnoicrno ono\v-a npenouanana. Apncroren
osnauana ryriv oyoc-a xao ooooivro0oi nonohene no camonoxasnnana (ynopennrn Sein
und Zeit, 7 n 44). To osnauanane nyriv xao pasorxpnnarn n npenouanarn cnenoun yronnxo
iaue y npnnor nsnopnocrn ror onpehena yxonnxo ynpano xon Hnarona n Apncrorena uacmaie
nponaoane ror onpehena oyoc-a, :u+e nocmaie +oevha )oeura. On rana, a ro snaun on npe
nne xnane ronnna, ra onnomena nsmehy oyoc, on0rio, ouoic, voriv, ioro sarypena cy n
saxpnnena y nepasymnnome..."
26

Ono mro ie onne raxo iacno nponeneno xao "caxpnneno y nepasymnnom", mano nae
y ncrom rexcry nonpasymena n nemy cnoicrnen saoxper, y xome he na nnnn n xopen
nnxnnnsma mro y nononexony nsnia y npnn nnan, ann raxo na ce enenryanna rpyocr
ynaxn, on he y rome nnnern n moryhnocr na ce camo cranonnmre nosnrnnno npeoxpene:
"3ap rpannnnia rpuxe nnoconie nnie cacnnm y npany xan neh nexonnma ry nnoconiy
nnnn y cnernocrn nnarononcxe nnoconie? Tymauene nha xao ioro-e on crpane Hnarona
ie raxo mano nexo oncroiane on nouerxa na ra ono uax pasnnia n omrpnie nonma n xpos
"yuene o nneiama" ocnnna /yremeyie, opasnaxe/. H)amou ie ooepuaeane no:emra. V
crnapn, ne moxe ce nopnnarn na rymauene nha xao ioro-e, nponcrnue ns ocnonnor
pasanpana (noxnnanana) nncrna xao ouoic-a. Ono ie, xaxo mn xaxemo, nexo nyxno
cnehene ns cymrnne nha xao des augehendes Scheinens /nspacraiyher cniana, nemrana,
npnunnanana/. Ann y rome ne nexn nnmra on nexora ynaanana nnn uax nexor ornanana on
nouerxa. Cuevpuo ue. Mehyrnm, axo ce ono mro ie nexo cymrnncxo cnehene ysnnrne no came
cymrnne n raxo maxne na mecro cymrnne, xaxo onna croin /crnap/? Onna ie ornanane ry, n
ono, ca cnoie crpane, mopa nononnrn no caspenana cnoicrnennx nocnennna. Taxo ce ro
nemanano. He na ie yonmre ouoic osnauanan xao ioro, neh na ce ioro noianyie xao iennno n
meponanno rymauene nha, ocraie ono mro ie onnyuyiyhe. Oncroiane rnx nnaiy rymauena
moxemo naxo nponennrn axo oparnmo naxny na pasnnunrocr nyrana-nornena xoinma ce
xpehy ra cymrnncxa onpehena nha, ouoic n ioro. 4uoic ie nspacraiyhe nnanane, ono-y-
cen-ry-craiane, crainocr (crannocr). Ioro, nsrnenane xao ono mro ce onaxa, iecre nexo
onpehene onora mro ie craino (cranno) yxonnxo ce ono, n camo yxonnxo ce ono, cynpocrana
nexom nnheny. Ann n ouoic ie xao nspacraiyhe nnanane nnax neh nexo noiannnane.
Cnaxaxo. Ann ie ro noiannnane nnosnauno. Hoiannnane noxasyie npno: ono mro ce
canpa, ono mro ce y capanocrn nononn no craiana (ycnocrana) n raxo craiane. Ann onna
noiannnane snaun: xao ono mro neh croin-ry npyxarn nexo npenne nonpmie, nexo onpmie,
nexo nsrnenane xao nonyny sa rnenane. Bnhena (nonasehn) ns cymrnne npocropa, pasnnxa
nsmehy noiannnana n noiannnana ie ona: noiannnane y npnom n npanom cmncny
saysnma, xao capano camoonnohene-no-craiana (camo-ycnocranane), npocrop, ocnaia ra
rex, (nanme) xao raxo ry croiehe ono cen crnapa npocrop, nsneicrnonana cne mro y nera
cnana, n camo ce naxnanno ne opasyie. Hoiannnane y npyrom cmncny ns-cryna camo ns
nexor neh roronor npocropa n nyrem rnenana ce onaxa y unpcrnm nporesannma rora
npocropa. Bnn, xoin crnap npyxa, nocraie cana onnyuyiyhn, a ne ona cama. Hoiannnane y
npnom cmncny rex onprana nexn npocrop. Hoiannnane y npyrom cmncny nononn iom camo
no nexor onpra n no pasmepanana ornopenora npocropa."
27
H y npyrnm panonnma Xainerep
pasnnia resy na ie "reopnia nneia" xpnnan sa ryene nsnopnor onaxana npnpone xao
pacryher necxa, cniana n naronemranana nncrnonana. Ha neno mecro nanonno ie crynnna
nneia xao "iennno n meponanno rymauene nha", a na y nnococxom cmncny nnie nonoxen
nnxaxan pauyn o npnponn xao onom mro nneie nonpasymenaiy xao "onnoienocr no
mehyconocrn" nnn onnoienocr y noiannnany c osnpom na cne-iennncrneno omoryhanaiyhe
Jenno. Ounrnenno ie na on nma y nnny nosnocxonacrnuxo n nonoxanroncxo rymauene nneia

26
ibid., str. 181, 182
27
M. Xainerep, Veoo v +emadu;urv, Feorpan, 1976., (npen. M. Cranncanan), crp. 192-194.


29
xao npennocrn, re Hnueony ecrernuxy xpnrnxy nneia xao noima npennocrn ca nosnnnia ynnna
y xapaxrep nanonaseher enponcxor nnxnnnsma. Beh 1938 r. y unanxy uooa c)ure ceema, on
xaxe: "Anrpononorniom ce ynonn npenas ns meransnxe y snnane oroenor nonpmena n
nanymrana cnaxe nnoconie. To mro ie Pnnrai nopnnao meransnxy, na y ocnonn nnme
nnie nn nonmao neno nnrane, croiehn ecnomohno npen meransnuxom nornxom,
ynyrpamna ie nocnennna neronor remenor anrpononomxor crana. Berona "nnoconia
nnoconie" iecre ormena opma pasrpanne, a ne nanmamnnana nnoconie. Crora can n
cnaxa anrpononornia, y xoioi ce, nonyme, nocanamna nnoconia xopncrn no non, no xao
nnoconia npornamana cynnmnom, nocenyie npennocr na iacno carnena mra ce rpaxn ca
anrpononomxom nornpnom. Tnme ce iacno ncnpoana nyxonnn nonoxai, nox myuna
npnpehnnana raxo ecmncnennx rnopennna xao mro cy uauuoua)couuia)ucmu:re
du)ocoduie camo crnapaiy spxy...".
28
Ounrnenan nonnrnuxn nparmarnsam xoin ie
ycnonanao yrnnnrapnsanniy noima snana n nayxe, neoma ie naxan xao axrop ns nosannne,
nox Xainerep npnxasyie meransnxy xao nnanerapny xanxynanniy xoia ce nspaxana y
enopmno pasnnianoi rexnnnn n xnepnernnn, unin ie sanpmerax no nnueancxoi nniarnosn
nnxnnnsam, a y npaxrnunom norneny ycnenane nonnrnuxnx noxpera "nannsma, xomynnsma n
cnercxe nemoxparnie". Meransnxa ie npnxasana xao cnoienpcno nocroe /Ge-stell/ na xoiem
one "nemann" nounnaiy, a nnacrnry xpnrnxy noxnnanao ie xao cranane mprnauxor
noxpona na ny, npnnpemaiyhn mncaono nanonaxene nncrnyiyher xoie cexe ns came
ncropnie n nesanncno on ne. Ta npnnpema npenasnnasn n camy nnoconiy, xoia ocraie
"sapoena meransnuxom nornxom" xao nemro orpannueno n saocrano, a ona cama nxcnpa
"ynec nncrnonana" xao camo-nanane, xoia ce nonamnocr ncrymauyie npecoxparoncxnm na-
nananem iecrnyiyher, npyxeno y remnopanny excrasy ynyhnocrn.
Kapnnnanne nonnrnuxe npenpacyne xoie cy Xainerepa saoxynnne naxon npncrynana
HCPAH-y, nne cy xpnnan sa nenpniarecxn cran npema "nayunnm nennnnniama" n
"nneiama" n nsiennauanane nneinnx ocnona nnoconie ca rexnnuxnm npopauynananem n
nspasnma xonnenrpannie mohn y nonemnuxnm cyxonma.
29
"Cran nnenrnrera" xao naiunpmhe
naueno y nnxonnma rnnonornia cnecrn, xoie nnoconia nonyme nouecro cnanynano
oiennneno nynn xao ronoce pannonannocrn, on nnonno nonynana nperymaunnanem no

28
Heidegger M., Holzwege, Fr. am Main, 1972., s. 92
29
1. 12. 1933 g. odr`ao govor sa {irokim odjekom: "Revolucija je stigla do
kraja i ustupila mesto evoluciji, po re~ima samog Vo|e. Evolucija mora do}i
za revolucijom. Na univerzitetu, me|utim, revolucija ne samo {to nije
ostvarila svoj ciq nego nije ~ak ni otpo~ela... Nacionalsocijalisti~ka
revolucija jeste i postaje potpuno prevaspitavawe }udi, studenata i mladih
nastavnika koji }e do}i sutra ... Mo}i }e je `iveti samo onaj ~iji }e duh
biti sklon da je primi." Da se ne misli kako se u jednom momentu filosof
zaneo, 1. 02. 1934 g. u Der Alemanne, Kampfblatt der Nationalsozialisten Oberbadens, on ve}
sasvim precizno iznosi svoja temeqna uverewa u pogledu naci-pokreta i
znawa:"...Zato {to je nacionalsocijalisti~ka dr`ava izmenila celu na{u
nema~ku stvarnost, pa se usled toga moraju izmeniti i sve na{e dosada{we
predstave i razmi{qawa. Sve {to smo dosad ozna~avali re~ima "znawe" i
"nauka", dobilo je druga~ije zna~ewe ... Znawe istinske nauke u biti se
uop{te ne razlikuje od znawa seqaka, drvose~e, kopa~a i rudara, zanatlije.
Jer znawe zna~i: snalaziti se u svetu u kojem smo se na{li kao zajednica i
kao pojedinci ... u vama treba probuditi ono znawe pomo}u kojeg vi - svaki u
svom stale`u i svom radnom podru~ju - mo`ete da budete jasno opredeqeni i
odlu~ni nema~ki qudi.... Jer u tome {to ho}e ta vo|a samo sledimo uzvi{enu
voqu na{eg Firera...^oveku te dosad ne~uvene voqe, na{em Fireru Adolfu
Hitleru, uskliknimo trostruko "Zieg Heil"!" Krajwe simptomati~na
terminologija "snala`ewa" se`e do o~igledne vulgarnosti koja Hajdegeru u tom
periodu ni najmawe kao nesmotrena nije smetala /a podse}a i na srpsku
politi~ku scenu 90-ih sa Milo{evi}em, Kertesom, Frenkijevim crvenim
beretkama, Arkanom, radikalima itd./.
30
noima canpnnannocrn, nncncrnpaiyhn na ie ono "ca" nponsnono, ann xao mro ie nnnamnxa
nnianexrnuxor carnenanana crnapn nosnnana na ce npenosnaiy "no-cyne" n "ca-cnana" y "no-
cnymanannma cynnne" y ncropnin norahana nncrnyiyher, raxo ie "nponyenninm
rymauennma", omoryheno na ce npyxn noxena oncrynnnna xon cranonnmra nenonone
iacnocrn. Taxo ie ounrnenno y sanperanoi nncrannn nohenn Boha, raxohe remrennsonan y
nnxopnoparnnno nspyunnane cynnne:"Mopanna rnymana onnx xoin iom ne snaiy mra ie
nocpenn uecro cy ynepena na camonoy n nnananauxe nperensnie "noha" - naiarannniy
opmy crannor yxasnnana nomronana. Boha ie rnen xoin nnie ocnoohen nporanana cpxe,
xoiy on nsasnna ca+o npueuouo, ynyhn na nohe nncy nenarne..."Bohn" cy meponannn
pannnnn npnnpemana, xoin nanrnenaiy cne cexrope oesehena ncxopnmhanana
nncrnyiyher, iep pasymeiy nennny cnnx cexropa n raxo rocnonape nynnom - y onoi mepn y
xoioi ce ona na nspauynarn."
30
H sancra, xao na nma neuer npennnhaiyher y onaxnnm xynryp-
necnmncrnuxnm ocnnxanannma crana xynrype n nnnnnnsannie y xoie cmo nocnenn (sap ro
nnie n name ncxycrno ca nonenanno nenpnxocnonennm noxnom). Bnnn ce crpamna
ynnopmncanocr repana noe sa noy, neno mnpene y noy nnmenom pasnnxa,
rocnonapene nome oprannsonannm nacrynom nauena yunnxa, n neonronopnocr sa ro
"sanonennnuxnx npnpona", xoin ie iennno nopo /nncrnnxrnnno/ nosnaiy iennauehn
nonuoneuancxo ca naruoneuancxnm, ca npemohananem npasnnne nonocrn y nocranany
nnena. Cnoiy ynory y rom ypnom cynonpahany Xainerep he na nnnn neoma mnnopnom, na y
rsn. "npyrom rnannom neny" naxon unnena saoxpera npema cmncny ooeahaia (Ereignis)/, on
nnme: "Hnxo ne xenn na npnsna ecnnnocr. Crora ce oniennom nonono "nma" nn, na
maxap on no camo cpencrno sa ycnocranane nna, re nporon xoin cam nna ysnnrnyr y
nn: nanp. napon ... oprannsonano sarnapane ouniy npen ecnnnomhy uonexa ... orpomna
npnpena pann nannnxnnana crpaxa."
31
Hanncrnuxy nneonorniy on y xonrexcry nonornsma
n pacnsma onenyie xao one xoin cy "ncxyuenn ns snana mncaonor nyra", a "ompaxena
meransnxa" nm rpea: " ... na nn camo na n ce o ny uemann ne n nn ce rnme noiannna nexa
ncxpa onora mro ce moxe snarn nnn pehn, a sa one "mncnnone" nemro mro ce moxe
nanncarn."
32
3axasyiyhn y cnoioi anrpononornin n nenarornin na pacnoi reopnin xaxo iy ie
sacrynao neh Kanr (ncrnna y cacnnm npyrom cmncny n cmepy uax n on xerenniancxnx
camonennuana xpos repmancxy pacy), y unranoi xonexnnin nnxona nemauxe nnrenexryanne
cnene /nnycrparnnna ie xnnra uamnsam n nnrenexryannn/, on Bnenrneponnx ynronnnx
samena resa no ryranne snonynorpee Iepxapna Hemana pacne nennxe nnnnnnnyannocrn
sananne nonecrn xoia ce cnena na anonorniy iennnor n nerono nnacnnmrna nocne
nanncrnuxor nopasa, nnn Kapna Iycrana Jynra ca apniencxnm necnecnnm n noronnm
xonexrnnno necnecnnm, uemy Xainerep nnie nnxana nonnerao. Hpomanmn ncxycrnom
cnecrn npaxrnune nonome y HCPAH-y, on ra ie caspeno nnneo xao "nornen na cner", y
ryhnnn nnrepnperannin nncrnonana n xoin nnie "crnapanauxa opa", neh "nponaranna n
anonorernxa".
33
Ono mro ce Xainerepy nnaue ne onpamra, mehyrnm, ounrnenno ne onnocn
camo na nannsam, amnsam nnn npxannn xomynnsam /ri. peannn conniannsam xomynncrnuxe
ynpane/, nero n na "amepnxannsam", xao n "cnercxy nemoxparniy", naxne cne ono mro nexnm
cncremcxnm nauenom, ca nnn es ounrnenne npnnyne, opmnpa nexn nax n npenape
nonmehyhn npymrnenn nopenax nnn npxannocr. Xainerepono noncmenane nnepannoi
amepnuxoi nemoxparnin ynexonnxo nocn y cen naxocr noehenor, xoin y cnoioi
nopaxenocrn cnaxy cnrnnny ynennuana no nennxnx pasmepa, ann ncro raxo n ynnha

30
M. Heidegger, Vortrge und Aufstze, Pfullingen, 1959., s. 93, XXVI/ /
31
M. Heidegger, Beitrge der Philosophie, GA Bd. 65, Vom Ereignis, Frankfurt am Main, 1989., s. 163
32
ibid., s. 173
33
isto.,s. 41, i to va`e}i za "totalno politi~ko" verovawe kao nereflektovana
apsolutna voqa za mo}, koja podrazumeva zaborav ~oveka i same sebe kao
"sadosude" bivstvovawu.
31
neonmnepniannn naron sa xonrponom xoin ce y nnny nonor cnercxor noperxa nnanerapno
mnpn non npernom cnercxnm parom, mro n nnie camo ynonoene ncnxonomxoi nonrn
cnrne sanonomrnne. V naxnannom camonnheny onora mro ce norahano y noa neronor
pexropcxor nepnona - Permopam 1933/34. Uuneuuue u +uc)u, on ie nsnoxno cran, xoin n
nanac naxn sa nponeny nopnx namepa n ncnpannor nenonana: "Ono mro Epncr Jnpren
mncnn y mncnnma o nnanannnn n nnxy pannnxa n mro nnnn y cnerny re mncnn, iecre
ynnnepsanna nnanannna noe sa moh ynyrap nnanerapno nnhene nonecrn. V roi crnapnocrn
croin nanac cne, nno na ce sone ro+vuu;a+, dauu;a+ nnn ceemcra oe+orpamuia. Hs re
crnapnocrn noe sa moh iom cam rana nnneo mra iecre. Ta crnapnocr noe sa moh moxe ce y
Hnueonom cmncny nspehn peuennnom: "For ie mpran". Ty cam peuennny naneo y cnom
pexropcxom ronopy ns cymrnncxnx pasnora. Peuennna nema nnxaxne nese ca rnpnnom nexor
opnnnapnor arensma. Ona snaun: naruynnn cner, napounro cner xpnmhancxor ora, nsryno
ie cnoiy nenarny cnary y nonecrn (ynopenn moie nsnarane 1943. o Hnueonom ncxasy: "For ie
mpran". Pa nn n npnn cnercxn par no moryh, na ie ro nno npyraunie? H xonauno, na nn n,
na ie ro npyraunie, npyrn cnercxn par no moryh?) Hnie nn naxne nonono pasnora n
cymrnncxe nyxnocrn, na ce mncnn ynanpen y nsnopnom npomnmany y cmepy
npenasnnaxena meransnxe, a ro snaun na ce noune ca paspauynananem ca sanannnm
mnmenem nyrem nonparxa y neron nouerax ... Bra n ce necnno n mra n nno cnpeueno,
na cy 1933. ronnne cne cnocone cnare morne na ce nnrny, na n narano y rainoi nonesanocrn
npouncrnne n ynaxnne "noxper" xoin ie nomao na nnacr? ...3amro nncy 1933. onn xoin cy
neponann na snaiy, samro ce ynpano onn nncy rana nonnrnn, na cne ns remea oxpeny na
nopo?"
34
Hncrane sancra npeocraie y cnom ernuxom nanory n naxon nocnpnnnx onronopa.
Hsrnena na ie xpnrnunocr npema noimy nononexonnor cyiexrnnnrera nmana sa npernocranxy
onannnane ernxe casnana, y cmncny nposnnana canecrn sa nonemene onnyxe n nenonana
xoia n ce remxo mora cmarparn na cy ncnynena npnnnom. Axo onai "xoin cranyie ramo rope
nma mepnna sa cne npyro", ro xaxe na on cam nnie no npencrannnx "ror sna" neh nemro
neyrpanno, xao mro y pasmarpannma onaxnnx enomena mopannsaropcxn crnn y cmncny
"mopa ce" n "rpea na" snyun oryxno n nennacnpano, xao nexa naxnanna namer y nsnoheny
mopanncrnuxnx napana /y nnma ie ncnxonomxa mornnannia ynex cymnnna/. Pa Hnaron nnie
nanncao cnoie uyneno VII Huc+o, y xom ce iacno onpenno npema menrannoi n nsnuxoi
rnpannin, nasnauanaiyhn n mra snaun nern crenen casnana y xome ce crnapn xonauno
pacxpnnaiy, re Apncroren cnoiy Emurv, rne ie camoonpehene n camocnecr nnocoa nsnna
no ounrnennocrn, one norpee sa cnnxananem saxrena sa saysnmane nnococxor
cranonnmra xao naxnanne penarnnnsannie, nenonano n nanexo pasopnnie.
Cacnnm nnnnuno, ann n noroheno nponenyie ynyrpamne necnopasyme y Xainereponom
npaxrnunom anraxmany n pasmarpaiyhn nerone ynyrpamne npornnpeunocrn, Xanc Eennnr
ie nomao no saxyuxa: "Onacno ie ro na normarcxom connncnsmy na canpxainoi pannn
onronapa eroncrnuxn connncnsam, xoin xao anapxnuxn iennaxo raxo moxe na nocrane n
rorannrapan, xana sanpano, nonaxo, mopa na ce nanycrn unnennuxn perynarnn nenana ...
unm uonex nnme yncrnny ne moxe na ncraxne nnxaxan saxren nenonana no maxcnmama
onuainocrn, on nanocnerxy cme na nocrane n "nynrapan". Hpeocraie: xomynnxannona
saiennnna cnne."
35
Onai moxe ce pehn n rpynsam, xao na ie y nexy pyxy opnnpan
npenennxnm yehenem o esrpemnocrn n raxopehn cnemohn nosnnnia pannonannocrn na xoie
ce onnpe noa mro npyxa ornop. V nexy pyxy xao na Eennnron mopancrnuxo-
rpancnennenrannn cran moxe rorono nainnnoncxn na ce nspasn xao mv
2
, ri. xao mexannuxa
cnna xoioi na ce ynorpen xao nonnrnuxa nonyra iom camo ann nemro ecxonaunocrn n
nemro mohn xoia nnxaxo na npncrnrne ns saxona o ouynany eneprnie, mro ie n nnaue

34
M. Heidegger, Das Rektorat 1933/34, Frankfurt am Main, 1983., s. 25 et cet.
35
Ebeling, H., Selbsterhaltung und Selbstbewusstsein, Zur Analytik vom Freiheit und Tod, Freiburg; Mnchen,
1979., s. 109
32
mopannsaropcrno xoie nparn nanonno nennne n nenyxne nayune nonyxnare y npnmenennm
cnnama. Hpemna ie Eennnrono rnymane nan Xainereponnm xapaxrepom npnnnuno
neryranrno, iep nenyie xao nxcannia rsn. "naxnanne namern" xoia ie namna cnor "xprnenor
iapna" (xao na y ro noa narpenn nanncrn nncy nnn n mncnnonn xoin ce ne cnomnny:
Joaxnm Pnrep, Apnonn Ienen, Xainn Xaimser, Iepxapn Heman, upnnpnx Kaynax, Boranr
Banenanr, Xepman Xepnren, Teonop Anopno, Xanc Ieopr Ianamep nr.n.), camnm rnm remxo
na n morna na ce ncxoea ns nasnauene ncnxonomxe cnryannie. Onne, mehyrnm, ne naa
nponycrnrn npnnnxy na ce yxaxe na ienan iom nyn cnoi onaxne onuno onaxne onryxe
xpehy, ynyhn na npnnanaiy onoi opnienrannin xoia reopnicxn ynaxana mopannrer
rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn ca ouynanom mexannnncrnuxom orcrynnnnom, rne cam ym
am n nnie ronnxo neocyiehyiyhn xao mro ce samnma, iennaxo xao mro n "ornop" uecro
canpxana iennno canoncxe npeporarnne (cnrnorpahancxe) ianone xpnrnunocrn, a ca neoma
mano rpyna oxo ynaxena n mnpe npernocranxe ocmnmanana y npnnnn nnn ncnpannor
ynyhnnana na rpary npanom sacnnnany cmncna nopa.
Hs npyraunie nepcnexrnne, Xainerepy ie cacnnm nerpancnapenrno npeanno Mapnian
Hnnpa, xaxo ie nerono npnnpemane sa npenasnnaxene meransnxe, ne camo nenpennsno,
nero n nepasymnno samnmane crnapn. Ono cacnnm nnneprenrno rymauene, xoie nnax
naa nanecrn, es osnpa mro ce sanpano cnner oxonnocrn xasnnana nnie y noniennaxoi
mepn sacryneno ncnono, nma n ienny cnonencxy rpesneny npry. Meransnxa nnie camo
nayxa o nncrnyiyhem xaxno ie no cen n y nennnn yonmre, ona nnie camo iennom ncnprana
rannna xniepapxnsonannx xareropnia nnn pannn naxena nha xao onro-reonornia, nero ie
npe cnera ienna vnumauocm unia ie nnr-nonna nonnpana no ncrnncrnyiyher ono, mro ie iom
Apncroren nenorpemnno onpenno xao mpareua ;uauocm (nayxa - meponannocr, npncrano
snane). Hanonehn xaxo ie y cpennem nexy ona nna cnymxnna xpnmhancxoi reonornin, a na
ie y nonom nexy pasapana y Kanronom neny n xpos pasapane ycnocranena xao meransnxa
cyiexrnnnrera n camocnecrn, on xaxe: "Inie ie onna ma +emadu;ura xoia n ce nmana
npennanarn n npeoern, n nnie nn meransnxa es osnpa na cne y cnoinm nocanamnnm
onnnnma saiennnuxe osnaxe nnax iom n nanac - xao n y Apncrorenono npnieme - rex ona
mpareua ;uauocm?"/Mapnian Hnnpa, Mema+opdo;e +emadu;ure, uaxonen, 1978, c.
309;310/ V cxnony cnoinx anannsa n rymauena Hnarononor nnianora Hap+euuo, Hnnpa ie
Xainerepon mncaonn nonyxnar saxnarno y cxnony nenere xnnorese ror uynenor
nnianexrnuxor nena o nneiama, nexaxny moryhnocr camo-npnxasnnor nnmracrna: "He
onronapa nn ono nnmrannno ne-concrna, yxonnxo concrno nnie, noxnnainom ncxycrny onnx
riecxonnx rpenyraxa namer oncranxa y npnunny, y xoinma nam nsmnue cnaxo nhe, xan
nacryna nornyna nemoryhnocr onpennnocrn nno uera n xan cne rone y nocnemamny
pannonymnocr?"/ucmo, c. 103/ Fynyhn na ce y cnerny one xnnorese nopnue n nocroiane
camor npnunna, ro moxe /nerarnnno/ na nac nonene npen cam npar nncrnyiyher xao nemy
cnoicrnene ncrnne nerarnnnrera y xpyry onor mro iecre n nocroin, maxap ro no n onaxo
ncxycrnonann "xepoicxn nnxnnnsam". Hopehena pann, naa ce npncernrn xaxo na nouerxy
cnoie pacnpane ys nneina n cnexynarnnno-nornuxa nnrana Hnarononor nnianora Hapmennn,
nononnaronnuap Hpoxno Pnianox ncrnue xaxo on xepoia nonia meranopenniy nnn cnaxne
mncaone noncrnnaie, a on nopnx nemona nnn rennia nanaxnyhe ca xoinma ce ynymra y
pasmarpana ror nena. Cnaxaxo, Hpoxno mncnn na mnrornopnnm momenrnma ornopene
moryhnocrn yncxe nymennocrn xoie cy snauaine sa nncnny nocranana npernocranxn, ns
xoinx pasmarpana noniaiy norpean samax n pamnpenocr cranonnmra. Cnennmnn /cnemy
onocrpano oxancrno/ nsmnue nncxypsnnnom nonmany n yonmranaiyhem nsnarany, a
Hpoxno Pnianox, nacrannnx n rpannnnonannn nacranau na xarenpn sa nnoconiy y
Hnarononoi Axanemnin, na rpary onaxnnx Hnarononnx npomnmana rnpnn: "H xana n can
rpaxno naunn xaxo nocroin oxancxo snane n oxancxa ncrnna, xoiy oronn nmaiy o cnemy
mro nocroin y nno xom onnxy, onna hem na nnnnm xaxo ie ona nenspennna n necxnarnna
33
sa yncxo nomnmane n snana ie rex oronnma camnm. Bro ce mene rnue, uynnm ce na nma
nnaronnuapa xoin ymy npnnncyiy casnanane cnnx crnapn, uax n onor mro ie aromnsonano,
npornn npnpone n, yonmre sno, n xoin sor rora ycranonanaiy nocroiane ymnnx yspoxa sa
raxne crnapn. Vronnxo ce nnme nnnnm onnma xoin pasnnxyiy cnoicrnenocr yma on oxancxor
iennncrna n xoin ymy npnnncyiy cnoconocr onmrnx, npnnx n onnx ypoxa npema npnponn, a
oronnma moh na cne ypehyiy n crnapaiy. Jep ienno ie sancra cnyna, a onmrocr nnie, na uax n
marepnia n cne mro nocroin yuecrnyie y iennom, nox na ymnnm onnnnma n pononnma ne
yuecrnyie cne."/Proc. Phil, Theol. Plat., I, 2/ Axo onai Hpoxnon ncxas cxnarnmo xao nosnn na
nanymrane yma n nornpane rexne sa pasymenanem, sacnrypno ra nncmo nopo cxnarnnn.
Hume)ermva)ua oudepeuuuia xoiy on onne ncrnue, onnocn ce npe cnera na maxcnmanncrnuxe
nnene xoin n ra camonsnnaiann ns cneiennncrna n camoycnocranann y nexoi neronoi
nocenoi xapaxrepnsannin nnunm nonohennm y ynnrnocr camocnecnor snana n
camonononocrn. Vronnxo renepanna cnnxa yma rpnn pecrpnnronane nnn cranane y
sarpane esycnonnnx saxrena, xoin ne ouoneuyiy uonexa y ony onpehena, nero ra oner na
npyrn naunn ocnpomamyiy xpos nnysopne nornene. Hpemna ce ne moxe pehn na ie Xainerep
norxpennnao pacny reopniy, ne moxe ce pehn nn na ioi ie npyxno nexn xpnrnunnin ornop,
naiyhn uax na ce nacnyrn xaxo nspasn "sananno yncrno" nnn "nonecno yncrno"
nonpasymenaiy onai "nnnorepmancxn apean", y xome pennmo Cnonenn am n nemaiy mra na
rpaxe y cnom ncrouno-enponcxom nonoxaiy.
Taxo ce npocro namehe unnennna na naxon nennxnx oehana nnocoa on opmara,
xoie ie naianno rpar ycanpmanana enomenonornie y panom neny Buecmeane u epe+e /1927/,
sarnm nemro mane ciainom Kaum u npoo)e+ +emadu;ure /1929/, nonase ona nena xoia camo
no cnom onmy n mnpnnn rpermana ncropnicxn snauainnx nnococxnx rema xao na cy
parmenrapnsonana, ann camnm rnm nncy yunnena n paxrannnm. Ono mro ie
nnrennnonanny cnecr camoonpehnnano y cne oem onncy, pasrpannuanany n pasasnanany
iecre noiam noe, xoin ce xpos rpancnennenranno enomenonomxe saxnare cne nnme
noxasnnao xao saxpnnaiyhe-orxpnnaiyhn xyu sa raine nnepn casnanana ncrnne. Haxanocr,
Maprnn Xainerep, xao ienan on nainosnarninx mncnnnana onora nexa, nomao ie n no
neymnrnnx nosnnx ynnna xoie ce nnie nnno na nsnece, nncncrnpaiyhn: "Ha nnrane: xana he
nacrynnrn mnp, ne moxemo na onronopnmo ne saro mro nncmo xanpn na carnenamo rpaiane
para, neh saro mro n camo nnrane nornue nemro mro nnme ne nocroin, ynyhn na neh nn par
nnie nnme nemro mro n ce morno oxonuarn nexaxnnm mnpom. Par ie nocrao nsmernyra
npcra ncxopnmhanana nncrnyiyher, xoia nocroin n y npeme mnpa. Pauynane c nyrnm parom
camo ie neh sacrapena opma y xoioi ce npnsnaie ono nono mro nonocn enoxa
ncxopnmhanana. Taxan nyrn par y cnoioi nyrorpainocrn nonaxo npenasn ne y rpannnnonannn
mnp, neh y crane y xoiem ce cne mro ie y nesn ca parom nnme ne noxnnana xao raxno, a cne
mro ie y nesn c mnpom nocraie ecmncneno n nnmeno canpxaia. Fnynna ne nosnaie ncrnny
nha, ann saysnpar y cnaxoi onacrn pasnnia cxpos npnnpemeno cpehnnane n oesehnnane
cnaxor nnannpana..."
36
Ocrannmo nn no crpann nerono yehene xaxo ie "npero+epuo
noeehauu uume)erm" xao oprannsannono-cnpononnnauxn axrop esycnonnn momenar
ncxopnmhanana nha npopauynananem, a ymecro na ro yne yrnnnrapnsmy cxnonn nonnruxn
normarnsam. Vnena conniannsanniom xao na my ie no cnoienpcan xnnorno-cnenapnunn
ener xoin nnie morao na npenasnhe, na nerona orpannuena oncrpann y xoncrpyxrnnnom
nponopy, ma xonnxo neron nnrenexryannn n nyxonno-npeymyiyhn nanop pnanrno
nponanasno cne one nanno saaraene n saopanom npexpnnane nyrene nnoconie.




36
M. Heidegger, berwindung der Metaphysik, (1936-1946), Pfullingen, 1954., XXVI
34
III

O CTA3AMA KOJE HO3HAJV 3HAHHH PPBETA H HOBHH,
uHTAJVTH 3HAKOBE HA HVTV

3npxa nnococxnx pacnpana Lv+cru nvmeeu, xao yocranom n Hvmuu ;uaroeu,
xomnosnnnono ie nornyna nnonannia y norneny iennncrna cranonnmra, axo ce ynopenn ca
ocrannm nennxnm Xainereponnm nennma, xao mro cy "Buecmeoeane u epe+e" nnn nax "Kaum
u npoo)e+ +emadu;ure". Hnax cnoamna pasnoponnocr ne snaun n oncycrno nnococxe
cncremarnxe, nero camo neny nonyuenocr y nosannny, a ncrypane onnx enemenara xoin none
npema npomenama mnmena xpos snanauxe nonpnnoce. Crora neh na nouerxy Lv+crux
nvmeea croin pasmarpane xoie nsnop ymernnuxor nena nocmarpa xao nopexno nerone
cymrnne xpos cee y neno nocranane ncrnne, neno orxpnnane n cxpnnane. Hvmuu ;uaroeu
nam, c npyre crpane orxpnnaiy pasrprane cennmenrannono naranoxenor rna nnococxnx
nonmana ncrnne xpos xey sa cymrnncxnm cyouananem ca Hnarononnm yuenem o ncrnnn,
Apncrorenonnm sacnnnanem noima npnpone n npnonrnnm yremennanem Kanrone rese o
nncrnonany xao nomnnanrnnm.
Axo ie neno nocroino ncrnne ona ns nera cnia nenorom xoia ie yxnonena y camo
neno. Ty naa ncrahn na iennocrannocr onaxnor nennncana crnapn nsnnpe ns
npenasnnaxexa nornena na cmncao ymernocrn xao na yunnax yxnnana, nnn nax raunor
nonpaxanana nsnnnrera: "Vmernnx ie technites ne saro mro ie on n sanarnnia, neh saro mro
ce xaxo ca-cranane nena raxo n cacranane rnopennne nemanaiy y onom npo-ns-noheny
xoie nymra nncrnyiyhe na ce noiann n na yne npncyrno noniaiyhn nsrnen. Ann cne ce ro
nemana ycpen nncrnyiyher xoie cnonrano nspacra ycpen physis-a."
37

V pasmarpany nnrana "uemy necnnnn", xoie ce nanonesyie na pasmarpane ymernocrn,
no xome nenora sa xoiy ce ymernnx opn na nohe no nspaxaia, moxe na nocenyie onai ciai
ncrnne xoin ie y crany na oacia crnapnocr camnx crnapn xao necxpnneny, ocxynno npeme ce
nnnn xao "pacnnne y nenpeme" nnn xnnor xoin ce xnnn nan pnnxeoncxor ceponnnrera
ncxoncxor nncrnonana. Ono mro ce unnn "snpannm-n-unrannm", noxasyie ce nsnopnniem
nnheny xao "rama cnercxe nohn", iep my nenocraie ono cnerno maracyiexrnocrn na rpary
cnernna, xoie Pnnxe nmenyie cnaconocnom -"Orpomnom Kyrnom" oncrnonana, a Xennepnnn
-"Cynnem xnnora", "oxancxnm Forom", "Xpncrocom".
38

V rom cxnony nenocraiana ncxona, nacrannno ce "uooa c)ure ceema", xana ie
xapresniancxn npopauyn ersncrennnie na uniem ce rpary cner ocnaia nnn saysnma n npxn y
nnacrn xao rnopennna npencranauxe nponyxnnie y nennm nnrepnperarnnnnm nanennniama
nnn cnnxama. Ocnonnn rnn xnnora npenosnaie ce y oprannsannin nyme na ie cnecr
canpxaino pasasnarnna penexcniom, na xana ie npn cen ona sna ono on cee xao
pasnnunro, xpos mra nocraie cnecna came cee. Hcrpaxnnana xornnrnnnnx nponeca ry ce
yonmreno cnone na ncnnrnnana onnxa n naunna noiannnana cnecrn, raxo na ie cnecr neh
ynanpen nnrennnonanno onpehena n nara c osnpom na ry nnrennnonannocr, es meronnuxe
remarnsannie. Ipnn cy onnoc nsmehy cyiexra /onor xoin casnaie/ n oiexra /npnpone/
cxnarnnn nnianexrnuxn, na nm onronomxn npnmar penexcnnnor camoonnomena nnie no
neonxonan. Mnmeny ie crpyxrypy nanano camoonnomene nha y onnxy npesenrannie
nneia, rne cnaxn einoc npencrana onacr npernocranxe xoia ce pasmarpa y oxnnpy
xniepapxnie nha xao nnrennrnnnnnx npenycnona onaxana xoie ono mro iecre unnn
npenosnarnnnm. Kana ce mncnn na onpeheno nhe ono mopa na yne canpxnncxn

37
Martin Hajdeger, [umski putevi, Beogarad, prev. B, Zec, 2000, prev. str. 42
38
tamo, str.252
35
onpncyrneno, a ro ce xon Hnarona reopnicxn snnano nocpencrnom nneia, na ie yuene o
nneiama pesynrar penexcnie o ycnonnma casnana onor mro iecre. V rom cmncny naxn
ynosopene: Hpnua ncnpnuana y aneropnin nehnne naie cnnxy onor mro ce nemana cana, n
mro he ce nemanarn yynyhe, y ncropnin sanannor uoneuancrna: uonex mncnn y cmncny
cymrnne ncrnne/ncrnnnrocrn xao ncnpannocrn npencranana cnera nncrnyiyher no
`nneiama` n nponenyie cny crnapnocr no `npennocrnma`. Ono mro iennno n npe cnera iecre
onnyuyiyhe nnie xoie cy nneie n xoie npennocrn nocranene, nero unnennna na ce yonmre
crnapnocr rymaun no `nneiama`, na ce yonmre `cner` mepn no `npennocrnma`. (M. Xainerep,
Hvmuu ;uaroeu, Feorpan, 2003., npen. F. 3en, crp. 213) Vpehenocr nncrnonana ie mnmeny
ynanpen nara n mnmene ce npema noi n ycmepana, crnuyhn ncxycrno penexcnie xpos
oyxnarane nmnnnnnrnnx einercxnx n ymcrnennx ycnona onaxana, a ynpano ro n naie
npenosnarnnocr onome mro iecre. Pnmensnie crnapnocrn raxo nncy nare na naunn
yrpahnnannx nponyxnnia cnecrn, neh xao crnap pasorxpnnana. Cymracrno ie ono mro nam ie
nncrnonane nocrannno sa npenmer mnmena, a naro na naunn ocanamnnnana npen-
mernyrocrn xao nrpa ooouoio-oouoio, nrpa npncyrnocrn n oncycrna xoia xao na nama
nennnnnnm oxperanem nnounna nmunrana nma nn neuera nnn ra nema, xaxo ro cnnxonnro
xaxe Haron y 3arouu+a. H Xainerep ie na ony nnmensniy cnoienpemeno oparno naxny
naxnno anannsnpaiyhn Kanrono axnenrnpane ror noima: Cner ie ry repmnn sa `nrpy`
cnaxonnennor rynncrnonana, sa camo rynncrnonane. Hpema rome, Kanr pasnnxyie
`ynyhenocr y nocnone cnera` on `npnnarne ynyhenocrn`...On ror `nosnanana cnera` y cmncny
`xnnornor ncxycrna` n pasymenana ersncrennnie Kanr pasnnxyie `cxonacrnuxo snane`.
Ppxehn ce re pasnnxe, on sarnm nsnaxe noiam nnosonie y cxnany ca `cxonacrnuxnm
noimom` n y cxnany ca `noimom cnera`. unnosonia y cxonacrnuxom cmncny ocraie crnap
uncror `ymernnxa yma`. unnosonia, y cxnany c noimom cnera, iecre crnap `yunrea y
nneany`, ro iecr onor xo cmepa na `oxancxor uonexa y nama`.`Hoiam cnera snaun ry onai
noiam xoin ce onnocn na ono mro nyxno cnaxor nnrepecyie`.V nenom rom xonrexcry cner ie
osnaxa sa yncxo rynncrnonane y iesrpy nerone cymrnne. /M. Xainerep, Hvmuu ;uaroeu,
Feorpan, 2003., npen. F. 3en, crp. 141-142/ Hcnxa ie penpesenronan cner xao npncyrnocr onor
nncrnyiyher yxonnxo ra nma, npncyrnocr cnaxe crnapn ca xoiom nexo xao cyiexr moxe na
yne y onnocy, xao n c osnpom na npncyrnocr npyror, xao oncranax xoin ie nasna ncraiane
npema npncyrnocrn crnapn xao pasopnrocr. Oxper on ornenana camopenexcnie xao nspasa
eronarnie /cogito ergo sum/, xa onaxaiyhem nocroiany, xao nosnrnnna ersncrennnia n ne
moxe na ce nsnene npyraunie nero xao npomena onaxana y npymrnenoi ocnonnnn, y
rnnonornin came cnecrn xao nenoi cymrnnn. Hononexonnnm nayxama xao nenrpnma mohn
sanarcxn onenanaiyher rexnonomxor nporpama nopoanana npnpone, uonex ce yxyuyie y
nocyiexrnnncany meransnxy noe sa mohn xoia ce pasnnia xpos cexrope excnnoarannia n
camonorone, xao nae neynnrne ycranone camoonnocne penexcnie nncrnonana. Taxo
snane ne camo na ce onnaia on npenmera xao camonsnecnn anconyr xon Xerena, unme ce ann
crynnia "Xeee)oe noia+ ucrvcmea", rnpnehn: "cxynane camonoiannnana y noiannnane
ns cniana anconyra...nensronopena cymrnna noe"
39
, neh ce y Hnueonoi nniarnosn "Boe ie
+pmae", noxasyie n xao sanpmnn cranniym n nonpmene meransnxe cyiexrnnnrera /mana ie
no npenany n nacxpcao, ann ne xao xerenoncxn enomenonomxn cner xoin ce noianno naxon
crnapana nnn nax anconyrnn nyx nnn nexa opma pannonannrera xoiy saxnana rpaiane
npnnnna/. Xeren no xpaia norennnpao noiam npornnpeunocrn no xome n ce rsn. cmpr ora
penexronana xao nexo marepniannsonano xocmonomxo-nonomxo nacxpcanane y
cprnopenom cnery n npnponn, ne nanasehn sa cxonno nn na na nernrnmanniy onaxainma xoin
xoncrnrynmy ocnonne xareropnie, xaxo ie ro yunnno Bennnr, neh nx nanpocro
npernocranaiyhn nmenonao meransnxom sa nornxy, rne npnpona napannrmarnuno nocraie

39
tamo, str. 158
36
rauna xao nononexonno cxnahena nneia, nymrena y ncropnicxo ronene no nna.
Xainerepona resa ie na ce nnoconia Ipxa xon Xerena ne aprnxynnme ns cnor nsnopnor
nouerxa, neh ns cnor nouernor xpaia, nocnenaiyhn no rese o sanannauxom rocnonapeny
mnmenem, xonnxo ron na ie iom ynex cnopna, necymnnno yxasyie na pasrprane nsnopnnier
rna xome ie nsyserno remxo nparnrn ce ne camo memopnianno, neh n anamnecrnuxn n
anarposmnuxn y neanecresnpany nosnnniy. Tnme cy ce nosaannne crynnie Hnarononor
yuena o ncrnnn n cymrnnn n noimy npnpone y Apncrorenonoi 4u;uuu /M. Xainerep, Hvmuu
;uaroeu, Feorpan, 2003., npen. F. 3en, crp. 183-213; 214-269/.Ha mecro ycaxnor ciaia ncrnne
xao necxpnnenocrn xoin ie nsryno cnary nomena n nanona nanana pasnora cymracrna
ncrnne, cnamena ie xao nexa onynnna ns crponannana nneia n xareropnia. Hcxas saxrena
anexnanniy xoia n pasiacnnna onnoc mehy nneiama, a camopasymnnocr npeyseror mnmena
n nncrnonana nonpasymena uncro npasno onaxane, xao nexa nnnnepennnia penannone
nsnecnocrn unnennne nanymrenocrn on cnera, raxo na ncrnna xao raunocr crnap unnn iom n
cacnnm penynnnnnom no nno xoie mepe sanonoena nnme nenpenosnarnnor nononor
pasnora.
Cam Hnue ie rox sananne nonecrn rymauno xao "ycnon n pasnoi nnxnnnsma",
xoncraryiyhn na rai nainenpniarnnin on cnnx rocrniy croin na nparnma, iep ce naruynna
ocnona cnera ncxasyie xao nonnmrena npennocr xpos cxnarnny camonsnecnocr nononexonne
cyiexrnnnocrn xoia ce onpannana noom sa moh. Cyiexar ce nonpenmehyiyhn y
npencranaiyhem nocranany ycnocrana xao cyiexar sa camor cee nnn - "For ymnpe"
/cnaxaxo, oner nenocraie nopyxa (snax, mnr) na on no Orxpnneny n nacxpcana/ - y cne ro
nehoi, no neynnrnor norona pasnnianoi nnacrnroi camonsonannin uonexa. V ro ce yxnana n
Hnueono nnacrnro mnmene xao orpannueno nniarnosom nacrynaiyher nnxnnnsma n no noi
ce nonpmana, ann raxo na noenra nnie esnauaina: "Mnmene nounne rex onna xan
cxnarnmo na ie neh nexonnma cnanenn ym nairnpnoxopnnin npornnnnx mnmena".
40
Mncnn
cnoi nanor noniaiy ns cnernocne cepe ncrnne n nnxono oxperane roi cepn nanexo ie
snauainnie on nponene xaxan ie nparmarnuan eexar nsasnan no penexcnnny ero-nosnnniy.
Mnorn cy ns onaxnnx Xainereponnx cranona nasop saxyunnann na on nannia sa
npannonannsam (Hartmann), nnn nax na nonn y myrnnm nonama rpahancxe nsesymenocrn
(Lukaczs). Fes osnpa na Xaprmanon cner xao cnoienany /monenxayepnsonany/ noy n
penpesenrarnnno npencranane meransnuxe cnnxe nha, xoia sanpano oner nna
yxnonena y nnxnnncrnuxn neisax noe sa moh, na unie ce rexnnuxo nocroe cmecrno na
nreparnnno oesehyie oroeny camonaxnocr namer ego sum, xao n Hyxauen npoiexar
omanonaxanana rsn. "rpahancxe nnoconie", xana ie neh nerona penonynnonapna, ca
yxynnnm anaparom nonecrn n xnacne cnecrn n npaxrnuno npenasnhena xao nocena npcra
esymna, Xainerep ie namao cnare na meronnuxn npnnpemn aprymenranniy n cnaxno
saxopaun y nonpyuie neeroncrnunnx ynnna y pasmarpany crnapnocrn, npe cnera
nponynnanem cranonnmra nosnnnie enomenonornie n reonornie: Hnxan ce ne moxe
nayuno noxasarn na cy mnmene n ronopene oiexrnnnsyiyhn camo y nsnenenom n
orpannuenom cmncny. Hpana cymrnna mnmena n xasnnana moxe na ce cxnarn camo
ecnpenpacynnnm carnenananem enomena. Fnno n crora norpemno axo n ce
npernocranano na nncrnonarn moxe camo ono mro ce nayuno-rexnnuxn xao oiexar moxe
oiexrnnno nspauynarn n noxasarn...Teonornia nnie npnponna nayxa...yxyuyie n nnrane na
nn reonornia moxe iom na yne nayxa saro mro ona neponarno ne n nnxaxo cmena na yne
nayxa./ M. Xainerep, Hvmuu ;uaroeu, Feorpan, 2003., npen. F. 3en, crp. 73/. Hnraiyhn ce
npexo nese ca Crnapanem o xapaxrepn xonaunocrn xao orpannuenocrn n y xoioi mepn rexna
cama moxe na ce orpannun npexo rauxe na xoiy ie ycmepena naxna n camnm rnm ynanpen
ycmepeno perynnme nenoxynno rexene, nemro pesncrenrno c osnpom na rpaxene, a ro ie

40
tamo, str. 208
37
ono mro iecre. Monnnxannia rauxom rnennmra saxrena concrnenn npeopaxai pyxonohen
nnranem mra ie meransnxa, nonymraiyhn opanax y esnanom remey ns xor ce
nncrnonnocynnncxn ocnon npyraunie carnenana. O rome noysnano cnenoun nocnennn
ornen y xnnsn Lv+cru nvmeeu - "Auarcu+auopoe dpae+eum", rne ce nerono "mnmene
nncrnonana" ycpencpehyie na camo cee xpos pacnpanane ca npnnm mncnnonem sananne
nonecrn. Hpemna nanomnne xaxo ncropnsam no nan nanac nnie npenasnhen, "neh on rex cana
ynasn y cranniym cnor mnpena n yunpmhnnana. Texnnuxa oprannsannia cnercxe iannocrn
nyrem pannia n mramne xoia neh saocraie sa nnm iecre npann onnx nnanannne ncropnsma."
41
,
n moryhe ra ie nperehn iennno ecxaronornxom nncrnonana, rne ra ie noroc cxynno y xpai
nerone cynnne, y xpainy rauxy nerone cymrnne. Horoc ie ry onpannano pasymenan xao
"snpxa", a nponyxr neronor canpanauxor nnn caopnor nenonana ie "xasa/npnua", ri. ne
camo npopauynarn ncxasn nnn noimonnn anapar xoin cnoiom xareropniannom
camonononomhy npenpeuana nyr ornapany npema ncxony. Vnpanen npamnem
ornopenocrn, xoin cnoi nyr xao "son rnmnne" nonia y cnoioi nnonnnn xpos iesnx xao
"norahai rnmnne", Xainerep ie nsysernom crparomhy n nocroinom cmepnomhy saxnarno
nponyenn cmncao ror naipannier n npnor noxymenra nonecrn nnoconie, npenonehn ra:
"Hs uera nax iecre nponcxohene onom xaxo xan npncyrnom raxohe nponcxonn y ono (xao y
Hcro) pacxohene onronapaiyhn nyxnn; nma nanme cnaxo npncyrno camo(ns cee)
npannunocr, a raxohe naie npnsnane (nenene) ienno npyrom, (cne ro) ns nperopenana
nenpannunocrn, onronapaiyhn nosnaueny onor npanonpemenor xpos npeme."/nnnn y -
Gesamtausgabe Bd. 51, Grundbegriffe/ Bpeme xao onai reme xoin nocn nnx yxonaunnana
npnpone, ncronpemeno ie n xonax nnn nounnano y xome ce ciain n cnerno ecxonaunocrn ns
ramnor cymracrna cnecrn came no npernocrannn nocroiana nene nyxnocrn. Bpemenom xao
na onexoneuyiemo cnecr, a cnemhy npeme n npocrope xoin nam ce ns nera nanaiy. Hopenehn
nononexonny nspexy ca craporpuxom, n nmaiyhn y nnny merononomxn npncryn xoin
oesehyie xomynnxarnnny ornopenocr xoia ncnynana ycnon cnymana nnn nononocrn
naxne npema ncxasanom, xao cacnnm canpemen nnoco Maprnn Xainerep ie nncao: "Pa nn
oa ncxasa - axo cmemo na nx raxo nasonemo - xaxy na cy mnmene n nncrnonane ncro? H
uax axo ro xaxy, na nn ro xaxy y ncrom cmncny? Vxonnxo ce naxnno rnena, onmax ce
youana pasnnxa nsmehy rnx ncxasa, xoiy ncmo onaxo na sanemapnmo xao nansrnen
cnoamny. Ha oa mecra (uparmenrn III n VIII, 34) Hapmennn nsronapa nspexy raxo mro
voriv (mnmene) y oa cnyuaia mehe ncnpen rivoi -a (nncrnonana). Fepxnn, mehyrnm, esse
(nncrnonane) crana ncnpen percipi (mnmena, onaxana-npnxynana). To, unnn ce,
yxasyie na Hapmennn npennocr naie mnmeny, a Fepxnn nncrnonany. Mehyrnm, cnryannia
ie opnyra. Hapmennn npenaie mnmene nncrnonany. Fepxnn ynyhyie nncrnonane y
mnmene. Pa n nnme onronapana rpuxoi nspenn, nononexonna nocranxa mopana n na
rnacn: percipi=esse. Hononexonna nocranxa xaxe nemro o nncrnonany cxnahenom xao
npenmernocr sa xopennro npencranane. Ipuxa nspexa noneyie mnmene xao snpanauxo
pasanpane nncrnonany y cmncny npncycrnonana. 3aro ynanpen omanyie cnaxo rymauene
rpuxe nspexe xoie ce xpehe y nnnoxpyry nononexonnor mnmena. Ha nnax, ra mnoronnxa
rymauena ncnynanaiy cnoiy nesaonnasny ynxnniy: rpuxo mnmene unne npncrynaunnm
nononexonnom npencranany n ro npencranane nonynnpy y neronom camononom
nanpenonany x "nnmem" creneny nnosonie.
Hpno on rpn cranonnmra, c xoinx ce onpehyiy cna rymauena Hapmennnone nspexe,
npencrana mnmene xao nemro npenpyuno n cnpcrana ra y ocrano nncrnyiyhe.
Ppyro cranonnmre nncrnonane y cmncny npencranenocrn npenmera cxnara, na
nononexonnn naunn, xao npenmernocr sa Ja cyiexrnnnrera.

41
tamo, str.258
38
Tpehe cranonnmre npxn ce ocnonnor oenexia anrnuxe nnoconie xoiy ie Hnaron
onpenno. Ho coxparoncxo-nnarononcxom yueny, y cnaxom nncrnyiyhem nneie unne ono
"nncrnyiyhe", ann ne cnanaiy y onacr oio0n:o, onor mro uynno moxe na ce pasaepe.
Hneie mory uncro na ce nnne camo y voniv-y, y neuynnom pasanpany. Fnncrnonane cnana y
onacr vor:o, neuynnor n naruynnor. Hapmennnony nspexy Hnornn rymaun y nnarononcxom
cmncny. Hapmennn, naxne, xohe na xaxe: nncrnonane ie nemro neuynno. Harnacax nspexe ie
na mnmeny, ann ne onaxo xaxo ce ro cxnara y nononexonnoi nnoconin. Fnncrnonane ce
osnauana neuynnom npnponom mnmena. Ho nononnaroncxom rymaueny, Hapmennnona
nspexa nnie nn ncxas o mnmeny, nn ncxas o nncrnonany, na uax nn ncxas o cymrnnn
canpnnannocrn oora y cnoioi pasnnunrocrn. Hspexa ie ncxas o noniennaxom cnanany oora
y onacr neuynnor.
Cnaxo on ra rpn cranonnmra nomepa pano mnmene Ipxa y nenoxpyr nnrana norone
meransnxe. Mehyrnm, cnaxo xacnnie mnmene xoie noxymana na pasronapa c pannm
mnmenem neponarno mopa ns oxnnpa cnor concrnenor rnennmra nenpexnnno na cnyma n na
na rai naunn nspasn hyrane panor mnmena. Hcrnna, rnme ce pannie mnmene nemnnonno
ynocn y xacnnin nnianor, npememra y neron nnnoxpyr n noe cnymana n raxo, y nexy pyxy,
nnmana cnoone nnacrnrora ronopena. Ann, ro ynomene nn y xom cnyuaiy ne npncnana na
rymauene xoie ce ncnpnyie y rome na ce ono o uemy ce mncnnno na nouerxy sanannor
mnmena nperymaun camo nomohy xacnninx naunna npencranana. Cne sanncn on rora na
nn sanouern pasronop ynanpen n ynex nsnona nonymra cen na onronapa ncnnrnnanauxom
naronopy panor mnmena, nnn na nn pasronop cee sarnapa npema raxnom naronopy n pano
mnmene npexpnna xacnninm yuennma. To ce nemana unm xacnnie mnmene nponycrn na
uapo:umo ucnuma nnnoxpyr n noe cnymana panor mnmena." Maprnn Xainerep,
Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee /Moupa (Hapmennn VIII, 34-41)/, npen. F. 3en, Feorpan, 1999., crp.
190-191.
Honecno mnmene nam xpos ono pacnpanane noxasyie na xoin ce naunn orpannno
on meransnuxe rpannnnie yranana y cner oiexara nnn rsn. nyxn xnnor nha, ynyhyiyhn ce
npema nanexo nsnopnniem pasymenany onora mro iecre n nna. Cnaxaxo na mnora cmepana
mory na sacrpane, iep opanax y esnanom remey nonpasymena nenocpenny nnsnny cranno
npeaiyhe onacnocrn nainye sanyne, ann ne raxo na ce nnoconia mepn mepnnnma nneie
nayxe. Hs ne nnie moryhe cranno npahane ocnonnom nnrany, a camnm rnm ynnrnocr xoia
noxpehe sacnpany eneprercxn cnan n ryn ysron. Fnncrnonane ie ono mro iemun
npncyrnocr, a cnaxa npencrannnocr n nocranenocr sa cnoie cymrnncxo nopexno mory na
saxnane camo npncyrnocrn, y xoioi npncycrnyie camo npncycrnonane, y uemy ce n nanasn
cxpnnenn xapaxrep came cymrnne npemena.











39
IV

KPH3A OCHOBA H VKA3HBABA HA CBETHO FHBCTBOBABA


3npxa nnococxnx pacnpana Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, xao na ie ynosopene na
moryhy xaracrpoy xoia ce nannnna nan uoneuancrnom n yxasnnane na nsnas ns ne. Ha
Xainereponoi nanrponoi nnoun yxnecana ie snesna mecroxpaxa, nerona noxopa npen Forom
n ynnma. Hs ror noxaiana-npeymena nponcrexna ie nosna mncao xoiy ie y onoi snpnn
npenno xao nennxn maicrop mncnn n casnana. Ha nenom nouerxy croin nnrane o rexnnnn ne
xao o cpencrny ynorpee, neh naunny pasorxpnnana cnera xao marepniana opane xoin ce
nane nonnrn n pasorxpnnarn, na n naimane ynarane noneno nainehy xopncr: "To
ncnocranaiyhe pasorxpnnane moxe na ce necn camo yxonnxo ie uonex ca cnoie crpane neh
nsasnan na ocnoaha npnponne eneprnie. Axo ie na ro nsasnan ncnocrananem, ne cnana nn
rana n on, nsnopnnie nero npnpona, y crane? Cynehn no naunny xaxo ce onuno ronopn o
yncxom marepniany o onnnuxom marepniany na npnmep, pexno n ce na cnana."
42

Pasmarpane o nrn rexnnxe xpos nocranane ncrnne, neny uncrnny n cxpnnane, yxasyie na
nenocraiane ncxona n y nnoconin, xana ie sannanao xapresniancxn npopauyn ersncrennnie
na uniem ce rpary cner ocnaia nnn saysnma, re npxn y nnacrn xao rnopennna npencranauxe
nponyxnnie y nennm nnrepnperarnnnnm nanennniama nnn npopauynnma.
Hononexonnnm nayxama xao nenrpnma mohn sanarcxn onenanaiyher rexnonomxor
nporpama nopoanana npnpone, uonex ce yxyuyie y nocyiexrnnncany meransnxy noe
sa mohn xoia ce pasnnia xpos cexrope excnnoarannia n camonorone, xao nae neynnrne
ycranone camoonnocne penexcnie nncrnonana. Taxo snane ne camo na ce onnaia on
npenmera xao camonsnecnn anconyr xon Xerena, xao cxynane camonoianyiyher y
noiannnane ns cniana anconyrne nayxe xao nensronopena cymrnna noe /noe sa noom,
cymrnna pasopyuenocrn nononexonnor noima cnoone/, neh y Hnueonoi
xynrypnecnmncrnuxoi nniarnosn noe sa moh n xao sanpmnn cranniym n nonpmene
meransnxe cyiexrnnnrera. Havra u pa;+uu+ane ne xpehy ce rex y xpyry"xpnse ocnona",
ynyhn na ona nne"cnoinm nyrem cnrypnnie nero nxana pannie", ann cmncao sacrnpe n
ynaana no nenocrynnor y sanemapnnany xoie ce remxo sanaxa. V rexcry Ipahene,
cmauoeane, +uu+ene, nnmecnoinocr onor mro iecre noxasyie ce xao iaue on nosnnnonnx
npencranana: "Hapanno, name mnmene ie on nannnna nannxnyro na npeocxynno onpehyie
cymrnny crnapn. Ono ie y roxy pasnoia sananne mncnn nmano sa nocnennny npencranane
crnapn xao nenosnaror X xoie nma onaxnna cnoicrna. Ca ror cranonnmra cne mro neh
npnnana cxynaiyhoi cymrnnn crnapn nsrnena, pasyme ce, xao nemro naxnanno nonaro
nocpencrnom rymauena."
43
Mnmene no Xainerepy sancra nounne na mncnn rex onna xan
cxnarnmo na ie neh nexonnma cnanenn ym nairnpnoxopnnin npornnnnx camor mnmena.
Mncnn cnoi nanor noniaiy ns cnernocne cepe ncrnne n nnxono oxperane roi cepn nanexo
ie snauainnie on nponene xaxan ie nparmarnuan eexar nsasnan no camopenexcnnny ero-
nosnnniy nnn nesaiaxnno meransnuxo no-crane /nocroe, saysery cynpemarnnny
nosnnniy/ npemohn.
Honpenmehyiyhn ce y npemohanannma noe sa moh y npencranaiyhem nocranany,
ynyhen na camopasymnnocr nsasnnana n nocranana, ycnocrana ce uonex xao marepnian
pana /cnaxaxo n nayunor xao naiconcrnnnpannie opme/, xao cnponnna xoia ie cyiexar sa
camor cee, y cne ro nehoi, no neynnrnor norona pasnnianoi nnacrnroi camonsonannin.

42
Martin Hajdeger, Predavawa i rasprave, Beograd, prev. B, Zec, 1999., str.18
43
tamo, str. 122
40
Xainerep ie y onaxo pasorxpnrom neisaxy namao cnare na meronnuxn npnnpemn
aprymenranniy n cnaxno saxopaun y nonpyuie ynnna xoin y pasmarpany crnapnocrn none y
ocnoahaiyhe ocnonanane. O rome noysnano cnenoue nocnennn ornenn y xnnsn nocnehenn
npecoxparonnnma Xepaxnnry n Hapmennny. Beh ie pannie y crynnin Auarcu+auopoe
dpae+eum, nerono "mnmene nncrnonana" ycpencpenno xpos pacnpanane ca npnnm
mncnnonem sananne nonecrn, a nonycrnno ie na ce xaxe n nacranno xpos nponnrnnane
noroca, cynnne n ncrnne y Vortragge und Aufstze. Panno ie on nanomenyo xaxo ncropnsam
no nan nanac nnie npenasnhen, neh na rex cana ynasn y cranniym cnor mnpenna n
yunpmhnnana, npexo rexnnuxe oprannsannie cnercxe iannocrn, nyrem pannia n mramne mro
neh saocraie sa nnm, n xoncraronao na ie ro npann onnx nnanannne ncropnsma. V onoi
xnnsn on npxn na ra ie moryhe nperehn iennno ecxaronornxom nncrnonana, rne ra ie cam
)oeoc npema ynyrcrny nonienom on opahene naxne na Xepaxnnron naunn mnmena,
cxynno y xpai nerone cynnne, y xpainy rauxy nerone cymrnne. Hoeoc ie ry onpannano
pasymenan xao ;oupra, a nponyxr neronor canpanauxor nnn caopnor nenonana ie
xasa/npnua, ri. ne camo npopauynarn ncxasn nnn noimonnn anapar xoin cnoiom
ayropenexcnnnom xareropniannom camonononomhy npenpeuana nyr ornapany npema
ncxony. Cmarpaiyhn cnoi nyr npnnpemnnm n ynyhyiyhnm, re noniaiyhn nanor ns
orpexnanaiyhe npnpone onor xasyiyher na cnom nponasy xpos iesnx xao ooeahai muuuue,
Xainerep ie nsysernom crparomhy n nocroinom onmepenomhy saxnarno nponyenn cmncao
ror panor noxymenra nonecrn nnoconie, xpos ;oe muuuue ynosopanaiyhn na nnxo ne moxe
na ocrane cxpnnen npen onnm mro nnxana ne sanasn. V rom cmncny ie n nopyxa xnnre
iennncrnena: "Ann snarnn ciai nennnnnor cniana cnernena ne moxe na ce yxnarn saro mro
nn on cam nnie xnarau neh ie ncro norahane. Hennnnno cniane cnernena ncrnue ns
nenonnror camospnnanana y camocysnpxanom uynany cynnne. 3aro cniane cnernena
iecre camo no cen n camosaxnanane, na ie y rom cmncny ono mro ie naimpaunnie."
44

Vronnxo ie oxper on penexcnie npnpone y npanny penexcnie nene npnponnocrn xao
xnnornor cnera, oner ynyhen na nonanane nenononnnor y orocnonnnm remama, ann n
cacnnm npyraunier ycmepena on cnoamner poonana onom nnn onom opennom crnny n
nonnpranana marpnnn noxopnocrn xanonnma yxanynennx normn xao nerpnnxonannx
nneonomxnx momenara xoinma ie nn nocrnsane nonoxaia noe sa moh xoia sanpmana y
xonopmnsmy. To n snaunno na n ce nonpxanana mnnnmanno uernoponnmensnonanna
nepnennnia xao raxna npernocranxa, xoiom n ce ca yxnnanem cnnomne xynrypno-
pannonanncrnuxn saysere nosnnnie nepcnexrnne nnn cnnxe nynne, orxpnnane crnapn xaxne
one came n iecy y enprercxn noxyunnanoi nnmennmensnonannocrn, y Fory ri. Fnncrnyiyhem
xoie ie npe cnera nocroieher. 3a eneprocnecny npnpony naxna ie nouerna rauxa xperana, xao
ono mro nymy opnienrnme na nyxonnn nornen nnn npcry spena nsrpahene rnnonornie
cnecrn, y camom xopeny nponanasehn ono cnacanaiyhe on npnnnnnor nsanana. Cnenyiyhn
roi pannn ysnnxemo ce no npnnnxanana cmncny xnnocrarnxe onronornie xao anoarnuxe
onroreonornie nnn mncrnuxe reonornie orana. Kao na y nanny ynyhnocrn nonnpe iexa
onaxnnx pasmnmana n no Xpncroca Janapaca, xana ie y nnoconin es oxnnana nanncao:
Jenan ie yunre xoin ie pexao n noronnno ce. Cne mro ie yunnno es peun, nocroino ie Ona.
Ko ie y nnacrn Hcycone peun, rai moxe na cnyma n Berono hyrane. Taxo he nrn canpmen,
nenonahe no onome mra ronopn a no rome o uemy hyrn nhe npenosnar.(Xpncro Janapac,
4u)ocoduia u; uoeoe ve)a, Bpnauxa Fana: Cn. Cnmeon Mnporounnn, 2002. /nsn. 1986,
crp.179/) H npema cn. Ipnropniy Hanamn /Tpniane, 1,6/, xpos namepanane nnn
nnrennnonanne axre cnecrn, nonnpe ce no noxennx ncxona n pemena, raxo na y ocnonn
cnnme pyxononn namepa: Hnie nn nm nxana nano na ym, na cmo ycrpemnnmn ce na npno
snana n oxycnnmn c nera, ornann c mecra oxancxe cnacrn? He noxennnmn no sanonecrn

44
tamo, str.226
41
na nenn n onpxana ra (Hocmane 2, 15), ycrynnnn cmo npen nyxannm canernnxom, xoin ce
npnxpao omanom n onpnnnneo nac nenorom nosnana nopa n sna. Bnnno ie na ie on n cana
onai, xoin nehe non pyxononcrnom orana na nenn n onpxana rnoie cpne, re na npencxasyie
rauno snane mnorononnnsanaiyhnx n ysaiamno ypannorexennx neecxnx cepa c nnxonnm
cnoicrnnma - snanem nopa n sna, crora mro nopo nnie camo no cen y npnponn ror snana,
eeh v nyacxnu nauepaua, saienno c xoinma ce n snane npnxnana na crpany xoia ce xenn.
Hpema rom yspoxy nasnao nx saienno n nopo n sno cnnxoncrnma (nannxama) n
nanapenocrnma y mnoroiesnunnm napeuinma, cnny xpacnopeunnocrn, snane ncropnie,
mnorocnoxene merone nornuxnx nocrpoiena, mnororopahena pacyhnnana pauyncxnx nayxa,
mnoronnxa mepena nernapnnx onnuia (nrypa) ne camo pann rora mro ce cne ro xonea y
sanncnocrn on mnena n naxo mena, caopaxanaiyhn ce ca nnennma ynn; neh n crora mro
cy ra snana nonona sa sa ynpaxnanane omrpena nymennor oxa, ann ie nrn ynopan y
nnma no crapocrn phano. /Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama, Tpuiaoe, 1,6/
Xainerepon yunre Enmynn Xycepn, ynaxanaiyhn Fpenranone nonpnnoce
rpancnennenrannom nnrennnonannom xnnory ncropnicxo-rexcronomxnm pasymenannma, o
neronom nonyxnary nnax ie nncao ca rpesnene nncranne: Fpenrana orxpnhe
nnrennnonannrera nnax nnie noneno no rora na y nemy nnnn nonesanocr rnopennna,
nonesanocr xoia ie y xoncrnryncanom nnrennnonannom iennncrny n neronnm cnarnamnnm
naunnnma narocrn sarnopena nonyr ienne cennmenrnpane nonecrn, ienne nonecrn xoia ce
moxe orxpnrn nyrem crpore merone. 3axnayiyhn rom remenom casnany cnaxa npcra
nnrennnonannor iennncrna nocraxe 'rpancnennenranna nnr nonna' xoncrnryrnnnnm
'anannsama', a came re anannse nyrem ne sanoniaiy nornyno iennncrnen xapaxrep; one nncy
anannse y yonuaienom cmncny (peenne anannse), neh orxpnha nnrennnonannnx nmnnnxannia
(y nanpenonany on iennor ncxycrna xa cncremy moryhnx npennasnauennx ncxycrana).E.
Husserl, Formale und transzendentale Logik, Verzuch einer Kritik der logischen Vernunft,
Halle, 1929., s.217. V Kanronoi nnoconin ona npernocranxa ie nohena nyoxnm
nnrynnniama xoie cy yponnne nnonnnm ynnnnma, a ono mro my ie Xycepn samepao iecre
nenocrarax meronnuxe camocnecrn xoia n nonycrnna nocnenne nnococxo yremennane:
On ne nponnpe no anconyrne cyiexrnnnocrn xoia xoncrnrynme cmncao n naxene cner
nha, nnrn no merone na ce ona noxyun y cnoioi anonnxrnunocrn, na ce ncnnra n xpnrnuxn
nsnoxn. E. Husserl, Die Krisis der europischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale
Phnomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phnomenologische Philosophie, Den Haag, 1954. s.
202 (Husserliana Bd. VI) V xpnrnuxom naunny carnenanana crnapn npncyran ie n
enomenonomxn opar xoin ie nreparnnno cnponeo nmneryc crape xenencxe mncnn. Ha
naunn cnoicrnen nemy, Xycepn ie ono npnmerno ncrnuyhn ro mro ie cnercxo-nonecno
snauaino n oanesyiyhe: ...moxe ce ynnnern na ie y nenoi rpancnennenrannoi
cyiexrnnnocrn (xoiy naxon yremeena n noimonnor nxcnpana rpea ocnopnrn) y xnnoi
nnrynnnin yrnenano ynpano ono mro cama enomenonornia cnoiom meronom cxnara y
anonnxrnuxoi ennnennnin, y iennom noi cnoicrnenom nnpexrnom naunny ncxycrna, y iennoi
noi cnoicrnenoi meronnnn nnnnpexrne xonnennnie, n y cnemy anonnxrnuxn. E. Husserl, Die
Krisis der europischen Wissenschaften und die transzendentale Phnomenologie: Eine
Einleitung in die phnomenologische Philosophie, Den Haag, 1954. s. 431 (Xusserliana Bd. VI,
Beilage X) Xainerep ie y cnncy o Kanronoi nosnnnin noima nncrnonana ns nnnamnxe
nncrnonana ymao y nerone nnnone noxasnnana n nonecno mnmena na rai naunn ynano
on /o/naxnx npncryna n pasymenana. Tnme on nnie nparno na cneny nayxy o neponany, nero
npnonrny nonesanocr ca nnranem neponana. Ta nesa nponyena ie no enomenonomxor
ynrnpana uncrnne nncrnonana n na roi uncrnnn ornopenor naxena.
Ono naimpaunnie xao nexo "ramno cnerno" neononno nonceha na ncnxacrnuxe
"necrnopene eneprnie Foxnie" nnn na "ranopcxy cnernocr" Cnacnreenor npeopaxena /Cn.
An. Mamei, 17, 1-13; Mapro, 9, 2-13; Hvra 9, 28-30/, moxna n na npeopaxene anocrona
42
Hanna na nyry sa Pamacx /ue)a anocmo)cra, 9,3/, a xoia cnia ns uonexone cymrnne xana ie on
xon cee n npn cen, a ne npn camonsonannonom eronrery xao cexynnapnoi xapaxrepncrnnn
nha.















































43

IN PIAM MEMORIAM

V HAMET H CETABE MAPHJAHV HHHPH (1940.2008.)

Ppyror nana nnernor mecena maia npomne ronnne, npo. np Mapnian Hnnpa
npencranno ce Iocnony naxon remxe onecrn, sanpmanaiyhn onosemacxe nane onno,
ann es sene na nn ie n npeneno xnnern. Pohen y mysnnn cxnonoi noponnnn Mnna n
Hepxe Hnnpa nonempa 1940, sapana ie ycnaiao nncxypce xapmonnia n ounncxnx
npenopyxa sa nanaxene carnacnocrn mehy crnapnma. Knacnuno opasonane ie crexao y
rnmnasnin xoia ie iom ymena na npomonnme monen yuenocrn pann ncrnncxe npanennocrn.
Taxo ie ro xnacnuno opasonane y nnaronnuxom ronycy iom ynex morna na yne ona
nnnnnianna xanncna xoia ra ie ycmepnna npema Anconyry, npenopyuyiyhn nperopan pan n
camoycanpmanane.
Ha unnosocxom axynrery Cneyunnnmra y 3arpey, Mapnian Hnnpa ie
sanpmno crynnie nnoconie ca xomnaparnnnom xnnxennomhy 1964. ronnne, a ncre
ronnne ra ie npo. np Bnannmnp unnnnonnh npnmno sa acncrenra na Karenpn sa
nnoconiy. Hon neronnm menropcrnom ie na ncroi Krenpn n noxropnpao 1975. ronnne
ca resom Mema+opdo;e +emadu;ure, a unanonn xomncnie nnn cy npo. np Fpanxo
Fomnax n npo. np Pannno Heionnh. V nemro nsmenenom onnxy ona ie oianena xao
xnnra 1978. ronnne /npyro nsnane 1999/, xoia ie nsasnana npnnnuno ypne peaxnnie y
onnamnnm nnrenexryannnm xpyronnma, iep ie npoxera nooxnnm xpnmhancxnm nyxom
nonpasymenana nnrepnperarnnny onony onronornie n peopmy ca nom nonesanor
nornuxor cranonnmra. Arensam n rana nonnrnuxn noxeno oroopcrno, ca rom cy
nsysernom crynniom nonne nesamyheno n nencxpnneno ornenano, y xome ie morna na ce
nnnn cna nsonnuenocr n naxasnocr nnna xoia cy nx nocnna; a ro cnaxaxo na nnie morno
na npohe es peaxrnnnor nerarnnnsma.
Ponyme, mopa ce npnmernrn xaxo ie iom on npnnx panona (Filozofija i znanost
(Kritika, 1963), Intelektualac i drutveni angaman (Kritika, 1963), re Miljenje revolucije kao
revolucija miljenja (Prvo radno savjetovanje studenata filozofije Jugoslavije, Zagreb, 1964.,
peepar nsnoxen 1962. ronnne), narenrno nsasnnan cyxo y noxperany nnrana oxo
ocnonnnx npennocrn xoin n nne yremennane na ncrnnn /a ro ie ynpano no Hnnpn no
ocnonnn nenocrarax onnamner nnanaiyher `reopnicxor mapxcnsma`, xoin nnie nonarao
pauyna o cmncny xapaxrepa npennocrn/, a raxan xpnrnuxn cran snauno ie xaxo nsason
noxperany na nnococxo mnmene c ienne, raxo n noxnnai npxoca npema
erannpannm ynonocrnma y pasnonpcnocrn onnamnnx xonyxrypnnx nenarnocrn y
npymrnenom cexropy, c npyre crpane. Kaxo ro npocro n nnie morno na npohe es
ysnpahana, nepnnxr ce noxasao xao ycxpahnnane nanpenonana y xapniepn, na ie ymecro
npnsnana n nanpenonana y snany oopen na nnrenexryanny xprny, xana ie nosnrnnan
nsnemrai xomncnie sa nonenrypy 1975. ronnne (Pynon unnnnonnh, Pannno Heionnh,
Bana Cyrnnh) nesanyncan npnmenama Iaie Herponnha, na cy ra caunnnnn nnoson
amarepn n nornncann ayrcainepn. 3ancra myuna nexonerniannocr, xoia ana ianno
cnerno na nnaue xnnxenno norepany n mncono crpory crnnnsanniy Hnnpnnnx crynnia:
Kontemplacija i cin (Praxis, 1970), Antropozofija Rudolfa Steinera (Encyclopaedia moderna,
1970), Vidici jezika (Pitanja, 1971), Geneza covjekove povijesti (Encyclopaedia moderna,
1971) n ri Aurobindo put integralne joge (Delo, 1975).
Pnceprannia ie xnannnxonana xao anrponosonia n npenpnuanana o rpuxoi
nnosonin, a rexcr o Anpannnny Iomy xao caiamcxo oncienamrno n nema nese ca
44
nnosoniom; na n onryxyiyhn saxyuno: Onciex sa nnosoniy ie crexao nennxn
yrnen y cnniery, a noxymai na ce Hnnpa nsaepe sa nonenra, ro npencrana noxymai
nerpanannie. Konnxo ie camo ropnocrn y peunma `nennxn yrnen y cnery` morno na ce
cpyun na rana mnanor nayunnxa np Mapniana Hnnpy, a n xaxo ie nno moryhe na nserne
raxo orpoman annan xoin ra ie nnpexrnnnsonao ynapnem cnnunom onom ns 11. rese o
uoiepaxy xao `camonnrepnperannia c nannuia`. Onryxa ie snaunna npecyny n ro ca
sacrpamyiyhnm nepasymenanem n iacnom nonnrnuxom xonoranniom, mro nnie saoneno
camo Mapniana Hnnpy, nero n nac, nerone crynenre, xoin he namrnrn re ncre ronnne
onpxanan cemnnap o Hnarononom Hap+euuov, xao unrane nenee nmuexnnann norahai, na
xome ie Hnnpa noxasao noceny nynnnnocr, ornopenocr sa nnianor n cny cynepenocr cnor
nayunor n nenaromxor pana, xao cnexnny nyxa xoia nac ie sanaxnyna, neponarno sa neo
xnnor.
Hs nanamne nepcnexrnne remxo na moxe na yne iacno, xaxo ie nnaue npenan nncan
cpennomxoncxor ynennxa sa nornxy n npnnnuno ncranuan ncrpaxnnau
enomenonomxor mnmena n enrnecxe emnnpncrnuxe nnoconie (xoin ie, ysrpen, n
xpos saxren sa mnmenem penonynnie y xpnrnnn Xainereponor penonynnonapnor
xonsepnarnnnsma ysnnsao nainnmy npaxcy xao onepy reopnicxor xnnora na panry
penonynnonapne reopnie xao mnmena nncrnonana), morao na ce onnyun na raxny
namaxy, npornnpeuehn npe cnera onome mro ie cam nncao n nenonpannno nompaun
nnacrnrn nyxonnn nnx. Hayxa es npannunocrn n onnena nac ie y ncropnicxn cynonpar.
Hocnennna ie nna na cmo na nerona npenanana nmnn nenono n ca ocehaiem
npohepnanana ymnnx eneprnia, a ca npyre crpane cy nerarnnno mapxnpana
nennococxa oncenapcrna npoyuanana nanexo nnme nero mro ro moxna sacnyxyiy, iep
ie nno xopncnnie na ce raxna naxna noxnonnna crynniama rsn. cpennonexonne
nnoconie, xoie cy nne nornyno cxpainyre n cnomnnane y xonrexcry remxe
npenasnhenocrn. Vocranom, rex y nosnninm ronnnama, naxon npahana na axynrer (a n
naxon cmprn Ipaie Herponnha), ca unme ie nonexne ona remxa nenpanna ynaxena, n
Hnnpa ie xpenyo raxnnm crasama: Put grcke filozofije od Edese (484) do Toleda (1150)
/Godinjak za povijest filozofije, 1986./, Kao da nas samo jo jedan Heidegger moe spasiti?
(Filozofska istraivanja, 1986)., Schopenhauer i njemacki idealizam (Filozofska
istraivanja, 1988)., Bog filozofije i Autenticno biti (Filozofska istraivanja, 1993, 1995),
a xao onmnnie crynnie xoia cy ra ncrpaxnnana npennsnnie yonnuanana - Zbilja due n
Evolucija religije (Marulic, 1996, 1999).
Vremennane xpnmhancxe mncnn ns nepcnexrnne npemenonana nha xoie xnnn
cnoi cner xnnora, nonesyie cnoie `ia cana` xao npemenocr nncrnonana ca neunomhy,
excncrennnianno ra caxnmaiyhn raxo my nannxyie n onpxana ra, enonynnonom xynrypnom
cennmenranniom nononn no npeepennnie xpnmhancrna xao ynnnespanne nnoconie, na
onai nepnon nana ca crynniama: Filozofija i duh krcanstva, Ivanov logos, Sveti Pavao
suradnik Boji, S. Kierkegaard filozof krcanske egzistencije, Edith Stein: konacni i vjecni
bitak (y Marulicu, 1992, 1993, 1999.). Kpnrnxonann nannornuap Xeren ns pannier nepnona,
neponarno nenonono nopo nnhen y nosnnnin anconyrne norocnocrn xao nnianexrnuxn
yremennau merone mapxcncrnuxor marepniannsma n npareher sanoca ca penonynnonapnnm
mnmenem, cana nna npnxnarnn y nyxy xpncronenrpnsma xao noroco-nornuap, xao
nnrepaxrnnan cnexynarnnnn mncnnnan xoin ce osnno n onronopno npnxnarno nocna na
ecxonaunnm sanannma nnoconie y enponcxoi xynrypn xpncronenrpnune enomenonornie
nyxa. Karonnuancrnenocr nnn ynnnepsannocr nnme nnie oiexrnnnsam narypanncrnunocrn
ncropnie, nornxe n camocnamaiyher ce anconyra (nene nnn necne penonynnonapnocrn), nero
ono mro nneiy onronopnocrn unnn cynncnnm npannnom onuainocrn n caspeo onnoc npema
Hcrnnn. Opro-noxcnia npema Hcrnnn nonpasymena neny xar-/x/onnuancrneny nnmensniy
naxena.
45
Hcyc Xpncroc nnie camo anrponoanniom noxasann iennncrnenn Hpopox nexe
pernonanne cepe nha, na npnmep xao npnsnarn nnn nenpnsnarn nomasannx y nexom napony,
nero npema reoannin na ropn Tanop n Cnn Foxnin, nanme Iocnon Horoc xoin ce yrenonno y
yncxom onnuiy (Jn. 1,1) n cnnma na semn ocnernno nyrene Foxnie. Hnnpn, nonyme, nnie
nna nosnara canpemena pycxa pennrnicxa mncao, xao nn reonomxa nnreparypa, ann n ce
morno pehn na n cacnnm nno moryhe n nosnnane na `pasnor namer nanana` on cn. Ipnropnia
Haname y cnenoueny rpoinne Ancrona /cn. An. Jonana, Herpa n Jaxona/, xoin cy nnnenn
Foxancxy Teoanniy xao nsnnnane Foxnie cnernocrn na ropn Tanop, rne nx ie Vunre
nosnao na ie nenocpenno noxaxe, xao na xamen remean noroconornuxor xpncronenrpnsma. V
rom npanny xpehy ce crynnie: Misli o etici (Zagreb, kolska knjiga, 1999.), Temelji ontologije
(Zagreb, Matica hrvatska, 2003.), Uvod u filozofiju (Zagreb: Matica hrvatska, 2007.) n
Spoznajna teorija (Zagreb, Matica hrvatska, 2007.).
To ie npanan xoin nonpasymena na axo nha iecy, iecre n nncrnonane xao ono xoie
oyxnara cnaxo noiennno iecre n nocenocrn noiennnocrn y cnom cneoyxnarnom nncrnenom
sarpaiy. Taxo ie uncro nncrnonane (nnn uncrn nrax /npna cymrnna, nrnie/), yienno n
omoryhanaiyhn reme cnnx nha, iep ie oncycrno ror remea nenhe n nponsnonocr
neyremeenocrn. On ie cnoonan xao `Hpacnoona` iep ie Cneoyxnaran n anconyran (`on
cnera paspemen`), ri. Hnuan nnn `ocoan` /nnocrasan/, n sa Hnnpy ro npocro snaun na Teme
moxe na yne iennno Cnerorpoinunn For. Iocnon Hcyc Xpncroc xao yrenonenn For no Ony
npexo Cneror Pyxa xao Pyxa Vremnrea, ynasn y nornynocr ncropnicxor npemenonana n
nonesyie nac ca neunomhy xao nyr, ncrnna n xnnor, (ro onronapa Hnnpnnom pasymenany
crnapn xao anexnarnocr nary ynohenem y nnoconiy xao nnococxy nanneiy, noxasnnanem
moryhnocrn casnana xao xpnmhancxnx sasncxnx snana n ocrnapnnanem nnunocrn y
nanpenonany rnx crnnannx snana), na xnnern snaun ncnynanane Iocnonne sanonecrn:
ynnre canpmenn xao mro ie canpmen Oran nam neecxn, na n yonmre n morno na ce yne
`yxpamennm nyxom`.
Ornapane cxonnona nonesanocrn rnx snana xpos nnrepnperarnnno anane cnerna
na nnx, no ie n onai sanarax xoin ie Hnnpa npenano ncnynanao no xpaia cnor oraro
npoxnnenor nexa, sa xoin ce ne moxe pehn na y cnnm ycnonnma n nanonnma, nnie nmao
naronar Foxniy. Ona ie nnnnna npe cnera y pasnoino nocrnrnyrom saoxpyxnnany mncnn no
anconyrne pannn, no xpncronenrpnuxor ncxonnmra, ca onronopnnm cxnaranem ynore
opasonana noimona y rpuxoi nnoconin xpos cpennonexonna rymauena n one nnece, xoie
n nanac caunnanaiy oxocnnny sa npennananane anapxnuxnx napnniannsyiyhnx crpemena
oiexrnnnsma n narypannsaropcxor nnxnnnsma, na iennom nnmem nnnoy camoocnemhnnana
nornuxnx npernocranxn cnpemene ersncrennnie y oxnnpnma enponcxe xynrype; na xpos
npnxnarane reonomxnx npennocrn uonexy nonono yxaxe na npano nocroiancrno, ca xoinm
canpemena anrpono-annia npenasnasn n anrponosoniy xoia nasnauana ornenana n cnmnone,
nonono orxpnnaiyhn snauai crnapana `na nnx n nononie Foxnie` n uonexon crnapanauxn nyx
capanne c Iocnonom y xperany na nouerxe, npomnmaiyhn n xyiyhn noimone oxpenyre
Beunom n Heecxom Hapcrny Foxniem.
Hnnpnno neno sa onosemacxor xnnora noxasano ce y cnoi, moxna na npnn nornen n
neouexnnanoi npannnnocrn n nenorn, ann oe re npexpacne oconne nne cy nanexo
nnnnnnie y nenocpennom cycpery n pasronopnma ca xoinma ie necenuno nonno cnoie
crynenre, ynyhyiyhn nx na snauai n snauena cmncna unpcrnne xapaxrepa n onronopnocrn. 3a
mene nnuno ro ie mnoro snaunno n npaxrnuno, npe cnera y remxoi cnryannin xoia ie nacrana
ca parnnm cyxoom n pacnanom nnme Jyrocnannie, re ca nonnrnuxom xpnsom nesanom sa
omapnonane Cpnie n oxynanniy Kocona. Pasnor na ce perenepnmemo xpos onony nepe na
ocnonnma rpuxe nanneie n yremennana y Anconyry mnmena xao xpncronenrpnuxoi sacann
namer nyxa, nanexo ie nehn pasnor nnacrnror nocroiana nero nno xaxna reopnicxa paspana
anapxonnnnx nonnmranana nmnepniannsma rnoanncrnuxor `cnercxor sna`, raiena mpxne n
ocnera, iep ona nanneycnicxa nera nonmana crnapn y oxpenyrocrn npnoi nnoconin nnn
`Meramoposama meransnxe`, nanexo oe cnayie sno n nenpanny on cnnx
46
nnrensnnnpannx crpacrn xoie ce pso pasrope, ann n nsrope n necrany y nnacrnroi
sannmenocrn. Tnxn xap pasrpnyr ca nna cnercxor ornnmra nocn neyracnny ronnnny, a
nerono ie xpnmhancxo nme yan. Iocnonna yan ie naiormennia moh na xoiy nac ie
ynyrno n reopnicxn, a n na cnom nnunom npnmepy cronuxor xnnora xao y xpnmhancrny
ocnenouenn nsyuananan npaxrnuno n noxasao Mapnian Hnnpa.
Hexa ie nocmprna cnana neronoi neympnoi cenn,
na ie Bacxpcnn Iocnon npnmn y cnoie cnerno Hapcrna Heecxor,
xamo cy on nannnna nmna cna npannoynna n ncrnnoynna nha

Anexcannap M. Herponnh,
14. nonempa, 2009., y Honom Cany





















47
Cehane na cmpr nacnnrana cxperanem naxne na
xnnor
/V namer n nocmprny cnany Taxony CHH, np Mnnopany M. Hasnhy/

Oran Mnnopan M. Hasnh nac ie nanycrno, nparnnmn ce ns xnnnnuxe cmprn na
n onpanno noxropar Cpncra ecmemura acremu;+a (1375-1459), re rnme saoxpyxno
cnoi onmnn nocao ncrpaxnnana nyxonnor n ecrercxor nnana mannecrannia cnane
Foxnie, enexenor y cpncxoi cpennonexonnoi xnnxennocrn, xoioi ie on nocnerno
napounry naxny. Hpe oiannnana marncrapcxor pana Hcuxa;a+ cpncre rnuee 1375-
1459, Hnm: Hpocnera, 1999, nncanor non menropcrnom np Cnme Tnpxonnha, np
Mnnopan M. Hasnh ie sanpmno crynnie na xarenpn sa ncropniy unnosocxor axynrera y
Feorpany ca nnnnomcxnm panom nanncannm non nohcrnom np Pnmnrpnia Fornanonnha
Hcuxa;a+ pecaecrux pvronuca. C rnme ie mehy npnnma ycranonno xaxo ie uynena
npenncnnauxa mxona xao nexa npcra opacna sa mexannuxo ymnoxanane pyxonnca,
nna sanpano xpearnnna na nyxonnom nnany xoin ioi ie n oesehnnao eneprniy sa
nocroiane. Ha pannn npenasnnaxena rponnmensnonannor mexannuxor pannonannsma
ncnxonsnuxom meronom npe-ymnnana ynnauenem yma y cpne n nynncxn ocnemrannm
carnenananem crnapn, onnrpanana ce ra nyxonna opa y xoioi cy noene snaunne npnnnn
eneprnia saxnayiyhn xoinma nocao npenncnnana nocraie cnnyprnicxn xpearnnan unn.
Penarno cnyxene cnemrenoi ncropnin cnacena ornoueo ie 21. cenrempa 1985., na nan
Poxnecrna Hpecnere Foroponnne, xana ra ie onnamnn enncxon anarcxn np Amnnoxnie
Panonnh pyxononoxno sa haxona. Heecxoi Conin, Hpemynpocrn Hpecnere Foroponnne,
nocnerno ce ymnnm rnxonanem n nncxpernnm xapom /cnenehn Hpoxnony maxcnmy
npoxnnn cnoi xnnor cxponnro/, re panehn na crapnm pyxonncnma n xnnrama Haponne
nnnorexe Cpnie rne ce n sanocnno on 1989. r., npoxeo xopnsonre cnor ncrpaxnnana
nnrannma cmncna nyxonne ecrernxe, cnenehn npe cnera nennxn ysop Hanena
Anexcannponnua unopencxor n neronor mncaono nainnonnnier haxa Anexceia Hocena.
Vcpnno ie npnnpemao npenanana o xnnsn n nxonn y Bnsanrnicxoi ncropnin, xoia ie npxao
na Axanemnin sa ymernocr n xonsepnanniy CHH. On 2001. ronnne nocrao ie crannn
capannnx Fanxanonomxor nncrnryra CAHV, ca unme ie naioe onaro npnsnane neronnm
ncropnococxnm n ecrernuxnm ncrpaxnnannma. On ie ycneo n na nx xpynnme onpanom
noxropcxe nnceprannie Cpncra ecmemura acremu;+a (1375-1459) 15. maia 2003., y
xomncnin np Cnme Enaxonnha, np Bnanana Hepnmnha n np Mnpxa 3yponna; a ncror nana
ie npnneo n nocnenny haxoncxy enxapncrniy, nsnaxnynmn oopen nensneunnom n
nonmyxnom onemhy xapnnnoma na pyxama cynpyre Cnannne y npncycrny cnoie nene
Jonane n Pnmnrpnia.
Hsrynnmn raxo nsysernor npniarea, nenuanor xyma n nparor capara y
Xpncry, xoin ie ynex ymenao na opacnonoxn n oonpn na saiennnuxom nyry, n cana
nanasnm yrexy y nyxonnoi openocrn neronnx xnnra (ys neron xapaxrep ie nmno n ro na
ie no onnnuan xaparncra), unia eneprercxa npnnnaunocr ne nocycraie, a sor xoie cam
ynex pano o nnma ronopno n nncao. Ty xnnxennocr on nnie nocmarpao nsononano, neh
nomohy pasnnienor enomenonomxor merona n npe cnera ncxycrna unrana nnrepapnnx
cnomennxa cnernx orana, re ie y ny sapanao cpnem n nymom nspanaiyhn npennhene
ncepe xoie ie pehao y nncxe n npnxasnnao nx y cnoinm panonnma. V nennxe nnnnie
pasnoia xynrype nnsanrnicxor xomonnenra cnaxaxo na cnana crnapanauxn pan na
nncmenocrn n xnnsn, y xoin ce yunannna n cpncxa xynrypa cnoinm snauainnm nenom. Tai
snauaian neo ne moxe na ce npxn sa nponasny ennsony xoia n nna oxnannnxonana xao
exrnncxo npecnnxanane nnsanrnicxor, nsnopnor monena. Pa ona nnie morna es cnnonnre
npncrpacnocrn na yne rpernpana xao esnauaino cnoamne ononamane ysopa, xoin cy
48
nanonno nynxe ncnynenn sacrpanyiyhnm cyienepiem nnn aporanrnomhy sapana xoie
oroennm npernama yrepyiy nocnymnocr, cnenoue n mnore osnne crynnie. To ie y
ocnonn no sancra crnapanauxn nonpnnoc, a no rome y uemy ce on cacroiao, snauaian ie
xaxo sa yremeene name npxannocrn raxo n sa naronern xynrype.
1

Konnenrpanniom na nepnon cpncxe ncropnie naxon Mapnuxe nrxe, np Mnnopan
Hasnh ie youno xaxo ce noxymano ca ynaxenem y xynrypy n npymrneno ycrpoicrno
nncrnonana onnamner npemena, nno c rnme na cy ce nanonnne unnennne xoie nncy
onpenennane xornnrnnno unnene (nenopanne), nno na cy ce sanocranann
nesaonnasnn enemenrn xoin nx nneorpacxn caunnanaiy. V rom ie cmncny xnnra np
Mnnopana M. Hasnha, Hcuxa;a+ cpncre rnuee 1371-1459, nonpasymenana samncao na ce
xpene xpos pexoncrpyxnniy yxynne nyxonno-npymrnene cnryannie onnamner cpncxor
napona npema nocrynnnm nsnopnma, re na ce nasnaun xonnxo onmrn nonoxai cpncxe
xnnre, nennx crnapanana n unranana, ronnxo n nenn ounrnennn nenopanehn yunnnn no
namy nonecny camocnecr. Tnme ie crnrao na yxaxe n na nennxn snauai xoin ie xnnra xao
cnernna n ymernnuxa npenmernocr nmana y opmnpany cpncxe cpennonexonne
nnrennrennnie. Hpn rome ie rexcryannn xapaxrep xnnre sopnnxa uerpnaecror n
nernaecror nexa noceno pasmarpan n pasnpcran npema rnnonomxnm canpxnnama, a
ncnxacrnuxn enemenrn xao noneha crpyxrypna nonmana y sacennm nennnama y nnma,
nonono cy iacno ocnerenn n narnamenn. Cnaxaxo na ie onaxan saxnar nnon xpearnnnor
npncryna ayropa ncropnin cpncxe xnnre, re camnm rnm nparonen nonpnnoc pasymenany
xnnxnnx npxynana npomnocrn n pasasnanany nyrena xaxo ce no nnx crnsano, ann n
nsrpannn ysnnmenor rnna canpemene nyxonne enomenonornie. Hexo n morao na nnra
mra ro canpemeno moxe na ce nahe y rpannnnin crapnioi on ner nexona, ann moxna n ce n
sauynno na Mnnopanonnm onronopom. On n cnrypno naneo onai nnrar Ipnropnia Haname
ns npne Tpuiaoe xoin xaxe: Casnarnne crnapn uax n ne saramnyiy ienna npyry, nero
opnyro, cnaxa nspacra y cnoioi xpacorn, xana ce noiann npyra nnma, rnm nnme npn
ianany came Foxancxe cnne, xoia crnapa cnaxy xpacory...Jepernnn nasnnaiy reno snom n
nenom hanoer naiapcrna, a mn cmarpamo na ie sno camo npennane yma y renecnnm
nomncnnma, a nnxaxo na ie reno sno, iep camo reno nnie sno...Vm n cne nymenne nomncnn
cy y cpny. Bnnnm, na onai xoin ie pemno na nasn na cee y ncnxnin, oanesno n nyxno
rpea na npaha n saxyuana ym y reno, n noceno y ro ynyrapne reno rena, xoie mn
nasnnamo cpne. (Tpuiaoe, 1., crp. 22-44) Cam nonecnn xopnsonr, y xome ce n noraha ono
mro sonemo canpemenocr, nnie naxo pasorxpnrn n noxasarn, ynyhn na ynpano on nsnia
xon nnneapno xpononomxn npenasnhennx n npema mexannuxoi nsnnn nenpncyrnnx
reopernuapa onor mro iecre, y nncxpernoi nnmensnin ynyhnx moryhnx acnexara
mnmena xoie anrnnnnnpaiy n carnenanaiy y onrnnn remennx enomena: ncrnuyhn

1
Pyoxa onanocr pasmarpannma sanemapenor cmncna nncmenocrn xao nyxonne xareropnie n nanac ce cmarpa mehy
ncraxnyrnm nayunnnnma nnnorexapcxor ncrpaxnnana ncropnie xnnre nocenom cxnonomhy, o uemy cnenoue n
poinn oianenn panonn y rexyhoi nepnonnnn, xao n monorpacxe nynnxannie. Hcropnicxo-nnonomxa
ncrpaxnnana ca nonpyuia Hcroune Enpone xoia n nonynnna pyne y naynn, nahena cy xon nac y sanocranenoi
nnoconin ncropnie (panonn Mnnoia Bacnha, Mapnie Inmyrac, Pannnoia Hemnha, Onera Hnxonaiennua Tpyauona
nnnn: Anexcannap M. Herponnh, Kpamra apxeoepaduia Cpoa, Honn Can, 1997), a n ounrnenna cy n y reopnicxnm
panonnma ns onacrn nyxonnnx nayxa namer Becennna uaixanonnha, Pnmnrpnia Fornanonnha, Topha Tpnynonnha,
Cnme Tnpxonnha, yonpara Croianonnha, Boincnana J. Typnha, Topha Panoinunha nrn. Ounrnenno ie na nac nnmra
ne cnpeuana na noxymamo na carnenamo n moryhe npenopone xoie cy nparnne xynrypnn pasnoi nesan sa namy rpannnniy,
re cne one momenre xoin xapaxrepnmy onpehene ycnone npncnaiamo xao orahene name nonecrn camocnecrn y
nonecnom norahany cnecrn yonmre. Cnonenn raxohe nncxperno yuecrnyiy y pasmenn xynrypa, a ca ocoenocrnma xoie
cy neronane na namem nonney ycnocranamo rpannnniy xoia ie raxohe npenna nomena n npernocrana panone xoin
cy yponnnn cacnnm sannmnnnm pesynrarnma.

49
oppnocr xao npnnnnn, ne camo ouynana npennor npenana, nero n crnapanauxor
ncxopaxa y cycper pemanany axryennnx nponema cnor npemena.
2

Kaxo ie xomnnexc nponema ca xoinma ce cyouanamo npema ynnny np Hasnha
orpoman, pemena mopaiy na yny psa n mynpa, onronapaiyha no pacrepehenocrn on
nonpmnocrn n oxpenyrocrn ncxoncxoi nnrynnnin, sa xoiy ynex npenn npenysnmarn
ncrpaxnnana na ce nponahe n yremen am raxan cmncao y nonecnoi noxymenrapncrnnn
xnnre n cnoicrnene ioi onnaxne mncnn. Taxnn nonyxnarn ne n mornn na ce onenyiy xao
nexe npennocrn noxannor nnn pernonannor snauaia, neh xao n ono mro nnie camo
nannnno, nero n nepnnxrno pecnexrannno y nayunoi saiennnnn enpo-arnancxnx rparana
sa crnapnma ncrnne xoie onanaiy nyx nnnnnnsannie. Mehy raxna ncrpaxnnana cnaxaxo
n mopana na ce ypoie n ncropnicxo-nnonomxe crynnie ca nonpyuia Hcroune Enpone
xoie n nonynnna pyne y naynn, xaxo ie ro ca onpehennm raxrom sa ycnocranane
noyane pannorexe npenopyuno n pononauennnx canpemene nnococxe
xepmeneyrnxe, Xanc-Ieopr Ianamep: V oxnnpy rnx narocrn /ncrpaxnnauxo-
reorpacxnx/, xynrypno iennncrno sanannor cnera opmnpano ce xpos nns noxymaia na ce
oxnnn anrnuxo nacnehe. Homro cy npomnn naixemhn nanern ceoe napona n nomro ie
pnmcxa npxna ycnena na ce namerne xao mohna cnara pena, ncropniy sanannor cnera
cranno cy, on xaponnnmxe penecance naonamo, nparnne penecance repmancxo-pomancxnx
napona xoin cy cnennnn Pnmcxo napcrno. Tex nonaxo nounne y namy ncropnicxy cnecr
nponnparn unnennna na ie, sa ncrouny nononnny Enpone, ns Bnsanrnie norexao cnnuan
rpannnnornopan yrnnai n na ce nye ycnaiane re rpannnnie onnniano y cnnunnm
perpocnexnniama.
3
Ounrnenno ie na nac nnmra ne cnpeuana na noxymamo na carnenamo n
moryhe cpncxe npenopone xoie cy nparnne xynrypnn pasnoi nesan sa nnsanrnicxy
rpannnniy, re na cne one momenre xoin xapaxrepnmy ycnone npncnoinmo xao cacnnm
noponomne nonnore rymaueny nennunne n snauaia nnacrnror nacneha. Vsnmaiyhn y
osnp ro mro apem y nauennom crany Ianamep ncnoana norpey na no peun nohy n
ncrounoenponeinn, a c nnma na n Cnonenn yuecrnyiy y pasmenn xynrypa, ocoenocr xoia
ce neronana y namem nonney raxohe ie snauaina nomena n npernocrana panone xoin
cy yponnnn cacnnm sannmnnnm, na n nepnnxrnnm pesynrarnma. To ie y cnaxom cnyuaiy
nno nemoryhe es npncycrna snaxona nyxa, es renecnor npncycrna y nasnauenoi
Iocnonnoi non, a rn cy ce snann iacno ncnoanann y ncrpainocrn ncrpaxnnana n
npxana sa onpehene reme ns reonornie n nnoconie, xao ncnpnnnane n ycarnamanane
ca cnarom saxnarana. Hayxe y mxoncxnm opmama cy na onai nnn onai naunn noxymane
na nsmaxny cmncao raxnnm pasmarpannma nosnrnnncrnuxnm npncrynom, re na
nonmeranem nanonne npncrpacnocrn ycxpare npano na raxna ncrpaxnnana. O rome ie
nnoconia sapana nmana mra na xaxe mexannuxoi cnnnn cnera xoia croin y ocnonn
raxnnm pecrpnxrnnnnm merononorniama, re na nm xanroncxom rexnnom aprymenrannie
yxaxe na neonpxnnocr cranonnmra. Crora ie nsnecna nnpynenrnocr xoia sapana nsniana
ns namepa nyxa nnn ns camor noima norocnocrn )oeoca y nnoconin, sanpano nemro
nsanyiyhe ns xopnsonra sarnopenocrn n xpaine noponomno, iep nynn npexopauena
rpyo emnnpnicxnx mepnna n nosnrnnncrnuxnx sacrpannnana. 3a ry naxny nnococxy
npry n Ianamep xaxe: Hoiam noroca npe ie yxynnocr yncxnx ynnna naranoxennx y
iesnxy n y iesnuxoi opmn npenomennx c xonena na xoneno, n rai noiam noroca iecre ono
mro nornyno onpehyie n rpuxn noiam nayxe. Mohn onpannarn, nonoxnrn pauyna,
opasnoxnrn n noxasarn cne ro canpxn ce y nornnn n nnianexrnnn Ipxa. Ty cnana
n ro na ie rnannn nspas sa nayxe xoin cy Ipnn xopncrnnn no t mathmata, ono uemy ce
nexo moxe noyuanarn n mro ce moxe nayunrn, a ro yxyuyie na npn rom ncxycrno ne n

2
Taxon Mnnopan M. Hasnh, Hpaeoc)aeua ecmemura me)a u maiua no)uocmu, Hernne, 2001., crp. 109
3
X.I.Ianamep, Bvovhuocm eeponcrux ovxoeuux uavra, y xn. Enponcxo nacnehe, Frn., 1999. crp. 26-27
50
nno on nomohn, nnrn na n nno npexo norpeno. V rom norneny maremarnxa ie sa Ipxe
ysopna nrypa nayxe, n ro y cmncny xoin ce cymrnncxn pasnnxyie on ynore xoiy
maremarnxa nrpa sa noiam nayxe monepnor ncrpaxnnana npnpone. Vsopnocr maremarnxe
y rpuxom snany nonpasymena, ne na nocnennem mecry, nnean iesnuxor npenomena, a na
rai naunn nonpasymena n ro na cy ca casnanem nepasnnoino nonesane noyunnocr n
nayunnocr.
4
Onai npenemnnpnicxn n npenrexnnuxn xapaxrep enncrema xoie
nonpasymena xenencxo ncxycrno nyxa, nnxaxo nnie nexn nanmenn npesnp npema
emnnpnicxoi crnapnocrn, nero ie npe nynncxa cnecr o crnapnocrn camor nyxa nnn o
npncyrnom nenosnarom cnery, xoin onai rex nacnnrno nonemennm uynnma onaxnnn
moxemo na xocraryiemo n unnnmo pacnonoxnnnm sa onpehene npcre casnanana.
Cnernocna npnpona cnecrn unnn xnnor xnnnm, a casnana npeunmhana no nnxonnx
ocnona nnn no onpehennx rnnonornia nyxonne crnapnocrn, ca unme ie ornopen nyr
pasymenana nanonno sacrapennx reonomxnx cxnarana, a raxohe n nyr y cpne carnacnocrn
xome ce on ncxona noxopana cam ym y nainnmnm nperensniama ncrnncrnonana.
Hcnxasam nnn ymno rnxonane y oxancxom npnsnny n oxpyxiy, xoie ie npoxeno
crapy cpncxy xnnry, ysnma ce y pasmarpane iep nspaxana ocnonny xey sa ncrnnn
nainnxnm ocmnmananem nncrnonana. Hpernocranxa raxnor, nansrnen nenonymrenor
cyxanana rexyher iennncrna cnecrn y pasnonpcnoi xynrypnoi nonynn n ncropnicxoi
pasnoponnocrn rpahe, iecre na ce nsahe nan npene cnaxonnennne n iypena no
marncrpannnm nyrennma, re cnhe na mane excxnysnnne crase pann iauana naxne n
oaspnnocrn y mnmeny y npncehany nncrnonana, re npnone na yrnxnn xpaionnx
nansrnen mane snauainnx caopahainnna pann ncnynena norpee sa mynpomhy. V raxnom
oxpyxeny xnnenn cy ynn xoin cy yxnnann cnaxonnenny norpey onune cnecrn sa
camonornphnnanem, ri. ynyrpamnn nnianor ca camnm coom (mro ce yrnannom onnocno
na rnnone rsn. rpynexnnx yncxnx npennonana, ri. excnenrpnsama n sacrpannnana) n
oxperann ce xpos ycnocranane rnmnne y crpyiama cnecrn ymnpnnany y cpennmry
nncrnyiyher, y cpny, rparaiyhn sa nponyenninm onnnnma ersncrennnie. Hsmehy
ocranor, o rome cnenoun n nnreparypa xoioi ce na nayunoi nnnorexapcxoi ocnonn n
nperpecannma xnnornnx canpxaia nnococxnm penexcniama y nainepasronernnioi
ecrercxoi nnmensnin (pyxonohenom ncropnicxo-xnnxnnm ocehaiem sa nparonenocr
nepcxor cranonnmra) ncrpaxnnauxn nocnerno nam haxon, np Mnnopan M. Hasnh,
ocranaiyhn nam anannsy cpncxe xynrne ecrernxe ca ecrernuxnm cxnarannma cneror
Cane, saxyuyiyhn: 3anpano, nneie ecrernxe acxernsma crnapane cy xon cpncxor
pennrnosnor uonexa ycxnhene cnnxe cmnpena, cxnana n nyxonne cnare, xpos
anrnnnnanniy xpacore cnernocrn, onnocno npnonnxa Fora. /Mnnopan M. Hasnh,
Ecmemu:ra cxeamana ceemoe Caee, Feorpan, 1998., crp. 86/ Hpanocnanna ecrernxa rena n
raina nonnocrn cxpehe nam xacnnie naxny n na nonecne xopnsonre ca ynyrcrnom mynpor
n pasopnror an. Hanna, na ce npeopaxanamo ns nniexa y nniex ne saopanaiyhn reno
xao xpam Foxnin, xpos namepe opmnpane y reny rena xaxo ie cn. Ipnropnie Hanama
nennncao cpne xao cennmre cnnx nnnona emonnonanne nnrennrennnie n noymenannnx
pannn, re yrounmra n onpnrea na npomnpnnane ocmarpauxnx nnnnxa n cnpemnmre
eneprercxnx norennnia nyxonnor pacra. Vronnxo ie naxan nonarax na ie cnnc Tpuiaoe v
;aumumv ceeumeuooe;+o)euura on Ipnropnia Haname (1296-1359) cnoinm nneiama
sapana ymao y 3opnnx manacrnpa Peuann /p. 88 ns 1360-1380.ronnne/, nonenmn n nme
Ipnropnie Hanama. Vnpano onai sopnnx np Mnnopan Hasnh ie cmarpao nainoysnanninm
ocnonnem sa cnoiy resy na ie cacnnm npncyran n nsnnoinn nnonornopan yrnnai ncnxasma y
cpncxoi cpennonexonnoi cpennnn, rnpnehn na on: ...nenom cnoiom canpxnnom
(npencrana) marepnian xoin ie Hanama ys iom nexonnxo cnnca yonnuno y Tpniane, na n

4
Xanc-Ieopr Ianamep, Eeponcro uac)ehe, /Ipahannn nna cnera/, Frn., 1999. crp. 73
51
y rom cmncny npencrana ienan on nainaxnninx nsnopa sa ncnxacrnuxo nonmane
reonomxor n nnococxor cxnarana xnnre. /ma+o, crp. 74/ Cpennonexonnn uonex xoin
ce ynymrao y ymno rnxonane nmao ie norpey sa ynaxenem y mnpe xopnsonre casnanana
crnapnocrn, a nspas re norpee no ie acxernsam ca nenrpnpanom namepom xperana xa
nenosnarom. Cnaxaxo na nanac moxemo na nanenemo mnoro npnmepa ynn xoin ce oryhyiy
on xnnora na n crexnn mohn xoie n morne iom nnme na ynonoe nnxonoi nesaiaxnnoi
noxnenn, ann oner ona naxn camo sa cner cnaxonnennne cynapa ocrpamhenocrn n onuna
norahana. Mornnanniom ormennnmrna n rpanena mopa na rocnonapn yan (a ne nexa
sacrpanyiyhe sacnenena noa sa mohnma) npema camom xnnory, ne n nn ce y rparany
sa neronnm ncxonom npennanano n nnornano nosemapcxo rnannnane n sacrpamyiyha
ycamenocr y xoioi ce y roi cnryannin noiennnan sarexao. Hpoxnnena ncxycrna
nonpemena no mncnn y xnnrama rana cy noncrpex n nonpmxa, na nnxona
nonymnnosnocr npema Hanamnnnm sanncnma, ne snaun nnmra axo ne moxemo na ce
ynnramo: ...rne cy y rnm xnnrama npannna ormennnuxor n nencrnenor xnnora, rne ie
nonecr o opama n nonnnsnma xoia noxpehe unraona na nonpaxanane. /Cn. Ip. Hanama,
Tpuiaoe..., 111/ Ounro ie na ynocroianane sa npano nncane nonpasymena ncxycrno
cyouanana ca npyrauninm rnnom cnecrn on onune, sa ncrpaxnnanem ncrnne xoia n
nonpasymenana n neny nnnnny n nennnnny crpany xao nanexo mnpe cxnaheny nennny,
xoie nema es npnnyne npnpone unia ce cnnxa snpanopasymcxn opmnpa y onunoi cnecrn.
Taxohe ie iacno na ie ynorpea noima nonpaxanana onne mnmena nponyxrnnno n y
xpainoi nnnnin nonesano ca sanonecrnma ns cnernx cnnca xao cnnrernuxo nonmane, a ne
xao cneno ononamane n npenymrane pasnonpcnnm ncriasanannma xoia camo cnrnannsyiy
censannie rnann, xehn, npemopa nnn onnnx rpnena. Vronnxo ie narnamanan snauai
ecmemure
5
xoia y rpancnennenrannoi anepnennnin xareropnia xpos penenrnnnrer yrncaxa
n cnonrannrer noimona nosnaie n ymernnuxo nnanane npema camoi npnponn, c osnpom na
ro xonnxo cmo ocnocoenn na carnenanamo cymracrno came npnpone xoia on nouerxa
nonn na ce xpnie,
6
re na menamo xnannrer cnoinx nepnenrnnnnx saxnara n xareropnie
xoie opmnpamo nononnmo no nnysnocrn n nynnnocrn.

5
Cnymaiyhn nocraiemo cnecnn snauaia nexor mysnuxor nena, a unraiyhn nonnpemo no ycranonanana naxena n cmncna
pennmo nexe crape cpye, raxo na ecrercxnm nocpenonanem noxnnanamo naxehe onacrn nenocpennor ncxycrna xao
cacnnm noysnano snane xoie moxemo na nponepanamo. Kao n npenmernocrn y npyrnm onacrnma, pennmo y nsnnn nnn
nax ncropnin, penenrnnnrer yrncaxa nnn cnara sanaxana nenocpenno sanncn on rnnonornie opmnpannx nnxona cnecrn
xao npcra onnca crnapnocrn. Acxercxn cnncn nonono iacno yxasyiy na unnennny xoiy naa nnxe ocnernnrn, a ro ie
na y onacrn rne onncn npecraiy n cama uyna npyraunie ynxnnonnmy. Tor acnexra uynnocrn cnecran ie n Kanr, xana
nncncrnpa na nenoi rpancnennenrannoi ynorpen sa nocrynncane uncrnx onaxana, xao n nnxone rexnnuxe npnmene y
xoncrnrynnin noima npnpone. Knacnuna mncao Kanrona xpos cnnrarmy rexnnxa npnpone, ynyhyie nac na ananorniy ca
ymernomhy c osnpom na cyiexrnnnocr namnx mohn casnana, ncrnuyhn xaxo ro nnie ncronpemeno n oiexrnnan onnoc
npema npenmernma: Crora non anco)vmuo+ cepxoeumouhv npnponnnx onnxa ia nonpasymenam onai cnoamnn onnx
nnn raxohe onai ynyrpamnn nnxon cxnon xoin cy raxnn na ce sa ocnon nnxone moryhnocrn mopa na ysme y mamoi mohn
cyhena nexa nneia o nnma. Jep cnpxonnrocr iecre saxonnrocr onora mro ie cnyuaino xao raxnor. V norneny cnoinx
rnopennna xao arperara npnpona nocryna +exauu:ru, xao npocra npnpona, ann y norneny cnoinx rnopennna xao cncrema,
ona nocryna mexuu:ru, ro iecr y ncro npeme xao yue1noc1, na npnmep y crnapany xpncrana, cnaxoiaxnx onnxa nneha
nnn y ynyrpamnem cxnony pacnnna nnn xnnornna....iep cacnnm neno mory nocroiarn ienno nopen npyror ono nnoie: na
oiamnene ienne noiane, xoie npencrana ienan nocao yma xoin on npmn na ocnony oiexrnnnnx npnnnnna, yne
mexannuxo, a na npannno npocyhnnana ncrora npenmera cxonno cyiexrnnnnm npnnnnnnma penexcnie o nemy yne
rexnnuxo. /Hmanyen Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cvhena, Feorpan, (npen.H. Hononnh), 1991., crp. 24-25/
6
Onai Xepaxnnron parmenr y xome cy y nenocpenny nesy nonenenn noiam npnpone n yann xaxe - npupooa +vou
ouo v ceou crpueeuo, ri. xpaina renesa crnapn onuno ocraie cxpnnena (p. B.123). Houerax nncrnyiyhnx crnapn,
xonnxo ron ce sarnenao n pacneranao ocraie cxpnnen ynapaiyhn ener nopexna. uax n cnnxonnro onrnuxo nopehene
nma n cnoi ecrercxn nonnmen nnno meraope pasmennnana y p. B7: Kana n cne crnapn nocrane nnm, nosnpne n nx
pacnosnane. Xepaxnnr nehe camo na ce nspyryie onnma xoin iennonnmensnonanno cxnaraiy, nero ynosopana n na mohn
namnx uyna xoie nncy nnmano sa nornennnane, ann xoie cy cnyrane namnm npenpacynama ns xopnsonra onuainnx
neponana n ycnoiennx nopmn nonamana xao menranne nomorernxe, na cy sa osnna pasmarpana rorono cacnnm
neynorpenna: O:u u vuu cv +vou+a phaeu ceeoouu aro u+aiv eapeapcre ovue (p. B107). uparmenr 16 nnra
nenocpenno raro ou ce :oeer +oeao carpumu npeo ouu+ umo uuraoa ue ;a)a;u?!. Berono nonepene y yncxe
casnaine mohn n nnaue ie mnnnmanno, iep npxn na y onacr mnena cnanaiy casnana xoia nainoysnannin uonex crnue n
52
uonexona npnpona cama no cen nnie enna n esnpenna, ann nocraie mano
rpamsnno uynonnmre ncnyneno cnennnom crpacrn, xana nonnnasn mpaunoi crpann cnor
nha n oxpene ce on cnernocne ocnone na xoioi sanpano n nounna. Axo rnenamo na noiam
cnoone n npe Kanronor casnainoxpnrnuxor nonyxnara y xome ra ie on npenosnao y cpny
Iocnona Cnna Foxnier n cnaxor pasopnror nha, n nacnehe noima cnoone y nacnehy
xpnmhancrna nonpasymena rsn. cnoonny noy xao cmncao onpenennana sa nopo nnn
sno y cnernocrn ocrnapnnana ycnona sa npnnny nyrem nnrepnopnsannie Foxninx saxona
xoiom ce nocnena no ncnynanana npernocranxn sa npnnny ca xoiom ie nana y Foxniy
naronar nono onepena n onpannana. Cnponohene namepa nyrem rexnn n mncnn
sanncno ie on pacnonoxnnnx casnana xoie ry namepy opmnpaiy, ne ocraiyhn rnme rex na
oroennm mamrannma o cnanynanom nnenrnrery iacrna xoie ce ynncano y xnnry onnx
xoin cy ocnrypann on yrpoxenocrn n xoinma n ce nosaimnnao peirnnr nonnamhennx y
samnmenom semacxom paiy, xan ie neh n cam Iocnon y cnoinm xasnnannma ncraxao na
nerono napcrno nnie on onora cnera /canere npnpone n nyxnocrn npnnyne nonomxor
npemnnanana/. Taxo ne nsnopna nepa nnn ns came eneprnie rena opmnpana namepa
sanncna on cncrema nnrepnperannie cnera xao onnca nnn mane xoiy naa meranoiom
npenasnhn, xaianem sor cnecrn o ryeny npnmopnnianne mohn snana npeopaxanarn
ym n pacnonoxnna casnana xpos ycanpmanane nepnennnia, no nnhena xoia he nac nyrem
carnacnocrn ca cnnama nnnnne n xapmonnsanniom ca cnnama nennnnne npnpone,
nonecrn no yuecrnonana na cnernocnnm Foxninm eneprniama. Fynyhn na nam ry croin na
pacnonarany ananornia ca namom cnecnom cnpcncxonnom nenarnomhy, ro mn
npocyhyiemo xao namepno nonemanane xoie ie neonxonno, xaxo xaxe Kanr
npernocrannrn nexor uyapor c1nopn1ena cne1a, na ncmo nmann ienan ny1oxas y
npoyuanany npnpone. /Kanr, K.:.v., crp. 599/ To npernocranane neoma ce cxpynynosno
cysnpxana on yremennana pann nsnohena na uncran nenoxynne nponemarnxe
oiexrnnnocrn oiexra, xaxo ona nna nsnohena ns uncror pasyma, ann neh y cnncy xoin
remarnsonano pasmarpa nnrane xpaine cnpxe, cmncna n ycrpoicrna cnnx crnapn, on raxohe
yxasyie n na Foxniy yan xao nsnop eneprnia sa cnomenyre ynnne: Das Christentum hat
zur Absicht: Liebe zu dem Geschft der Beobachtung seiner Pflicht berhaupt zu befrdern,
und bringt sie auch hervor, weil der Stifter desselben nicht in der Qualitt eines
Befehlshabers, der seinen Gehorsam fordernden Willen, sondern in der eines
menschenfreundes redet, der seinen Mitmenschen ihren eignen wohlverstanden Willen, d.i.
wornach sie von selbst freiwillig handeln wrden, wenn sie sich selbst gehrig prften, ans
Herz legt.(Xpnmhancrno ysnma y osnp ro, na cama yan caunnn pasmarpane cnoinx
oanesa yonmre, re ie ono crnapa crora mro nen Tnopan ne xasyie xnannrerom nexor
napenonanna nyrem noe xoia saxrena nocnymnocr, neh iennom uonexoynnomhy, xoin
ynnma ns cnoie oxonnne yxasyie na nyno cxnarane nnxone nnacrnre noe, ri. na ro no
uemy ona ns nopononor nenana npenn, na n camn cee npnxnanno ncnnrann, mra )eru

nocenyie, na yncxa npnpona n nema casnana nox oxancxa nma; sa narahana rnpnn ro ie nanannna, na nnax nehnna
oxancxnx crnapn nsmnue casnany sor neneponana na ro moxemo casnarn: Aro ce :oeer ue uaoa, uehe uahu
ueuaoauo, iep ie ouo ueua)ar+ueo u uenpucmvna:uo. (p. B18). Onpehena nepa nnn namepa casnanana raxo ie
npernocranenn ynor xoin nonpasymena npenasnnaxene crana camonaxnocrn xoiy nonpasymena onuna yncxa cnecr.
Cnnm yncxnm saxonnma naie xpany ienan oxancxn, a on cnoiom mohn nocexe ronnxo nanexo xonnxo xohe, a nma ra
nma nonono sa cne, na iom n npeocraie. V rom norneny anenarnn na ynnocr nma cnoi nnmecnoinn xapaxrep,
nonpasymenaiyhn cranny rensniy onaxana ncxona crnapnocrn. Baxn n ro na (p.B21): Lmo ovouu e)eoa+o iecme
c+pm, a umo v cuv iecme rueom, ca unme can nonia na casnainom nnrnnrery iep ce y nemy ounryie npyrn rnn
ynnocrn nnn opahane naxne na npann xnnor nonesan ca eneprercxnm cnernocnnm nnaxnnma snana onor nrn
nanpocro. O rome na ro uonex moxe, re na my ie raxan rnn nenocpenne cnosnaie moryh, cnenouancrno ce nanasn y
parmenry p. 26: Hohy, xan my ce yracn ounn nnn, uonex nnax nonnpyie cnernocr. Haxo xnn nonnpyie on y cny
mprnana, ynan nonnpyie cnanaua. Kana ce noronn ro naene nnn nonnp ca cnernomhy uonex ie ynan n pacnonaxe
ca nexnm nemnm snanem xoinm sna sa cnanaiyhe, xnne n mprne, iep ce re nnmensnie npyrauninx eneprercxnx noa xoie
ie npememrane naxne sanannno, cacnnm npyraunie n nnne.

53
ua cpuv. /Kants Weke Akademie Textausgabe, Berlin, 1968, Das Ende aller Dinge, S.650/
Paxne, ro mro na cpny nexn yienno ie npann nyroxas xperannma nyxa npema neronom
ynyrpamnem pasnoiy. To xperane y cen ne n cmeno na nonpasymena nnxaxna uynana
nyxa ns rena, nnn nax npesnp ncnxonomxnm aoprnnnnm cpencrnnma nnacrnre n ryhe
renecnocrn, neh npenasnnaxena n meramopose nyxonnor rena na nyry npema ncxoncxom
onpennmry. Kana ce oxancxa cnernocna ocnona naponana orxpnnenem n xprnom
Forouonexa snoynorpeana n yunnn esnauainom, re re reopnicxnm nocrynncanem
ayroxparnie marepnie y rsn. npnponn nacrynn oxperane oroenom xenonncrnuxom
censnnnnrery, ycnehyie cposanane xoie raxny nnnnnnnyy oneneny oxonomhy n
sarnopeny y eronsam noniapmyie npnmopananem na rpamsnnocr n nsnemrauena
nonamana xao ca nexnm yrpahennm cnoamnnm nncrananniama, unnehn nonaxo cnhymno
nhe y ecxonaunom mopy cnecrn iom naryacrninm.
Jenan on nannnnnx naunna na ce uonex onnemenn n erocno-onronomxn ysnnrne,
iecre n opasonane xoie moxe na yrnue na menane rnnonornie nerone cnecrn o
crnapnocrn. Hornane xnnre o ncnxasmy y cpncxoi nncanoi rpannnnin np Mnnopana
Hasnha, nacnoneno Vmuuai rnuee ua dop+upane cpncre cpeonoeeroeue
uume)ueeuuuie, nocneheno ie ncnnrnnany y xoioi mepn ie na rai nponec morna na yrnue
nnreparypa onor npemena, ca saxyuxom n rne ie mecro na ce na raxno nnrane nonie
meponanan onronop: Paxne, nsnope casnana yuennx Cpa rpea rpaxnrn y yxynnoi
nponyxnnin cpncxe, yrapcxe n rpuxe xnnre. C osnpom na onai merononomxn nocrynar
xoin nnie rex sanynno mnpene reme na ono mro roi remn na npnn nornen ne n npnnanano
iep ce sannpe y xynrypny amrnny npyrnx n npyrauninx, onmax ce pasorxpnna xao npnnnn
xana ce noxaxe cam marepnian xoinm ce pacnonaxe. Pa ro nnie camo nena xea nnn
npexomepno ncrnnane, cnenoue n cnenehe xoncrarannie ayropa:...xnnxnn norennnian
npxyncxor cpncxor nnrenexryanna nepnona 1371-1459. ronnne, no ie sa cpennonexonne
npnnnxe orpoman, axo ce sna na ie camo na npocropy nnme Jyrocnannie cauynano oxo
3000 xonexca nenoxynnor onna cpennonexonne xnnre, a na ce y nnnorexama Ipuxe,
nnmer CCCP-a, Fyrapcxe n npyrnx semaa nanasn cxopo ncro ronnxo xnnra. (ma+o,
crp. 109) He nonia ce onnm yrncax nnxaxne nannonanncrnuxe napnnconnnocrn,
nponneno n ca crnnom yme na noxaxe na sna xaxo nnxaxan narpnornsam, cem naxnn, ne
moxe na samenn pennrnosno iennncrno n connnapnocr, a nororono ne moxe na ra
nsiennaun ca nannonanncrnunnm naprnxynapnsmom. 3a cne mro pann, a nororono sa ono,
uonexy ie norpeno na nocenyie neyraxnny panosnanocr n nery (raxo snauene cnnrarme
nonern xnnor nnie nopo nnpexrno nonesnnarn ca crpaxom on cmprn), iep cne yxasyie
na ro na es raxnor eneprercxor pacnonoxena mnpa yxyunnana ocraie nenosnara. V
ncrnnany npnmara orouoneuancxe cnernocrn xoia ce y nenposnpnoi anrpononornin
nanasn nerne oxo nsnuxor nynxa, cn. Ipnropnie Hanama on onor xoin n ro xreo na
nponepn saxrena ecnpexopnocr nooxnor xnnora n cmemrane y nnrenexryanny
yrnxnocr xpnc1onnxe cne1noc1n xoia ce noiannna ns Iocnona na ropn Tanop, ca uninm ce
iauanem crnue cnara na ce uonex ynan on iom roper nyra xoin on nera unnn roponanno
uynonnmre.
3axnayiyhn epocy xoin ie naronno na ncrpaxnnana nocrao ie npernenan
xomnnexc pasacyrnx cnnca no onnonnma crape n perxe cpncxe xnnre, ynyhn na ie
nnsax nonnp ca nnma nonycrno n onmno nnohen repencxn pan, xoinm ie ocrnapnnao
ynnne y name xnnxno naro n npnanao marepnian sa neponocroino nncane o rom
cermenry xynrypne ncropnie. Berono nncane raxo nma ony cnary yennnocrn xoiy moxe
na nsnpxn camo naxnno capana eneprnia n camonoysnane npneno ns nyoxor
ynosnanana npenmera. Crora on cynepeno nnme: V pasnnm snpxama na npocropy nnme
Jyrocnannie sa nepnon on 1371-1459. ronnne nocroin oxo 213 xonexca, a noap neo
npnnana n nnmem onny Haponne nnnorexe y Feorpany, xoin ie nsropeo sa npeme
54
nemauxor omapnonana 1941. ronnne. uonn snpxe manacrnpa Xnnannapa na Cneroi
Iopn poin oxo 40 sopnnxa, uniy cmo crpyxrypy ysenn y osnp y ersaxrnom neny onor
namer pana. Peu ie sanpano o nnnamnuxoi crpann one nainehe snpxe cpncxnx
cpennonexonnnx xonexca, mro naie npno penpesenrarnnny cnnxy nnrenexryannor
nponna onnx xoin cy re xonexce ornapann n unrann. (ma+o, crp. 109) Cnaxaxo na n
raxan onm crapnx xnnra mnore nnnorexe noxenene na mory na nmaiy n nanac, ne camo
sor crpannune connianno-exonomcxe xpnse xoia ie, moxe ce meraopnuno pehn, cpymnna
neo nan rnanama napona nnme Jyrocnannie, a nama nanac y Cpnin xnnre yunnnna
ononnxo npncrynaunnm, xonnxo ie ro nna, pennmo, npe nsrpanne mehepana sa onmnniy
nponsnonny, namnpnnna mehep. V aneny cpennonexonnnm crnapnma npann marepnian
nnn rpaha cy nneie y cnoinm npenocnma, sacrynannma, cranannma na crpany n
ycnaiannma, a iom on Hnarona naonamo nneinn nnan ie no nrexaxo xyuan.
7

Vcxnahyiyhn n nonesyiyhn pasne nsnope, npema crpyxrypnoi canpxnnn, cacrany
npomennnocrn n enemenry sopnnuxor xapaxrepa monamxo-nonnnxnnuxe nnreparype
nponamao, na neh y npnoi nononnnn XIV nexa nocroie opnrnnannn cacrann non
nenocpennnm yrnnaiem nnnamnsonane ncnxacrnuxe opnienrannie, sanncyiyhn; Peu ie o
rpnma xnnrama ns pyxonncnnx snpxn nnme Jyrocnannie n uernpn ns manacrnpa
Xnnannapa: Hcar Cupuu, 1380/95, 372 n., Peuann 76; 3)amovcm, 1370/85., 420 n., CAHV
62; uopomei, 1370/80, 295 n. Peuann 80; Xnnannap 390; 3)amovcm Hocuu Mouaxa
ua+iaua, rpeha uernprnna XHB . 1+356+1 n.; Xnnannap 399 3oopuur, nocnenna
uernprnna XHB . 188 n.; Xnnannap 457 3oopuur, nocnenna uernprnna XHB n. 139 n.;
Xnnannap 476 3oopuur, nocnenna uernprnna XIV n. 401+1 n. (ma+o, crp.174-175)
Honponn onnc sancra nmnosanrnor nnsa npnmena ncnxacrnuxor yuena o npncycrnonany
n yneny Foxninx rsn. necrnopennx eneprnia ca xoinma ie onmrene onunom uynnomhy
ncxyueno, re no xoinx ce nonasn nonnnxnnuxnm meronama nncnnnnnnonana noe n
yma,
8
saynsnma nennxn npocrop y camom pany, o uemy unranan moxe na ce ocnenoun
npenymraiyhn ce pacneranannma ayropa xoia he ra oanemranarn n ynonnrn y camy
crnap iennocrannnm, iacnnm n caxernm crnnom nsnarana. Kaxo ie np Mnnopany Hasnhy
neoma crano na nsnnoin n y npnn nnan nsnece ynpano re enemenre ns yxynne orocnoncxe
saocranmrnne xnnxnor xynrypnor nara namer napona, re na oparn noceny naxny na

7
"Bestelesne ideje" ili "bestelesne su{tine" prihvatili su, ranohri{}anski teoreti~ari - Justin, Irinej eevpta et tigvratiove.
Dei/, a i Kliment Aleksandrijski, vidi hri{}ansko bo`anstvo kao "oblast ideja". Ideje su "misli Bo`ije" i "sile bo`anskog
duha", koje "sve zajedno objediwene sa~iwavaju Sina".(prema - (lement d' Alexandrie. trvate.. Sources chrtiennes.
ed. 30. Paris. 1951., Budu}i da za ideje postaje najva`nije to da li su telesne ili bestelesne, kreirane odre|enim
mitolo{kim bi}em koje se smatra prvim i po`eqnim, kod slede}eg obrazovanog aleksandrinca - Origena, stvar
postaje teolo{ki razu|enija, alii bez bogoslove}e fenomenolo{ke kompetencije: "Nije, naime, dopu{teno ni najmanje
sumwati da su te sile, po kojima se prvenstveno - kako i dolikuje - spoznaje Bog, nekada ostavile djela koja su
Boga dostojna i bile nepomi~ne. Ne smije se, naime, misliti da su bile izvana sprije~ene, jer one su u Bogu. One
su, {tovi{e, Bog...Rije~ je o onoj Mudrosti u kojoj se Bog, dovr{iv{i svijet, uvijek radovao /Mudr. 8, 30-31/. Tako se
dade razumjeti da se Bog neprestance veseli. U toj je, dakle, Mudrosti koja uvijek bija{e s Ocem, vazda bilo
ocrtano i oblikovano stvorewe. Nikada nije bilo trenutka, kada se u Mudrosti nije nalazio nacrt bi}a, koja su
jednom trebala nastati...budu}i da ni~ega nema nova pod suncem - bez sumwe su uvijek bili svi rodovi i vrste, pa
mo`da i pojedina~na bi}a." /Origen, O na~elima, gl. IV, 3 - Stvorewe i stvarawe, prev. M. Mandac, Split, 1985.,
str. 187,188/ Jedan od najpoznatijih hri{}anskih teologa nakon Origena, koji je pokazao i interes za mi{qewe,
Jovan Damaskin, u svom delu Isto~nik saznawa, smatrao je da /hri{}anski/ Bog "stvara mi{qu", a da misao "le`i u
osnovi dela", "bezvremenom i voqnom mi{qu koja je predodre|ewe, slika i uzor" Io. Damascenus. De tiae ortoaoa. PG
94 Migne. s.864. 83 Kapadokijac Grigorije Teolog, tako|e je smatrao da je Bog "smislio" ideju tvorevine ili sveta, i
to prema "uzoru svetla"PG 36 Migne. 629.. beseda 45. Svi ovi navodi svedo~e o tome, da koliko god da se
odbacivao platonizam, ovi u evropskoj kulturi uva`eni teoreti~ari svedo~e kako nisu mogli da popune prazninu
koja bi nastala odstrawivawem onoga, {to je Platon misaono izborio u razmatrawu prvobitne veze izgleda stvari i
smisla wihovog doku~ivawa.

8
Fnomopne eneprnie cy snauaine sa npenosnanane nnxona rnnonornia cnecrn y ncxonnmry xao npcre eneprocnecnnx
nonaraxa ns cnryannonnx onpenn. Bnpannie nyxa noiauanaiy nparnnauxy naxny namepe nyxa nnn onor cxnona cnna
xoin ycmepana naxny n unnn noiauannm npar oaspnnocrn mnmena, ynepena y ncnpannocr nocrynaxa n canpxai
ncnynanana cmncna xonaunocrn/crnopenocrn cnera mro iecre n nna.
55
nnrensnnan yrnnai ncnxacrnuxnx crpyiana, on rnme nonocn n canpxainy nonnny xoia
mena nornennnauxe cranone ncropnuapa nonyr Oonencxor, xoin cy npxann na ie ro rex
nyxo xonnpane ysopa n rorono mexannuxo ononamane es neher snauaia no ncropniy
xnnre n xynrype, ncrnuyhn uax n pasnnien yxyc nnn sannnan ecrercxn nnno onnoca: V
cpncxom 3opnnxy ns 1365/75. ronnne, (HFC 26) on n. 281-290, nanasn ce, axo ce moxe
pehn, ncnxacrnuxn opasan nnryprnicxe peropnxe (xomnnnrnxe), cacran non nacnonom Ce.
Ipueopuia Ha)a+e c)oeo ua Vcnene Hpeceeme Boeopoouue. Onom npnnnxom nemoryhe ie
nanecrn cne one snauaine n poine xomnnnrnuxe sopnnxe xoin cy yrnnann na pasnoi
peropnuxnx cxnarana xon Cpa, a cnaxaxo na cy namne oniexa xon nomahnx opnrnnannnx
nncana n necnnxa, iep n xnrnia cy xomnononana y mnornm cnoinm enemenrnma na ocnony
nnsanrnicxe peropnuxe npose. Taxohe, ro ce onnocn n na peropnuxe yrnnaie na nomahy
nnryprnicxy xnmnorpaniy, rne cy Teonocniene cnyxe, na npnmep, npen. Cnmeony n cn.
Cann, xao n Hamnaxona cn. Creany Peuancxom ymne y canpxnny neoma poinnx
npennca Hpasnnunor mnneia. Hponem uonexa nnn npanocnanna anrpononornia y onncnma
npereua ncnxasma n ncnxacra, unia cy naxna nena ymna y cacran cpncxe npenonne
xnnxennocrn n reonomxe mncnn, no ie ennnenran, ann nensnnepennnpan, mro ie y
nyxy cpennonexonnor cxnarana nepe. 3anpano, onai cermenr nnrenexryannnx cxnarana na
sanacxy cpncxe cpennonexonne npxane mopao ie nmarn nennxy naxnocr, snaiyhn na ie
nnsanrnicxo xpnmhancrno nnrane uonexa nocranano y cpennmre cnoie mncnn., cmarpa
na ce ro noraha neh xon npereua ncnxasma /xon nc. Pnonncnia Apeonarnra, Maxcnma
Hcnonennnxa, Cnmeona Honor Forocnona/, a na npenonnonn n npenncnnaun Hnox Hcania
napa Pymana, Hnox ns Panme necnora Creana Hasapennha, cacranau Iopu:roe
;oopuura Hnxon Jepycannman sa Jeneny Fanmnh /1435-1443/ ca enncronapnnm npnnosnma
penexcnnne crnnncrnxe uax n noercxe npnpone (pennmo: Honecr o iepycannmcxnm
npxnama n mecrnma y nycrnnn, Vnon y nonmane naceene, 3ema nncn cpen
neecne nponannie n.262-265), pano ynpmranaiy rana canpemene reonomxe nncne Jonana
Pamacxnna, Creana Tnneicxor, Knnmenra n Teonnaxra Oxpnncxor, Ipnropnia Cnnanra
nrn. Taxo ie np Mnnopan Hasnh nocneo no saxyuxa na ie saienno ca npereuama n
axryennnm ncnxacrama nomno no caspenana armocepe xoia ie norononana n namnm
nanenennm ayropnma na ce xpos penennniy onor noxpera y cpncxom npymrny nonynare n
camn nocna nponyxnnie xnnra. Taxo on xoncraryie: Hpenonom 1371. ronnne
Apeonarnrcxor xopnyca (Corpus Areopagiticum) on crpane cpncxor reonora n npenonnona
nnoxa Hcanie, nama xynrypa ie nonna xnnry xoia ie norennnianno yrnnana na mnore
acnexre npxnenor, npxannor n npymrnenor xnnora, xao n na ecrernuxe npennocrn
ymernocrn na sanacxy cpncxe cpennonexonne npxane...Hanme, npenon Apeonarnrcxor
xopnyca ys, no nanac nainoysnannin sannc nnoxa Hcanie o Mapnuxoi nnn, npencranaiy
cnecr iennor npymrna o ncropnicxom sanarxy na npmeny xynrypne n nyxonne mncnie, y
nny nenor cnacanana, ouynanem n crnapanem nainnmnx xynrypnnx npennocrn. (ma+o,
crp. 235) Ayrop noceno nsnnaia nsyserny crnapanauxy noiany Hnxona Jepycannmna
/3oopuur (Cannna 21) - Becronnennnx Hnxona Jepycannmna ns 1440. r./, iep ie xpos nera
nporonopnna norpea ienne enoxe nnnynmn ce no remarcxe ynnnepsannocrn n nocroine
ancrpaxrnocrn, ca unme ie ys necamepnne npenonnnauxe sacnyre n sannce nnoxa Hcanie,
cannien onai xpearnnnn nyx npanocnanno-cnonencxnx ncnxacrnuxnx sopnnxa.
Canpxnna nneie na ce For ne casnaie uncro nnrenexryannnm nponecom /cem, axo
nsa rora ne croin ynnamenranncrnuxa nepa o cnemohn nexe nnacrnre camoyspounocrn
nonyr apmnpannm eronom pannonannsonane rnpnornanocrn oxnonenor eronrera,
ocrpamhenor npema cnemy mro ra none nononn y nnrane/, neh na ce rnm nponecom cacnnm
nopo moxe caneicrnonarn y npeopaxanany necrnopenom oxancxom cnernomhy xoia
nsnonomxn cronyie oxo uonexonor nsnuxor nynxa, sacnyxyie cneoxnarnnie crynnie n
npaxrnuxo-nnococxe paspane, xoie n ysnnrne nnoconiy oorahyiyhn n reonorniy n
56
nayxy, ann n anrpononomxy nnreparypy yonmre.
9
3a ro my ie naxan nyroxas n ienno
mecro xoie nnrnpa ns onyca camor pononauennnxa ncnxasma, Ipnropnia Haname:
...nopora nnie y npnponn snana camom no cen, nero y yncxnm nauepaua, ca xoinma
ce n snane nomepa y npyry crpany. Hs ror pasnora nasnao ncronpemeno nopnm n snnm
nannxe n nanapenocr y mnororonopnnnm ncxasnma, cnary xpacnopeunnocrn, snane
ncropnie, orxpnnane rainn npnpone, mnore merone npnnnnna nornxe, cnoxena
pacyhnnana nayxe, mnoropoine nponene nemarepniannnx nrypa ne camo mro ie cne ro
xonenno y sanncnocrn on mnmena n nonnoxno naxnm nsmenama, nero n saro mro cy
re nncnnnnnne xopncne sa nsomrpanane nymennor oxa... To mro cn. Hanama ncrnue
namepe xao npecynne, xao cnoi ocnon namna n n cnaxa nnma pasopnrocr. On crana y
sarpane cnaxy npnmnrnnny crpacr camoxnnocrn xoia cexe ns oxonane npnpone, ca
nnem na norxpanyie nainpne onnxe camonaxnocrn, napymanaiyhn rnme n npny
sanonecr nyxnocrn npema camom cen, xaxo ie ro nnneo n Kanr Erkenne (erforsche,
ergrnde) dich Selbst Nicht nach deiner physischen Vollkommenheitsondern nach der
moralischen in Bezeihung auf deine Pflicht - dein Hertz ob es Gut oder Bse sei(Casnai
/nperpaxn, noxyun/ camor cee ne npema rnoioi nsnuxoi cneyxynnocrn..., nero npema
mopannoi y norneny cnoie nyxnocrn rnor cpna na nn ie nopo nnn sno...) /`Von dem
ersten gebot aller Pflichten gegen sich Selbst`; H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp.
Kapnonnn; Honn Can, 1993., crp. 341/ Kanrone opme noimene reneonornie, xoie ie
ynnnpana xeypncrnuxa npernocranxa iennom rexnnxom npnpone cncremarnsyiyhe
nennne, nno xao nenamepne nsnxoreonomxe nnn namepne ernxo-reonomxe nnn

9
Hopenehn iennom nononexonny nspexy ca craporpuxom, n nmaiyhn y nnny merononomxn npncryn xoin oesehyie
xomynnxarnnny ornopenocr xoia ncnynana ycnon cnymana nnn nononocrn naxne npema ncxasanom, canpemenn
nnoco Maprnn Xainerep ie nanncao: "Mehyrnm, cnaxo xacnnie mnmene xoie noxymana na pasronapa c pannm
mnmenem neponarno mopa ns oxnnpa cnor concrnenor rnennmra nenpexnnno na cnyma n na na rai naunn nspasn
hyrane panor mnmena. Hcrnna, rnme ce pannie mnmene nemnnonno ynocn y xacnnin nnianor, npememra y neron
nnnoxpyr n noe cnymana n raxo, y nexy pyxy, nnmana cnoone nnacrnrora ronopena. Ann, ro ynomene nn y xom
cnyuaiy ne npncnana na rymauene xoie ce ncnpnyie y rome na ce ono o uemy ce mncnnno na nouerxy sanannor
mnmena nperymaun camo nomohy xacnninx naunna npencranana. Cne sanncn on rora na nn sanouern pasronop
ynanpen n ynex nsnona nonymra cen na onronapa ncnnrnnanauxom naronopy panor mnmena, nnn na nn pasronop cee
sarnapa npema raxnom naronopy n pano mnmene npexpnna xacnninm yuennma. To ce nemana unm xacnnie mnmene
nponycrn na uapo:umo ucnuma nnnoxpyr n noe cnymana panor mnmena." Maprnn Xainerep, Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee
/Moupa (Hapmennn VIII, 34-41)/, npen. F. 3en, Feorpan, 1999., crp. 190-191. Taxo n Hnaronona maremarnuxa
acrponomnia npernocrana n na cy snesne oronn xoie noxpehe cnercxa nyma (ca nnacrnrom ronnnnom), re na cy
nyme orona ymne, a ymna cy xperana xpyxna. Mnmenem cnemnpa n neronnx xpyxnnx roxona ynasnmo y nnsnny
onor oxancxor, ann ne nocrnxemo nsiennauanane c nnm. Pyma cnera ce xpyxno xpehe npema camoi cen (Tu+ai, 37a),
noxpehyhn xao camonoxperna unran nnnnnn xocmoc. Ionop nyme cnera ne nemana ce y nonpyuiy ornamanana, nn y
iennom xonxperno yncxom iesnxy (mnmene n ronop cy ncro, Coducm, 263e), a rai ronop n ne moxemo na cxnarnmo
xao onai xoin nonpasymena rnaconno nspnnane mnmena, ynyhn na ona pacnonaxe nornxom es peun, nemymrnm
iesnxom nnn nemnm snanem: ronopn nenoxynnnm cnoinm xperanem. (Tu+., 37) Ben ronop ncxasyie: y onnocy na
mra, na xoin naunn, xaxo n xana ce nemana na nemro neuemy yne iennaxo, onnocno on uera pasnnunro, xaxo y onacrn
onor mro nacraie, raxo n y onnocy na ono mro ie ynex ncro.(Tu+., 37) Ben ronop ncrnnnr ie n es ornamanana, iep ie
: nomen es snyxa n oniexa ynyrap onora mro ce camo on cee xpehe (Tu+. 37), a sa nera naxn n na ie: ronop
iennaxo ncrnnnr n xana ce onnocn na pasnnunro, xaxo y onacrn onor mro nacraie raxo n y onnocy na ono mro ie ynex
ncro. (Tu+., 37) Konnxo ron na ce c ienne crpane ono mro ie esycnonno npxano c ony crpany cnexonnxor nncrna, a
rnme n mnmena, nsmehy cnera uncrnx onnxa n nsnxannor nocroiana ynocn ce noiam xnnorne cnare onnuen y
cnercxoi nymn, xoia noxasyie npenas na nsneneno nncrnonane. Tenecnn cner n nerono nocroiane raxo nnme nncy rex
nexo npocro nenhe, neh ono mro y narnm cxnononnma nnn xoncrenanniama unnn iennncrno nneie n neonnmrno na
ncrnnn. Peun yncxor iesnxa nemohne cy na onnmy npany crnapnocr no cen, raxo na nyma cnera ronopn ronopom nnn
nornxom nenocpennor npenosnanana, a ne nocpennor nmenonana xoie ie npenonnno. Cmprnnx ne pasyme rai ronop n es
nemor snana xoie ce nocrnxe xpos oncrpannnane ynyrpamner nnianora xao ynaxene y mecro rnmnne, rne ce
xperana mncnn ycxnahyiy ca xperannma cnercxe nyme, raxny norocnocr ne moxe nn na nacnyrn y nenom nncrnonany.
Hornxa nncrnonana xoia npernocrana ro mnmene n xasnnane es ornamanana ns ynyrpamne rnmnne,
npernocrana n na moxe na nohe no rora, na ce: y nymn noiann cnerno xao sanaeno on ncxpe xoia oncxoun, n onna
camy cee ysnpxana. (Ceo+o nuc+o, 341n), n xpos ro ce nsiennauana ca onnm on uera ie naunnena, ri. ca canpxaiem
nyme cnera, sanoniaiyhn cnoicrna n mohn nnacrnror ncxona. Ono mro ie neouexnnano n nenpennnnnno iecy ynnnn xoin
nacrynaiy xon neror crenena casnanana, xoin ce noxasyiy npyrauniom cnnraxcom, nenpenonnnom y xareropnie
nspaxanane nexnm xonxpernnm iesnxom.

57
xocmonomxo-reyprnicxe, nemoncrparnnno croie y reopnicxoi paspann xao npcra nanmohne
ynepenocrn xoia ce nornphyie nyrem npaxrnuxe nepe xao mepe nnhena crnapn
nennnnnnx. Hsyserno onaxane ie nnhene (nnn reopemarnxa xao nonmane), xoie ce
noraha xana cnna namepe nanoin eneprniom onpeheny onacr nepnennnie na nx raxopehn
ynann. Kana ce xpnrnuan poi eneprercxnx noa nnn reopnicxnx marepniannia xao mncnn
ca canpxainma xoie noce mnmennne y namoi ynyrpamnocrn ynann, nonasn no cnryannie
na ce onaxana npaxrnuno nponyyiy xnannrarnnno nonom opmom, nnn nax cama ra
eneprercxa noa iacnnie nnne n nsncrpeno npencranaiy xao noiane. To nornue on
nenoxynnocrn name cnecrn xoia ie nesa ca cnnm xnnyhnm n mro iecre y ynnnepsymy, xaxo
npaxrnuno raxo n reopnicxn nnn iennonpemeno, ann na pasnnm pannnma.
V nosnom cnncy o meransnnn onuainocrn nnn mopana, Kanr ie onnyuno ncraxao
rexnny nopoxa xor ne naa npeneperanarn, nero ncrpaino npeopaxanarn
xynrnnncanem y nenocycraiyhnm nanopnma: Hoponn xao nerno npornnsaxonnrnx
nacrpoiena iecy :vooeuuma npornn xoinx on can rpea na ce opn; n saro ra mopanna
iaunna xao xpapocr (fortitudo moralis) n caunnana nainehy n ieouuv pamuu:rv :acm
:oeera; a nasnna ce n npana, nanme npaxrnuna mynpocr: iep unnn cnoiom cnpxom rpainv
cepxv xnnora na 3emn. /H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn; Honn Can,
1993., 206/ Hs canpxaino ocmnmenor nonmana nepcnexrnne xpaine cnpxe, on ie nanexo
ncranuannie morao na onpenn n nncnny mecra npnpone y rsn. oxonanom n cnoonnom
acnexry. To ie n onai noiam cnoone na xoin nnie nannxna mncao xoia ie pasnnna cnyx
iennno sa neno nononexonno yremennane nnayrypncano noimom camonsnecne
camocnecrn (camosaoxpyxyiyhe penexcnie), xoia npema mnronornin camoxnnocrn
cnonrano nyrem nponsnonne npencrana crnapa cner, rsn. cnoi cner nnn
nyxonnonayunnm nnnorpacxnm npennonannma cnponnna nonnnasn cnncxohennma
pyrannnm acnexrnma npenaropcxe cnecrn, na noxyma ca nanonno nensexnnm
nspannauxnm mexannsmom yma xpos sarnapane nepcnexrnna y rsn. xymannsonany
npnpony, sa xoin nrexaxo naxn Kanrona nemoncrpannia onene esnauainocrn raxnnx
xopnsonrannnx nopannanana. C npyre crpane, noimonna anaparypa rexnnxe npnpone xoia
ce nonena ca crnapn craryca enomena npnpone, ymernocrn n unrane cepe uynnor
casnana, nma xao naunn nponsnoneher pacxpnnana nexe nese n ca rexnonomxnm onnocom
npema npnponn xoin ie nororono y name npeme pasopyuno crannapne nonmana n noxasao
ce xao nexa nemesa ncropnie ca cnoinm pasopnnm neicrnnma. Hayxa n rexnnxa nocrane cy
rocnonapn xaxo namer xnnora n namer npemena, raxo n namer naunna mnmena. To ie
onai pauynaiyhn n onnannaiyhn onnx uonexonor onnoca npema npnponn, xoin rocnonapn y
roi mepn na cmo my nsnoxenn na mnnocr n nemnnocr ynpano nainnme xana ra nocmarpamo
xao nemro neyrpanno. Houoneuene npnpone snaunno ie n sapoanane y onom nenom
neny xoin ce ornapao rpancnennenrannoi nepcnexrnnn, iep nnie namno cnoiy npnmeny y
uncrom neponany y Fora, xaxo ie ro Kanr npenopyuno cnoinm cncremarcxnm pasnohenem
noima nennx reneonomxnx crpyxrypa, neh y reopnicxom n npaxrnuxom nenonany,
nponarannnnm crparerniama sanohena, xao pany xoin ie nononexonnn noiam raxo
ocnrypanane camonsnecnocrn anconyrne cnoone. To ie cnaxaxo ounro n y npenopynn
camonomronana nnacrnre nnunocrn oxperanem npema Fory orxpnnena n Beronom Cnny
Hcycy Xpncry, xpos xoin meransnuxo onpenennane crnapn nacrana na xnnn npema
npernocrannn, na yxonnxo n ayronomniy yncxe noe ycnonanano nemro npyro cem
mopannnx saxona, ona rana npaxrnuxn ne n nna cnoonna. Fopy sa ocnoahane on
raxne necnoone noxper ncnxasma ie raxopehn ncropnicxn nnayrypncao, n oryna nornue
neron nsyseran snauai. Hs uernoponnmensnonanne nepcnexrnne xoiy ie narnacno an.
Hanne, ca axnenryanniom nynne xao nesaonnasne, y cyxoy ca reonomxnm
arnocrnuapnma n pannonannnm narypanncrnma n cn. Ipnropnie Hanama namao ie sa
norpeno na onryxn pannonymnocr nmnraropa nnarononcxnx ynnna o npnponn crnapn, re
58
na ns cnoie xnne reonomxe penexcnie nonynn nsnopnnie nnhene: Tpea nau 1paan1n
apyrora Bora, Fora xoin nnie camo camononoan, camonenaran, xoin cam Cee Coom
nocmarpa, nero n Fora nopor. Jep ce On nehe raxo sanononrn na ce noxpehe camo
concrnennm nocmarpanem, nnrn he nrn camo nenorpenr, neh n npensonnan. Jep na rai
naunn namepan xao Poap na unnn nopo, On nehe nrn nemohan, nnrn he nrn camo
nenoxperan, nero n Onai xoin ce xpehe, iep he cnemy n cnnma na rai naunn aa yae
npncy1an Cnojnu 1nopauxnu n npouncnn1encxnu nsnacnnua n eneprnjaua. H
nanpocro iennocranno nam naa rpaxnrn Fora Cymror xoin ie nexaxo yuecrnyiyhn, a y
xoiem yuecrnyiyhn n mn, cnaxo na cen cnoicrnen naunn, nnamo npema roi cpasmepn
yuemha cym1nncxn, annn n ooaenn. /Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama, Tpuiaoe y onpany
cnemrennx ncnxacra, 3,2,24/ V cnncy O cieounenv u pa;)uroeanv,15 ncrnuyhn: Boa n
xrene Foxnie iecre eneprnia Foxnia n ro necrnopena eneprnia, cn. I. Hanama yxasyie n
na enepremarcxy reopniy nenonana Foxnie npomncnn: Foxnia npomncao oxancxa ie
nopa noa, n pann ne ie cne y npemeny crnapano rnopauxom noom n oxniom
eneprniom. (ue)a, 2,79) Hcrn nncan nam caonmrana na ie cama Foxnia cnernocr
naiysnnmennie snane, xoie ie nanexo nnme, nynnie n canpmennie nero nno xoie npyro
nnococxo nnn nayuno snane nonieno no yncxom npenany n crnxniama cnera, iep
eneprniom ce npnnonn y neicrno n eneprernuxn ce neicrnyie, ynyhn na ie Foxnia nopa
noa ono mro caunnana Berony npomncao nponsnohena cnera y npemeny, oiennnyiyhn
namepnocr n noxpenyrocr y npennauena: Jep noxper n xrene iecre xao nexa nesa nsmehy
nnx, ne noxasyiyhn camy cee, neh noxasyiyhn mra xohe Onai xoin xohe (:o\ 0rov:oc :o
0rn0rv orixvouoo)./ ue)a, 2,360/ Meranoernuxa reopemarnxa xoiy on sacryna c ienne
crpane nonpasymena nynncxo onaxane c osnpom na npnpony, a ca npyre mncaony
oaspnnocr c osnpom na nyx, xoin ne ryn onnoc npema renecnocrn xao xpamy Foxniem n
neronom cpennmry xoie ie reno rena, cpne. Crora ie np Mnnopan M. Hasnh cmarpao
snauainnm na ce y crynnin Hcuxa;a+ cpncre rnuee 1375-1459 nanene n nonnc sopnnxa
nenocroianor xapaxrepa, y xoinma ce raxohe nanase enemenrn ncnxacrnuxnx nneia, ynyhn
na ie y snpxama nnme Jyrocnannie onmno sacrynen - 3oopuur, 1360/70, 462 n, Peuann
75 (pen. p. 261); 3oopuur, 1360/70, 201 n, Peuann 103 (p. . 262); 3oopuur, 1365/75, 368
n, HFC 26 (p. . 264); 3oopuur, 1370/80, 260 n, Heh 83 (p. . 266); 3oopuur, 1390/1400, 322
n, VF Toponnh 28 (p. . 268); 3oopuur (onnomax), nocnenna uernprnna XIV nexa, 8 n,
HFC 8 (p. . 273); 3oopuur, xpai XIV nexa, 294 n, Cannna 23 (p. . 278); 3oopuur, rpeha
uernprnna XIV n. 160 n, Heh 92 (p. . 271); 3oopuur, xpai XIV n. 249 n, Heh 90 (p. . 277);
3oopuur no)e+u:rux cacmaea, xpai XIV . 56 n, HFC 11 (p. . 402); 3oopuur rumuia,
1370/75, 326 n, HFC 17 (p. . 367); 3oopuur no)e+u:rux cacmaea, (Inannsnn o
Harnnax), xpai XIV nouerax XV . Oxo 366 n, Hena 41 (p. . 403); 3oopuur (Hsnon
ns Harepnxa cnnaicxor n pnmcxor, nnrana n onronopn Aranacnia Cnnaicxor n np.), XIV
n. HFF 71 (p. . P 108); 3oopuur, XIV n. HFF 104 (P 109); 3oopuur, (Xnrnia n cnona),
XIV n. HFF 637 (P 112); Jedpe+ Cupuu (onnomnn), XIV-XV n. HFF 731 (P 196); 3oopuur,
(Henacxn sopnnx) nocnenna uernprnna XIV n. 82 n, Hena 73 (p. . 274); V
snpnn manacrnpa Xnnannapa nocroie cnenehn xonexcn: Xnnannap 456 3oopuur, xpai XIV
n. 314 n; Xnn. 640 3oopuur, npyra nononnna XIV n. 121 n; Xnn. 476 3oopuur, nocnenna
uernprnna XIV n. 2+426 n. Texcryannn xapaxrep xnnre sopnnxa ns npyre nononnne XIV
nexa nar ie y onncnma xoin cy caunnenn nno y orarnm eorpancxnm snpxama,
Manacrnpy Peuann, Hehxoi narpniapmnin, nnn nax onn xoin cy ocrann nenpncrynaunn
raxohe nnaiy nanohenn npema ynopennnm anannsama nsnpmennx onnca. Hamn onncn
nocnyxnnn cy my xao marepnian sa onronapaiyhe anannse n enenryanna cnnrernuxa
saxyunnana o camnm xonexcnma, raxo na nx ie xopncrno xao neonxonnn ynnn y
crpyxrypy xnnxennor n ncropnicxo-reonomxor rexcryannor canpxaia. Cymapno ie
snanauxn onncan canpxai xonexca Ipueopuie Ha)a+a ns 1360/80 r., xao rexcr ca remom ns
59
nneymaronornie nnn o ncxoheny Cneror Pyxa y nonemnnn ca Harnnnma n cnnresom
yuena o Cneroi Tpoinnn, re ca sacrynennm marepnianom cnopa ca opmanno-
xonsepnarnnnnm cranonnma Bapnaama n Axnnnna, na ayrop npxn na, ynyhn na ie nacrao
rorono nenocpenno naxon nsniana cnopa, na npencrana nneonomxn /normarcxo-
nonemnuxn/ nsnop npnor pena xoin ie nonasna ocnona pasnoinor nyxa cpncxe xnnre
noxpenyre nnsanrnicxnm ncnxasmom. (ma+o, crp. 183) For ie oryn ecxpainn n
ecnouernn ncxon xoin ce cnmonnuxn mannecryie y cnoinm eneprniama n nmennma, nox
sa napnaamcxe xymanncre n nopone pannonanne reonore penecanca nna npnnnnnnienan
camo ancrpaxrnn noiam Fora, a nerone mannecrannie y rnopennnn n camo nme Foxnie
nnme nnie For neh pannonannsam xoncrpyxnnie rnapnor nauena, xaxo nanonn n nennxn
mncaonn ysop namer ona Mnnopana: To ce n noronnno xon Bapnaama, na ie For xao
camocranan npenmer n cymracrno ocrao cam no cen y nnny anconyrne necasnarnnocrn,
a eneprnie y nnny nnxonor nosnanana n pamunanenocrn, nocnene cy no nornyne
onnoienocrn on Fora n cmarpane cy rnapnnm. Tnme ie oniennom noxonana n xpnmhancxa
rpancnenenrnocr Fora, ri. Berona nernapnocr, n nnaroncxo nepasnnxonane rnapnor n
nernapnor y mncrnuxom ncxycrny. Crora ie nno cacnnm pasymnno n ocnonano
pasiapnnane napnaamnra npornn cnnx npaxrnxa cnemrene ncnxnie ca nennm anconyrno
pasronernnm pasnnxonanem uonexa n orouonexa, opena n raine, c nenom mncrnunom
rexnnxom camoncnnrnnana, camononcrnnana, ncnonenn, nncainnx n cpnaunnx
ocehana...Peuiy, axo ie Tanopcxo Cnerno neonenno on cymracrna Foxnier n no rome cam
For (mana For Cam nnie cnernocr) rana ie npanocnane cnaceno, nnn axo ie Cnerno
onenno on cymracrna Foxnier n no rome ie rnap - rana nounny anoxannnrnuxn rpuenn
penecancnor 3anana.
10
Ppyrn nennxn npencrannnx ncnxasma Ipnropnie Cnnanr npomao
ie nexaxo nononnie y 3oopuurv ns 1360/70. ronnne /n. 368-385 nacnonen ie Hovre
Ipueopuia Cuuauma o noc)vuanv, cmpacmu+a, ooopooeme+u+a, o oe;+o)euiv v
arpocmuxv/, re nerona ncxycrna ymnor rnxonana n xapaxrepy naronarn xoie
nonpasymena /n. 385-401/. H y xonexcy uopomei ns 1370/80 Peuann 80, rne ys noyxe o
esmonnniy n monnrnn cnenyie on nncrnne 134 cnnc Ipueopuia Cuuauma ra;ueane +a)o o
oe;+o)euiv v 12 e)aea. 3nane xoie ce ry nonyuyie ie ysnnmennie on yonuaienor snana,
xoie ce sanonia nocpencrnom uyncrana perncrponannx onunom cnemhy, re ie carnacno ca
uyncrnnma n ncronpemeno ie nsnan nnx. Tenecne oun ce menaiy n nnne nernapny
cnernocr, xoia ie nncrane oxancxe npnpone, cnana oxancrna. Ta cnana ie cnernocr
nennnnna sa uyncrna cne nox ona ne yny npeopaxena Pyxom Cnernm, na ocnony
npanocnanne enncremonornie caunnana npocnerene n Foxnie orxponene ynyrap
o:uuheuoe yncxor cpna. Ann, rn namn onncn nncy es anrpononomxe nepcnexrnne n
ecxaronornie ncnxonsnuxe nennne uonexa, iep npema nnma sanor ynyhnx noapa ne
sanonia camo nyma nero n reno, ynyhn na ncrnuy xaxo onn xoin ro onpnuy onanyiy n
nacxpcene rena y ynyhem nexy. Kanrona npenopyxa sa sarnenane y nynne nnacrnror

10
Anexce ueonoponnu Hocen, O:epru aumu:uoeo cu+eo)u;+a u +udo)oeuu, Mocxna, 1993., crp. 872-873.
Ounrnenne npornnpeunocrn xoie nanonn onne Hocen, nncy pesepnncane camo sa sananne reopernuape n
nncne. Taxo ie y nnsanrnicxom nomnnannsmy Hnhnop Ipnropa sacrynao ynepene na cy nneie camo nmena
xoia ce crnapaiy y ymy, n nnmra nnme, a Ipnropnie Hanama my ie onronopno nponnuno na o rome raxo mncne
camo nnocon, ynyhn na cy sa orocnone orxpnnena n ianana Foxninx eneprnia naxnn
anonnxrnuxn, a ne nnianexrnuxn cnnornsmn. Mehyrnm, n nexn canpemenn yuenn cnenennnn ncnxacra
cmarpaiy xaxo ie nopo sapan mro neher ynaanana on nnoconie ncnxasam npornacnrn emnnpnuxnm nnn
excnepnmenrannnm orocnonem/pennmo J. Bnaxoc/, ca unme ce oner nerpnnxyie uynnocr onune cnecrn.
Kao na ie npeopaxai uynnocrn xon noiennnna y naimany pyxy nyxan na nsnene nexo npyrn, a ca rnme nne n
penyxonan recr cranana na nnxy rpacy ynocroianana npnnne y nsnpmeny Foxninx saxona, uax n no
ornopenor sanocranana c osnpom na acnexr ooxena no xora n morno na ce nonpe Hcyconom monnrnom
y ymnom rnxonany. Mehyrnm, npnnna ie sa cne xao npenycnon ncnynanana Foxninx saxona n npema Kanry
nnrepnopnsyiyhn unn xoinm ce ynocroianamo Foxnie naronarn nnn mnnocrn.
60
cpua, y ro me)o me)a rne n ce nocrnrno xpnmhancxo nocroiancrno xnnena n namno
paspemene nponema, nonpasymena ono mro xpnmhancrno nmenyie rpexonnnm xao
npexpnnanom nnn sacropom xoie oannia nsnopno snane, yspoxom samennnana n
saopanana crnapn, na xpos npahane cnom nsnopnom oronnxom nasnaueny, xao na
raxno mnmene amrnnn n one oniexe nponene onmre n nnune npame uonexa n
uoneuancrna xoie ie nanno onncao Maxcnm Hcnonennnx: uonex rpemehn ne ycnena n
npomamyie, mnmopasymno /ooooyc/ ce nocn xa nenhy /ooc :o un ov oror:oi/; ne
xpehyhn ce xa concrnenom naueny n yspoxy, no xoiem ie n sa xoin ie n pann xoier ie
crnopen; n nanasn ce y nenocroianom xperany n onaxom nepeny nyme n rena, iep ie
cnoienpcnnm crpemenem xa ropem /n ooc :o ;ruoov rxouoi oon/ ocrnapno neycnex
/oo:u;ioc/ cnor npanor n ncrnncxor yspoxa n nna.[PG 91,1084-5] Hpema an. Hanny
ono mro oramrnnyie n camnm rnm ocyiehyie yncxo cpne xao nompauene n oonenane
ymnnx cnna n cnoconocrn yncxor nyxa iecre npomamai n neycnex, xoin snaun:
npasnnny yma, nompauene mncnn, oryhene on xnnora Foxnier sor nesnana xoin ie y
nnma ycnen oxopenocrn cpna nnxonor (an. Hanne, Edecuu+a, 4.18). Hesnane xao
oxopenocr cpna ie camonnacna uonexona onecnocoenocr sa yan xoia rex uonexa n
unnn nocroinnm neronor oronnxor nasnauena. Paxne, ro mro na cpny nexn yienno ie
npann nyroxas xperannma nyxa npema neronom ynyrpamnem pasnoiy. To xperane y cen
ne n cmeno na nonpasymena nnxaxna uynana nyxa ns rena, nnn nax npesnp
ncnxonomxnm aoprnnnnm cpencrnnma nnacrnre n ryhe renecnocrn, neh npenasnnaxena n
meramopose n nyxa n rena na nyry npema ncxoncxom onpennmry, sa mra ie oxancxa
yan o xoioi xasyiy sanerne xnnre nsnop cnare n opnienrnp. V rom norneny
manonymnocr ne moxe ca cnnm cnoinm onpannanannma n nsnnauennma na yne
npnxnahena xao nemro camo no cen pasymnno, ynyhn na nocroin nsnopnnin onronop,
onai xoin ie nnxe nocroiancrny yncxor cnoonapcrna n cmncny nooxnocrn, iep nanasn
na ie naueno openocrn ncnpanno camoonpehnnane: uecro cmo y sanynn, mnorn nac
onryxyiy na ie Hpanocnane xonsepnarnnna nepa, na ie rpannnnia xoia nma rexny na ce
npernopn y apxeonomxn mysei y Koncranrnnonoy, xao n mncao na npanocnanno
monamxo-acxercxo Hpenane n orocnone rymn unnennnom nna ie Hpxny cnaneno
iennoopasnnm ncxycrnom nocene connianne rpyne, ri. monamrna, re na nema
nepcnexrnnnnx n crnapanauxnx moryhnocrn sa onronapaiyhy mncniy y canpemenom cnery.
Mncao monamxor pnropncre, Cn. Ipnropnia Haname, ony neh nonexne npnxnaheny
sanyny, nornyno nernpa. Hanme, on y orocnoncxoi n onnrnoi xpearnnnocrn nyxonnor
xnnora nnme: Hoena xoia ie noennna onai cner ie nama nepa. (1.Jn. 5,4). He rpea
ncrnnarn na ie ona y pasnnm npemennma ycnocranana nann cner, a sarnm ra Foxancxn
npeopasnna, ysnenmn ra nan neeca n yunnnnmn semy neom. Ayrop y xonrexcry
mncnn na ncxycrno craposanernor cnera, a nan rora mncao ie ynnnepsanna n noncrnue na
cnenennmrno Cn. Ipnropniy Hanamn xoin ie y cnoie npeme ycranonanao nann cner
npen nponacr Pomeicxor napcrna, nc1nuyhn openoc1 xao npnnnnn, ne camo ouynana
npennor npenana, nero n c1napanauxor ncxopaxa y cycpe1 pemanany ax1yennnx
nponeua cnor npeuena. /Taxon Mnnopan M. Hasnh, Hpaeoc)aeua ecmemura me)a u
maiua no)uocmu, Hernne, 2001., crp. 108-109/ To nnie camo openocr oxo ynepena nnn
onpannanana nocrynaxa, neh n sanaxene y mpauny crpany nnunocrn n nonnauene
nemapxannone nnnnie npema rsn. ncropnicxom hypery, naxon uera rex n nnamo y
crany na npnxynnmo nonony xonnunny eneprnia sa cnomenyrn crnapanauxn ncxopax y
cycper pemanany axryennnx nponema cnor npemena. Bpeme xao na nam rana nonasn y
cycper, a npenpexe xoie cy ce unnnne nenpooinnm nocraiy nponycrnne n cannannne.
Axrnnna, npaxrnuxa nepa ie ona xoia ie nenornopna, iep ynpano ona oxpehe npeme
npema nama n omoryhana rsn. nonanane nenononnnor xao yrnpane nyra xa
npncycrnonany Onor xoin iecre, omoryhanaiyhn nam cycper ca Cymrnm n
61
Henpncrynaunnm. Jennonpemeno ie ro n nacymno norpena nooxnocr xoia npnnana
nsnopnom yncxom nocroiancrny, a ono nae nonpasymena nesasopnocr xoia xpenn cpne n
unnn uonexa nennm. Pynncxe nnmensnie raxne ecrernxe, xoioi cy Mnnopanona nncmepna
n xasnnana nna nenocycraiyhn nocnehnnana, moxna ie iom ynex nonaioe npnxasao
npennn ncanmonenan Pannn, nnnehn npeopaxennm ounma nyxa: Onann n npnmpax cy
oxo Bera / npanna n cyn cy yrnphene npecrona Beronor...Oiannme neeca npanny
Berony, / n nnneme cnn naponn cnany Berony...Cnernocr sacia npanennnxy, / n npannma
cpnem necee. / Becennre ce npanennn y Iocnony / n ncnonenaire ce cnomeny cnernne
Berone. (Hc. 96, npen. Bnannxa Aranacnie/Jenrnh/).
Knonynocr nyxa xoia ie cnyrne nnnnna nma y nrn cnercxor uonexa nponem
ca npnananem eneprnie sa nyxonny nenarnocr, xao n nponem ca moryhnocrnma
nsanana no nyxonnor osnpannnana nnn sanenena. Hamepa xoia nac nocn xpos
cynpocranene crpane moryhnocrn nanana y nono napnapcrno n opmannie none
ncropnicxe ennre nanynn(nonnrnuapa-rexnoxpara) no mepe pacra n cracanana xoia xao
onaronahena ersncrennnia npnnana y nocroiancrno ouoneunnana, n iecre nepa xoia pna
nomepa. Kaxo ce cxnonocrn, nopnnn n crpacrn naromnnanaiy y reper xoin ce remxo naie
cxnnyrn, onronop sa nnrane nyxonnor nsanena ocraie npe cnera xaxo nenpnxnarnn sa
cne, raxo n enomenonomxn cnnrynapan. Hooxnocr ne moxe na ce ycnocrana
nxrnnno, na yne nnrnpaiyhn ocnon sa nexe npyre, noi camoi nenenncxonne namene,
cem y cnmynanniama xoie neh npernocranaiy cner nsryenocrn y eronenrpnuxnm
samenama, xoie ce ycnocranaiy y ryxnoi cnecrn xao yrnphenn n camonornphyiyhn
nopmarnnn. Jep xan nac Iocnonna sanonecr: Hvou o)urneea ceoea rao ca+oe ceoe
nonnpne y cpny, noreue nexaxo n cama on cee ona uynena ncnxacrnuxa Hcycona
uonn1na: Iocnooe Hcvce Xpucme, Cuue Boruiu, no+u)vi +e epeuuoe. H ca
ynnnepsanne npepnepnie sacrpanyiyher eronenrpnsma am opahane cpennmry npaha
nac y nenrap ns xora ce nsnnna naronar, mro nonesyie yncxa nha no rpainor
npniarecrna. Vronnxo ie npniarecrno nesamennno ca nno unm npyrnm, xao mro ie n
caopnocr nemro cnoamne es yuecronana n pohenor ocehaia npnnannocrn xpos xoin
nanasnmo crnapne nyrene sa ynocroianane mnnocrn Iocnonne.
Pox cy semnn ocrann Mnnopanonor nocmprnor rena nexann na onpy y
cnemrennuxoi onexnn, xanennnom ie rnxo npomnnano naroiexrennie npennor onnnuapa
xnrne nomohn n nennxor oromona Mnxnia, Mnnopany nparor npniarea:

Hcue)u, Hcvce, paue ovue +oie, Hcvce +oi, +o)u+ Tu ce; u oo pvre
Be)uiapa ovuevouue, Hcvce +oi o)aeocpouu, ucmpeuu +e u cnacu.
Caepeuux, Hcvce +oi ceec)amru, o)aeocpouu, Hcvce +oi, cnacu +eue roiu
npuoeeaea+ norpoev meo+e. Hcvce oveomne+ueu, u voocmoi +e uapcmea
Teoieea.
Huro ue caepeuu, Hcvce +oi, rao umo caepeuux ia oraiauu; uo
npunaoa+ u +o)u+ ce, Hcvce +oi, cnacu +e, u oapvi +u oa uac)eou+ rueom,
Hcvce +oi.
(Hs Axarncra, Hcue)u, Hcvce, paue +oie)

Hexa ie naroynoxoiene n cnana nparom xymy n npniarey np Mnnopany M.
Hasnhy, haxony Cpncxe Hpanocnanne Hpxne n naxenonounnmem namem capary y
cxyrnma Iocnonnnm, y nacxpcnom cnerny rena rena n Beronnx necrnopennx oxancxnx
eneprnia, xa xoinma ie sa onosemacxor xnnora raxo ycpnno crpemno.


62













B

HOBH1A mEHOMEHOAOmKA
OHTOAOIH1A
H
KOCMOAOIH1A























63
I
KOCMOAOmKE MHCAH O ECTETHHH H HPHPOBH
BHTA




Knnra Koc+o)oeuia v+emuocmu np Mnnana Vsenna, nacrana ie naxon npncryna y
nnhene naunna nocroiana ymernnuxor nena, nyrem nerone mncaone renese. Pasmarpana xaxo
ce ono xoncrnrynme y npemeny n xaxo ce crnapa, nna cy npenmer crynnia upvea
cmeapuocm(H. Cao, 1989) n Cmeapuocm v+emuu:roe oe)a (H. Can, 1991). Cner xnnora y
nemy, noxasao ce xao reme monepne ymernocrn, a nonaxene no onaxnor cxnarana,
npernocrannno ie nonnpane n no xocmonornie ymernocrn, xoia n ncxasana nonoxai
ymernocrn y camom "cneronany" cnera.
Beh cam nornen na canpxai nonncannx nornana, xao n na ynorpeeny nnreparypy,
yxasyie na ienan nonyxnar neyonuaien n y mnoro cracanninm n nehnm nnococxnm
xynrypama nero mro ie nama. Pyoxo sannpyhn y camy cpx nponemarnxe ocnonnnx rema
nnoconie, ma xaxo crnn nsnarana nenonao iennocranno n reuno, Koc+o)oeuia v+emuocmu
ie onpemena xonopnrom xapaxrepncrnune mncaone aprnxynannie. Hpexo remarnsonannx
cxnonona ayroncnie crnapnocrn, nonenennx no nsnarana y nesanom cnerny rpannnnie
enponcxor nnoconpana, ona cnenn mnmene xoie ie noneneno no rpancnapennnie
xepmeneyrnuxor (n, cnaxaxo, enomenonomxor) nncoxor ciaia.
3a nnoconiy ie nno yonuaieno na, mro ce rnue ymernocrn, noxyma na nsahe na
xpai ca nenom onronorniom. V rom norneny enomenonomxn npanan pasmarpana (Enmynn
Xycepn, Maprnn Xainerep, Eyren unnx, Poman Hnrapnen, Hnxonai Xaprman), ycmepanao ce
na onronomxy nnmensniy ymernocrn, ann cy pesynrarn ymnorome nsocrann. Hnrane remea
na xom nounna ymernnuxo neno nocrano ie npenmer ncrpaxnnana, xoie ie y
enomenonomxnm nocrnrnyhnma naunnnno xopax nae, npema cacrannnm enemenrnma xoin
ra sacnnnaiy n npernocranaiyhn omoryhanaiy. Beponocroina n rpancnapenrna mepa onnoca
yncxor oncranxa n cnera ycranonanana ie ns monepnor meransnuxor xopnsonra, ns
xoncranre xoiom ce onmepanao onnoc yncxor oncranxa n nonecnocrn nncrnonana, ri.
xapaxrepncrnxe noima "cneror". Tai xopnsonr ornopen ie xpos nonn naunn nocranana
nnrana o yremeeny onronomxe ncrnne, xpos onony nnrana o camom remey. Beno
napannrmarnuno norahane onnniano ce y nnococxnm pasmarpannma Enmynna Xycepna,
raxo na nerona enomenonornia ncronpemeno iecre n onronornia n casnaina reopnia:
"...enomenonorniy moxemo pasymern n xao onmry onronorniy iep nnra sa reme noiennnnx
npenmernnx, pernonannnx onronornia, re ie ona nayxa o nocnennem remey, uavra o
anco)vmv xoia sa remenn npnnnnn cnoinx neyrpannnx ncrpaxnnana nma
oecnpemnocmaeuocm."
49

Ono iennncrno onronomxor n casnaino-reopnicxor xomnnexca npncryna crnapnma,
rorono na moxe na ce noncronern ca Xerenonom meronom, rne y 4euo+euo)oeuiu ovxa rema n
neno nsnarane npernocranaiy iennncrnen cxnon, sanonnen xao cnnrernuxo mnmene
xoie anannsnpa n cnexynarnnno sacnnna. Pan xopax on ror, ounrnenno iennncrnenor
npncryna, Mnnan Vsenan npnmehyie na ie nesan ys naunne npnmene esycnonnor na cam
enomenannn cner: "Peu ie o nnosonin mro ce nanasn y ynnnepsannom crany, ri. o naynn

49
Milan Uzelac, Kosmologija umetnosti, Ogled o poreklu fenomenolo{ke estetike,
Novi Sad: Kwi`evna zajednica Novog Sada, 1995., str.10
64
cxnahenoi xao ynnnepsannoi naynn, xao naynn o ynnnepsymy unin ie npenmer cee-ieouucmeo
cner nncrnyiyher; saro ie nnosonia, neh on camor nouerxa (nocehn y cen nneiy
ecxonaunor sanarxa), sanpano roc+o)oeuia."
50
Kocmonomxn cran nonpasymena
cneiennncrnenn oxnnp pasmarpana crnapn y cnery, xoin ie xao onpeheno cmane sanar
onnxonany, crnapanauxoi nnmensnin nyxa. Jenno y cnemy, onaxne ce n renepnuxn
xoncrnrynme noiam ceeieouucmea (xonxperno remarnsonan on Hnarona no nnianexrnuxe
ycanpmenocrn xon Hpoxna Pnianoxa), ceemoeuocm ceema nocmarpa xpos nerone nncrnene
mohn n ynyrpamne /emnnpnicxn nenpncrynaune n nennnnne/ canpxaie, xoin cy ennnennnia
momenara nncrnonana. Taxo cnenn ynepene, xoie he nporpamcxn nsneceno, nrn n cam
caxern canpxai xnnre: "Tex y ymernnuxom neny nmamo npann cycper uonexa n cnercxnx
nncrnennx mohn; rex ns ymernnuxor nena nporonapa nncrnonane camo xao moh cnera n
cnera moh, na noimonn cneror, npenmera n cnera, unne ony nennny uniom ce anannsom
nacnocrana reme sa xocmonorniy ymernocrn."
51

Hasnauena nennna cnpam xoie ce pasnnia anannsa nma n cnoi merononomxn
xpnrepniym, a nera y xapaxrepncrnunoi nsnopnocrn nynn enomenonomxa mncao.
Xycepnono yuene npomno ie xpos xpnsy onronornie, raxo na ie pasnnno pasmarpane remea
moryhnocrn onronornie nnn meransnxe xao remea snana n snana remea. On ce npn rome
cyouno ca ncnxonornsanniama n cnnienrnsanniama nayxe, cnpononehn peopmy nornxe, raxo
na enomenonornia sa pasnnxy on ncxycrnennx nayxa ynonn "naruynne cymrnne crnapn", xao
n meron xoin omoryhana npncryn y cymrnny crnapn, ycmepanany npema onacrn nenoxynne
crnapnocrn n nenor rorannrera. Hpennocr enomenonomxe merone cacroiana ce y nonoheny
enomena no nspasa, ri. no nseranana cnaxe nenoxasnne xoncrpyxnnie, re no xpnrnuxor
npencnnrnnana nnrnnrera nnococxnx reopnia. Mnnan Vsenan ry npennocr onnnuno ie
youno n npnmenno y cnoioi xnnsn, na oryn nen npnn neo nsnaxe ocnonne reme Xycepnone
enomenonornie, npyrn neo ecrernxy enomenonornie, a rpehn enomenonorniy ymernocrn.
Ha ienan neycnen n npncrynauan naunn, npen nama ce noianyiy pacnpanana nainynx
rema xoie cy ce namne npen nnoconiom canpemenocrn. Taxo ce ononpranane
ncnxonornsma - "na saxonn mnmena nncy ncronpemeno n saxonn ncnxnuxor roxa
mnmena, neh na cy ro saxonn mnmenor /noemarcxor/, a mro sa nocnennny nma
pasnnxonane peannor cyhena n nneannor canpxaia cyna"
53
; - onnnia npexo onnca one
cnryannie, xoia ie ncnxonorniy crannna npen sanarxe xoinma nnie morna na ynonon /cynone
rymaun xao xnace ncnxnuxnx enomena/, ynonehn npyraunin cmncao noima
nnrennnonannocrn, n rnme ycranonanaiyhn camy npenmernocr xoia ie y axry
rpancnennenrna. Tai noiam Xycepn ie sanono npexo xpnrnuxor crana npema pannie
pasnnianoi resn cnor yunrea upanna Fpenrana, xaxo ro ciaino youana n ncrnue Mnnan
Vsenan: "3acnyra Fpenrana nna n y rome mro on, nonasehn on cacnnm onpeheno
opmynncane necxpnnrnnne ncnxonornie (iom ynex narypranncrnuxn ycmepene), cmarpa na
pasnyunnane ncnxnuxor n nsnuxor nna omoryheno ynpano nosnnanem na noiam
nnrennnonannocrn xao na nrny npry ncnxnuxor. To sa nocnennny nma cxnarane
ncnxonornie xao uncre necxpnnrnnne nayxe o nnrennnonannocrn, o mnomrnenocrn onnxa
cnecrn xao cnecrn o neuem (Husserl, 1962, 33). Hacnpam Fpenrana, xoin nacroin na pemn
onpehena ncnxonomxa nnrana, Xycepn rexn pemeny onmrennosocxnx nnrana n ro unnn
raxo mro y nnrennnonannocrn nnnn nrny xapaxrepncrnxy cnecrn yonmre; raxo ce
nnrennnonannocr cxnara xao onnoc cnecrn npema npenmery y neronom noiannnany y
axrnma casnana (Haxannn, 1968, 26-7). Onne, n ro ie naxno ncrahn, arm ne rpea pasymern
xao nenarnocr neh ncxyunno xao uumeuuuoua)uu oouoc, na ce na ocnony rora moxe
saxyunrn na ce xao axrn mory osnaunrn ca+o ouu oorue+aiu roiu ce oo)urviv

50
isto, str. 10
51
isto, str. 6
53
isto, str. 21
65
uumeuuuoua)uouhv."
53
Taxo cnnc Hoeu:ra ucmparueana nnrennnonannocr onpehyie xao
oconry enomenonomxy opmy iennncrna noxnnaia /onn noxnnain y cnecrn xoin cy
cxnahenn xao axrn cnecrn/, rne sa pasnnxy on Fpenranonor nncncrnpana na ycmepenocrn na
nemro - intentio, von:ov, on ynonn y pasmarpane noiam intentum, vonuo, xoia nrnue rexny,
cmepane y crpyxrypnoi nenonnrocrn. Taxo ce y ocnemrenoi n onmroi crpyxrypn yma,
noemarnsanniom axara cnecrn npennanana nosnrnnncrnuxo rymauene cyiexra xao cnona
npencrana.
Horpea nonecnor npennananana penarnnnsma iana ce xao nnrane rpancnennennnie
npenmera casnana, xoia n nna y crany na ornopn nyr npema cnoonn. On crora onaxane
nnno npeycmepana npema oyxnarany nennne npenmernnx canpxaia n npema noxyunnany
anpnopne ennnennnie. Hanme, ono mro ie uynno onaxeno, can nonpasymena n noxyunnane
cnnx ynyrpamnnx oiexara xoie "ia" y cen noxnnana, na xareropnie nncy nnme
iennocranne opme nnn enemenrn xoinma n ce osnauanann npenmern; nero, xaxo ro
carnenana ayrop: "canpxain, ri. marepniannn momenrn onpehenocrn nexor npenmera; nnxon
nsnop nexn y nesn crnapn...Hoiam nrn (y cmncny xonyne) ne moxe ce cpecrn y penexcnin o
cyny nnn y npocyhnnany neh neron nsnop nexn y cyheny camom: naxne, ra anpmannia nnie
y axry xao npenmery neh y npenmery noiennnnx axara y xoinma ie ancrpaxnnonn reme sa
peannsonane nomenyror noima nncrnonana."
54
C npanom ayrop nonnnaun ananorniy ca
Hnarononom reopniom nneia /onmrocr n nyxnocr, nenpocropnocr, camocranna nocroianocr,
crnapno n ncrnncxo nocroiane/, na mra n cmepa nspas +oia :ucma ceecm, ma xonnxo ocraiana
nenoymnna oxo neronor snauena, ca unme, oner nponcrnue n onpehena xopncr no
xocmonorniy ymernocrn: "Ono mro sa nac ocraie on onnyuyiyher snauaia cnaxaxo ie
remarnsonane xareropniannor onaxaia na uniem rny nspacra noiam nmarnnannie a raxo n
crnapanauxe anrasnie; ncronpemeno, pacnoienocr npenmera mro nx cpehemo na pasnnunrnm
nnnonma n ynyrap pasnnunrnx pernona omoryhyie na ce pacxpnnn cepa ecrercxor xao
nocena npenmerna onacr ynyrap xoie rex cnnrernuxe mohn cnecrn sanoniaiy npany
cnoony."
55
Hpn rome iom iennom cnaxno nna nornprano onnaiane monepnor cnera
rexnnuxn xoncrnryncanor, on onor onpehenor onuainomhy n rpannnniom /ncropnia nnie
ncropnia cnera/ rne ie na mecro yma xon Xycepna y cpennmre neronor nnosonicxor
nnrepeca nocranena cama merona, iep ono mro nacroin na nocne no camora cee, unnn ro
raxo mro ce na cnom nyry penyxyie n necrpynpa, npernapaiyhn ce npnrom y mnmene
onpehene merone, y merony xoia nocnena no cnecrn o cen camoi: "3a ny ie xapaxrepncrnuno
na ce ann anpnopniem yxonnxo ie onai y pannn nsnopnor, y pannn onor mro ie anconyrno
naro; crora ie pasymnno mro ce onaxai anpnopnia ne nesyie sa uynne narocrn neh sa ncrnny
cnera...raxo ce noxasyie na cnennnunocr enomenonomxor noima anpnopnia nnie y neronoi
nenesanocrn sa ncxycrno neh y neronoi xoncranrnocrn cnpam emnnpnicxnx npencrana."
56


53
isto, str. 35
54
isto, str. 44
55
isto, str. 47
56
isto, str. 53;54. Celokupni konkretan svet tako vi{e nije postojawe, nego
fenomen u kome su{tina na~elno vazda transcendira pojavu, ali se weno
raskrivawe doga|a po datoj meri istine, tako da za posledicu ima jednu
kvalitativno druga~iju karakteristiku. Nasuprot pretpostavqenim su{tinama
koje se uzimaju spoqa i deluju izolacionisti~ki nas predmetnu svest, Huserl
se okrenuo su{tinama u kojima se vi{e u pojavi ne krije nikakvo carstvo
privida. Uspostavqaju}i fenomenolo{ki odnos kao ono primarno, prevazilazi se
subjekt-objekt dualizam stupawem na ravan izvorne koleracije noetskog i
noematskog /misle}eg i pomi{qenog/, makar i va`io prigovor za svo|ewe na
transcendentalnu subjektivnost kao da je to glavni krivac za neuspeh
fenomenologije u nastojawu da iskora~i iz klasi~ne metafizike subjektivnosti.
Idu}i ka konstituciji apodikti~ki utemeqene nauke, i poprili~no slobodno
izdvajaju}i na~in na koji je trasirano novovekovno mi{qewe u meditacijama o
66
Vnnnepsanna onronomxa nponemarnxa, npyxa ce xon Xycepna penarnnno nosno n na rpary
emnnpnsma orexana on nenpooinocrn naauenor marepniana. Hponycrn xoie ie on naunnno
y nonecno-nnococxom ocmnmanany neynaxananem necnopno meponannnx nnococxnx
nosnnnia, xao na cy y onoi nosnoi asn nanoxnahenn. Hponnncane enomenonornie xao
onronornie xnnornor cnera morno n ce osnaunrn xao cranonnmre y xome npxyne Xycepnonn
nanopn na camoocmnmanane n nonecno-nnosocxo ocmnmanane pasnnieno n nonmaiyhe
xao ienan iennncrnen nponec. Axo nmamo y nnny na ce y oxnnpnma onronornie xnnornor
cnera omoryhana ynnnpane rpancnennenranne enomenonornie raxo na y noi yuecrnyie n
xanroncxa ymernocr npnpone n ymernocr xao raxna, na nnrn-nonnn nnrepcyiexrnnnocrn,
onna ie pamunmheno rno sa nnonnnia sanounnana. Tnme ce enomenonornia n xao mxona
mnmena onpamra on casnaino-reopnicxox orpannuena connncncrnuxe eronornie (axo ne n
on casnaino-reopnicxnx orpannuena xao raxnnx), a mnnnmanno ro na cy nome ocnrypann
nyroxasn pannonannocrn, unia npaxrnuxa neicrna, ynpxoc cnnm cnoinm nenocrannma,
ynyhyiy xa moryhnocrnma osnena nonor uonexa xoin ce onpnue nannnocrn,
narypannsannia n xoncrpyxnnia. Ca onronorniom xnnornor cnera enomenonornia ce ornapa
n npema onmroi nonecnoi nepcnexrnnn /xaxo ie ro ciaino ycneo na noxaxe Xainerep/, yronnxo
mro nocenn ncropnicxn cneronn, y cnom xonrnnynrery n nncxonrnnynrery opasyiy ienan
xnnornn cner. Moxe xoncraronarn, na ie ca onronorniom xnnornor cnera na ynepnn naunn
enomenonomxn onnohena Xycepnona xpnrnxa Pexapra n Kanra, re na cy casnaino-reopnicxe
rennennnie rpancnennenranne nnosonie nnrepcyiexrnnno yremeene n ynnnaiy ce y
ynnnepsanny onronomxy nponemarnxy, ri. rpancnennenranny nnoconiy xao nncoxo
ancrpaxrny reopnia casnana, xoia moxe na noxaxe y xom cmncny re ancrpaxnnie nemro snaue
n naaiy.
C osnpom na ymernocr, xao n na rsn. noxper nocrmonepne, r. Mnnan Vsenan nam je
nsnoxno ienno oyxnarno xonnrypncano n no cymrnncxnx onpeneena canpemennx
xopnsonara nopnnyro mnmene: "Bpeme nocne monepne ie sanpmeno; sanpmeno ie n noa
nocrmonepne. Hpen nama ie npeme none ymernocrn, npeme ncnyneno nennma xoia he
nacraiarn nncnnpncana ncxycrnom ecrercxor (nennma pomanrnuapa) a ca cnemhy o
pesynrarnma monepne. Axo ie nocrmonepna nna npomamai (ne no nnrennniama, neh npe

prvoj filosofiji Rene Dekarta, putem kriti~ke prerade osnovnih teza o samoj
stvari filosofije, dopro je on tako do polazi{ta na osnovu kog se otvara
problem autenti~nog filosofskog saznawa. Neposredan ili direktan kontakt sa
svetom koji se ne vidi kao ne{to neproblemati~no, te zauzimawe takvog stava
prema svetu kao ne~em pouzdanom, ~emu jo{ samo treba prilagoditi optiku na{eg
misaonog aparata, potpuni je proma{aj u odnosu na subjektivitet svesti u kome
se mi{qewe kre}e kao po wemu svojstvenom tlu. Me|utim, pored postulata
misaone supstancijalnosti koji je izmakao fenomenolo{koj redukciji, Huserl je
smatrao da kod Dekarta vlada i onaj tip metodi~ke sumwe koji univerzalnim
negirawem vodi solipsisti~kom stavu /zahtevu apsolutne slobode do
proizvoqnosti/, tj. jalovo filosofski razvijenoj poziciji koja je
svedo~anstvo o zaboravu transcendentalne dimenzije svesti kao takve. Istom
ispitiva~kom o{trinom kojom je Huserl obesna`io pravac temeqe}eg znawa
metafizici subjektivnosti kod Dekarta, koja se u deficitarnosti punih
evidencija svesti po{tapala zgoqnim preuzimawem psiholo{kih ili naturalnih
teza, mo`e se pomisliti i na mawkavost u samom Huserlovom odnosu prema
povesti filosofije /i wegova misao je nastala zahvaquju}i temporalnoj
sedimentaciji smisla u povesno izborenoj filogenezi pojmova/, ali i
hermeneuti~ku deficitarnost s obzirom na ukupno Kantovo delo (recimo i
primedba za nedovoqan sluh u pogledu odnosa oseta i intencije), imaju li se u
vidu eti~ka, religiozna i estetska zasnivawa primene transcendentalnog
stanovi{ta. Svakako da zamerka za zdravorazumsko uva`avawe formalne logike
kod Kanta nije samo Huserlova, ve} i Fihteova, [elingova, Hegelova, a i
mnogih drugih.

67
cnera no pesynrarnma xoie ie xapaxrepncana nennnenrnnnocr xao n npepso nonomene
onnyxa), ymernocr, xoia nonasn naxon ne, nhe ymernocr ocnoohena crera xoie ie nonena
resa na crera y ymernocrn nema."
58
Vmernocr nna nonohena y nnsnny xopena cnexonnxor
nncrnonana, a ro snaun xpos xocmonorniy ymernocrn xoia nocrana nnrane cymrnne,
ornapane iom neuera nsa crnapn, "nosannne" xao nspasa rexne na ce pacnpann cama npnpona
ymernocrn. Po ror cnoxenor nponema nonasn ce xana ce npenasnhe nannna nonpmxa mneny
o rpainocrn cnera, n nponyn nerono pasymenane no enomena xao canpxaia name mncacone
cnryannie, re rnme pecrpnnryie camopasymnnocr xopnsonra npenmerne narocrn, xaxna nam
ce rex noxasyie. Tnme ce nocrnxe ornapane nnrane ersncrennnie ymernnuxor nena, came
cnecrn n xocmoca. Jom ienan nornen na cnomenyre npanne nonia cnoie nyne xpnrnuxe
opnce: "Haxon nponasnor nocrmonepnor neponana na cymrnne nema ynnmo ce ns
"normarcxor npemexa" : cymrnna ce cpehe ramo rne ie nonaimane ouexyiemo - y naunny
xoncrnryncana npocropa ymernnuxor nena. Vuene o necyncrannniannocrn nounne
nmanenrno na ce cnern nosnnanem na cnoie npernocranxe y cyncrannniannom. To ne snaun
npahane na nperxonne nosnnnie, neh nnhene nouerxa y cnerny noroner ncxycrna."
59

uenomenonomxn npncryn cymrnncxom xapaxrepy ymnnx npernocranxn
carnenanana crnapn pennrannsonao ie n reyprnicxy reopniy "onronornie cnnxe". H xao mro ie
ona xon Hpoxna Pnianoxa nna xocrnryncana npe cnera xpos xapaxrep reomerpnicxnx opmn
na ocnony oov:oo:ixn \n /y cnncy Mame+amu:re npemnocmaere/, raxo nam n Mnnan
Vsenan cxpehe naxny na onpenmehnnane npenmera y cnecrn xao nxrnnnnx cnnxa, nnn
cnera xao cnnxe y cnery anrasnie, re iennncrno cnnxa y nxnnin xao "nenocpenny
nnrynnniy", xoncraryiyhn na ie raxna "onronornia cnnxe" on onnyuyiyher snauaia n sa nen
ecrercxn xapaxrep. 3a peannocr n nxnniy rnme ce ynone npyrn napamerpn; cner anrasnie
nema cnoa orpannuen xopnsonr, npocrnpyhn ce sanncno on mohn npniemunnocrn cyiexra y
onnocy na ymernnuxa nena, xonxpernsyiyhn ce y cnecrn, y onoi rpancnennenrannoi
nnmensnin rne ce ycrayie npnnnnn nnhena n noxnnanana cnera y neronoi
mnoroonnunocrn. Onai nns pasmarpana naxnnx sa xoncrnrynniy enomenonornie ecrernxe,
sanpmana ce ca pasmarpanem crnapnocrn ceema nec+e, a xoie noxasyie na ce cna ymernocr
xpehe nsmehy peannor n neonpehenor: "ona ie cnona nsmehy onnxonanor, yxouenor n onor
amopnor, cxnonor onnxonany n xnnora y cnnm nnnonnma...xana ie peu o necnnmrny, pexno
n ce na ce ry cyxo onpxana y onnocy necme n peannor cnera." Ha mehn nna cnera mro nexe
nan npasnnnom, a ns xoie ce n npnn cmncao n cnara, nonymreno ie necnnmrny na ns
"nnmrnne" /ienan ciaino ynorpeen nspas, - mro noxasyie namer ayropa y onapenocrn
necnnuxnm norennniannma/ - "oncrane y rpenynnma xana ce unnn na ioi na oe crpane nnme
nema cnaca".
60

V sanpmnom nornany nacnonenom 4euo+euo)oeuia v+emuocmu, r. Mnnan Vsenan
pacnpanao ie onnoc npnpone n nocroiana ymernnuxor nena, ynasehn n y cnop o crpyxrypn
ecrercxor npenmera. Tnme ie ycranonno na ce nnepennnpaiy ymernnuxe n ecrercxe
npennocrn, na ie saienno ca Mopncom Iairepom xoncraronao na ce ecrernnn mopa npnnasnrn
nonasehn xaxo on ymernnuxor noxnnaia, raxo n c osnpom na ecrercxy penexcniy. C
osnpom na ro cnenn n nynnnno ncrnnane: "Tpea snarn na ynyrap ienne raxne xonnennnie
carnenane cymrnna /Wesenschau/ nnie nonono: ono ie camo "npernocranxa necxpnnnnie, a
ne necxpnnnnia cama", xoia, cama no cen nnie neh n nnosonia. unnosonia, no mnmeny
Iairepa, mopa ynex nsnona na nnra sa peannrer onncanor."
61
Pexannrynnmyhn snauaine rauxe
axcnonomxor cnopa oxo reopnia npennocrn, Mnnan Vsenan youana nsnopny
cynpocranenocr narona sa noxnnaiem n narona sa casnanem, ecrercxy anrnnomniy na ce

58
isto, str. 55
59
isto, str. 116
60
isto, str. 147
61
isto, str. 175
68
ona: "xao nayxa moxe xperarn camo y onmrnm noimonnma, ann npenmer one nayxe
npncrynauan ie camo y nenocpennom, ecnoimonnom noxnnaiy." Onarne cnenn n ienno
merononomxn saomrpeno nnrane: "unnn nn ona anrnnomnia ecrernxy xao nayxy moryhom?",
ca opasnoxenem: "Onne nmamo cyxo xnnora n penexcnie: cnaxonnennn xnnor crana
xnnene y npnn nnan n cnaxn xonnnxr xnnena n penexcnie pemana raxo mro
penexcniy ysrnoyie y rox xnnora n ry ioi nanasn mecro. Cacnnm ie npyraunie xan ie o
nnosonin peu: ona ie no cnoioi nrn penexcnia, xnnor ie sa ny cyncrannnia xoiy
penexcnia oyxnara cnoinm noimonnma. Taxo ce cyxoyiy moh xnnena n moh
npomnmana; onaxan cyxo ncronpemeno ie n nemoryh iep ce ienna rennennnia ocrnapyie
ynex na pauyn npyre. Tparnxa raxnor cyxoa noxasyie ce y nainehoi mepn y onacrn nainnmer
noxnnaia: y onacrn ecrercxor, pennrnosnor noxnnaia."
62
To ce nopo ncrnue xpos
Iairepono nanohene npnmepa Hnaronone nnoconie, rne ie rparennia onor pacnena
nonenena ie no nyne omrpnne; xao xon onor epornuapa xora "eporcxo" nnie morao na
sanonon, a nn camo nerono ysnmane sa oroene npenmere mnmena, nero ie on y nennxoi
mepn nenocpennocrn nsxnneo rai pacnen.
Ha npxynnnma pacnpane, ns camor cnena pasmarpana, ycnennno ie n pasmarpene
remarnsannie xpaia ymernocrn (nnn ymernocrn xpaia), rne cy nna nainaxnnia caronopnnxa
Xycepnonn nnonnn nacranaun Maprnn Xainerep n Eyren unnx. Excnnnnnpaiyhn iom
iennom nnmesnaunocr xopnmhena noima "rexnnxa", ayrop nac ynosopana na ie ona y
nsnopnom /anrnuxom/ nonmany - pacxpnnane (poietike techne), c rnme, mro nen monepnn
noiam ryn cmncao noiernuxor nponsnohena n nonia camocnpxonnr xapaxrep nponsnonne,
nponsnohena pann camor nponsnohena:"uonex xao npopauynananan, xao pannnx, xao nnanep
ynyhnocrn, nnme unnx, nonia nennunny xaxny nnxana no cana nnie nmao y ncropnin;
rexnnuxn rnranr aprennnpa unrany semy n mama ce neh npyrnx neecxnx rena (unnx,
1971, 36). Taxo nocnenamo y nnsnny rexnnxe nnhene xao onpeheno npxane uonexa, xao
nerono onnomene npema cnery y nennnn (Heionnh, 1965, 44)".
63
Onne nnnnmo xaxo ie
xapaxrep noima nponsnonne nonecno xoncrnryrnnan no camy xoncrenanniy canpxaia cnecrn,
re na nonnsane nenor crenenonanor onma cnecr camy ne moxe na ocrann pannonymnom.
Hpocro peueno, moryhe nsmene cy ronnxe, na rpannnnonanno nonmane crnapn na ocnony
nponsnohena cnecrn ronnxo sacrapn, na ns nera camn nponemn nocrany rorono
nenpenosnarnnn. Taxohe n noiam crnapanamrna mena snauene: "...Ipnn noiam crnapana
nncy nmann naxo crnapaxy nsyserna ymernnuxa nena; sa Hnarona crnapane ie npenohene
cxpnnenor y necxpnneno, y ornopenocr; nspana crnapn ie raxo ynnn y nneiy npenmera. Pomer
onor mro ce moxe crnopnrn nna ynanpen onpehen nneiom. Hnie cnyuaino mro Xainerep
Hnaronon nspas poiesis npenonn ca Hervorbringen (nponsnohene) iep xenn na nasnaun rpuxo
snauene re peun.
Xainerep poiesis rymaun xao nponsnohene y npncyrnocrn n ono cxnarane unnn ce
nanpehennm npyrnm rymauennma xoia poiesis onpehyiy xao crnapane, unnene; raxo poiesis
osnauana n nponsnonny technites-a n physis xao moxna nainnmn onnx (camo)nponsnohena.
3a Xainerepa nema nnuer norpemnnier on cnohena nouecuc camo na ymernnuxo, nnn iom
rope, na necnnuxo crnapane."
64
Cnaxaxo na ie sa Xainerepa, xoin ce nonpnnnuno xycrpo

62
isto, str. 186; 187
63
Uzelac, M., Kosmol. umet., str. 194
64
isto, str. 194 Povodom tuma~ewa dijaloga Timaj, osvrt na teorijski smisao o
zakqu~ivawu u konspektivnom smislu, tako|e je zna~jan jer je s tim u vezi i
teorija o stvarawu sveta. U zakqu~ku o prirodi stvari i kontinuitetu se
sadr`i sva umnost, to jest ideja, bar spoqa. Otuda nije pravo da se o
zakqu~ku govori r|avo i da se on ne prizna za najvi{i oblik razmatrawa.
Me|utim, {to se ti~e razumskog zakqu~ka, potpuno smo u pravu kada `elimo da
ga odbacimo. Zakqu~ak pravog uma nema sredine, budu}i da u wemu svaka od
razlika va`i kao samostalna, razlikuje se po svojoj vlastitoj samostalnoj
69

formi, imaju}i osobenu odredbu nasuprot drugome. Sredina potpuno ujediwuje
ekstreme; oni ne ostaju samostalni, i to ni u odnosu jedan prema drugom niti
u odnosu prema sredini. Sredina se pretvara u oba ekstrema i ekstremi se
pretvaraju u sredinu; tek tada prozlazi da su sva tri ~inioca nu`nim na~inom
jedno isto, i tako je konstituisano jedinstvo. Ako su postojawe kao `ivot i
svest kao neki dodatak `ivotu dva razdvojena pola sa kojim opozitom
kategorizovawa obi~no raspola`e prose~no razumevawe stvari, to je sasvim
povoqan put za zastrawivawa i ekscentri~nosti svih vrsta. I `ivot i svest su
iskqu~ivo pitawa energije za ~iju je prisutnost odgovorno stawe razumevawa, a
ne neko puko svojstvo organizma. @iveti zapravo zna~i biti svestan i
prozirati zablude uma. U zakqu~ku uma na taj je na~in predstavqena podloga
/podmet-jedan subjekt/, jedna sadr`ina koja se pomo}u drugoga i u drugome
povezuje sa samom sobom; to jest ima osnov u tome {to su ekstremi postali
identi~ni, - jedan se povezuje sa drugim, ali kao identi~an sa wim. U tome se
sastoji priroda bo`anskog. Ako se bo`ansko dobije kao sadr`aj /pretvori u
delovawe podmeta/, onda to zna~i da je ono kao Demijurg stvorilo naslednika,
da je stvorilo svet, da se zadr`ao u toj realnosti koja se pojavquje kao
drugo, - ali u kojoj ostaje u povezanosti sa samim sobom, da poni{tava
otpadni{tvo, pa se u drugome povezuje sa samim sobom na koji na~in jeste duh.
Predstavivost predstave zavisi od zahva}enosti duhovnom snagom, kako
teorijskom konspektivno{}u, tako i primetnim pokazivawem nastalim usled
pro{irene snage opa`awa ili jedinstva iskustva u kinesteti~koj telesnosti,
kao jastvenog organa kojim je svet na~iwen pristupa~nim. [to se ti~e wegovog
va`ewa, neophodno je sprovesti fenomenolo{ku redukciju stavqawa u zagrade
pojava stalno-struje}e svesti okolnog sveta i usredoto~iti se na ono {to to
bivstvovawe omogu}ava. Huserl je sa ovim stavom zapravo zahtevao iskorak van
uobi~ajenih {kolskih na~ina tuma~ewa egzistencije, tako da mu je nit-vodiqa u
monadolo{koj strukturaciji ona koja }e biti u stawu da prevazi|e naivitet
tzv. "objektivizma" prema vrhunskom zahtevu izlo`enom u temi psihike
intencionalnih akata svesti: "da je intenconalna fenomenologija prvi put duh
kao duh u~inila popri{tem sistematskog iskustva i nauke, i time time postigla
potpuno preokretawe zadatka saznawa. Univerzalnost apsolutnog duha obuhvata
sve bivstvuju}e u jednom apsolutnom istoricitetu, u koji je uvr{tena i
priroda kao oblik duha."/Huserl, Kriza evropskih nauka...Husserliana, Bd. VI, 346/
Sam `ivot tu je razumevan u jedinstvu ekstaza pro{losti i budu}nosti, a
ono {to ga omogu}ava kao apsolutni duh idejnog jedinstva stvarnosti, naime
monadolo{kih modaliteta koji se mnogostruko iskazuju, opet kao onaj sloj iz
koga se tek hrani sam metafizi~ki koren logike. Pojam svesti time vi{e ne
mo`e da se uzima kao "predmet", nego kao "intencionalno konstatovan do`ivqaj"
koji je prire|en u idealnoj op{tosti stvarnih i mogu}ah iskustvenih na~ina
datosti, a to zna~i da naivitet tzv. "predmetne svesti" kao transcendentalnog
egoiteta (naime onog {to je samom Huserlu zamerano), biva prevazi|en u
Bewutseinsleben kao osve{tavawe skrivenih momenata svesti ili wenih anonimnih
intencionaliteta. Sveobuhvatni horizont sveta tako nije naivno
objektivisti~ki (da ga nauke mogu u~initi objektivnim), nego je toj vrsti
posmatrawa skriven u na~elno anonimno dosti`u}i intencionalitet, prethodno
ili unapred datom dlu za postizavawe bilo kakvog iskustva. To je Lebenswelt u
kojem je jedinka u prirodnosti bivstvovawa teku}e sada{wosti ({to je
pretpostavqeno u svakoj nauci), a ona je data kao celina u koju se mi
u`ivqavamo kao u istoriju `ivotnog doga|awa: {to je jedan produktivni
idealizam koji u intersubjektivnosti komunikacije ostvaruje uslove svog
va`ewa. Kao transcendentalno redukovani subjektivitet "`ivot" je stvarala~ki
opremqen ili sagledan kao izvor objektivacija, tj. kao "`ivot svesti", gde je
"drugo ja" u~iweno apstraktnim egolo{kim momentom i kao predmet opa`awa
dopuwen empatijom /uose}avawem/ alter ego-a kao svojosti. Mada prvenstvo
transcendentalnog subjektiviteta nije isticano, empatija drugog kao
druga~ijeg, zami{qana je opet transcendentalno, kao metodi~ka podloga
intersubjektiviteta, ali ipak, bez onog fenomenoli{kog unutra{weg kruga
`ivota, ili platoni~ke karike `ivotnog lanca.

70
oxomno n "opauynao" ca onro-reonomxnm ycrpoicrnom meransnxe (camnm rnm n
ncnxonomxn cnenapnuno, npoiexryiyhn y nera cnoienpcan xaronnuxn narepnannsam
ynpehenor "cnnoncrna"), xapaxrepnmyhn onpehenocr nneinnm xopnsonrom xao nemro
ycxpahyiyhe n cnyranaiyhe, iep on ne nonma camy cnoony xao nsanane nneie npexo
nonecnor nenor nonmana; na nponaxenem xpos enomenonomxn xoncrnryncany crnapnocr
ocnoaha rai noiam n peannrer xao "noimeny nonecr" nyxa, ri. nneinocr npexo xoie n cam
nyx morao na nohe cen.
3a Eyrena unnxa, rexnoxparcxa nponsnonna nnie nnxaxno nponsnomene neuer
nocroieher na nnneno, na on crnapane cxnara xao nexo xperane nanpen, unnene neuer mro
norana nnie nocroiano nn y moryhnocrn, nounnaiyhn na uu:e+ n nncrnyiyhn nn on uera
ycmepanano: "Jennocranno peueno: monepno nposnohene nnie nnxaxan onnoc npema nexom
nainnmem nncrnyiyhem, neh onnoc npema nnuem. (unnx, 1974, 161) uonex ie xocmnuxo
mecro rne nacraiy nncrnyiyhe n crnapn...ono mecro y xocmocy na xoiem nncrnonane
npenasnnasn cne mro ie nno n nsnnpyhn ns nnuer nncrnonane ce noxasyie xao nemro
nenonpmeno ann ncronpemeno n sanncno on uonexa ynyhn na ie npen nnm n nemy y
crannom nacraiany."
65
Vmernnuxo crnapanamrno xon unnxa ie saonheno, a sa nera M.
Vsenan npxn /mro ne mopa na yne necnopno/, na ycnen nocpenyiyhnx cxnonona cacrannnx
canpxaia iecre nponsnohene y xoiem nncy nenomnpnno cynpocranenn nponsnohene n pan,
neh ie ro nponsnohene y xoiem pannnx cryna y nnanannny. Cnaxaxo, y rom xonrexcry noiam
rexnnxe nyxno nna nonenen y nnsnny nnrany o nonpmeny meransnxe, rne ce ona mncnn
xao "nponsnomene ncrnne o ciaiy onor mro cnia". Kao nponsnohene ncrnnnror y neno,
meransnxa ie sanpano nna xoncrnryenc ymernocrn, na ona ocraie armocepa ymennuxor
nena, nerona apoma, oyxnarnn n oanniaiyhn npocrop (xao mro neeca oyxnaraiy semy).
To ie ncronerno noimy cneror, xaxo ra xopncrn Xainerep, cnernnnn cneror y npocropy nrpe
seme n nea, cmprnnx n ecmprnnx: Cnero nnie cnero crora mro ie oxancxo, neh ie
oxancxo oxancxo saro mro iecre na naunn cneror.(Heidegger, 1951, 58)...Kpaina
xoncexnenna xoia n ce ry moxna morna nsnecrn rnacnna n: Cnero ie naunn na xoin cneryie
cner: ono ie xopnsonr xoin omoryhyie nrpy rpancnennenrannia, nnn, cnero ie ncro mro n
cner, ann ne ncro mro n nncrnonane. 3aro ce ono moxe camo nmenonarn, ann ne n xasarn."
65

Cner ie ono rne ce iecre xon xyhe, n ro y nennnn, ann xao npenas nnn oncranxom y nemnpy,
rne ie nn ersncrnpane y nennnn nncrnyiyher cnpam xora cmo na nyry; a rai nemnp nnuera
iecre xonaunocr (mro ne snaun n orpannuenocr xoia n yxasnnana na onnx), onai remenn
naunn uauee ouecmeoeana u uu:eea /ayroncnia crnapnocrn na uncrnnn (camo)cnecrn/, y
uemy ce cnonnmo xpos oxonuanane n onoiennnauene na oncranax nocranen y nnsnny
cymracrnenocrnma cnera. Vmernocr ie na roi ocnonnnn cnonnnocrn noxas orarcrna
uonexonor nyxa, rne ce nemana ncrnna xao y neny marepniannsonann cycper uonexa ca
uncrnm mohnma nncrnonana: "Vmernnuxo neno, pehn he crora onai mncnnnan, nnie nnmra
npyro no ennannia oxancxor (unnx, 1994, 102). Hon oxancxnm ry ce ne mncnn na nexo
onpeheno nncrnyiyhe neh na nncrnonane camo...xao ennannia oxancxor, xao moh
opasonana, ne crnapnocrn, neh, nene nneie, ymernnuxa nena cnenoxyiy o nesn uonexa n
nnanaiyher oxancxor na crora nocenyiy nocenn meransnuxn panr."
66
Crora nrpa cnera
xao rema cnexynarnnnor mnmena (y noiann ocnona xoin onnxyie n onnxyiyher
marepniana), iecre sanarax na xoin ce iom uexa, ri. "cneronane" xao nrpy nncrnonana n
nnuera, ocnonnnx xocmnuxnx mohn. V rom ayrenrnuno npemenyiyhem mehynpocropy
nonmaiyhe nonecnocrn, y xoin nac ie nncanem cnoie xnnre yneo, Mnnan Vsenan nocrana n
ono neh cnomenyro, xpaine nenonynapna n nesronno nnrane o cmprn ymernocrn, a n o
nenom nainnmem onpeheny xao neuemy mro npnnana npomnocrn. Cnaxyhn ce y rome c

65
isto, str.195
65
isto, str. 209
66
isto, str. 221
71
Xerenom, on nnra na nn, moxna nnie no cpenn xpai ymernocrn, neh npe ienan onpehen nnn
nenor ncnoanana. Moxna ie no xpaia nomna mncao o onpehenom monycy ynxnnonncana
ymernocrn, a moxna ie no xpaia nomao saxren na ymernocr yne nesana sa nexn onnx n
cmncao, mro cne nnie pasnor sa npecranax ynpaxnanana nenor ynyrpamner mornna
nocroiana n ncnoanana.
Hanasehn ce nnnem y nnne npen onnm nnrannma, ayrop nnennpa sa npexnnanane y y
onnxy noiane ymernocrn xpaia, nponyxanaiyhn cnoi xnnor nesnnanem sa oncranax cnera,
ynyhn na cmpr /xpai/ moxe ncronpemeno na yne n cnnxa onor npenena ns xora nonnuy
crnapn n ymernnuxa nena. To ie nanor xocmonornin na npennana onronorniy, re na ce rnme
ymernocr nahe y remey cnera, y camom cpennmry nncrnonana, xaxo cnoie ynepene nnnn n
Mnnan Vsenan, nynnnno npennnhaiyhn moryhn opr y cpennmry came crnapn: "He pann ce
ry, naxne, o xpaiy ymernocrn neh npe o iennom nenonpmenom onnxy y xoiem ie yrnxnyna
nrpa na n ce morna iannrn y npyrom, rne ie moxna c mane onpesnocrn ouexyiemo: y onacrn
mncnn."
67

Kocmonornia ymernocrn raxo npxynn y xoncrarannin na ymernocr onpehyie ne-
ymernocr xpos xoncrnryncane npyre crnapnocrn, nenspeueno ornapaiyhn npocrop sa nexy
ynyhy nnococxy ymernocr (iom Hpoxno Pnianox n ncraxao, a Bnannmnp Cononion ro
npnxnarno, xao cnoonny reyprniy), ri. nnoconiy xoia he na yne "nacxpcna ymernocr".
Hnie nn crnn Hnarononnx nnianora, xao n Xerenonnx nena, nemro, mro na raxny moryhnocr
neononno nonceha, maxap ce cne ro ouexnnano y penenrnniem nnny n ca onmnninm
samacnma, xao ono mro nanonasehn ns ynyhnocrn nocn ca coom n cnoiy "meransnuxy
ncnynenocr npemena", xao pexannrynnpany n ycnoieny ncropniy norahana nnn "noimeny
nonecr" y cnoioi ocnonn? Boi ie, no cnemy cynehn, ona ciaino nanncana n excrensniom
remarnsannie ecxpaino orara xnnra Mnnana Vsenna, cnoienpcna nponeromena, naiana
caunnena on peannnx ouexnnana n cnaxne ayroncnie, xoia nponnpe no cneiennncrna y
neronom ncxony. Ca nom cmo ce nonono npnxyunnn nncoxnm nneinnm crpyiama
canpemenor cnera, y nainynm nnmensniama renese nncrnonana, xao ocnoohenom ciaiy
esycnonnor snana ca nsnopa anonnxrnune nsnecnocrn nyxa, y xomnerennnin ayroncnune
necnonnnocrn mnmena.



III Boaa1ax, ys on1orene1cxn uoaann1e1 xpos
mnnorene1cxn cync1pa1 npnpoae:

V cnom npnxasy cmncna nnoconie y nonecnoi nnmensnin iom y 4u)ocodcro-
meo)ouro+ pe:uurv np Hnan Konapnh ie narnacno nnmensniy sanncnocrn xoncrnrynnie
Xainereponor axcnonomxor npxana npen noimom rexnnxe ca nopexnom ns anannsa nonecnnx
moryhnocrn meransnxe, a y cnncy 4u)ocoduia (Vxnne, 2004) npxn n na on saxnayie
rexnny orxpnnana noner xopnsonra mncaonnx canpxaia Kanronom nanpry nnoconie
npnpone nmenonanom rexnnxa npnpone. Anrnnnnannia nnie nnmra esasneno c osnpom
na pesynrare xoin ce nocrnxy, a raxohe n sa npernocranxe on xoinx ce xpehe xao
nponyenninx nnmensnia pasymenana. H np Mnnan Vsenan ie neoma npennsno nornprao
ony nesy, yxasyiyhn na ocernnocr ror remxor nnrana Kanrone nnoconie: Kaxo ra
npencrana npnpone xao ymernocrn sa Kanra iecre uncra nneia xoia camo cnyxn xao npnnnnn
namer npoyuanana npnpone, noiam o rexnnnn npnpone, mro xao xeypncrnuxn npnnnnn
npnnana namoi mohn cyhena y nenom npocyhnnany npnpone, nama moh cyhena npernapa y

67
isto, str. 234
72
npnnnnn cnoie penexcnie, a na, xaxo ro onai nnoso ncrnue, moh cyhena npnrom nnie y
crany na ry rexnnxy oiacnn nnn nnxe onpenn. Ona Kanrona ynorpea noima rexnnxe
npaha nac nenom nsnopnom anrnuxom snaueny xoie n nanac moxe nrn noncrnnaino y
npomnmany ymernocrn xao ymeha /techne/ n nennncany ecrernxe xao cnoienpcne rexno-
nornie. Mnnan Vsenan npxn na ro snane nounna na onpehenoi npcrn pacxpnnana
nncrnonana nyrem npenohena ns cxpnnenocrn y necxpnneno ycnocrananem nena xao
ycrannana penexcnnno npoxonnnx canpxaia npnpone, onnxonanem canpxaia no
ycranonanana saxonomepnocrn crnapn na naunn cxonan ymernocrn, nnaiyhn
nponsnohene nena ns cxpnnenocrn y nerony npncyrnocr ycpen pacryher physis.
/Ecmemura, Honn Can, 2003., crp. 129/ Ona napanena nsmehy Kanra n Xainerepa, rne ce
rexnnxa npnpone nnnn ns xopnsonra Apncrorenonor rpahena noima marepnie xoie ce sacnnna
na ananornin ca rexnnxom, a xon Xainerepa npennia no ynacxa y camy cpx napounro
nononexonnnx meransnuxnx npernocranxn, nanonn nac na mnmene na ie ono rexnnuxo y
meransnnn mnmeno onnaixana xon nennxnx mncnnnana. Kanr ie ca cnoiom xynrypom
cncremarnsonana ocnonnnx noimona nnoconie npnpone no ienne axryanne ecxonaune
nennne xoiy ie panno nasnao rexnnxom npnpone, sanpano anrnnnnarop xacnnie on Xainerepa
npenosnare n paspahene nnoconie rexnnxe xao cymrnne meransnxe, xoia nac nonono
ynyhyie na neouexnnano npeoxpehyhn ce cmncao came ecrernxe.
Hpnmehnnane npncyrnocrn mexannuxe xomnonenre, a xoiy ie Kanr na nexn naunn
rexno na npenasnhe cncremarnsanniom mncnn no iennncrna npema perynarnnnom
reneonomxom ocnony penexronana, ornopnno ie raxo c ienne crpane xopnsonr ne camo
npema cxonacrnuxnm n narpncrnuxnm mncnnonnma crnapana ynnnepsyma, xoin cy
rymauenem Cneror Hncma yxasnnann na xpainy cnpxy cnera mro iecre, nero n npema npyrom
xopeny ns anrnuxe rpannnnie mnmena, ca xoiom ie enponcxa nonecr raxohe npoxera n
caxnnena, nonyme n ca penecancnnm n noronnm apoxnnm nonannma: Axo cy nexn
cpennonexonnn mncnnonn nmenom npnpona oyxnarann n Fora (raxo ie n npema
xpnmhancxom cnmnony nepe For ienna iennncrnena npnpona xoia ce nanasn y rpn nnocrasn
nnn nnunocrn) nnenrnnxyiyhn ra ca crnapanauxom npnponom, y npeme penecance noiam
npnpone orpannuen ie camo na crnopenn cner, nox or, xao rnopan cnera, nnie neo npnpone.
Ann, n rana ce sanpxano cxnarane o nnoiaxocrn npnpone xao 1) cxyna crnapn n 2) cnne xaia
rai cxyn onpxana; ona npyra npnpona nna ie nnnnna camo ymom n eme nsnop npne.
/Mnnan Vsenan, Ecmemura, Honn Can, 2003, (norn. 3. V+emuocm u mexuura), crp. 153/
Cnennnxanniom rexnnxe npnpone xao namepne reneonornie, ra npnpona ce nponyeno
cxnara xao iennncrnena Foxnia npnpona, xoia ce nanasn y rpn nnocrasn xao mannecrannie
oxancxor cnerna, a rexnnuxo nnn ymernocrn cxonno iecre nnhene naruynnor ocnona xao
npnonrnor oxancxor ocnona na xome nounna nena nenoxynnocr. Hpnonrno nnn ncxoncxo
cnerno npnpone na cnom mnnnmymy mannecrannie ie noymenannor xapaxrepa, nocrynno
onom ncrpnnom ouniy yma nnn nyxonnom mynpomhy ro:iourvouc :ouc oo0ououc
/npocnerennm ounma/ /An. Hanne, Edecuu+a, 1,18/, xoinm ce nnnn orarcrno cnane
Foxnie, a xao onpehena mnnocr n npcra mencypannnia ycrpoicrna npnponnnx excrensnia
nyxnne n mnpnne, nncnne n nynne /uernoponnmensnonannocrn/.
V rom cmncny rexnnxa xaysannrera yncxe mohn npencranana y ymernocrn nnie
oanesna npema cnpxonnrocrn xao perynarnnnom npnnnnny mohn cyhena, xoin ie sa rexnnxy
npnpone xao cncremarnsyiyhy axrnnny nennny oanesan, xonnxo ron na nnacrnuna nnn
oprancxa rexnnxa npnpone nocrynana n neno n xarxan nncrano, na naunn ymernnuxor
onnxonana. To ie moryhe na ocnony naruynnor cyncrpara npnpone npema nonesanocrn
xpainnx yspoxa y esycnonnom xaysannrery nnennrnnnnor cnera, xoin n morao na yne nar
nnrynrnnnnm pasymom y nnny casnana nornyne cnonranocrn onaxana pasnnunror on
uynnor /nonyme rex nerarnnno cxnnnpanom nacynpor nncxypsnnnom pasymy/, ca unme n
onmrn mexannsam marepniannnx crnapn morao na yne nonenen y nesy cnarana ca
73
reneonomxnm nocrynarom nocrynana npema cnpxama y rexnnnn npnpone. V cnom
pasmarpany nnrana rpancnennenranne ecrernxe, uapnc Hapconc ie pasmarpaiyhn
xonnennniy npocropa y Kanronoi nnceprannin xoia ie noxasana xao nnrynnnia, youno na ie
xacnnie sanocrana ananorniama onaxaiyher pasyma, y xoinma ce npocrop npencrana xao
ecxonauno nara nennunna: Kanr y uucepmauuiu ronopn nanexo cnoonnnie o noimy
npocropa n nnme, na npnmep, Hoiam npocropa ie nonexan uncra nnrynnnia. Crora ie ro
cnnrynapan noiam...( 15 C, 2:402), nox ie y Kpumuuu nncao xoncexnenrno, opnrnnanna
penpesenrannia npocropa ie ienna anpnopna nnrynnnia, ne noiam (B 40). Konnxo ro
npencrana crnapny pasnnxy naunna c Kanrone crpane n xonnxo ie ro crnap naxnnnie
opmynannie, ne snam. Hpemna y npyrom nsnany Kpnrnxe Kanr nacnonana oneax xoin
cmo pacnpanann Meransnuxo nsnarane noima npocropa (Onai xonrpacr nsmehy
uucepmauuie n Kpumure sanaxen ie xon Knpx Panac Bnncona, Kaum o uumvuuuiu,
unnococxn rpomeceunnx, 25(1975): 247-65, c. 250) /Kant in the Dissertation speaks more
freely of the concept of space and writes e.g., The concept of space is therefore a pure
intuition. For it is a singular concept (B 40). How far this represents an actual difference of
view on Kant`s part and how much it is a matter of more careful formulation, I do not know.
Even in th second edition of Critique Kant titles the section we are discussing Metaphysical
Exposition of the Concept of Space (This contrast berween the Dissertattion and the Critique
was noted by Kirk Dallas Wilson, Kant on Intuition, Philosophical Quarterly 25 (1975): 247-
655, p.250.) /Charles Parsons, The Transcendental Aesthetic, in The Cambridge Companion
to Kant, ed. By Paul Guyer, Cambridge (University press, 1992), 1998
7
., p. 94./. V rom cmncny
naa ca onpesom npnxnarnrn Kanrony rnpnny na reneonomxa nneia rexnnxe npnpone mopa
na nexn y ocnonn nexom npyrom moryhem pasymy: xao mro cmo y Kpumuuu :ucmoe v+a
mopann mncnnrn na nexo npyro moryhe onaxane, axo ie rpeano na ce name onaxane cxnarn
xao nexa npyra npcra onaxana, nanme xao ono onaxane sa xoie npenmern naxe camo xao
noiane...Ann, nomro ie nnax sa casnane norpeno n onaxane, n nomro n moh nomnvue
cnoumauocmu onarana npencranana moh casnana xoia ce nornyno pasnnxyie on uynnocrn
n xoia ie on uynnocrn nornyno nesanncna, re, naxne, pasym y naionmrniem snaueny, ro ce
moxe samncnnrn raxohe nexn uumvumueuu pasym (nerarnnno, nanme camo xao pasym xoin
nnie nncxypsnnan), xoin ne nne on onmrera xa nocenome, n na rai naunn (nomohy noimona)
xa onome mro ie noiennnauno...nocao xoin nam /nncxypsnnnn/ pasym moxe na oann camo na
ocnony onor carnamanana npnponnnx osnaxa ca namom mohn noimona xoie ie npno cnyuaino,
a xoin nocao nnie norpean nnrynrnnnom pasymy. /Kanr, K.+.c., npen. H.Hononnh, Frn.,
1991., crp. 292-293/ Hocrynar xoin cmo nanenn xao xeypncrnuxn npnnnnn n namepy
cncremarnsonana npnpone npema cnpxonnrocrn axrnnne nennne n nonpasymena na: cxonno
nnrynrnnnom (apxernnnunom) pasymy samncnnmo moryhnocr nenona (y norneny nnxone
oconne n nnxone nonesanocrn) xao sanncny on nennne...rpea camo noxasarn na mn y
ncrnnany namera nncxypsnnnora pasyma, xoiem cy norpene cnnxe (intellectus ectypus), n
ncrnnany cnyuainocrn raxne nerone oconne, nnamo nanenenn na ony nneiy (iennora
intellectus archetypus), n na ra nneia ne canpxn nnxaxny npornnpeunocr. /ma+o, crp. 294/
Ounrnenno ie na nannnaxene cnyuainocrn nonpasymena na ce y npnponnoi naynn xoia ce
ann ocnonom moryhnocrn npnponnnx rnopennna npencrana nxyunno xao iennncrno
npocropa enomena marepniannnx nha no cen, a mro ie rex opmannn ycnon, onna ce
manonpe nanomenyra Hapconcona nnoymnna oxo ynorpee cnnrynapne nponosnnnie
nnrynnnie npocropa, noxasyie y iauem cnerny xao cymna na ie es nnrenexryannor onaxana
(Intellektuele Anschauung) xoin n ornapao nornen na naruynnn peannn cncrpar sa nennny
npnpone xao cncrem, yonmre n moryhe nocrannrn nexn xonxpernnin noiam y norneny
nsmnpena npnnnnnor npornnpeuia mexannuxor n reneonomxor naunna npoyuanana npnpone
n nsnarana npnnnnna. Moxe ce pehn na ie ro ienna crnapnocr xoia ce onomahyie ynyrap
rpancnennenrannor xperana y pasymenany npencranaiyhn uncry moryhnocr nexe
74
emnnpnicxe npenmernocrn bzv. rein anschaulischer Ermglichung /Friedrich, Kaulbach,
Der philosophischen Begriff der Bewegung: Studien zu Aristoteles, Leibniz und Kant, Kln;
Graz, 1965., S.223/, xao n rpancnennenranno xperane camor cyiexra ynyrap noa
ynyrpamne cnpcncxonnocrn Anschauung auf die Empfindung /ibid., 226/, npoxnmaiyhn xao
cyncrpar cne ono mro ce pacryhn noianyie, cne no noiane yonmre xoia nocn ocnooheny
npnpony xpos nsniaiyhy cyncrannnianny opmy.
H cam Kanr ie xoncraronao xaxo ie Xiymona samepxa npornn onnx xoin y nornynoi
ynyrpamnoi cnpxonnrocrn oprannsonannx nha npernocranaiy reneonomxn npnnnnn
npocyhnnana esnpenna sor yannnana ayroxparnie marepnie y npnponne rnopennne, a
xoia sanpmna y npernapany cnemnpa y cneoyxnarny cyncrannniy oiexrnnnnx cnpxonnrnx
opmn marepnie (nanrensam), nnn y cnoi arpnyra nnxepenrnnx npocroi mexannuxoi
cyncrannnin xao xnnepnsnuxom iennncrny ocnona (cnnnosnsam). To na ie npnonrna
marepnia onnxonana camy cee na ocnony mexannuxnx saxona, xao n na ie nna y crany na
camy cee onpenenn sa opmy nexe cnpxonnrocrn xoia camy cee onpxana, n mrannme na
nsnpmn ncxoncxy oprannsanniy no nnnoa oprancxe renecnocrn naronom crnapana marepnie
(y xom menrannom oxpyxiy uonex ocraie nasna cyiexr renecne excnosnnnie, necnocoan sa
naruynne ysnnmennie cnpxe xoie ce y nemy nanase cxpnnene), nnie nnmra npyro no
cranonnmre sacnenenor ynepena rne ie nyxcys y snannma xpana sa cyiery n camoxnnocr.
Kanr ce o rome nsiacnno iom y cnncy Der einzig mgliche Beweisgrund zu einer Demonstration
des Daseins Gottes /1763/: Diese Methode kann nur dazu deinen, einen Urheber der
Verknpfungen und knstlichen Zusammenfgungen der Welt, aber nicht der Materie selbst nd
den Ursprung der Bestandtheile des Universum zu beweisen. Dieser betrchtliche Fehler mu
alle diejenige, die sich ihrer allein bedienen, in Gefahr desjenigen irrthumd lassen, den man den
seineren Atheismus nennt, und nach welchem Gott im eigentlichen Verstande als ein
Werkmeister und nicht als ein Schpfer der Welt, der zwar die materie geordnet und geformt,
nicht aber hervorgebracht und erschaffen hat, angesehen werde. /Ta merona moxe na nocnyxn
camo na n ce noxasano nocroiane rnopna nonesanocrn n rexnnuxe cnoienocrn cnera, ann ne
n came marepnie n yspoxa cacrannnx nenona ynnnepsyma. Ta rpemxa y mnmeny ce mopa
npnnncarn cnnma xoin, cnyxehn camo cen camnma, nanaiy y onacnocr unnena one rpemxe
xoia ce nasnna npennennm arensmom, a no xoinma ie For nocnonoha, a ne Tnopan cnera, xoin
npemna onnxyie n ypehyie marepniy, ry marepniy nnax nnie nponsneo n crnopno./
(Immanuel Kants Werke /Vorkritische Schriften 1757-1777/, Akademie Textausgabe II, Berlin,
1968., S. 122-123) Ounrnenno ie na ry Kanr narnamana xaxo y cxnarany nocpenyie
ncnxonornsam onniana na ce onpacre n rpnnniannsannia noima cnoone nerpnenna npema
noymenannnm ycnonanannma xoia rom noimy sanpano croie y ocnony. Cnoconocr sa
ysnnmennie cnpxe xoia ce y nama nanasn cxpnnena, nonpasymena noemarcxy excnnnxanniy y
xoioi iauaiy mohn ennnennnie (uncroha onaxana), a cnan ynyrpamna nenacnrocr cyponocrn
n neoysnanocrn uynnnx npoxrena, npernapaiyhn cne nnme re uynne moryhnocrn y
penenrope ncxoncxnier ocnona npnpone y nama n cnemy mro iecre, y oprane nnrynrnnnor
pasyma xoin npnnanaiy ynocroienocrn sa xpainy cnpxy crnapana nnn yxyuenocrn y Foxniy
namepy crnapana cnerna n rna, cnera xao nncrnonana npncyrnocrn npncycrnyiyher cne-
iennncrna. Hanenn cmo na ie An. Hanne ro nasnao npocnerananem ouniy yma xao cracanana
nyxonne mynpocrn ns cpna nnn ncrpnnom nornena. C/e/p/n/ne nnn cpennmre cnnx oprana
xnnyher yncxor oprannsma (xoie y cnoioi cexynnapnoi ynxnnin, xao n ierpa y Hnarononom
Tu+aiv, iecy oprann sa ncnoanane cnoicrna nnnonnrocrn), nnax nnie nemro mro ie Kanr
xeneo na npeneperne nnn nsocrann, xonnxo ron na ce nerono npnsane sa nopeom yncxe n
oxancxe yann unnnno cymnuano n mnaxo. H cam ie nspasno cnoie mnmene na cnoi
orernyr n onmnmen naunn y cnncy O rpaiv ceux cmeapu cacnnm cranoxeno n iennocranno
nsnocehn: Jep, moxe ce nrn cymnnuan xonnxo ce xenn, xan ie anconyrno nemoryhe na ce
ycnex onpehennx cpencrana ysernx ns nenoxynne yncxe mynpocrn (xoia, axo rpea na
75
sacnyxn nme, moxe iennno na yne mopannocr) ca nsnecnomhy npennnnn, nnax ce mopa
neponarn y xonxypennniy Foxancxe mynpocrn npema roxy npnpone na npaxrnuan naunn,
vro)uro ce ue re)u concmeeua rpaina cepxa uanvcmumu...Xpnmhancrno nma, ocnm
nanenenor nomronana xoie neymnrno yrnue y cnerocr neronnx saxona, iom n neuera npennor
yann y cen (ia onne ne mncnnm na npnnnaunocr nexe ocoe xoia ie creuena nennxnm
xprnonannma, neh na ouo epeouo +voaeu y camoi crnapn: nanme, na mopanno crane, roie ie
Ou ;aeeumao; iep ce ona camo raxo moxe nparnrn). Homronane ie ecymne npno, iep es
nera ne nocroin nn npana yan; naxo ce n es yann nexo moxe neoma nomronarn. Ann
xan ce ne pann camo o npencrann nyxnocrn, neh n o nsnpmanany nyxnocrn, xana ce nnramo o
cyiexrnnnom pasnory nenonana, ns xora, axo on cme na ce npernocrann, nainpe rpea
ouexnnarn mra he uonex yunnnrn, ne camo no oiexrnnnom, mra on rpea na yunnn: ro ie
nnax yan, rao c)oooouo npu+ane mvhe eo+e noo concmeeue +arcu+e, ieoua uvruo
nompeoua oonvua uecaepueuocmu +vocre npupooe (nrn npnnyhen na ono mra pasym xpos
saxon nponncyie): iep ono mro nexo ne unnn pano, on ro unnn raxo mxpro, ys ro neponarno n
ca concrnuxnm nsronopnma o sanonecrn nyxnocrn, raxo na ce na ony, xao noxperaua, es
npncryna ncre moxe mano pauynarn. /H. Kanr, O rpaiv ceux cmeapu, Frn., 1974, npen.
C.Xynnh, crp. 133./ Ounro ie na ie reonomxn pannonannsam ono mro ce sa Kanra nanasn
nanexo nnxe on rnnonornie pasymenana ns cpennmra nncrna, re na unn neponana saxrena n
opmnpane npnmepennie axrnnne cncremarnsannie nennne npnpone xoia n rom neponany
nna cxonnnia n canpxaino anexnarnnia. V rom cmncny nopen noima ysnnmenor nonono naa
oparnrn naxny na npenpennyiyhn cmncao xynrype xoin ce npyxa ca xopnsonra rpahena
cmncna noima nenore, nanme nenore xao npaenomena xoin n no y crany na noxpene n
npema mepn ncrnncrnonana (y nnheny crnapn nennnnnnx) npeoxpene nenoxynny
nymennocr. Tymauehn ym mopa y nenorn y npnponn, nox npema cnnm namnm ynnnnma iecre
ienna oroena esnymna mexannuxa ysaiamna nonesanocr, na nnnn npoxnmane cnoone n
saxonnrocrn xao nexn "neuar" nnn "snax" casnana, "ona ce canpxn y noi nexehem ocnony,
ienna saxonomepna carnacnocr nennx nponsnona npema nama, xoiom cmo ce xao on cnnx
nnrepeca ocnoohenom nonanany (yxonnxo cmo a npnopn casnanann cnpam nno xor xao
cnpam saxona, es ysnmana nno xor on noxasannx pasnora) nocnyxnnn.") Pasymenaiyhe
neponane raxo ne moxe na nsocrann neonxonnocr cnoie ecrercxe nnmensnie, ynyhn na na
ocnony ne n rpann npncryn xoin ce cana cnoonno moxe nmenonarn xynrypom nnhena
npnpone n cmncna npnponnocrn. 3a raxno npomnmanem nonesano ncxycrno ynepanana ie n
Eyren unnx xoncraronao na ie Kanrono npano nacnehe mnmena, re yxasnnao na unnennny
na cy neronn noimonn xynrype n nonecrn y nnxonom pasymenany sa reneonorniy nennne
cnera nsmehy npnpone n cnoone nocranenn na nenrpnpaiyhn naunn c xoinm ce nye
ocmnmana camo nncrno, raxo na npen nama cner xao raxan ncryna xao ornopeno nnrane:
Cnecr o cnery, mrannme, nenpecrano ie y nrpn, neh n npe cnaxe npenmerne cnecrn, ynpano
xao ynamenranno anpnpopno snane o cneyxynnocrn n nenoxynnocrn nncrnyiyher. Ann ie
nehnnom ynpano cxpnnena npenmernnm snanem....Hpn rom ce npnnnnnnienno nnie cnosnano
na cynpornocr ynyrpamner cnera cnecrn n cnoamner cnera crnapnocnnx peannrera moxe
ynomre nacrarn rex na ocnonn nperxonne ornopenocrn cnera. Jep onai nnie nn cyiexrnnan
nn oiexrnnan. On ony cynpornocr saxnara ncnon n rex caunnana nnmensniy ynyrap xoie ce
ono cynpocranane nemana...Kperane xao npomena mecra, nanp. ynex ie nnocrpyxo xperane:
rne nexo nncrnyiyhe nonasn, npyro onnasn; ona pasenyiy mecro. To y uemy ce ona pasmena
mecra npmn, ne rpea, xao cmemraiyhn n canpxanaiyhn npocrop, cxnarnrn nonasehn on
ynyrpamner momenra, npocropa Crnapn. Ony enomenanny pasnnxy, mehyrnm, nanmamyie
reomerpnia n nopannyie ie y xomorennsonany npocropa, xoie nounna na onpehennm
npernocranxama. Cnerno n rnmnna, axo ce nnrepnpernpaiy na ocnony nsnopne nrn
npocropnocrn, nncy phann opacnn sa nnrane o cnercxocrn cnera.H saro mro cy onn camn
onpehenn momenrn y xoinma ce cner iana. Onn nncy onrnuxa cnyuena, nero npocropn
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xperana sa ono onrnuxo. Mehyrnm, xao raxnn onn cy ynnnpann y cnery n canpxe cnoiy
nocnenny nposnpnocr c osnpom na pacneranane npnpone cnera. /E. unnx, Veohene v
du)o;oduiv, Feorpan, 1989., npen. P. Tophennh Mnneycnnh, crp. 144-151/
Anrnuxo n cpennonexonno reonomxo nocmarpane cnpxe y npnponn camoi no cen na rai
naunn ie nonono aprnxynncano onpxnnnm aprymenrnma, xao y noimy xoin ie npoxnma raxo
na ie cne noceno onpeheno rom onmromhy, ri. ornapa npocrop sa nyxonno ycanpmanane,
nanpenonana n npeoxpere nnn xynrypy enonynnie came cnecrn. Onn xoin ce cynpocranaiy
nnein iennncrna y cnemy, ne ope ce nn sa mra npyro neronn sa cyxo cam, na xoin nonaxy
cnoi oncranax, a nerarnnne nocnennne re pasapaiyhe ancrpaxnnie nosnnaiy na npenopon cnnx
nayxa n cnnx nenona opasonana, xoin naa sanouern npenosnananem cneiennncrna n
carnacnocrn xoia ce nonia on rsn ocraraxa npnpone ns cxpnnenor cxnana, xao ona mepa
ocnerenocrn xoie cmo ynocroienn on Tnopna n Ona npnonrne cnernocrn.


H3V3ETHA PA3MATPABA uHHOCOuHJE 3AHAPHOI CPEPBOBEKOBA
/ocnpr na xnnry - Mnnan Vsenan, Hpeoaeana u; cpeonoeeroeue du)o;oduie, Honn Can: Veris, 2009/
Knnra npenanana ns cpennonexonne nnoconie npo. np Mnnana Vsenna
onncana ie xao cxnna sa noncernnx na ycmena npenanana. Mehyrnm, ona n cama croin y
cacnnm camocrannom mncaonom saoxpyxnnany ror nepnona reoperncna y ncropnin, xoin
ce no mnoro uemy ne moxe cynncno npxarn sa nenaxan. Axo nnmra npyro, y nemy cy ce
ouynanana n xomenraropcxn npenocnna snana nocrnrnyra y nepnony anrnxe, a mnora cy n
ycanpmanana y ornopnma n canocranannma nnococxnx n reonomxnx onnnia
reopnicxnx snana. Konncronone crynnie o cpennonexonnoi nnoconin saienno ca
Mapnrenonnm n Xnncononnm ynnnnma, unne nponemarnsanniy cranonnmra nsnarana
nnonornopnom, n sa name nonnee nonpnnnuno nonom. Onoaxapona ocrpororcxa
nonnrnnocr no xoioi ie on npnxnarno xpnmhancxy neponcnonecr xao napcxo nacnehe
xynrypnnx ynnna Koncranrnna Bennxor, naxon ocnaiana Pnma 410.r ie npnmep raxnnx
rennennnia. Ona ie npencranana n nemr nonnrnuxn nores ocnaiaua, iennaxo xao n
conomoncxo pemene sa cyxo narancrna n xpnmhancrna, xoin he nennnrnnno na
paspemn rex npannnuxn neymonna Jycrnnnianona napcxa noa. Ta noa ie noxasana n
nenornopnocr cnoie namepe xao npaxrnune ncrnne, xoiom ce ycrannno n ynyrcrno sa
nocrnsane npeepenrne reonomxe napannrme xpnmhancrna xao npxanne pennrnie.
Baa nanomenyrn na cy y nspann cnnca xoncynronann n cacnnm penenrnn panonn
ns ror nonpyuia, xao mro cy crynnia Hiepa Anoa o anrnuxoi n iennnncrnuxoi nnoconin
ca nennm nanm yrnnaiem na ncropniy, mro ie nonano n yxyc sa npncryn ns nocenor
yrna, onronopan n sa nsop n naxnocr rema. Tpena xoia cy nacraiana na
xapaxrepncrnunnm xpanannm nnnnama y xoncrnryncany crapnx rpuxo-pnmcxnx
narancxnx onnxa xynrype ca nonnm xpnmhancxnm, nponsnonnna cy nonony
remneparypy sa cranana n nperanana y none opme nyxa. Fponenoncxnm ncxycrnom ca
ncropniom, na ce xpos ncxycrno npomnor xoie ce nponyxana y canamnnnn camonponanasn
n cama canamnocr (crp. 15), re na ncropnia nacraie y ocneranannma, saienno ca
ocnananem na Xainerepono ynepene na ce crnapna axryannocr nocrnxe rex mnmenem
noimona ynex nsnona, nonpno ce no rora na cpennonexonna nnoconia ne yne
nocmarpana xao nemro sacrapeno n anrnxnapno, neh xao nemro remarcxn nono y iesnxy,
yueny, nacrann nrn. (crp.16-36). Opahane naxne na Foernieny (480-573) mncao, ca
xoinm ce ncronpemeno sanpmana n nennxn nepnon anrnuxe ncropnie nnoconie,
ocrnapeno ie nerano, xaxo npema axryennsannin reopnicxor nncxypca norpee sa
noimonnnm ycnocrananem samncnn cnercxe xapmonnie y cxnany ca Tnopnem, raxo n y
npaxrnunom nomeny y xome ie on noxasao na nnoconia y snocpehnnm npnnnxama remn
nsopennm nocroiancrnom uonexa. V rom xonrexcry cnenn n nennxarna merononomxa
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nanomena: V npeme nox y Bnsanrnin oxnnanaiy n nneraiy pasna nnosocxa n
reonomxa yuena, iep ie xon Bnsanrnnana nyx anrnxe ocrao nenpecrano npncyran (xpos
xnacnuno opasonane nnmnx cnoiena n xpos xnnn rpuxn iesnx nnxnx cnoiena npymrna),
sananna Pnmcxa Hmnepnia, naxon noxopanana on crpane napnapa, on VI no IX croneha
npexnnana nyoxy nyxonny xpnsy (crp. 77), a xoia anocrponpaiyhn opasonane
ronopn o xonrnnynrery norpee sa pasymenanem, sa nnanannnom pasyma n xnne
crnapanauxe peun oxancxor nopexna, xoia he pasnnxa nsrnena nennnrnnno n nonennrn
enponcxn xynrypnn npocrop nannoie, xoin nn no nanamnnx nana nehe, cem y nsysernnm
npnnnxama (y Xycepnonnm euxnm npenanannma o xpnsn nnoconie y cycranocrn
monepnor enponcxor nyxa, nnn nonexoi Ianameponoi ycnyrnoi nanmenoi maprnnannin o
ouexnnany npenopona on mannx pynnx enponcxnx napona), na nanasn cnoie
iennncrneno ncxonnmre. Kpnsa raxo rpaie `mnnenniymcxn` ca nnme nnn mane
nnrensnrera, nasna npe noncrnuyhn cymne n nonospena, neronn nonepene n capanny.
V rom xonrexcry naa n pasymern xaxo ie npnn enpoarnanrcxn ennnxnonenncra
Hcnnop Cenncxn (560-636) ca cnoinm Emu+o)oeuia+a, onmnnm nanneyrnuxnm
npnenem crapnx anrnuxnx snana, anrycrnnoncxn noxpnnao nenoxynno noe
nnrenexryannnx, nneinnx n mopannnx rexnn uonexa, ca axnenronanem rpamarnxe n
peropnxe, a ca xoinma ie npxao na ys nomoh ernmonornie moxe na nonpe no cmncna crnapn
(n nanac cneran-samrnrnnx yuennxa n crynenara, a n xomniyrepcxe rexnnxe n nnrepnera).
Kpos Hcnnopono neno xnacnunn cner ie nocneo y cpennonexonnn, a: ona onena ocraie uax
n xan ce npnxnarn unnennna na cy Maxcnm Hcnonennnx, Foernie n Kacnonop nocenonann
nanexo nya snana on Hcnnopa (crp. 69). Anxynnona (730-806) uuia)ermura
osnauanana ie nouerax cxonacrnxe y sanannoi Enponn, non xoiom ie on ycnocranno ne camo
cnoonny nemrnny, nero n anrycrnnniancxn naunn cncremarnsannie pennrnosnnx
ynepena. ue)o o eacuouu Xpaana Manpa (788-856) cnenn nennxor Bnanna Hcnnopa
Cenncxor ca resom na ce camo neo oxpehe no xapmonnunoi menonnin, re npe cnera
ncrnue mysnxannocr xocmoca n ronannn xnannrer cnercxe xapmonnie.
Hainehn cxonacrnx neneror nexa, Jonan Cxor Epnyrena (810-877), cnenehn Cn.
Pnonncnia Apeonarnra n nononnaronnuxe mncnnone y anoarnuxoi reonomxoi nnmensnin
cnor rnannor cnnca O oeoou npupooe, sa yxyc ror npemena nenpnxnarnno ie cmarpao na
npann ayropnrer nnie nnmra npyro nero ncrnna nponahena pasymom (crp.87), a mro ie
ca xynrypnom pasnnxom y moryhnocrn nonmana pa;v+a xao )oeoca nmano cnnune
nponeme xao n pasymenane nacnnnnuxe npnpone `ocnoonnnauxnx` xpcramxnx noxona,
xoin cy sa cne ouoneuene n ypasymene crnopone ocnaiauxn n nauxamxn, apem npema
unnennnn ocnaiana Koncranrnnonoa (crp. 88-89). Hnie nn uyno mro ce rana ianaiy
remnnapn n xocnnrannn (n ynnnepsnrern y Fononn n Oxcopny), saienno ca poinnm
cnoponnma mehy yuennm ynnma oxo peannsma (onmrocr npe crnapn) n nomnnannsma
(onmrocr nocne crnapn na peunma /a nennmnuno n camo y xonnennniama cnecrn/).
Pocnennny ns Komnniea (1050-1120) xoin ie onmrocr cmarpao `npasnnm snyxom` n
sacrynao cyncrannnianne cnnrynapnocrn noiennnnx npenmera, cynpocranno ce xao
`iepernuxom nnianexrnuapy` Hrannian Ancenm Kanrepepnicxn (1033-1109), cmarpaiyhn
na cnaxn pannonannn xpnmhannn rpea na ce rpynn na pannonanno cxnarn n pasyme ono
y mra nepyie... (crp.98) Ho nemy cy crnapn npnpona na camom neny, crnopene cnarom
Cnennmner Pyxa, ns npnonrne cymrnne Foxninm nenpomennnnm mnmenem, xao
nonnoxne npomenn: nnxaxno nhe ne moxe nrn npanenno npyraunie, neh camo no cen,
na crora n npno nhe xoie cxonno rome camo no cen nnana cnnm mro iecre y nemy, mopa
n camo nrn npanennocr xoia ie nesanncna on cnera npyror... nsnonn nnianexrnuxn noxas
nha ora na ncrn naunn xaxo ie ro mncnno n Hnaron... (crp.99-100) Onronomxn noxas
xoin ie Kanr nacroiao na ononprne, a mro ie iom Xeren iacno ncraxao ne camo xao
nenocroiancrneno sa mnmene, nero n xao sasopny crnap xoia nnie nsamna cama na xpai
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ca nnranem onmrocrn, npo. Vsenan onncyie xao Ancenmon nsnasax na xpai ca
nponemom nornuxnx ncrpaxnnana ynnnepsanno npnmernnm y cnemy: xaxo ie n cama
mncao o nernpany Fora cama no cen npornnpeuna; uax n esymnnx mopa npnsnarn na y
neronom ymy nocroin mncao o raxnom nhy nan xoinm ie nemoryhe nnmra nnme
samncnnrn ne nanasn ce camo y iennom ymy, iep, xan n no camo y iennom ymy onna n on
morao nrn camo y ymy (in intellectu) a ne n y crnapnocrn (in re)... nno n npornnpeuno
ronopnrn o nainnmem noimy xoin n nspaxanao camo nainnmy moryhnocr ann ne n
crnapnocr, iep n ce y rom cnyuaiy mncnnno nainnme canpmencrno xoie ie ncronpemeno n
necanpmeno. Hpornnpeunocr ce npennanana camo y noimy crnapno nocroieher
canpmencrna, noceno axo ce nonycrn na ie cnaxa crnapnocr ncronpemeno n nporpec: cne
ro, saxyuyie Ancenm, nonn rome na ne rpea cmeapuocm noxasnnarn nrpom
ancmparmuux mncnn. (crp.101) Ayrop narnamana xaxo ce onaxno cxnarane peannsma
xacnnie nmenyie nneannsmom, xoin ce ne mena nn xana ce nepa nahe y ynxnnin snana xao
xon xonnenryanncre Hiepa Aenapa (1079-1142), nnn xacnnie ynnnepsanncre n
camocrannor nnocoa xpnmhancxor sanana, Tome Axnnncxor (1225-1274).
Pnianexrnuxom meronom oanesnnann cy ce nperpecn canpxaia pennrnicxnx cranonnmra n
y npannnnocrnma nayunor nncxypca pasnnxonana ncrnna on omana, ca unme ce n onnaiana
on concrnxe. Hponem ynnnepsannia xoin ie nponcrexao ns xonrpone cemanrnuxe nese
repmnna n peannocrn, paspmanao ce raxo na cy ynnnepsannie canpxane y xnacn
nmenonanor ca nom onronapaiyhnm npenmernma ns xoinx ce onmre nsnonn, a axryanno cy
sacrynane y ancrpaxyiyhoi mohn mnmena (crp.107). Taxno ie cxnarane y npeme
nncoxe cxonacrnxe npexo apancxnx npenona nparnno rpuxy nnococxy xynrypy y
oxpne reonomxnx pasmarpana: Tamo rne na ncro rno crynaiy nnosonia n reonornia
cnaxa n nae uyna cnoiy cnennnunocr; nnoso nonasn on cymrnna n yspoxa crnapn, a
reonor nonasn on npnor yspoxa cnnx crnapn, on Fora, n opaha ce rpnma pasnnunrnm
onnnnma aprymenrannie on xoinx nnienan ne moxe sanononrn nnosoa... unnosonia
ncrpaxyie rnopennne xao raxne, a rex norom ronopn o Fory, nox, reonornia, npno ronopn o
Fory a rex norom o rnopennnama. (crp. 139) Onai nomren mapnrenoncxn cran ca
npomnpennm anrycrnncxnm nonmanem Fora, c rnme mro ie ynnnepsannocr nncrnonana
xao iennncrno Tpn Hnna nmenonana Foxniom cymrnnom xoia ie noxasnna, sacnnnao ie
cncrem pannonanne reonornie, cncrem y xome n ce ncrnna orxpnnena noxasana
nnosocxnm cpencrnnma (crp. 146).
Ho, ro ie cncrem xoin nnax ne nocrnxe xerenoncxy nnmensniy norunnanana
npenmera reonornie ymy, na n nocnenno rnenaiyhn xon nera nnoconia mopana na
npeysme cne one naxne reonomxe onnxe na n y npenasnnaxeny y nnococxn cran
sancra n nna ouynann, mro am n nnie cnyuai. Ty nncrnyiyha anconyrna cnnresa
noxasyie n ounre manxanocrn cxpahena nyrena n ycxpahenocrn on npncycrna
npensonnnocrn. Hpe he nrn na ce na nonmany nncrnonana Foxnier unran cncrem
nsnyrpa nonono pasnarao n xpmno na cacranne nenone, mro oner ne ronopn nnmra nome o
`nnepiy ncxycrna` xoie npeocraie anopnin ror ecxonaunor sanarxa. Ayropono
ncropnococxo anene ca onnm npepacnocrnma xoie nnepnarnuno nnanaiy y `ocrannma
npnpone` ne nne sa npannonannnm, iep pasymenanem nsnopnnx enomena ersncrennnie y
npyrnm pacnpanama (n xpos onronorniy nxonnunocrn nyxonnor crnapanauxor nepna xoiy
xacnnie remarnsyie Hnan Hnn y nonmany xpnmhancxe xynrype), xoie ne camo na
nanonynanaiy, neh nx unne pasronernnm y mncaonnm npenopyxama, nesannm pennmo sa
xapaxrep reonornie Cn. upane Acnmxor (1182-1226). Penyxnnia enomenannor cnoia y
pasmarpannma ie naxna n sa cxnarane neronor yuennxa Joxaneca unnanne (Cn.
Fonanenrype), xoin ie neponao na camo For sna Hnaronone nneie y nornynocrn, iep ie
Iocnon Xpncroc menniym n croxep cnnx nayxa, na ce onanyie camo nnoconia xoia ce
ne npxn neprnxannor nyra n ne ynonn y reonorniy. Cnenennmrno naxne ne n
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npernocranano camo panenauxn nniernsam n anane y napyuie narypanncrnuxnm
oiexrnnnsanniama, neh n moryhe ynosnanane ca Hnarononom nnoconiom, yxonnxo n
ce sa ro namno pacnonoxnnnx cnara y neponanem oxpenene, nope noe.
Ca nosnom cxonacrnxom Ipocerecrea, up. Fexona n Pynca Cxora sanpmana ce
via antiqua n nounne via moderna, y nomnnanncrnuxom nyxy npnmene nornuxe
repmnnonornie xonnennnonannnx snaxona, a xoia ie crnapn oxpenyna y
xonnenryanncrnuxom n emnnpncrnuxom cmepy: V ro npeme nonasn no onone nnrepeca
sa npnponne nayxe; npeonnahyie mnmene na nayxa n reonornia nemaiy nnmra
saiennnuxo, na reonomxe norme mory nrn npenmer neponana ann ne n npenmer pasymcxor
noxasnnana. Ty mncao sacrynaiy enrnecxn panennn xoin camn nncy nnn npornnnnnn
reonornie, ann ie saxnayiyhn ynpano nnxonom nenonany mnmene noueno na ce
ocamocrayie no re mepe na nnosonia ycxopo nonia neha npana no reonornia
(crp.191). Moxe ce pehn na ie y xaronnuxoi peaxnnin na peopmanniy ono cxoroncxo
onannnane meransnuxor snauena onmrnx noimona n rpahene censannonanncrnuxe
reopnie nopexna cner yncxor casnana, rex xon u. Cyapesa y `Meransnuxnm
pacnpanama`, nonono nocneno no nnxer ycarnamanana n ca npxnennm yuennma n ca
Apncrorenonom nnoconiom. To ie ncronpemeno snaunno n npny ananorniy ca
nporocyncrannniannomhy xoia ie snaunna noiennny nnunocr, xoia ananornia iom y nehoi
mepn naxn sa nainnmy nnunocny reonomxy ncrnny, mro yonmre ne mopa na yne
orxnanane on nsnopne Apncrorenone samncnn (npna cymrnna ie Coxpar, Kannia, Hnaron,
a npna nayxa npne nnoconie reonornia /Mer., 5/).
Hpenpenecancna noiana Hnxone Kysancxor (1401-1464) ronopn xaxo o snpanom
npenasnnaxeny nnerncrnuxnx manxanocrn iep on nnme nyryie opasonany
onneronanom na rny Bnsanrnie, neronn onom na sanany, sa pasnoi npnnnnna o noxnanany
cynpornocrn n npoxnmany mepnnor n nemepnnor (crp.199). Pa cy sanannn mncnnonn
n nnaue rom nacnehy noxnonnnn nehy naxny, nnxonn npncrynn crnapnma n pasmnmana
nnme n nonnerann saxreny sa noroconornuxnm iennncrnom, nnn sa xpncronenrpnsmom
xoin n npe cnera saxrenao pasymenane n yncxy capanny, mro n npaxrnuno snaunno
nehy ypannorexenocr n nonepene npema canpmencrny. Hornunocr ce y roi pannn
xoncrnrynme y nnrennnonannnm axrnma casnana xpos nonepene npema npenany n
onaxana y nemy pasnnxonannx noiana, mro nonn ycnocranany nnepnarnune cepe
ersncrennnie n saiennnmrna c nom. Beno nnme onpehene ie anannrnuxa necxpnnnnia xoia
nparn namepe xperana nperxonno narnx noiana, xao mro ie ro unnno pennmo Cn.
Ipnropnie Hncxn nnmyhn ueom Moicuiee na ocnony ncronmenor ysopnor nena unnona
Anexcannpnicxor. Cnocoocr cxnarana ie sanpano cnoconocr cxnarana iennor
iennncrnenor nnn onmrer xpos nornuxn ypannorexeny renepannsanniy (n ry ie cnehene
Hnarononor nneinor panra pasmarpana cacnnm onpannano), c rnme na ie anexnarnnie
nonmane ono xoie ie naro namepom onncnnana xoia ce nmenyie xao nnrepnperannia xoiom
ce ncnoana cxnarane cmncna y nnheny oxancxnx crnapn y nencxasnnocrn Moicniene
nepyxornopene ciennne, xao n norone `ciennne cycpera`. Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama ie
nennnrnnno noxasao xaxo ie necxpnnnnia sanpano nnrepnperannia xana ie npenmer
pasymenaiyher onnca nocrynan rex nocennm rymauenem, rnpnehn nanmncaony
cneoyxnarnocr Fora Ona, Onor Koin Jecre Cymrn. Cnaxaxo na ie sa ro neonxonan
napounr rnn ycrannana naxne (namepa npaxrnuna ncrnna), pann uera cy ce n
npenopyunnane `omanoncnxnuxe` nexe ca xoinma ce neno ycrannane ocrnapnnano.
Onryxe sa nsnonornsam ry cy nnme nero nennacnpane, iep ce ry peanno rpara sa
cymrnncxom ocnonom ynnnepsannia n ycnocrana cam no cen naxehn `peannn
nnaronnsam`, nnn oe pehn nneannsam xao npnponno crane mncaonor nyxa. V mnorom
norneny ro nenyie n nenaromxn ne camo na cnecr axanemcxn ycmepenor unraona, neh n na
onor xora ra remena nnrana ne ocranaiy pannonymnnm, ynehn naxny npe cnera
80
nsysernom ncranuanomhy xareropnianno onaxaiyhnx pasnnxonana, xoie onpema mncao n
naie ioi rexnny. Hma snaxona na ce n y enpoarnanrcxom cnery noxasyiy cxnonocrn onaxnm
ncrpaxnnannma, mana cy iom ynex esnauainn na noxpeny ymopny n nocycrany Enpony.
V paspemanany nansrnen nepaspemnnnx anopnia n nponema onnoca cmncna n
nepe, nyxno ce sanasn y nasna ocnopanan onnoc xnannrera n xnanrnrera. Hpxna xao uynap
anocroncxor namhena n nocnnan xynra xoin ocnemrananem nexonnro nenyie na
sacrpannnana n npaha y crane nyxonnor snpana, n nanac cnoinm npenanem nna
canpemenn nocnnan moryhnocrn nponopa no ncrnne (xana ro moxe na yne apem no
npernocrannn, es osnpa na poi ocnocoennx na xpos ro nacnehe n nenyiy). Hopen
rora nponomene anocroncxor npeiemcrna camo y neosnnnm ymonnma moxe na nocne y
npyropaspenan nonoxai, rne neh n came nenyiy npyre nenaxnocrn, namernno ornmaiyhn
naxny n eneprniy. Hs yraannx nynna n nanac ce ns xynrypnor rnna cpennonexonnnx
pecypca moxe pasonnuanarn npnmnrnnnocr arensannie, n yrnnnrapnnx rpanana na
cnaxonpcne cexynapnsonane nnene nocranene na npannnma pasnoia rsn. xynrypnnx
cexropa, xoinma n mopano na ce nonnprne n nnococxo anene (nnaue nema
ynaxanana, ri. nnancnicxe nonpmxe, nacryna y iannocrn), a mro ie neponarno nnax
nponasno crane cnaxnnamnnne. Hneinn nnx enponcxor nyxa nnax nma npano na cnoie
crpannyrnne, noneenocr y mnmennma, na n na saopannocr xoia ie npncyrna mnoro
uemhe nero mro n nnaue morno na ce mncnn. 3aro cy ry naxne ysopne xnnre, xao mro ie
ona npo. Vsenna, na onronopno noncere na cne ono mro rai nyx snaun n npernocrana.

































81

II

MEPHTAHHJE O METAuH3HHH V CBOM CABPEMEHOM
VTEMEEBV


`Kauo u ce uuo +oeao caupumu o ouoea, umo uuua ue sauasu!`
(umo /cnernehnm nnananem/ uurao ue v)a;u v crpueane)
/mro ce nnxan ne ycxpahyie; Xepar)um, p. 16 PK/


Apncrorenon nasnn sa npny nnoconiy, xao sa crnapn xoie onranaiy nopen
n naxon npnpone, nncrnyiy noi ynanpen n npyxaiy ce nae on ne, oyxnahene ronopom
nnaiy nmenonane n meransnxom. Hpemna cynepnarnn on npnn y crenenonany
nnoconunocrn (nainpnnia) ynpano noi npnnana npema nainynm Apncrorenonnm
ynnnnma, name npeme xoie nnmra nnie nponymrano na nonene y nnrane, neprnamxn ie
ocyhnnano meransnxy npernapaiyhn ry ocyny y rexnnuxn ronoc xoin je neh n npannnma na
ynnnn nocrao nosnar ycnen nexonrponncano yuecranor nonanana. Ty cnana n ynpexeno
mnmene norexno ns namer nenom nouecro necpehnor menrannrera, nspaxenor xpos
cxnonocr ynnsnuxor nonpaxanana cnera mro nonasn ca 3anana /xao Forom nanor n
nenpnxocnonenor/. Hpema nemy n npenn camo ono mro nonocn onnnnny xopncr n y
cnaxnnamnnnn ie nenocpenno pasmencxn npenno, nnn ynorpenno cne no nonnxanaiyher
nonoxaia oxpene ymopne nyme, nopannnno ca npnuama na saann /xoia nonpasymena
mnnnmannsam conniannor crannapna n nsrnena ncrn raxan mnnnmannsam n y pasymenaiyhoi
cnecrn/, a raxno npennonane nnie sancra sannnoanaiyhe. Cne mro sannun na moryhnocr na
ce rai mnnnmannsam npexopaun, uecro ce nouexyie ca nenpniarnomhy, na n nerononanem; xao
na ce nemro sasopno nsnyxno ns memnpa (pennmo rsn. nexe sacrapene ncrnne) n nnma mame
npen nnnem. Onn sa xoie ie crarnuna n nenpencnnrnna ncrnna pesepnncana xpos nemrauxn
nanynan craryc nayuno xomnerenrnnx nepcona, (a ocrano ie npnua o mennicxnm ycnecnma),
sanpano noraha npacrapa Xepaxnnrona nspexa na cy yorn cnenonn ynnma nnxone oun n
ymn, axo nmaiy nymy xoia ne pasyme cam nnxon iesnx /p.107 PK/, nnn nax na orpannuen
nnn rnyn uonex nma rai onuai na ocrane sananen na cnaxy peu xoiy uyie /p. 87 PK/. Fynyhn
na ie on nonao iom n ro na nehnna oxancxnx crnapn nsmnue namem casnany n ycnen rora
mro nncmo ynepenn na ro n moxemo casnarn, a xaxo npohome on rana nna n no mnnenniyma,
crnapn y rom norneny nncy nsocrane ca nsnenahnnannma.
101


101
Hpoecop Vsenan ie, nma neh nonpyr npemena, cmeno n es sasnpana npema xymnpcrny monepnnx rpennona
npnmerno: H nanac ce unnn monepnnm onannnane meransnxe nnn onronornie, xao n nnosonie y
nennnn; mnorn c nennxnm xapom ncrnuy npenasnhenocr meransnxe nnn onronornie, a na ce npnrom mano xo
maxap n nauac sannra mra ie sanpano npenmer rora onannnana. Henpniarecrno mro ce ncnoana npema
nnosonin n nnosonma nonaiuemhe ie snax nepasymenana ann nnmra mane n nesnana. ynn nmaiy cne
mane crpnena sa unrane xnnra, cne xohe na nmaiy cana n onmax, pano ce onpeneyiy sa nenpane axo ono
oehana n naimann ycnex. Ha nnax: nma n onnx xoin xene na snaiy n pasymeiy nma onnx xoin xene na
pasymeiy nr n onnx (na npnn nornen nainenponemarnunninx) nnrana c xoinma ce cnaxonnenno cycpehy.
Mnnan Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I, /Metaphysica generalis/, Bpman, 1998., crp. 9. V xnnsn Memadu;ura xoia
saoxpyxyie ra ncrpaxnnauxa snana on n npennsnpa pesynrare: Beh ie Hnaron ncrnnao xaxo ce y nerono npeme
ynn ne ane nnosoniom xaio rpea; name npeme y rom cmncny nnie nrno npyraunie n saro onn xoin ce ane
nnosoniom nmaiy sanarax na ie uynaiy xao nocnenne npnexnmre cnoone nyxa ynyhn na cnaxo xo ce na
82
Hexaxo am ynpxoc onaxnom crany nonpnnnuno nposanannauxe n camocxpnneno
nespene xonexrnnne cnecrn, nomno ie xon nac xao xon napona xoin xnnn na pyonnma ror
cnera
102
n no nonpnnnuno cysnpxanninx pasmarpana, re ns npyraunier npanna nocmarpana
(raxohe saxnayiyhn n orarniem orocnoncxom nacnehy xoie ce onpxano no
anronoreorpacxnm anxancxnm nenonnma, yrnannom manacrnpnma xao uynapnma nyxonnnx
yuena) n no ypannorexennier xpnrnuxor mnmena, no cnoienpcnor ysnera axpnnunninx n
iacnninx nnococxnx pasmarpana. 3annmnno ie na ce raxna cxpainyrocr unnn
nononniom sa nnxe orpexnanane y penexcniama y cee nnn nponenn xapaxrepa n
xomnerennnia cennmenrannie camoonnocehnx ce snana, re xpos nononno npahane na
nsnopnn sanarax nnoconie na npyxn pasnore sa cnoia ynepena n ouexnnana. Teopnicxn
yremeeno ocmnmanane crnapnocrn xao na ie oyxnaheno n nsnyrpa noncraxnyro y
canpemenocrn on noxnacnunnx n xnacnunnx xynrypnnx ysopa, xao yhene nnianomxor nepna
carnenanana crnapn, a npo. np Mnnan Vsenan naianno ie onai cne ounrnennnin nyxonnn
npenopon y namoi canpemenoi nnoconin cnoinm xnnrama: 4u)ocoduia uepe. Hpnnor
enomenonornin nrpe xon Eyrena unnxa /1987/, upvea cmeapuocm /1989/, Cmeapuocm
v+emuu:roe oe)a /1991/, Koc+o)oeuia v+emuocmu /1995/, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I, (metaphysica
generalis) /1998/, Ecmemura /1999/, Hocmr)acu:ua ecmemura /2004/, Hcmopuia du)o;oduie
/2004/, 4u)o;oduia +v;ure /2005/, Horror musicae vacui /2005/, uucunamueua ecmemura
/2006/ n Memadu;ura /2006/.
Ha nexn naunn nnie nn nenaxno na ce oparn naxna na unnennny xaxo ce ro noraha
npe cnera y Ponem Honynany xao anrponoreorpacxoi pernin Crape Enpone, rny npennnx
necamocxpnnennx nnnnnnsannia, nnxone npnonrne nncmenocrn, npenana xynra mprnnx,
npnonrne apxnrexrype n mennrarnnnocrn, noceno y crapnnapcxom oxpyxeny
xyropncxnm xonnma n saronernnm nrypnnama y cynepnnohom onrouennm npnopnma n
opyhnma, xao n oxonnnn sanannoanarcxe rpannnne pernie y nyxonnom oesehnnany
ynxnx sanycxnnana npennor nacea, cynehn npema nocanamnnm ncxonnnama
apreaxara, a sarnm n cne no canpemenocrn xynrypno pasnnienor cronyiyher rpana Bpmna.
Crnxonn on Crepnie no Bacxa Hone n namer npoecopa Vsenna ro nanaxnyro noxasyiy He
rpea unnnrn npennme nn npemano. / H ienno n npyro mane ie on nnmra, / Cnernocr
sarnopena y cee, / V neunocr nannery nanexo nan Hanonniom /Ceeuu u ceuuu, 2004., crp.
11/, a cne cy ro noxymain ycnpanana na ce nyuninm peunnxom xaxe ncrounoanarcxo-
npmuancxa xynrypa npanpennnx rnnnennx xonnna xoie nyxy oxpnnahene nrypnne npemena
y ecxpai cranana ca neyraxnnom nopeom sa nacnarama xynrypnnx rpyna Vcnpanne seme.
Knnra Memadu;ura npo. np Mnnana Vsenna, yrnannom ie nncana (a n mramnana ie)
y Bpmny, rom peronnrom nanoncxom mecry rpahena, cranonana n mnmena neonxonno
norpennx sa ycnpanane no one Honnne crernyre n caxere na nne peun xynyxa n cnane

ncxpen naunn ann nnoconiom, rpanehn ioi nonn npncryn, npomnpyie n nen npocrop; uax n onai xo ie moxna
cne npeme na norpemnom nyry, ne cnoiom noom, neh crora mro ie nmao nnosonin nenopacne yunree, unnn
nnosonin nopo iep cnoinm xnnorom (xao n neronn yunren) sarnapa ienan nyr y hopcoxax. /Bpman, 2006,
crp. 20/

102
V naipasnonpcnninm rnnonnma ycaxnor nosnrnnncrnuxor onannnana meransnuxnx remennx
npernocranxn (Kapnan, Knain), nanonnom ycxpahnnany cnoone nnunocrn y camocxpnnenoi mncaonoi
nenonpmenocrn n nenospenoi snoynorpen y rexnnuxnm nsnpranannma noimonnom pyrany non nmenom
nerna yrnenne nneonomxe xpnrnxe /y mapxcnsmy Enrenca, Hennna, Hyxaua, Kanrpre, Iaie Herponnha), cne
no onnx saxyxyenninx n rexe yxnarnnnx nennncana rpancmeransnxa /Bana Cyrnnh/,
rpancnnosonia n rpanconronornia /Fpanxo Pecnor, Pamnp Fapapnh/, rpansnnnia rparnunnx sanyna y
rpancepnnm onrnxama peannrera nneia n noimona /Heponnh/, n xo sna iom xaxnnx cne ne mnmena y
rpancy, ri. y yrpnyhnma n rpuennma neuncre canecrn; naa ncrahn iom iennom na cy cne ro rnnonn
onannnana n ocyna xoin cy cnoie pasnore nmann y ynn nonnrnuxe romnne, nanexo nnme nero mro cy ro
onn camn nonymrann cnoinm xnheno rnamyposnnm n nanacne nomnesnnm crnnom nncana n na ce
npernocrann.
83
Vcnpaeue ;e++e, na oyxnara onai ncxoncxn cmncao n npenmer nnococxor pasymenana
crnapnocrn n moryhnocrn, peannocrn n npnnnna xapaxrepa nocranannx xnnoresa o onome
mro iecre n nna y nonecrn mnmena, ca iennnm nponopnnm pasymenanem y cmncao crnapn,
ncnoen y nnrepnperarnnnnm noxyunnannma cranonnmra xoia cy noxasana cnoiy cnary n
penenanrnocr, iennaxo xao n onemohanana n ycaxnocrn. Hperensnia na ce pasymenane
ocnonnnx rema meransnxe npenomn xpos npnsmy ncropnicxnx nonmana, asnpana ie na
ncxopaxy ynasan mro nna y crany na ocnernn pannie ncxycrno mnmena y onnxonana
cranonnmra nonenena no iacnocrn: Apncroren ie ynxnnonanncr, onepannonanncr,
xonrexcryanncr n c nerone nosnnnie ce crora neoma ycnemno moxe xpnrnxonarn nyro
nnanaiyhn penyxrnnnn mexannsam; ro noxasyie na camnm noimonnma xoie cpehemo y
Apncrorenonnm cnncnma rpea npncrynnrn xpaine onpesno n onnnme ie onacno, xonnxo
iennocranno n xomorno, onannrn meransnxy raxo mro he ce neno onpehene nperxonno
ancnnxonarn nnn raxo mro he ce ona npornacnrn sa nayxy a norom noxasnnarn na ona ne
moxe nrn nayxa (Kanr) iep cyonn nenn ncxasn nceynoncxasn (neonosnrnnncrn), nnn raxo
mro he ce npornacnrn sa onro-reo-norniy (Xainerep) n npnrom ronopnrn o ncropnin
meransnxe xao ncropnin saopana nncrnonana xoia nnxan nnie nna rema rpuxe
nnosonie ynyhn na cy npecoxparonnn ronopnnn o noueny (arche) cnnx crnapn, a ne o
nncrnonany, a Apncroren o nncrnyiyhem xao raxnom, o nncrny (ousia) n neronnm
xareropniannnm onpehennma, ann ne o nncrnonany. /ma+o, crp. 11/ Ocnonna rema
caxnmana ie nnrane y xom onmy n mnpnnn, y xoioi ie mepn n cama nonecr nnoconie
yonmre nonymrana na ce nonono nocrane ncxoncxa nnrana, re xaxo cy mncaonn nomern
nonenenn no excnnnxannie n nayuno aprnxynncann xon sauernnxa meransnuxor
ocmnmanana crnapn na iennncrnenoi pannn reopnie n npaxce npne nnoconie.
Hosnrnnncrnuxo ononpranane meransnxe ns xpnna rpennona y monepnoi naynn, nmano ie y
nnny emnnpnicxy nnmensniy crnapnocrn, xoia ie uynnnm mepnnnma pasmepanana n nen
cmncao, nornyno ce oryhyiyhn on nnrana o npanom nncrnonany n cymracrny crnapn, ca
xoinma ie anrnuxa nnoconia (xoia ie n nsrpannna meransnxy) n sanouena cnoi nyr. Ona
nnmano neanopernuna nnmensnia mncaono ie ornopena xpos nonecnn xopnsonr pasnoia
nnoconie, ynyhn na ce on ncronpemeno nponanasn n xao nenrpannn xopnsonr mncaonor
ncxycrna cnecrn (xerenoncxo-xycepnoncxor enomenonomxor crana), xoin sannpe y camo
cpennmre nponemarnxe cnexynarnnnor mnmena, re ncro raxo n xao nonecnn nepnnxr
neprnxannor nocesana ncrnne na nayunoi pannn, ca noimonnnm nananem pasnora sa
ersncrennniy onora mro iecre n nna. Honecnn xnnor mnmena cxnahen xao ynpemenenocr
nncrnonana nnn mnmene ncxona y neronoi nnmensnin npemenonana, ncronpemeno cexe y
camo cpennmre neronor yxynnor mncaonor nanopa no cnexynarnnne nnmensnie mnmena,
xoia nponanasn iennncrneno ynyrpame pemene. Cnaxaxo ono ie nonono pamunaneno n
pasyheno, na n ce noxasana neronaonpxnnocr, na ce xpehe on noima n npenmera
meransnxe. Hocrannrn nanac cen sanarax na ce re npacrape, ann saro ne n mane nsnopne
reme nnoconie nonono nopo pasymeiy n ocmncne, rorono na ie nonenanno nsrnenano n
nemoryhe y nneinnm crpyiama canpemenocrn.
Ona crynnia raxohe ie namna n xonuy ca nrpom cnna y cnery, ca xoiom ie ro noxasana
npe cnera na mepnny ersncrennnianne crnapnocrn cycperana xnnora ca xnnnm, y naxnnoi
pennrepnperannin nonmana cmncna yma xao cpennmra n onpennmra npyxana moryhnocrn sa
mnmene, na ce ono ocern cnoonnnm npen nanonasehnm noianama, n ocmncnn nx xpapo n
nocnenno, es sacrpamenocrn ncxonnmrem. Hauenno peueno, ycranonanaiyhn onaxne
nornuy, mrannme onomahnnanem y nemy camom n npyxanem pasnora onpxnnocrn mro
mrnrn on pacnnana y npasnnne, mncao np Mnnana Vsenna npoxpunna ie cnoi nyr npema
ncxoncxnm nnrannma. Ha crpany ro mro cy ymne eneprnie (axo n cam nspas nnie nneonasam)
nne naicnaxnnin moropn nyxa, xoin cy noxperann n xona pasnoia yncxe nnnnnnsannie,
iennaxo xopncnnx nsyma xoin cy ymnorome nonnrnn crannapn n onaxmann cnaxonnenny
84
ersncrennniy on anacra remxnx pannnx onrepehnnana, xao n mnmena xoia cy ysnnrna
ernuxo n nenopanehe nocroiancrno y norneny crannapnnsonana xaxnohe yncxnx npana;
npeocrano ie on nnx nnax nemro n sa sannranocr o nnacrnroi cymrnnn, xao n sa ono uyneno
nnococxo uemy cnexonnxo nncrnonane. Vcneno ncrpaxnnauxo neno Memadu;ura np
Mnnana Vsenna, cnenouancrno ie n o rome na y raxnnm ynnnepsannninm pasnoinnm
nnmensniama n y namem nonney pasnniana mncao moxe na ce npnnnxn cnercxnm
crannapnnma n ornopenocrn npema nainnmem saxreny sa camocasnanem, re na ce noxaxe
onpxnnom xaxo y nnacrnrom pasymenanem noiennnaunor, nocenor n onmrer y xonxpernom
npemeny nnana y cnery ca mncnnma n xpos mncnn, raxo n y ancrpaxrnom nperpecany
nainnmnx rema xao mro cy one o yonmrenom cmncny meransnxe, a na ncronpemeno nannhe
ncxnnsnyha y onaxa paspemanana n nocroino nnrana eneprnuno ncrpaie y nponanaxeny
onronopa cne no omoryhanaiyher ncxonnmra, xoie xao ienno npxn cne mro iecre n onpxana ra
npen pacnananem.
Hnrana y cen oyxnaraiy cynpornocrn nosnrnnnnx n nerarnnnnx npernocranxn,
nnhene neuera na ie raxno n npyraunie, a ro nmnnnnnpa ysaiamna nornpana xoia mnpe
nnnoxpyr casnanana xpos nponanaxene aprymenara nnn nanane pasnora sa npnxnarane
ienne on crpana, a naueno raxnor naxena moryhe ie ncrahn n npexo pamarpana reneonomxe
nsnonornie oprana rnenana: Camo o oxy cynnmo na ie ono rpeano na yne noronno sa
rnenane, n, mana nrypa, ro iecr xaxnoha cnnx neronnx nenona n nnxon cxnon, onenena
camo na ocnony uncrnx mexannuxnx npnponnnx saxona, iecre sa moiy moh cyhena nornyno
cnyuaina, ia nnax y roi opmn oxa n y rom neronom cxnony samnmam nyxnocr, no xoioi ie
ono mopano nrn opasonano na nsnecran naunn, nanme cxonno noimy xoin nperxonn
rnopauxnm ysponnma ror oprana n es xoier moryhnocr re npnponne rnopennne nnie sa mene
cxnarnna nn no xoiem mexannuxom npnponnom saxony (mro xon onor xamena nnie cnyuai).
Ono nax rpeane (Sollen) canpxn nyxnocr xoia ce iacno pasnnxyie on nsnuxo-mexannuxe
nyxnocrn, no xoioi ienna crnap iecre moryha na ocnony uncrnx saxona (es nexe nperxonne
nneie o roi crnapn) nenornopnnx yspoxa, n mro raxo ne moxe na ce onpenn uncro nsnuxnm
(emnnpnicxnm) saxonnma xao mro ce nyxnocr ecrercxor cyna ne moxe na onpenn
ncnxonomxnm saxonnma, neh saxrena ienan napounrn npnnnnn a npnopn y mohn cyhena,
yxonnxo ie ona penexcnnna, non xoinm npnnnnnom croin reneonomxn cyn n na ocnony xoier
ce rai reneonomxn cyn mopa onpennrn y norneny cnora naxena n cnora orpannuena...iep,
reneonomxn cynonn, npenymrenn camnm cen, namamyiy ym na raxne saxyuxe xoin mory
na sacrynaiy n ono mro ie naruynno, nox ecrercxn cynonn o cnpxonnrocrn npnpone saxrenaiy
nsnecno nanopno npoyuanane, xaxo ncmo npenynpennnn na ce ne orpannue uax nn y
norneny cnora npnnnnna, ncxyunno na ono mro ie emnnpnicxo, na na rnme nonnmre cnoie
nonarane npana na nyxno naxene sa cnaxora. /Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cyhena, npen. crp. 45./
Vsmnmo sa npnmer remy npocropnocrn n npocrnpana, npocropnia y xoinma nnamo n
npennamo, oxpyxena xoie ce oner nanasn y npyrnm oxpyxennma n nam noiam cnera xoin
yxyuyie n cnerno n rno xoie xao sannuaina nonnora yonmre npyxa moryhnocrn sanounnana
n pasnoia xnnora cnecnor nha. Ocnonna resa ie na Kanr rexnmre ncrpaxnnana npenocn ca
npnpone crnapn xao necasnarnne na crnapn npnpone nnn nha moryher mnmena, ne
xpnrnxyiyhn meransnxy xao raxny, neh nene cranone n merone, n on sanpano nacnpam
rpancnennenrannor peannsma rpann rpancnennenrannn nneannsam. Cnoinm nnrannma o nhy
npocropa, npemena n npnpone, Kanr y nornynocrn croin na rny rpannnnonanne meransnxe
/M. Vsenan, Memadu;ura, crp. 12/ Ty ce np Mnnan Vsenan es nxaxnor sasopa ynycrno y
nnmensniy Kanronor nopor ocehaia sa crnapn nsnxe ncrnuyhn iom y pannioi crynnin xao
snauaino: H nox Kanr ncrnue xaxo ie peannn npocrop camo norennnianna penannia xoiy
onpehyiy crnapn (ann npnrom ne xao nemro crnapno) n na ie moryh npasan, nencnynen
npocrop, ann ne n anconyrnn npocrop /Met.I, 4512/, Ainmrain ie noxasao na npocrpancrno
iennor anconyrnor npocropa nema ocnona. Hpocrop ie axnnnenranan. Onnm noimom osnauen
85
ie onpehen naunn nncrnonana renecnor npocropa. Pnnamnuxa (eneprernuxa) npnponna
nnosonia rymaun npocrop xao axnnnennniy ncnoanana mohn (E. Von Hartmann). Fnhe
npocropa ie oiexrnnna peanna opma crnapnocrn npocropne crnapn, onnocno opma
crnapnocrn nenor nha cnonor onnomena xoia omoryhyie na ie pasymemo xao
rponnmensnonanny.
103
H na momenar rponnmensnonannocrn y onoi cnoioi mncaono
nponyenoi crynnin o canpemenom carnenanany cmncna meransnxe, np Mnnan Vsenan ie
ncraxao marepniannie ns ynynnana cnecrn xao one mro npernocranaiy cnonnuxe nese
xoie caunnanaiy onpehenn noiam npocropa xoin ie npnnpanan ynpano xpainnm
Hainnnonnm n Kanronnm nanopnma: Honcraxnyr on Hainnna, Kanr noimy npocropa naie
nneanncrnuxo snauene. Hpocrop nnie noiam xoin n ce nono emnnpnicxnm nyrem meronom
ancrpaxnnie ns ncxycrna, neh ie ienna nyxna opma onaxana a priori. Kanr noxasyie na ie
npocrop a priori, a ne a posteriori, n na ie on opma onaxana (a ne cam noiam). Kanr noxasyie
na npocrop nnie ncxycrnenn noiam iep ie ncxycrno moryhe camo saxnayiyhn nocroiany
npocropa; 2) npocrop nnie npenmer uyna, 3) nenocpennn remenn cranonn o npocropy nncy
cnyuainn. C npyre crpane npocrop nnie nn noiam yma, iep on nnie onmrn neh nocenn noiam;
npnrom cnn npocropn camo cy nenonn iennor iennnor npocropa n no remennx cynona o
npocropy nemoryhe ie nohn nenocpennnm onaxanem /Kant, Met.I, 4188/. Hpocrop, naxne,
nnie npenmer onaxana, neh onaxane camo xoie nperxonn cnnm npenmernma n xoie omoryhyie
camo noiannnane crnapn. Hpocrop ie uncrn onaxai a priori xoin nnie nnmra npyro no cnecr
o concrnenoi penenrnnnocrn, cnecr o onaxany npencrana crnapn (nnn yrncaxa) xoin ce
nanase mehycono y onpehennm onnocnma (4673).
104
Mexannuxom oiamneny nacranxa
cnera cmeraiy napnnianne npenpexe xoie cy neorxnonnne, a ro ie n Kanrono yehene ona
npenpexa xoia naxn uax n ca ynyhnm npomnpnnannma nayunnx snana o npnponn, iep ce
onpenena ocnona sa raxno mnmene nanasn noxpanena ynpano y noimy cnpxe ...xana
rnopennne npnpone samnmamo xao moryhe na ocnony nexor npyxunier xaysannrera nero
mro ie xaysannrer npnponnnx saxona. /H. Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cvhena, Feorpan, 1991.,
npen. H. Hononnh, crp. 288/ Tai npyraunin xaysannrer na ocnony xoier nam ie nonymreno na
samnmamo rnopennne npnpone, Kanr nanasn y reopnicxoi norpen monannnx npennxara
moryhnocrn, crnapnocrn n nyxnocrn, camnm rnm n meransnuxnx npernocranxn na xoinma
nounnaiy a xoin saxrenaiy aexrnnno ycranonanane onnoca npema cnemy mro iecre, na n
npema npnponn; raxopehn nyrem iennocrannocrn xareropnie nncrnonana, xoia ie nara xpos
cnnresy nepnennnia npema nneiama xao rpancnennenranan npennxar, nnn ynenena xao
onronomxn nponosnnnonanan cran, xoin n np Vsenan nasna nma na ymy: Buecmeoeane
o:eeuouo uuraro uuie ueru pea)au npeouram, a ro he pehn nexn noiam o ma uemy mro he
npnnohn ys noiam nexe crnapn. Ono ie camo nosnnnia ienne crnapn nnn nsnecnnx onpenaa
no cen. V nornuxoi ynorpen nncrnonane ie camo xonyna iennor cyna...camo crana
npennxar y onnoc npema cyiexry. /Kanr, K.:.v., crp.367/ Vm ie moh npnnnnna ycmepen na
ono esycnonnonno xoie ce noxasyie y nneiama, a pasym naxene rnx nneia orpannuana na
cyiexr. Fes noimona pasyma xoinma mopa na yne nar oiexrnnan peannrer, ym ne moxe na
cynn oiexrnnno /cnnrernuxn/, re xao reopnicxn ym on ne canpxn nnxaxne xoncrnryrnnne
neh camo perynarnnne npnnnnne: Axo ie nax pasym cnecran re crnapn xoia ie nara y
onaxaiy, onna ie ona crnapna, npn uemy on ne mopa na samnma nnmra o nenoi moryhnocrn.
Crora noiam anconyrno nyxnor nha npencrana, nonyme, neonxonny nneiy yma, ann ie ro sa
ycxn pasym nenocrnxan nponemarnuan noiam...Ono mro nax namem pasymy remxo nana, na
ce onne cnoinm noimonnma nsiennaun ca ymom, iecre camo ono: mro sa nera xao yncxn
pasym iecre naruynno (ro iecr sa cyiexrnnne ycnone neronora casnana moryhe) ono mro
nnax ym xao npnnanno oiexry unnn npnnnnnom. Hpn rome nax cranno naxn maxcnma na
mn cne oiexre, xana nnxono casnane npenasnnasn moh pasyma, samnmamo npema onnm

103
M. Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I, (metaphysica generalis), Bpman, 1998., crp. 158
104
M. Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I, (metaphysica generalis), Bpman, 1998., crp. 153-154
86
cyiexrnnnnm ycnonnma ynpaxnanana mohn casnana xoin cy nyxno cxonuann ca namom (ro
iecr yncxom) npnponom; n axo cynonn xoin cy na rai naunn nonern (xao mro y norneny
naruynnnx noimona npyxunie n ne moxe nrn) ne mory nrn xoncrnryrnnnn npnnnnnn xoin
ypehyiy oiexar onaxnnm xaxan on iecre, onna he onn nnax ocrarn perynarnnnn npnnnnnn
xoin cy y ynpaxnanany nmanenrnn n nosynann, n xoin onronapaiy yncxoi cnpcn. /Kanr,
Kpumura +ohu cvhena, npen., crp. 289., rne ce rpernpa noiam nese nonmana n onaxana y 76
nasnanom Anmerkung, (Hpu+eooa). 3amncao npenmera xao anconyrno naror y
nspaxanany ca iecre, peanno npema Kanry ne canpxn nnmra nnme on onor mro ie camo
moryhe, nmnnnnnpaiyhn ro na ce ca samncnnma peanna ersncrennnia noima nnmano ne
nonehana. H na onai momenar y cnoioi crynnin o canpemenom carnenanany cmncna
meransnxe, Mnnan Vsenan ie ncraxao canpxaie nponynnana cnecrn xao one xoin
npernocranaiy one cnonnuxe nese xoie caunnanaiy onpehenn noiam npocropa xoin ie
npnnpanan ynpano xpainnm Hainnnonnm n Kanronnm nanopnma: Honcraxnyr on
Hainnna, Kanr noimy npocropa naie nneanncrnuxo snauene. Hpocrop nnie noiam xoin n ce
nono emnnpnicxnm nyrem meronom ancrpaxnnie ns ncxycrna, neh ie ienna nyxna opma
onaxana a priori. Kanr noxasyie na ie npocrop a priori, a ne a posteriori, n na ie on opma
onaxana (a ne cam noiam). Kanr noxasyie na npocrop nnie ncxycrnenn noiam iep ie ncxycrno
moryhe camo saxnayiyhn nocroiany npocropa; 2) npocrop nnie npenmer uyna, 3)
nenocpennn remenn cranonn o npocropy nncy cnyuainn. C npyre crpane npocrop nnie nn
noiam yma, iep on nnie onmrn neh nocenn noiam; npnrom cnn npocropn camo cy nenonn
iennor iennnor npocropa n no remennx cynona o npocropy nemoryhe ie nohn nenocpennnm
onaxanem /Kant, Met.I, 4188/. Hpocrop, naxne, nnie npenmer onaxana, neh onaxane camo
xoie nperxonn cnnm npenmernma n xoie omoryhyie camo noiannnane crnapn. Hpocrop ie
uncrn onaxai a priori xoin nnie nnmra npyro no cnecr o concrnenoi penenrnnnocrn, cnecr o
onaxany npencrana crnapn (nnn yrncaxa) xoin ce nanase mehycono y onpehennm onnocnma
(4673).
105
Cnryannia casnanana xoia ce onpxana cne norne nox ce npxnmo ncxyunno
rnennmra npnponne cnecrn, cne norne nox ce nenyiyhe cnne y npnponn rymaue xao
ncxyunno cnoamne, nannasn xao renepannn cran /Xycepn/ na rernuxn npeoxpenyro
cranonnmre, na ie ncnpanno nocmarparn xaxo one nponcrnuy ns ynyrpamner xperana
cyiexra. Hnrennnonannocr xopnsonra no xoier ce nocnena cama nanaxe yxasnnane na
nnrnynrnnnn pasym sor yxasnnana na apxernncxy nneiy, a xoin npncryn Kanr onopana:
Ann nomro ie nnax moryhe na ce marepniannn cner nocmarpa xao npocra noiana, n na ce
nemro xao crnap no cen (xoia nnie noiana) samncnn xao cyncrpar, ann na ce rome cyncrpary
nocrann y ocnon nexn onronapaiyhn nnrenexryannn onaxai (mana rai nnrenexryannn onaxai
nnie nam onaxai), onna n nocroiao nexn, mana sa nac necasnarnnn, naruynnn peannn yspox
sa npnpony, xoioi mn camn raxohe npnnanamo, y xoioi ncmo, naxne, nocmarpann ono mro ie y
noi xao npenmery uyna nyxno npema mexannuxnm saxonnma; no carnacnocr n iennncrno
nocennx saxona n opmn npema rnm ncrnm nocennm saxonnma, xoie, c osnpom na
mexannuxe saxone, mopamo npocynnrn xao cnyuaine, nocmarpann ncmo y npnponn xao
npenmer yma (naxaxo nennny npnpone xao cncrem) ncronpemeno npema reneonomxnm
saxonnma, n npocyhnnann ncmo nx na ocnony nna pasnnuna npnnnnna, a na ce mexannuxn n
reneonomxn naunn oiamnena ne ncxyuyiy, xao na ienno npyrome npornnpeue. (O onoi
ocoenocrn yncxor pasyma na ocnony xoie noiam ienne cnpxe npnpone nocraie sa nac
moryh)
106
V ynnnepsannoi nornuxoi cepn cnecr ce xonnrypnme raxo, na y
npnnnnnniennoi xopenannin naa na ce nonynapaiy ncrnnnrocr /nnn naanocr ncxasa/ n
crnapno nocroiane /onpehene uynnor onaxaia/, xao noiam y iennncrny ca neronom
crnapnomhy, y norneny cnnx noxcnuxnx monannrera nncrnonana nnn saysnmana nosnnnie.
Onuai na ce opme noiana npnpone cmarpaiy y nainehoi mepn cnyuainnm, npocro ie crnap

105
M. Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I, (metaphysica generalis), Bpman, 1998., crp. 153-154
106
Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cvhena, npen., crp. 295.
87
ienne onpehene onnyxe na neh ycnoienom rnny nocmarpana, xoin ie nanexo on rora na nyxno
mopa na ycnonana cnaxy moryhnocr rnenana na npnpony: ...y npnponn y nainehem creneno
cnyuaino, axo ce ne ysme y nomoh iom nexa napounra npcra xaysannrera, nanme xaysannrer
cnpxa (nexus finalis), ro iecr na ie npnpona, nocmarpana xao npocr mexannsam, morna na ce
nsrpann na xnany pasnnx naunna, a na ne nanhe nenocpenno na iennncrno npema nexom
raxnom npnnnnny.
107
Kaysannrer cnpxa ie pyxononehe naueno sa rpancnennenranno
penexronane xoie ie xomnerenrno sa npocyhnnane xapaxrepa nenor nncrnonana. V rom
cmncny monanna onronornia xoia ie enncremonomxn yremennana npxanem sa emnnpnicxe
canpxaie xoin cy nponepnnn, unnn npenas npexo mexannuxor noima npnpone na nsnopnniy
ennnenrnocr nenor xapaxrepa y oprancxom cnoiy oxnnennx nha, rne ie cacnnm pasymnno
pyxononehn noiam cnpxe. Vnyrpamna cnpcncxonnocr npnponnnx oiexara, nnn xon Kanra
rome ncro, cynona y xoinma ce noiennna xnna nha npocyhyiy xao cnpxe es onnoca npema
npyrnm xnnnm nhnma nnn ma xom npyrom nsnuxom oiexry, ennnenrno ie anocrponpana
xao camonponsnonna xoia ce cacroin y rome mro: cnaxn neo rora crnopena nponsnonn
raxohe cama cee raxo na onpxane iennor nena sanncn on onpxana npyrnx nenona
nansmennne.
108
Hpnpona raxo ynyhyie na mncao na ce onmrn onnnn n nocena canpxaina
onpehena mehycono nornyno noxnanaiy, uax norne na ce rnme nonpehyiy onuainomopannoi
cnpcn xao oxancxom nyxy ca uninm ce canpxananem ocrnapyie crnapnn xnnornn nopenax.
Honmehyhn onaxan npnnnnn xaysannrery nexor naruynnor ocnona npnpone, na ocnony nera
penexcnnna moh cyhena npocyhyie n moryhnocr nacranxa xnnora. Bnxona emnnpnicxn
ennnenrna oconna ysaiamne sanncnocrn nenona xoia moxe na ce nocmarpa xao cnyuainocr c
osnpom na saxone mexannxe n ocoenocr namer pasyma na nennny nasna oiamnana xao
pesynranry mehycono nesanncnnx neicrana ennnienrnnx yspoxa nennx nenona, nsrnena
xao na mopa na yne nyxna c osnpom na saxren ocnonnor crana pasyma, na ce nonnprne
cnmynranoi narocrn cxemarnsma nonmana. Pasym nponncyie na ie neonxonno xao ycnon
moryhnocrn ncxycrna na ce crexne snana o oiexrnma, xoie he na oesenn cxemarnsam
npemencxnx uynnnx opmn, ca unme nocrynnme na: cne noiane y cnoioi ersncrennnin croie a
npnopn non npannnnma onpene cnora mehyconor onnoca y iennom npemeny.
109
To na y
xaysannom nanny npnponnnx snnana nacraiy oiexrn xoin cy raxnn na ie onpxane cnaxor
nnxonor nena y onnocy na onpxane cnaxor npyror nena nonaoco, xao n y onnocy na
onpxane nennne yienno n yspox n nocnennna, nnie cxnarnno. Ono carnenanane exemlis
temporalitas ounrnenno na ie cmarpano npnonrnnm eineronomxnm anenem. Kon anrnuxnx
mncnnnana ono npxynn y nsiennauanany nena nyme xoin mncnn ca mncnennm unnennnama
xoie naxe sa ym xao nenornopnocr xnnora, a ro ce oner cmarpa ncxoncxom npnponom xao n
nainnmom cnpxom xnnora. Hpernocranxa npemena mopa na yne npencranena y camom
npemeny xao nreparnnna moh nnana y anexnarnoi nnnamnnn xoia ioi ie nara neycnoneno,
xao cacnnm cxonna.

Onro-nornuxn momenar nnenrnnxannie nneinocrn rnme n no ncro
mro n camo npeme, ri. npeme n nno ono mro iecre, nerono nrn nnn nnepennnianno
rpaino nncrnyiyhe y cnoioi camonoxasanocrn, ono nrn xpos cen cnoicrneno ncnoeno
ennnenrnpane. Bpeme ce raxo xao nspas nncrnonana onnocn na nhe yonmre nnn na nerony
cymrnny xoia ie onpehena nncrnonanem, na ie anannsa noima npemena ono mro ce
nenocpenno reopnicxn rnue cymrnne n npenonpehyie neny nponemarnxy. V anannsn
npernocranxn opmnpana noima npemena np Mnnan Vsenan ie y cnoinm peepennnianno
ecnpexopnnm ncrpaxnnannma nopexna n snauaia npne nnoconie nsnamao, xaxo ce y
Kanronnm cnncnma ns saocranmrnne camo npeme onnocn na nhe yonmre, a na n anannsa re
nnmensnie npyxana crnapnocrn nma cnoiy nyoxy n iom nenonono ocnereny nosannny:
Bpeme ie moryhe pasymern n xao oiexrnnnn naunn ersncrennnie npomennnor nha,

107
Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cvhena, crp.242
108
Kpumura +ohu cvhena, crp.253
109
H. Kanr, Kpum. :ucm. v+a, npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, crp. 254
88
onnocno xao cnen nha nnn cnen crana nexor nha...Kanr, mehyrnm, cmarpa na nox cy
cyncrannnie y npocropy, nnxono crane ie onpeheno y npemeny (Met. I, 4518), ca snauainnm
ysnnsanem xapaxrepa noima npemena: ...n npnn nyr, naxne rex ca Kanrom, npeme nnie nnme
camo ienna on xareropnia neh nocraie ienan on nainnmnx meransnuxnx noimona; npeme ry
sanonia naxnocr n cmncao rpancnennenrannie. 3aro Kanr n nanana rpannnnonanno
ecennnianncrnuxo yuene o rpancnennenranniama iep ynnha xaxo nopen ecennniannnx
nenocraiy n monannn, onnocno remnopannn noimonn.
110
Hpenas na remnopannrer crnapnor
raxo ie nnayrypncan xao rpancnennenranna unnennna cneronana cnera y xoioi ie n cama
npnpona cranena non acnexr npemenonana, rne camo nncrnonane ne moxe na yne
oconna crnapn, nnie nnxaxan peanan npennxar (Kanr). Fnncrnonane ie raxo npenacxonno
crnap xopnsonra npemena, ri. nera moxe na yne sa nac nnn nax na ra ne yne c osnpom na
xon npemena.
Honnia pacnpanana mory na ce oxapaxrepnmy xao ona xoia cy cynncno n cracano
npnxnarana pasmarpana pannie ncxasannx cranonnmra, a cnoienpcan aronnsam ie nparehn
neo nsnopnnier ynnhana, xao n cnecrn na ce crnrno no npexperne rauxe y xoioi ie rex
remennm pasnnxonanem moryhe ncnomronarn nennunny n snauai ncraxnyror orxpnha. Ty
nnmensniy pacnpane noncraxna ie ncropnia norahana xao nonecr xoia ce noraha n cama xasyie
na nn yonmre n xaxo nma npemena n nma nncrnonana - "Panane xoie naie npano npeme
nasnnamo ornapauxo-cxpnnanauxnm npyxanem. Fynyhn na ie camo npyxane nanane, nanane
nanana xpnie ce y npanom npemeny."
111
Hpyxane npemena raxo npernocrana raxno nnhene
npnpone xoie xao rpuxn noiam ouoic nma reme y orxpnnanauxo-crnapanauxom nanany, y
nonnpy ca ncxoncxom norocnom cnernomhy ncrnne xoia ro omoryhana. Mehyrnm, mro ce
rnue nncrnonana nponem ce nocrana ca npnponom n ncrnnom cnera mro iecre, raxo na
mnmene xoie n na npeonnana y cmncny nnpexrnnnsannie n npenomnnarnnnor noxpnnana
xoie ie camo iom peunma nesano sa nspas nncrnonane, nnie ono xoie ie nocroino naxnnnier
pasmarpana. Cacnnm ie npyra nornxa ona xoia ce ncxasyie nyrem npennxara renernuxe
xoncrnrynnie, rne cymrnncxn nonecno onpehen cner xnnora oiennnyie nennny
enemenrapnnx ynxnnia cnecrn xoie cy saiennnuxe cnnm ynnma, es osnpa na ro xoioi
rpynn nnn enoxn npnnanaiy. 3a Kanra ie c osnpom na rpancnennenrannn saxon ynnnepsanne
yspounocrn, xao n c osnpom na nocene npnponne saxone xao nerone cnennnxannie nemro
ysnnrnyro no nneie xoia cyiexrnnno naxn, ann na onmrn naunn. Kaxo ie cnercxn nopenax
xpaine pannonyman npema xpainem nny, nerono ie ocrnapnnane moryhe - camo y rome
cnyuaiy axo npnsnamo na nocroin nexn nainnmn ym xoin nnana cxonno mopannnm saxonnma n
xoin ie y ncro npeme yspox npnpone.
112
C osnpom na ono mro iecre, naxne y onnocy na
noiam nncrnonana, Xainerep ie y cnoioi xacnoi n npomnmenoi pacnpann Kaumoea me;a o
ouecmeoeanv nniarnocrnnxonao: Kaxna ie iom npyra ynorpea sa nncrnonane n
iecre, cem nornuxe? V peuennnn For iecre cyiexry ce ne npnnaie nnxaxan npenmerno-
canpxaian, peanan npennxar. Vmecro rora cyiexra, For ce ca cnnm cnoinm npennxarnma
sacnnna cam no cen. Jecre onne snaun: For nocroin, npncycrnyie. Hpncycrnonane,
nocroiane nonpasymenaiy, na xpaiy, nncrnonane, ann nncrnonane n iecre ne y
cmncny sacnnnana onnoca nsmehy cyiexra n npennxara y peuennnn. 3acnnnane, crnapno
peueno iecre y peuennnn For iecre, nne npexo rpannne casnana Fora n rom casnany
npnnaie camy crnap, oiexrnnnor Fora xao nocroieher, sa pasnnxy on nornuxe ynorpee
nncrnonane ce onne ynorpeana y nnny crnapnor oiexra camor no cen. Mornn n crora
na ronopnmo o onrnuxom, raunnie oiexrnnnom xopnmheny nncrnonana. V nomenyroi
npenxpnrnuxoi pacnpann Kanr ie nncao: Axo ce ne nocmarpa camo rai npocrn onnoc
(ycrnapn nsmehy cyiexra n npennxara peuennne), neh crnap, xoia ce sacnnna cama no cen n

110
M. Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I (metaphysica generalis), Bpman, 1998., crp. 158, 164
111
M. Xainerep, O cmeapu +uu+ena, Frn., 1998., crp. 20
112
Kanr, Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, crp. 588
89
sa cee, ro ie raxno nncrnonane iennaxonpanno crnapno... Hpennxarom nocroiana ia nnmra
ne nonpnnocnm crnapn, neh camy crnap npnanam nenom nonmany. Cyhenem o nocroiany
ia na rai naunn npenasnm npexo onacrn nocroiana ne npema nexom npyrom npennxary mnmo
onnx nonpasymenannx y nonmany, neh xa camoi crnapn c rnm camnm, ne no poiy ca nnme
nnn mane npennxara, neh ce camo iom ys ro y norneny sacnnnana mncnn n anconyrno.
113

Xainerep cmarpa na ie xao sacnnnane, ycranonanane, npenmernocr crnapn, Kanrona
resa o nncrnonany xao uncrom sacnnnany npxynan n ynasan npema onpehnnany
nncrnonana xao nonnexeher /cyiexrnnnocrn/, iennaxo xao n npema nanpen sa
cnexynarnnno - nnianexrnuxo rymauene nncrnonana xao anconyrnor nonmana. Henocrarax
ce cacroin ounro y rome, mro Kanrono nnrane o ycnonnma moryhnocrn npnanana
norpenor ncxycrna (noemarnuxor marepniana cnecrn y nepnenrnnnnm axrnma), ancrpaxyie
on camor roxa ncxycrnenor casnana, na nerone anannse ocraiy es canpxainor ocnonna, xoier
nasna naa rpaxnrn y npenmernoi ycmepenocrn namer pasmarpana cnpam onor mro ie
npncyrno n xao peannsanniy casnana narocrn. Hnrane o moryhnocrn ncxycrna raxo ie
neonnoinno on nnrana o neronom nncrny (cyncrannnin), ynyhn na nnxonnm onnaianem
nocranamo pannxanny npenpexy npencnnrnnany camor ncxycrna y nynnioi nnmensnin.
Vronnxo nnie nonono na ce nnra o ycnonnma moryhnocrn namer ncxycrnenor cnera, a na ce
ne noxaxe xaxo on cam nacraie y namnm nnacrnrnm ncxycrnnma, iep n na rai naunn y
ncrpaxnnane naxpynnne nencnnrane npernocranxe ca anonnmnom nnrennnonannomhy, xoie
n omerane sanonoanaiyhe npencnnrnnane onma noemarcxnx nonaraxa nnn came
npncyrnocrn npncyrnor xoie nocehe ncxycrno no moryhcrny nonpasymena n canpxn.
Tpancnennenranna cnecr ie ocmnmena xao ienno noceno crpyiane n cnonrannrer
mnmena, y xome nna noxasana xoncrnrynnia yunnaxa cnecrn n neronnx npenmernnx
nocrnrnyha, rne ce xnaranem sa neny nnrennnonannocr cxnna nenposnpnn neo ca
oiexrnnnrera, y rparany sa ennnenrnnm ocnenouenem n ncnynenem y peannsannin cnecnnx
axara, a ro n iecre rparane xpos nneiy cnoone sa peannom npenmernomhy: nneia cnoone
npencrana iennnn noiam onora mro ie naruynno xoin cnoi oiexrnnnn peannrer noxasyie
(nocpencrnom xaysannrera xoin ce y nemy samnma) y npnponn, cnoinm y npnponn moryhnm
yrnnaiem, n ynpano rnme omoryhyie na ce one npyre nne nneie /Fora n ecmprnocrn/ nonexy c
npnponom, a one cne rpn mehy coom y ienny pennrniy; n npyro, mro mn, npema rome,
nocenyiemo y cen npnnnnn xoin ie y crany na nneiy naruynnor y nama, a rnme ncro raxo n
nneiy naruynnor nsnan nac, onpenn n yunnn ie casnanem, npemna casnanem xoie ie moryhe
iennno y npaxrnunom cmncny, sor uera ie uncro cnexynarnnna nnosonia (xoia ie o
cnoonn nna y crany na nam na camo ienan nerarnnan noiam) mopana na ouaiana, re ie,
naxne, noiam cnoone (xao ocnonnn noiam cnnx esycnonno-npaxrnuxnx saxona ) y crany na
npomnpn ym nsnan onnx rpannna y xoinma n cnaxn noiam npnpone (reopnicxn) esnanexno
mopao ocrarn sarnopen.
114
Houoneuene npnpone snaunno ie n sapoanane y onom nenom
neny xoin ce ornapao rpancnennenrannoi nepcnexrnnn, iep nnie namno cnoiy npnmeny y
uncrom neponany y Fora, xaxo ie ro Kanr npenopyuno cnoinm cncremarcxnm pasnohenem
noima nennx reneonomxnx crpyxrypa, neh y reopnicxom n npaxrnuxom nenonany,
nponarannnnm crparerniama sanohena, pany na oxynany ncromnmennxa n nsnoheny
cnercxnx penonynnia nennuapcxor n necnnuapcxor rnna (nanme ocnon ie ncrn nononexonnn
noiam raxo ocnrypanane camonsnecnocrn anconyrne cnoone). V pasnnxonany nha n
cymrnne n nnxonom iennncrny cymrnna xao onmrn pon nonnexn crnapnma nnn xao cyncrpar
sacnnna ono mro ie Kanr cmarpao na ioi ie nenocraiano sa camoyremennane /K.:.v., Frn.,
1990., crp. 70/ y ynyhnnany na npomnmane nene merone xao xpnrnuxo ocneranane
meransnuxor casnana. Cacnnm ce rpea cnoxnrn ca nyoxnm ynnnom na meransnxa ne
sannpe camo y nouerxe: nero ncro raxo n y moryhnocrn n oxnnpe casnana xaxo cee, raxo n

113
M. Heidegger, Kants These ber das Sein, iz: Gesamtausgabe, T. 9 Wegmarken. /1919-1958/, 1963.
114
Kanr, Kpumura +ohu cvhena, 91, npen. crp. 358-359
90
cnera y xome cmo ce n mn naxparxo sarexnn/M. Vsenan, Mem., Bpman, 2006, 1. nsn., crp. 23//
Fynyhn na ie meransnxa nayxa o npnnm nauennma n ysponnma y naicrpoxem cmncny
(xocmonomxa n onronomxa nayxa): mera-nsnxa n mera-nnianexrnxa /ecennnianncrnuxa n
xnnnnrerna/ ona cxnara cymrnny xao cysncrnpaiyhe nncrnonane, crnapanauxn npnnnnn:
`Axo nnosonia rexn camo cncremarcxom casnany crnapnocrn, ona ie reopnicxa, a axo
nacroin na onpenn nnene n nneane no xoinma n rpeano xnnern, rana ie ona npaxrnuna
nayxa`. (ma+o, crp. 26-27) Hpaxrnunocr nnie noma, ann npomamyie cnpxy onna xana
nponycrn na youn pasnor nyxnocrn na nanouena ne yny npema onome mro ie cnopenno,
cnopennnm ysponnma, neh npema ysonnma xoin yremeyiy n omoryhanaxn nncrnyiyhe camo
nnn onnoc npema nncrnyiyhem xao nncrnyiyhem.
Vunnen ie nocean nanop na ce resa o npyrauniem npncrynany nnrannma
meransnxe xon Kanra, xao napannrmarnunor ysopa mnmena xoie nsnonn xonepnnxancxn
opar, ns acnexra moryhnocrn n y rpannnama crenena pasnnienocrn npnponnnx nayxa
neronor npemena. On nyue ry ienny nsyserno cmeny napaneny npema Apncroreny ca
xoncraranniom na sa nera nnie nna naineha mynpocr cama nnoconia npnpone xoia
oyxnara nha y xperany n mnponany, neh nayxa nnoconie npnpone xoia saxnara nnxony
cymrnny: ...npenmer nnoconie npnpone ie onacr npnponnnx crnapn; nsnan re onacrn
nanasn ce ienna nnma pernia nha n rome onronapa ienna nayxa xoiaie nsnan nnoconie
npnpone nayxa o nnoconin npnpone prote sophia (G3, 1005b). To xasyie na no
Apncroreny, nnoconia npnpone nnie reopnicxa nnosocxa nncnnnnnna, neh camo
nocena nayxa (prote episteme), a xaxo nncrnyiyhe xao raxno n nainnma pernia nncrnyiyher
nncy ncro, prote sophia ce nenn na onmrn n nocenn no /nnosonia n reonornxa(, npn uemy
onmrn neo (nnosonia), iecre sanpano philosophia prote, onnocno meransnxa. /ma+o, crp.
18/ Mornn n onne na nononnmo n npacrapy opmynanniy na rpary cyapesoncxnx
cxonacrnuxnx npeopmynncana, xoia nnax ne onnasn nanexo on ncrnne ens est cuius actus
esse est /nhe ie ono unie ie nenonane /eneprnia, crnapnocr/ nncrnonane/ Peoe n ceoe
npernocranaiy n nperpecana xpos yrnphnnana naxena pasneon n nannexnocrn. V
nocrynxy pasneoe npncrynaiy npyrn nnnonn onpehenom ienno-mnorom xao npnxnannn nnn
nenpnxnannn, na pasneoa yxasyie na mnorocryxo ienno xoie ie on rnx mnornx ycneno na
onenn npyrocr. Vsnohene-canpane rnme ynonn y nonpyuie ponnnx npcra na nepasnnoinn
naunn, a pasneoa y mnorocrpyxocrn canpxaia ycnena na pamunann pasrpannuene momenre.
Pnianexrnuxn nocrynax, xaxo ra ie y cnom spenom mncaonom pasnoy nnoconpana
onncao Hnaron, oryn ce cacroiao y caxnmany no iennocrn, re neronom pasnarany no one
iennnnne y xoioi ie ono mro ie pasnonpcno raxo caxero, na ie y oxnnpy ne ono npyro
npyraunie rex no npnnannocrn ncroi ponnoi iennocrn.
115
Oyxnarane mnomrna iennocnnm

115
Hpn nocrynxy ysnohena nnn canpana y nnarononcxoi nnoconin, cnnarornin mnomrna no rpaxena
ncronernocrn, npe cnera ie onnyuyiyhe ono mro caunnana saiennnuxo rno cycpera, a ne pasne ocoenocrn
cnaxor on mnornx nha, raxo na ce nma y nnny nneina iennocr xoia ce oyxnara cnoa. Oran Hanne
unopencxn, xora ie xacnnie cnenno n nsysernn A.u.Hocen y pasmarpany anrnuxor cnmonnsma n
mnronornie, xao n y cnoioi nnoconin nmena; n sa onai opasan nao ie snauainy nanomeny: H nox nnoco
nnie namao rnn nare nnianexrnxe, on iom nnie npncrynno nnianexrnnn. Kao mro necnnx, nsnnaiaiyhn cnoi
acnexr oiexrnnnme ra n unnn rnnom (cernmo ce ap Beprepa n Ierea), raxo n nnoco yonmre ne
pacnpana o nnianexrnuxom cyiexry no cen xoin ie on namao, neh on sannxa npoxnnanana xoie on nma
rnnnuno monenyie cyiexr naicnoxnnin ca narnm npenmerom. Taxo cy, nanme, nncann Hnarononn
nnianosn...Konxperna nnunocr, onai rnnnunn cyiexr nnianexrnxe, nnie nnneapnn nns nexnx nymennnx
nponeca, n nen ynyrpamnn xnnor yonmre nnie ycrpoien raxo xao mro cy nepne nannsane na nnr on
orpnnne. Hpema rome, n nnianexrnuxn pasnoi mncnn ne moxe nrn npencranen xao npocra iennornacna
+e)oouia orxpnha. Pymennn xnnor, a noceno pennrnosno-ypehenn xnnor iecre neynopennno nonesannia
nennna, xoia npe norceha na mrauuuv nnn :unrv, rne ce nnrn npennnhy npema pasnonpcnnm n cnoxennm
ysopnma. V cxnany c onnm n nnianexrnxa ie pasnoi ne ienne reme, neh mnornx, xoie ce npennnhy ienna c
npyrom, n xoie npenase ienna y npyry, n xoie nonono ncrynaiy. H xao mro y xnnory camo mnoronpcnocr
ynxnnia opasyie iennncrneny nennny, a ne onnoiena ancrpaxrna nauena, ncro raxo n y nnianexrnnn camo
91
nnnonnma nnn canocranane nneie mnomrna (ca xoiom ie caunnena npooinocr xpos eneicxo
nncrnyiyhe, xoiy ie Hnaron npnxasao y nnianory Hap+euuo), iecre cacnnm nannnan naunn
mnmena, es osnpa na nosnare "ncxopaxe ynasan" n cxnonocrn neomannxeicxnm
naprnxynapnsanniama crnapnocrn. Jenno nneie moxe na noimn mnoxnny nneia, ri. mnoxnny
noimnnor mnomrna iennnnna. Vnpano ie ro onai noimnnn cmncao npornnpeunocrn no xome
ie nenncrnonane cxnaheno xao onpehena nosnrnnna nnnnnocr na nncrnyiyhem xao na
nneiama.
116
Hneia ce nanasn na nncrnyiyhem ysnmanem nnna, ynyhn na ie nncrnonane xoie
ie pasnnunro on onor npyror, canpxainn ocnon onor "cnoamne-enomenannor". Vsnmane
nnna crnapn y nnxonoi pasnnunrocrn nonpasymena pasnniane onma noima iennocrn no y
nexy nocnenny iennocr xoia ie ns nera onpehena. Pasnnunro nocmarpana on npyror ona
iennocr ynanpen onpehyie ro npyro, raxo na ie nocmarpana on onaxnor npyror ca xoinm ie
pononcxn nna ncro - mro n caunnana onpehenocr pasnnxe. Pennncane rnx moryhnocrn
xao onnx xoie naxe sa cne npcre nacrannx einoca y ncronernocrn n pasnnxama onpeneyie nx
y nncrnenocrn. Taxo onncano yuecrnonane n neonnmrno na cnoamnoi npornnpeunocrn
ncror, xoie ie camo cen naro n y pasnnxama, xao n iennom xoie ie ncronpemeno carnennno n
xao mnomrneno, ounrnenan ie ycnon moryhnocrn came nnianexrnxe xoia nneiy iennocrn ne
ncxyuyie, nero ys ny canocrana nnn ynpcrenana nneiy mnomrna. V onnm oxpernma
crnapnn pon na onronomxn naunn ne npecraie na yne ienno crnapnnx nnnnnx pasnnxa (nno
xao rsn. npna cymrnna nnn cyncrannnia y opmannsannin marepniannia, nnn nax xao
npnnaiyha npyra cyncrannnia nnn cymrnna y nnny npcra n ponona xoia marepnianno
cxemarnsyie nnn xareropnsyie nha y narnm rnnonorniama nnn nnxonnma npenmernocrn y
xaranornsanniama), xao /uncrn/ noiam nnn )oeoc. Taxo ce rsn. opmanna nornxa noxasyie xao
meransnxa y nsnopnom cmncny peun, on npxa no nna npoxera norocom mro y
camoonnocehem snany nocrnrnyrom ayropenexcniama neh cpnxe no nnepennnpana xoie
snaun mnmene mnmena xao nsnopan casnainoxpnrnuxn axr camoocnemhena nnn nax
ncnxonsnuxn peueno eineronomxor einoca xoin xao npcra cnnx nsrnenana iecre
crnapanauxn ym nasna eeprnuan n nenocycraiyhn ne camo y nenopannama, neh n y
nocmarpany nenonnrniem on nnnhaxa emnnpnicxnx mnpnna npnsopa crnapn xoin n ra
aexrnpann censanniama, xao n on oroeno xareropniannnx nopmarnna xoin n ra
yxpyhnnann no ynopene na rnenanem xpos nypnn nnn nnornen; xoiy oner xacnnie
Apncroren npeopmynnme y noceny nayxy xoia nocmarpa cne mro iecre n mro rom
nncrnonany no cen npnnana, cacnnm nernrnno nsneneno n onpxnno.
117


xonrpanynxrcxa paspana ocnonnnx menonnia omoryhana xnno ynynnane y npenmer nsyuanana. /H.
unopencxn, C+uco uoea)u;+a, npen., crp. 45-46/
116
Platon, Sophistes, 258c
117
To ne snaun na raxno mnmen nnie npenmerno axo ie nyx ono mncaono ocmnmanaiyhe /Ar.,
Metaphysica, XII, 7;9/. Hpo. np Vsenan y pasmarpany monannrera nncrnyiyher n neronnx
nanxareropniannnx onpehena crana nam no snana: Konauno, na nn ce camo sa ono mro ie npenmerno
crnapno moxe pehn na ie camocranno nhe, nnn ro naxn n sa nneanne npenmere? ...nnn nncrno (ousia) nma
ienan nenpoennn n y ncro npeme ienan npomennn nnn nocroiana, moxe nn ce rana rai npnn nnn nocroiana
pasymern xao ienna npasna opma xoia y pasnnunrnm onacrnma nncrnonana nma pasnnunr canpxai? Hnn
ie, moxna, ro nenpomennno nocroiane camo nexo npasno mecro ornopeno sa ncnynanane pasnnunrnm
canpxainma, xao mro ie cnyuai y onnocy pona n npcre? Kan npasne opme mornn ncmo osnaunrn crnap n
oconny crnapn, y rom cnyuaiy crnap iecre npno nncrno, iecre camocranno nncrnyiyhe xoie nma concrneno
nncrnonane n cymrnny n xoie, na ocnony rora mro nma cymrnny moxe nenonarn n rpnern
nenonane...moxemo nn onnoinrn canpxai on opme raxo mro hemo pehn na ie canpxai nehro onaxnno a
opma nemro neonaxnno? Hponemarnuan ie ry cam noiam onaxai: iep axo ie peu o nyxonnom casnany,
naxo hemo younrn na ry opme raxohe mory nrn onaxene; npnrom pasyme ce, onaxane opmn ie
npyraunie no onaxane canpxaia...nonehemo na xpaiy no nocnennnx uynnnx enemenara xoie sonemo
cymrnnama nnn nrnocrnma, xao mro cy: oia, npniarecrno nnn on...Cnaxo nhe, onnocno cnaxo
noiennnauno nncrnyiyhe, iecre ono mro ncnynana opmy. /Mem., Bpman, 2006., 2. nsnane (5.1.2), crp.
128-129/
92
Hornxa xoia ce ann mncaonnm rnopennnama opmanne nornxe xao opmanna onronornxa, na
rai naunn mopa na ce npnxaxe y cnoioi pasyhenocrn nnn pasnenenocrn pasymenana
npernocranxn on xoinx xpehe, xpos nnoiaxn cmncao nncrnonana xoie ce ncnoana
xonynarnnno xao cacrannn neo nexor cyna n pacnoneyiyher nomohy xareropnia, rpaxehn
cmncao nncrnyiyher na xoin ce mory npnmennrn cne xareropnie (nesanncno on onnxa n
naunna nocroiana), a mro ie y cxonacrnnn nno npenmer yuena o rpancnennenranniama.
Cnaxno cnerno na rai nponyennin cmncao yuena o rpancnennenranniama anno ie
nenanno n Eyren unnx y cnom ynony y nnosoniy, npnmehyiyhn na cy nomern nnmnronannx
casnana y naynn o npnponn Kanronor npemena, a noceno npencrane maremarnuxnx
(reomerpnicxnx) noxyunnana cmncna rpannna nha n nncrnonana xoie cy nornennne
nainnnoncxn npncryn nnrerpannnm oxpernma nnnnnresnmanniama / xonnnnnenrnnm
cycnensniama saxpnnanana /rsn. pauyn anhena/ cnonehn samncao npocropa na mexannsme
xnnepnrnunocrn ca nyrnoncxnm npnnecxom sa oxancxy uynnocr, xao nexor carnor
mexannsma, xoin n xao nexaxna nexaproncxa npoxpycroncxa nocrea sa npnpony mopao na
ynonoana cnaxonnennom menany nocrenne, a n ro non ycnonom na ce cnaxor iyrpa raxo
nnhen cner nannia xao carnn mexannsam. Crnap, ienno, nemro, nopo n neno xao
nanxareropnianna cnoicrna nha oiamnanaiy xaxna ie pasnnxa nsmehy nha n cnera, a ro
npernocrana n unnxony npenopyxy na ce ca onronornsannie crnapn nperxonno npehe na
xocmonorniy n nocne no onpehena nrpe cnna n enomena y cnery, na n ce onronopnno na
nnrane o nainncrnyiyhniem nhy, o naunny nerone cnnhnocrn n pasnnxonana y
nncrnonany nopeheno ca npyrnm nhnma xoie ce y cnery sarnuy. Onai saxren, xoin
nonpasymena nsnecny penonynniy y reopnicxom npncryny crnapnma, cnenno ie npo. np
Mnnan Vsenan (ramo, crp.137-139), xao nesy ens unum (verum), na ienan pasymenaiyhn n
camoi xonnennnin nsnacxa ns sananocrn y nopannanaiyhe xopnsonre nocmarpana crnapn y
nononexonnnm npnxpnnennm cyiexrnnnsanniama nnn axnenenrannsyiyhnm
rennennnosnocrnma, na n nponsnonocrnma xao camocxpnneno necaspennm
nponsnonocrnma nenernrnmnnx ocamocrannana, na ienan nsyseran naunn; o uemy ie ne
camo cnenouancrno, nero n xpyna raxnnx nanopa onai nanncann cnnc ca na npnn nornen
napanoxcannnm nacnonom Memadu;ura, ann xoin nonpasymena nnacrnrn nsrpahen npncryn
yxynnoi xornrarnnnoi nononexonnoi rpannnnin enponcxor n ne camo enponcxor mnmena,
nnn oe pehn yxynnom xornnrnnnom nacnehy xao mncaonom ncxycrny n nponenn naxena
cmncna cranonnmra xoin caunnanaiy n yxynnocr nainnmnx nomera yncxnx ocmnmanana y
pasmepama cnercxe amrnne.



*
* *


Apncroren ie iacno noxasnnao xaxo ce nncrnyiyhe sopn /capano nsronapa
mnorocrpyxo, ann ynex c osnpom na cymrnncxo naueno, xao n npema ananornin c osnpom
na nncrno, xoia xao nnmesnauna rnnonornia opmn cycnensnie iesnxa y marepnin nsnaranor
nonpasymena onpxnno npencnnrnnane pacnonoxnnnx xareropnia y nnxoom npn-nanany y
rnnonornie yonnuena xao rsn. xareropnianne cxemarnsme. Hoiam ncrnyiyher remxo ie
nornuxn onpennn nexom peannom nennnnniom /Mer., rn. 6, crp.170/ ynyhn na nenocraie
nnmn noiam sa nerono nyno onpehnnane non xoin n no nonnenen y onnocy na cnennnuny
pasnnxy, na ynyhn na ono nocnenne nanpocro nserana nennncane ono moxe na ce omehn
nnn ncraxne cnpam neuer npyror, ne na ocnony nnenrnrera, neh ananornia ca cycnensniama
snauena xoia nseranaiy rpyocr npocror nsiennauanannma ponnocrn noima ca nasna
93
nnenrnunnm narocrnma /ma+o, crp. 171-173/. Ocnonno snauene nha cnpam neronor nrn
iecre iennocranno nhe, na canpxain mnmena ne mory nrn sanonoenn xapaxrepom
noimona, npencrana n crnapn, xaxo ron na nx samnmann /enomenanna n nnrennnonanna
cmemrenocr y cnecrn/, neh mopaiy na ynonoe xpnrepniymy naxena nnn nponenn ysnmana sa
unnennunocr, nocnenna ancrpaxnnia y cnonecnnm canpxainma npnnanaiyhn xonxpernoi
nnnnnnnyannoi cymrnnn /ncro, crp. 173-175/. To nnnnnnnyanno xao npernocranxa xoiy
onpxana npna cymrnna nauenno ie ono yremeene xoie omoryhana iennncrno pasnnunrnx
cnoicrana n ocenna xao ono nocroiano y npomenama mro npyxa nnnamoeneprnuxn ocnon
nonesannx n nanernx onnoca mro nasna rexe ocnoanany, ynacxy y mnomrno, neoama
(ncro, crp. 177-178) Ca onaxnnm saxrennma nornxa (xao nn nnoconia iesnxa na ocnony
neronor nsnopa n nopexna /ramo. Crp. 178-184/ ne moxe na yne camo opmanno
xepmeneyrnuna, nero n canpxnncxn onronopna npema npyxany pasnora, iep ce uncra
mncaona onpehena naiy y canpxaiy xoin ce ornapa y pasnoinom npnxasy
opme/nnneinocrn/nsrnena. Ennnenran ie nsnecran npemenom napacraiyhn n ranoxehn ce
camopasnnrax opmannor oxnnpa nornunocrn, rne noroc cam y cen nocenyie nnacrnry
penexcniy, iecre oiexrnnna nornunocr y xoioi nncrnonane nna y cen penexronano, a
noiam y ncronernocrn n pasnnxonannma yremenn no ersncrenrnocrn. Ha noy nonecrn
nnoconie, rnme cy mapxnpann cnn naxnn momenrn noonomxor pasnoia noima, no
nnrennnin yxyuenn y neno norahane, raxo na ie nonyhenn nanpr noonomxe nomere
noiennnnx nnoconia ns npomnocrn nnsao na napounrn crenen, na panr xoin nonpasymena
ysnmane y osnp cnnx momenara nennne y nnma cnoicrnenoi nenonnrocrn. Hpo. np Vsenan
ynaxana rai enoxannn mncaonn nponop ca cnnm amnnanennniama xoie ra npare, iom
onpannie crporo npnmehyiyhn: Cne npeme ce ncrnnano na ie peu o npnoi nnoconin xao
nainnmem nspasy sanannor mnmena. Hcronpemeno, nma ce y nnny na xnnnmo y npeme xoie
nnie nonono sa nnosoniy, n ro ne camo crora mro ce ynn ne ane nom xaxo rpea, nnrn
crora mro sa ny nnme nemaiy pasymenana, neh npenacxonno saro mro y npeme nocne Xerena
nocroin mnpoxo pamnpeno ynepene na meransnxa nnme nnie moryha, na cy nena nnrana
ecmncnena, nnn, axo ce ne nne raxo nanexo, xaxe ce na ie iennnn sanarax nnosonie na ce
ocrnapn, na nen cmncao nnme nnie reopnicxn neh npaxrnuxn, a npnrom ce uecro nosnna na
xerenono ynosopene xaxo ie meransnxa y rpannnnonannom cmncny yrpoxena ns cee came,
re ce nononn y nnrane nena nperensnia na npenasn npexo nenocpenno naror; xpnrnxyiyhn
meransnxy onocrpanor Xeren sanpano nonpmana rpannnnonanny meransnxy n
ncronpemeno ornapa xopnsonre none nnosonie. /Veoo v du). I, crp. 189./ Hayxa nornxe
nnn meransnxa, npnonrno ce ycranonanana npexo rpniane nncrnonana y naynn o
nncrnonany, naynn o cymrnnn n naynn o noimy; a nayxa o nncrnonany oner ce paunana na
nayxy o xaxnocrn, xonnunnn n mepn. Hayxa o xaxnocrn /qualitas/ oner ie canpxanana nayxy o
nncrnonany, oncranxy /existentia, das Dasein/ n nayxy o nncrnonany sa cee, a ona ie
nonpasymenana noneny na nayxy o uncrom nncrnonany, nayxy o nnmra n nayxy o nnany. V
rom xareropniannom cncremy xoncrnryncana ce ncrnna xao nennna y cnoioi aprnxynannin, no
pasnniene n axryenne nenonnrocrn. Teopnicxa ncrnna raxo ie ncrynnna na neno, ona ie nna
nponsnenena ns enemenara nennne, ns noima ca npernocranennm ynyrpamnnm xpyrom
onpehena y xoiem ce cam noiam iana xao momenar nnmnx, xomnnnxonanninx noimonnnx
nennna, na n ce na xpaiy y xpyry cnnx rnx nnmnx noimonno-xareropniannnx xpyrona
noianno y camoi nymn npomnmenor npenmera, y nnococxom cncremy, nnein nnn noimy
cnnx moryhnx noimona. Kao noiam cnnx moryhnx noimona, cncrem ie ca cnoinm
nnianexrnuxnm nemnpom ono mro ce y camom rom nemnpy rpaxn, raxo na ie ynyrpamna
cnpxa snana iep ce nanasn onne rne snane camo cee nponanasn, rne nnie snane o neuemy nan
cee nnn cnaxn moryhn npenmer, nero onne rne noiam onronapa npenmery a npenmer noimy.
Pasmarpaiyhn nnrana nonecno nesana sa Coxparono nme, Xeren ie nanno y neronoi
nnunocrn npenosnao npexpernnuxo nhe mncaone cnecrn, ocy oxperana came remene nneie
94
nnoconie xao epoc paspane nnianexrnuxnx nnrana xoinm nyrem ie oxpenyo nyxonne oun
mncaonnx nepcnexrnna y nornyno npyrauniem cmepy. On ie re oun oxpenyo npema ney, ri.
npema onome mro npencrana nennny nha xao cnoienpcan orpannuen xpyr ecxonaunocrn,
nponanasehn rainy ror neecxor nncrnonana y ycxom nyxy, ri. y +ucaouoi ceecmu xao
nponahennm noimonnnm ocmnmanannma re raine. To ie nno oxperane nyxonnnx ouniy on
ycxe nesanocrn sa nsnonornsannie noimona n ynyhnnane y penexcnnne canpxaie xoin
nonpasymenaiy nanaxene xopenona came npnponnocrn npnpone, xpos pasnore nene
ersncrennnie ynyrap camor mnmena, na npnponny cnernocr noroca, nnn na ono mro crnapn
ocnemrana n rnme unnn nonnoxnnm pasymenany, mncaonoi cnecrn. Tnme ie on yunpcrno
nornen npema snany xao ncxonnmry crnapnocrn, mro Xeren nonma xao nonecny penonynniy
y mnmeny, ri. na ie neo npeneo nryparnnno peueno - y uonexa, nnn ornopno nonpyuie
ecxonaunor y camoi neronoi cnecrn. Kparxo n iesrponnro, caxeo ra ie np npo. Vsenan na
onaxno cranonnmre: Bpxynan onor nneannsma unnn nnosonia I. B. u. Xerena; na rpary
nanrencrnuxor monnsma on nnenrnnxyie nncrnonane n mnmene n rai cran nnenrnrera
npeysnma on Eneiana. To snaun na sa Xerena mnmene cnoi npenmer ne npernocrana neh ra
nocrana; npano nncrnonane sa Xerena ie onmre, noiam, nneia. Ho, ro ie sna raxo camo y
mnmeny. Kaxo ie nanae, onmre nornuxn noiam, a onai onmra peanna cyncrannnia, ro
snaun na ie pasnoi nornuxnx noimona (nnianexrnuxa merona) ncronpemeno n pasnoi
anconyrnor nncrnonana. Tai pasnoi (camonpencranane) npmn ce rpniannuno y resn,
anrnresn n cnnresn: anconyrno nnn nneia, ersncrnpa y neronom nhy no cen /Ansichsein/
xao anconyrnn ym (npnn crenen). Horom ce pasnnia y nhe npyrora /Ansichsein/, y npnpony
(npyrn crenen). V nponecy nnianexrnuxor camopasnoia npeopaha ce on nha npyrora y nhe
sa cee /Feuersichsein/, n raxo nna xnnn nyx (rpehn crenen). Veoo v du). I, crp. 40.
Jennom nsnahena nesa neecxnx crnapn n yncxe cnecnocrn xao nayuno-
ncrpaxnnauxo nnrane, saxrenano ie n nonono yennne xpnrepniyme reneparnnnnx n
xnannnxonannx casnana xoia nponcrnuy ns re nese, a xoia ce ynex npencnnryiy o nnacrnroi
ersncrennnin noniennaxo npahanem na nouerxe, xao n na nponece nonaxena no ynnna n
nnxonnx xapaxrepncrnunnx ncxonnmra. Taxo moxemo na xaxemo na nnianexrnxa nacraie y
nanerocrn re nese xao cnponohene cnoienpcne meronnuxe cymne xoia y noi nornphyie
xapaxrep sanoniennx snana, iep y penexcnin na ono no uera ce nomno yxasyie na ocnonne
npre ynynnana snana camor y cee nnn, na nocnenana no pannn ayroncnunnx axara
cnecrn nnn camocnecrn y nnacrnrocrn came re penexcnie, no axrnnnocrn yma xoin
ocmnmanaiyhn iecre n cexe no iecre-nncrnonana xoie mncaono nocroin. Hpoecop np
Vsenan sa onaxny mncao oesenno ie onnnuny ananorniy: Fnncrnonane ie cnaxom
nncrnyiyhem iennnyiyhe, cyncrannnianna opma xoia nncrnyiyhe (cnonehn ra na nera
camor) npaha ns mnomrnenocrn nemy camom. 3aro ie nncrnyiyhe yronnxo nehe n yronnxo
canpmennie xonnxo my nncrnonana nnme npnnonasn /ri. xonnxo nma nnme nncrnonana/.
Kon xnnornna ie moryhe canpmennie iennncrno no xon naxa, a xon uonexa nmamo ienno
npnnnnnnienno nono, nncoxo iennncrno. Ha ocnony rora meransnxa ie cranno rexnna na
oxancxn anconyr mncnn xao iennncrno, xao iennncrnenocr n iacno ie mro norom sa Xerena
unrana nnoconia nnie nnmra npyro no crynni onpehena iennor. Veod v du). I, crp. 63.
Baa ce noncernrn na ro na Hnaron nainnmn noiam cnoie nnoconie ouo ooopo,
nasnnao n uaieuue v:ene, ann ro nnxaxo nnie ono snane xoie noniamo ncxycrnom n nmamo
xao iacan n cnrypan nocen. Ono npernocrana n nenononocr nenocpennor saxnarana, re
noxyunnane cmncna naineher yuena npernocrana nennxe nanope, xaxo n ono mro nam
nonasn npexo nnrenexryannor nornena nnn nnrynnnie ns cnyreher pasymenana mornn na
pasymemo nsnopnnie n sanra npncnoinmo. Cepa yonuaiene maremarnunocrn npyxa nam
yuenocr xpos xnnorese sanonoene einocom nnn nnxom nsnarana y xonrexcry yrncaxa n
narahana, raxo na cy sanncne on nponyxnnie uynnnx cnnxa. To npernocrana na nnie
nosnoeno ysnmane xnnoresa sa oiamnanane neuera, neh na one came mopaiy na yny
95
nauenno npencnnrnnane, xao nneia xoia mopa na nahe ocnonan cama y cen, na n nna npana
nnococxa npernocranxa. Kaxo ona rai ocnonan moxe na nponahe, n xaxo moxe na ce
ycnocrann y nnococxoi xomnerenrnocrn? Hpoecop np Vsenan cxpenyo nam ie naxny
npnnnxom npencnnrnnana ocnonnnx cranona renepanne meransnxe na naunn xoin sanpehyie
na yne nanenen es nsocranana nenona onnxonane mncnn, cxpehe nam nanme ry naxny na
iacne oxnnpe nenor nexpemarncrnuxor nnn nxonomnicxor, rocnonapcrnenor ycnocranana:
Kan noxymamo onnyuno na pasopnmo sanyne y xoinma ce nanasnmo, xana nocnenamo no
uyhena xoie ce paha ns ocnona name ersncrennnie, no uyhena npen naipasymnnninm, rana
cmo na npanom nouerxy nnosonie. 3auyhenocr nac ncrana ns roxa xnnora /Teemem,
174
a
/, ona nac onnaia on xperana xnnora, on neronnx yrnnaia n crana nac y nennny xoiy
ne moxemo noxyunrn y camopasymnnocrn, iep nennna, nnie nam, nonyr crnapn,
camopasymnna. unoso, xaxo ra noxasyie Hnaron y nomenyrom nnianory, sa nonnrnuxa
caneronana, ne oasnpe ce na nosnn nnxnnx, na nnxono orarcrno nnn rocnoncrnenocr;
nnoso ce pnne sa ono mro ie npyrnma ocrano cxpnneno /Hnaron nanonn cnenouene ienne
Tpauanxe o Tanecy, /ncro,174
a
/. Veoo v du). I., crp. 105.
Vremeene ronopenor ce npema Hnarononom nnococxom casnany noraha y
nnianory, xao onom onnxy ncrpaxnnauxor npomnmana crnapnocrn, y xoiem ce nnrane
nocrana xao nponem ornapana cmncna crnapn. Hocranane nnrana npernocrana
ornopenocr, ann ncronpemeno n ncnnrnnane rna ca xoier nnrane xpehe, c rnme mro ce
npernocranxe onaxne cama ynnrnocr nnue ocneranaiy n nonono iacno nsnoce. Honasehn
on re npomnpene ynnrnocrn noxasyie ce n mra iom xao naa ynnrnocr npeocraie y
ncrpaxnnany xoie caronopnnnn cnene. Hsnnoieno ns rnx rsn. nepemnnnx cnryannia
mnmena, no xoinx ce nonasn pyxonohenem xpnno nocranannm nnrannma, ri. nnrannma
mro cxpehy ca npanor nyra na xoiem ie nanaxene onronopa moryhe, mnmene ie yponeno y
canpxai crnapnor cmncna npanna ncrpaxnnana na xom nocrnxe snane rne rocnonapn
ncnpanno pacyhnnane n nencnpanno nna ncxyunnano. Pemanane nocranenor
nnianexrnuxor nnrana iecre nyr npema snany, a nyno casnane ce nocexe rex n xpos
carnenanane cynpornnx aprymenara y nnxonoi nenpannnnocrn; xpos ncxonnmra no xoinx
nonone xpnno nocranena nnrana mro onemoryhanaiy nynn n npann onronop. V rome ce n
cacroin npennocr snana npen ymnmannma xoie nynn mnene, iep npyxa ynnn y moryhnocrn
xao moryhnocrn, rne snarn snaun snarn n cmncao snana n cmncao nesnana, nnn - ocrnapnrn
iennncrneny nesy cynpocranenocrn cranonnmra xoia ce nonmaiy cne no rpannunnxa xoin nx
ysaiamno ncxyuyie. Anrnnornuxn cran nnn npnnnnn xonrpannxnnie nnie nemro mro n
camom ymy ocrano cnoamne nnn nenosnaro, o uemy cnenoue neh cacnnm nopa
Apncrorenona pasymenana onor nponema y nornuxnm cnncnma. Ha cynpornnm
npernocranxama moryhe ie nesanncno on came npenmernocrn nnn on ouoe uma nayx,
opmnparn pasnnunra n cynpocranena nayuna snana, /Ar. Metaph., M4, 1078
b
25./ nanme
moryhe ie ycmepanane ncre nayxe y cynpornnm npannnma, na yxonnxo saonhemo nenonono
penexronany Apncrorenony meronnuxy cnecr /rne ie on nonpnnnuno pnrnnan/, pennmo -
Ar., Topica, 105
b
23.nnnnmo na nnianexrnxa snana y ocnonn nnana n xon nera. n npo. np
Vsenan cmarpa ono rpainom anopniom xoia nma cnor cmncna: iennncrno meransnxe
ornena ce y nacroiany na ce cnoin npnnnnn nenpornnpeunocrn c noimom cyncrannnie npn
uemy ce npnnnnn ncxyuena rpeher noxasyie on onnyuyiyher snauaia. (Inciarte, 1994., 1). Pa
y snaxy Apncrorenone meransnxe xnnn y nennxoi mepn n canpemena nnosonia naxo he ce
noxasarn neh camnm yxasnnanem na cyxo nponecne n cyncrannnianne onronornie, nnn
iennocrannnie, na cyxo anrnecennniannsma (Bairxen, Knain) n ecennniannsma. Axo ie cnop y
roxy, axo ie ynor y nrpn nanac uecro orexan n ocrpamhenom ncxyunnomhy, na nmamo
cyxo npannonannor n pannonannor, nocrmonepnor n monepnor, onna npomnmane
ocnonnnx rema meransnxe, a raxo n Apncrorenonor yuena o cyncrannnin (xoie n camo
nsasnna necnopasyme, na ce ne sna na nn ie ry peu o cyncrannniannsmy y cmncny nocrnapena,
96
nnn o nexom yueny o canpnnannocrn npornnpeunocrn) n nanac sanpehyie noceny
naxnynenononocr rpannnnonanne nnosonie yxasyie na norpey npeopaxanana
meransnxe n ro ns nene nrn, raxo mro he ona nonrn cacnnm nonn nnx cnexynarnnne
nnosonie, mro n omoryhnno na n nona meransnxa xao n cna rpannnnonanna nnrana n c
nnma nonern noimonn noniy nonn cmncao. pennmo - Ar., Topica, 105
b
23.


*

3na na ie cne y oxninm pyxama
Ipanna n pasrpanna,
Pahane n cmpr.

To mano manrepa, mro ocnna ce neh,
C nainnmer nenonpmenor crya,
Bpaha npeme y remee rpanne.
Hon ry ne moxe nnmra.
Hpnnora nnxan nonono,
A or ie crpnnn, mnnocpnan.

/Tpar y necxy (necme), Bpman, 2006., crp- 13/

Axo ce am n cne nocneheno n oehano n ncnyneny cxnono npexo npyxaiyhnx
pasnora namer nanana rpann n pasrpahyie, a xaxo ie nam Iocnon Hcyc Xpncroc xao Cnn
Foxnin n iennncrnenn oxancxn or mnnocpnan y narocnonnma n orornopehnm
nonpmxama ocneranana crnapn n cnryannia xoie nx menaiy n nnxe npnnone ncxonnmnoi
cnpcncxonnocrn na Bemy cnoicrnene naunne, na axo ce ys ro nma ce iom n npemena sa
nosemapcxo nonpmanane nocnona, nonaioe iom onnm nenenarnnm nnrennniama nnn
namepama es nenonana xoinma nn rpoancxa rononornia ne mopa na yne nnmnrannia
xonaunnx yrnphnnana y pasrpahnnannma nnn apxnrexroncxom namemraiy nponsnohena
npnxasa,nponomena nsrnena nono onnxonannx n cnohennx na nopyxe nrn. (apem iom 70
000 ronnna naxon npemnnyha nnn semacxor npencranana npema ycnyrnnm n nomano
sauyhyiyhnm Kanronnm xoncraranniama on Kpnrnxe cnare pacyhnnna no nosnnx
nemramnannx nena, onuno nmenonannm Meransnxa); enem, axo nac ie rai nax cmrn
sanaxnyo na xao rnapne nornenamo iomre ienapen na ryrann xopnsonr name nnacrnre
xonaunocrn, sa canpemeny nnoconiy nonono nn nehe nrn nnmra npeue on nnianora ca
cnncnma o anconyrnom nyxy /nncrnonany nanpocro/ y neronom nncrnonany anconyrne
cymrnne npema onnuiy nayunocrn, xao xpainom mannecranniom cnexynarnnne nornxe y
nynoi excrensnnnocrn, xpos ynpcrenanane onor nonecnor npcrena nnoconie (noimene
nonecrn), ns xoier npcrena noimene nonecrn ncniana snane n mynpocr xoia nnie
esnneina, nero nneina crnapnocr n ono ienno y noi xoie npxn cne na oxyny na ce ne
pacnanne. Tex npexo ror xopnsonra nannnanamo nemro on ncrnne, nnyhn npema Hxonn
Foxnioi uonexa n neronor unancrna y uoneuancrny xao nncrnyiyhem oprannsmy re nxone n
xnnom rpary namer Cnacnrea, Iocnona Hcyca Xpncra. Pa nac sanonnnn nen
cnarxopeunnor ymeha onnananana anconyrnnm ncrnnama ne n saneo na sacrpannmo y
psannma mncnn, norpeno ie nparnrn ce noncrnnainma xoin cy na re psaxe nanonnnn na
cacnnm npyraunin naunn.
Cnecr nocn nanennniy nspasa enomenonomxor nnrennnonannrera, raxo na nan
npenmernocrn y ny ynocn nemro mro nnie nn npnpyuno nn cnaxnnamne, na nma snauainy
ynxnniy ounmhanana on nacnara ncropnicxor hyperapniyma. Hpepenexcnnnocr nna
97
onpannana xpos nponanaxene npane mepe pannonannrery, mro ne snaun nnxaxno
nonnahnnane npannonannocrn, nero onpene na nyry xa nponyenniem pasanpany n
pasymenany enomena. Vxonnxo cmo onronopnn sa cnoia nena n cxnarana, ocnoahamo ce
nnysnie na cy npyrn ynn n cnoamne oxonnocrn onronopnn sa nam xnnor. Crane
npncycrna nyxonne cnernocrn y cnery xoin sarnuemo sancra ie nemro noceno, na ne
cnana y onnce enomena nare y nnneapnnm snannma o namem cnaxnnamnem nocroiany y
cnery. Hpncycrno cnernocrn ie uncra n neoiamnnna namepa nyxa, nanme one
cneiennncrnene cnne xoia xao raina npxn cner nepacnannnnm.
Fynyhn na nac n noesnia nonceha na cy re cnne xoie none yne nenpennnnnne, a
nouecro crpamne n nennxonymne y ncrn max (3a Pnnxea ie cnaxn anheo crpaman, a sa
Xennepnnna onacnocr yxasyie na ono cnaconocno), ona ie nam naronaxnonn yunren
naxne. Pnneranrnsam xoin saxrena nncranr pemena, nonpasymenaiyhn ypsana n
nepnosna xperana xpos nnopmannie, saycrana ce na psnm n nponasnnm snannma, na
ne sacnyxyie nehy naxny. Hponiane napamerapa ncropnicxe n cnaxonnenne nepnennnie
crnapnocrn, npemomhana ce n xapaxrep onaxana xa snauainnm nneiama na xoie ce
opnienrncao nam ayrop, nnn nax na eneprercxe naoie unnennna xoin nm nonymraiy
noiannnane n nnhene crnapn y cacnnm npyrauniem cnerny. Taxo nonehanom
ocernnomhy na nanere eneprnie, ca ypannorexenom nyxonnom naxnom, nocraiemo
cnoconn na nnme onaxamo n npnxynamo cnerone, xana ns nac re eneprnie nsniy, a ro
cy am one xoie cy es nsasona no rana nenpncrynauno uamnne y nama.
Hocroin ynpexeno mnmene norexno ns namer menrannrera, npema xome npenn camo
ono mro ie y cnaxnnamnnnn "npymrneno norpeno" nnn ynorpenno no npnue na saann,
xoia nonpasymena mnnnmannsam conniannor crannapna n nsrnena ncrn raxan mnnnmannsam n
y pasymenaiyhoi cnecrn. Cne mro sannun na moryhnocr na rai mnnnmannsam npexopaun, a na
ro, oner, ne yny nexn xao ns nnmroa ncnannann pannxannn maxcnmannsmn (onn sa xoie
ie ncrnna pesepnncana, a ocrano ie npnua o mennicxnm ycnecnma), sanpano ie ocrano cacnnm
es narnne sannmnnocrn n nennunne. Cmeno n es sasnpana npema xymnpcrny monepnnx
rpennona, npen npacrapom ncrnnom no xoioi penexcnia y nnoconin ne cme nnxana ronnxo
na ce nornenn, na n ioi ce cmeno nornyno sapannrn na xaxe cnoiy xpnrnuxy peu o cnemy
onom mro nam nonasn ns rpannnnie, nn cany rpannnniy nnie nopo nornennnarn. Hexaxo
am ynpxoc ryxnom crany xonexrnnne cnecrn n rorono nornynor oncycrna
nncrnrynnonannor cnyxa sa ony npcry neronana nese ca nsnopnomhy nyxa. Taxnnm onenama
neoma cy nonpnnenn ynn cxnonn nocrmonepnncrnuxnm apoxnnm cnmynanniama mynpocrn,
ann ne n onoi iacnoi cnenenocrn n npanom noxnnaiy xoin saxrena nsrpahen yxyc; yocranom
n iennnn meponanan sa nponeny re npcre crnapn (onai xo ce meraun ca anhennma sacnrypno
na remxo moxe na pasyme Pnnxeone nennncxe enernie, a o nparmarnnn xepmeneyrnxe
pennrnosne cnecrn xoia youana rpannne nomera penexcnnnocrn eronarnie, na n ne
ronopnmo). Ono raxo ynasn y nono yremennane canpemene nyxonnocrn, y xoioi he nnanarn
yuene o mnpeny xpnna nepnennnie, a ne cnyranana onemrannm xonopmncrnuno
ycnocranannm npennocrnma, xoie camo nmnrnpaiy nornene n nneine rpennone 3anana.
Hsrnena na cy nnax cnn onn xoin cy onneronann camocranan naunn pasmnmana y npncryny
penenanrnnm remama cynepsnnnn no ecrannmmenr, iep cy nsmaxnyrn iapmy nocnymnnuxor
menrannrera n ynnopnuxnx sacnyra/, nomno ie n xon nac, cynehn no nexonnnnnn noiennnana,
no iennor nocan nennhenor ysnera nnococxnx pasmarpana. Hs ror yrna nocmarpana,
xnnor ie uncra noesnia xoia nanaxnyie n ounmhana, a nnoconia xnnor rpesnene nnn
pasopnre cnecrn xoia ce onaxannma mnpn n nonn na cyouanane ca ecxpaiem, es
ysmnnana, npema napacnom crpaxonomronany npema uyny nncrnonana:
Kauo u ce uuo +oeao caupumu o ouoea, umo uuua ue sauasu!` (umo /cnernehnm
nnananem/ uurao ue v)a;u v crpueane) /mro ce nnxan ne ycxpahyie; Xepar)um, p. 16 PK/

98



II Boaa1ax, ys nn1ane anjanex1nuxe xoune1ennnje n 1eopnje
naeja y nc1opnjcxoj on1nnn:

Onronomxn cmncao noima nneinocrn ocmnmen ie y Hnarononoi nnoconin ca
Apncrorenonnm xapaxrepncrnunnm cnennnxanniama n nonexne cnmnnnnxanniama. V
cnoinm npenanannma ns nonecrn nnoconie, npnnnxom pasmarpana Hnaronone mncnn,
Xeren ie xoncraronao - "3a nocranane, sa npenanane nexe cnoamne crnapn nnie norpeno
mnoro rpyna, mehyrnm sa caonmranane nneie norpena ie nonecnocr. Ona ynex ocraie nemro
esorepnuno; naxne, ne nocroin xon nnocoa camo ono mro ie ersorepnuno. To cy nonpmne
npencrane."/"Zur Mitteilung, bergabe einer uerlichen Sache gehrt nicht viel, aber zur
Mitteilung der Idee gehrt Geschichlichkeit. Sie bleibt immer etwas Esoterisches; man hat also
nicht blo das Exoterische der Philosophen. Das sind oberflchliche Vorstellungen." (Hegel,
Vorlesungen ber die Geschichte der Philosophie II, Frankfurt am Main, 1971, Werke. 19, s.
22)/ Vnosopanaiyhn, nae, na nemrnny nesany ys rymauene nonecnocrn nexor mnmena,
Xeren ie sa Hnaronony nnoconiy nspnunro ncraxao n cnenehe: "In der Platonischen
Philosophie sehen wir so vielerei Philosopheme aus frherer Zeit, aber aufgenommen in seinem
Prinzip und darin vereinigt. Dies Verhltnis ist, da Platonische Philosophie sich als eine
Totalitt der Idee beweist; die seinige, als Resultat, befat die Prinzipien der anderen in
sich."(Hegel, ibid, s. 23/24)
118

Ona ynyrpamna nonesanocr nansrnen pasnoponnnx rnennmra n mnmena y ienan
unpcr mncaonn cxnon nspasnro nnianexrnuxe npnpone, omoryhno ie Hnarony npema
Xerenonom ynnny ncrynane na cneny ncropnie norahana xoie snaun nniarnocrnnxonann n
npnsnarn rorannrer (nenonnrocr) nneie, ocmnmanaiyhn cne mro iecre n nna. Pnianexrnuxo
pasorxpnnane y cepn ymeha ca noimonnma xao nornuxor snana nnianexrnuxor noroca
cymracrna /oyoc :nc ouoioc/, iecre ono y xome ie nneia ono mro cnia n oaciana. Ona,
naxne, npyxa ycnone sa naxene nnn nernrnmnme xomnerennniy saxnahenocrn nncrnonana,
a oryn n cne cepe yxyuyiyhn ony connianny n npxanny.
Xeren ce xonnenrpncao na nponem nanasehn paspemene y nonono pasnnienoi
xoncranannin nonmana, raxopehn y camom noimy xao nnein, a ro ncro ie ca yehenem onanor
cnenennxa uecro nonanao n Ennapn Henep:
"Tiefer gehend zeigt der Sophist (251A-253E): da weder alle Begriffe sich
verbinden lassen, noch alle dieser Verbindung widerstreben, so bedrfe es einer
Wissenschaft der Begriffsverknpfung, der Dialektik. Hierauf zurckweisend erklrt
endlich der Philebus (16 B ff.) diese Wissenschaft fr die hchste Gabe der Gotter und fr
das wahre Feuer des Prometheus, ohne das keine kunstmssige Behandlung irgend eines
Gegenstandes mglich sei. - Was sodann nher das Wesen der Dialektik betrifft, so ist
zunchst im allgemeinen festzuhalten, dass ihr Gegenstand ausschliesslich der Begriff ist:
sie ist das Organ, mittelst dessen die reinen Begriffe von aller sinnlichen Form und
Voraussetzung frei ergriffen und entwickelt werden."(Die Philosophie der Griechen in

118
Taxo y Hnarononoi nnoconin nnnnmo pasnonpcne nnosoeme xoie nornuy ns panninx npemena, ann
one cy npemne y neron npnnnnn n y nemy cy yiennnene. Tai onnoc unnn na ce Hnaronona nnosonia
noxasyie xao ienan rorannrer nneie; nerona nnosonia xao pesynrar oyxnara y cen npnnnnne panninx
nnosonia (I.B.u.Xeren, Hcropnia nnosonie II, /npen. H. Hononnh//, Feorpan, 1983., crp. 148-149).
Hperxonno, on raxohe ymecno nornprana: Ann ocnony nnosonie unnn ienna mncao, ienna cymrnna; n
nnmra npyro ne moxe na ce nocrann na mecro pannier ncrnnnror casnana re nene cymrnne. xon nonnninx
nnosoa ono ce mopa noiannrn ncro raxo nemnnonno.
99
ihrer geschishtlichen Entwicklung, dargestelt von Eduard Zeller, Th. II, Abt. 1., Leipzig,
1889, s. 615)
119

Henep ie npema Xerenonnm casnannma ycnonno rauno onncnnao ynory
nnianexrnxe, npemna nnax ne no xpaia, iep npe cnera nnie morao na cxnarn cmncao
ayrenrnunocrn 3aroua xao Hnarononor cnnca, npxehn na -
"...ymecro uncre nnaroncxe nnoconie nmamo onne ony c pennrniom, mysnxom n
ernxom nonesany maremarnxy xoia ie cnoicrnena Hnraropeinnma"/ucmo, crp. 956/
Taxan cran ie sacrynao, ynyhn na ce nnie ynynnao y ncnnrnnane cnexynarnnne npnpone
poinnocrn poia xoin ie n xon Hnrarope raxohe nnianexrnuan, a nn y nornuxy xomnerennniy
sacnnnana nncrnonana nosnor nnianora Hap+euuo, xoin nm nperxonn. To ie cacnnm
nsnecno, ynyhn na ie on cam neoma ynepeno rnpnno -
"Hennna ie onne naauena c iennor npyror rnennmra"(ucmo, crp. 972)
Haxon rora, oner, ycnocranen ie n rai uynan saxyuax xoin ie sa nera ncronpemeno snauno
n nono nnrane, raxo na ie opnnpanocr n npareha pnrnnnocr apem ynaxena ca cacnnm
nponnsopnom xoncraranniom -
"Onne croinmo na iennom ounrnenno npyrauniem rny nero y upraeu, re ce moxe
nnrarn iom camo o rome, na nn ie Hnaron sa cee camor yxnnyo cranonnmre upraee,
nnn ra ie camo sa cnoie unraone samenno iennnm onmrenpnxnarnnninm?"(ucmo, crp.
957)
Cacnnm ie iacno na ie on y nornynocrn penarnnnsonao cnoi, nnaue mnpoxo nocranen
n nnonomxn axpnnuan npnxas. Ma xonnxo na ie Henep ysop cnor rymauena nanasno y
Xerenonoi nnoconin n neronnm carnenanannma npennocrn n mana Hnaronone
nnoconie, xao na nnax nnie no xpaia youno onai nncoxn snauai xoin ioi ie npnnar y rnm
nponenama. Xeren naneneny Henepony penarnnnsanniy nnie nnrne uax nn nasnauno xao
moryhnocr, iep my ie pasnoina nnnnia cxnarana nna iacna.
120

Hncy camo Haropn, Xaprman nnn Brennen npnmernnn na:
"...cxema ouxaupecuc xoiy Hnaron npenouana xao cnoi nnianexrnuxn meron y onnm
nnianosnma (Coducm n Hap+euuo), ienno npeme cmarpana sa ycnemno paspemene
nponema methexis, (Haropn, H. Xaprman, J. Brennn), mro oecnaxyie Apncrorenony
xpnrnxy...Ta reopnia o nainnmnm xareropniama noxymana na oiacnn xaxo ie yonmre
moryhe pamunananane n cnnresa onora mro ie ienna nennna."/ Gadamer, H. G., Platon
und Heidegger, Festschrift fr W. Marx, Hildesheim, 1969.; East-West Perspectives/
Hcro raxo n npnnnxom pasmarpana Bnaiepmaxeponor nnaronnsma (1969), Ianamep ie
yrnpnno onpeheny xpnsy y yueny o nneiama xpos ryene ernuxor momenra, ann na ro
ncronpemeno nnie n npecynno, cxpehyhn nonono naxny na sanocranenn cnoi Xerenone
nnoconie -

119
To ie nye nasnauno Sofist (251A-253E): na cy neh cnn noimonn y cen nonymreno nonesann, mra nnme
nonynprn y onoi nesn, raxo na cy y ynorpen ienne nayxe cnaiana noimona, nnianexrnxe. Onne ncxopax
ynasan xonauno oiamnana Fileb (16 B ff) xao nayxy sa nainnme napnnane orona n sa npany Hpomereieny
narpy, es nno xaxo ymernnuxn mepenor nenana, xaxne ron moryhe npenmernocrn nno. Bra sarnm
nnxe sarnue cymrnny nnianexrnxe, ro ie na xpaiy naro y cneyxynnom unpcrom npnnpxanany, nena
npenmernocr ie ncxyunno noiam: ona ie opran xoin nocpenyie nsmehy uncror noima n npyrnx uynnnx
onnxa, re npenysnma cnoonno saxnarane n pasnoi. /E. Zeller, Die Philosophie der Griechen, Leipzig 1889,
T. II, s. 615/
120
Hanennmo crora n ienno npomnmeno cranonnmre xoie ie ncraxno: "Haioa npxana ie y cnaxoi npxann
n ona ie crnapnnia on nno xoie crnapne npxane. To ie moryhe saro mro nema nncranne nsmehy nha n ne-
nha, n na rai naunn ie n nosnrnnno npano mnmeno xao nhennro. Hneia npannocrn ie mecro rne ce nemana
nnenrnrer naioe npxane n peannnx ncropnicxnx nonnca, a ro ie n mecro rne ce nneia nopa nornphyie xao
crnapnocr. Hneia npannocrn, raxo, nnie nnmra npyro no onronomxo npano, n y noi ce opasyie anconyrna
ncrnna y crnapnocrn nnn anconyr cam"/Hasap Bpxarnh, Oumo)oeuicru cmae du)o;oduie npaea, Honn Can,
1997., crp. 131/
100
"Annahme von Ideen als solche - und insbezondere die Annahme von einzelnen Ideen -
berhaupt nicht fr das Wesentliche an Platons Philosophie za halten, sondern das
dialektische Verhltnis von Eiinheit und Vielheit, das unter ihnen besteht". (Hpnxnarane
nneia xao raxnnx - n noceno npnxnarane noiennnaunnx nneia - yonmre ne rpea
cmarparn cymrnncxnm y Hnarononoi nnoconin, nero nnianexrnuxn onnoc iennocrn n
mnomrna, mro non nnma croie.) /Gadamer, Kleine Schriften III, s. 145/
Po cnnunor mnmena nomao ie n Ernn Bnnep (E. A. Wyller, Der spte Platon,
Hamburg, 1970), xoin ie cmarpao na Apncrorenono ncrnnane maremarnuxnx nha xao
nocpenyiyhnx y nnaronnsmy, am n nnie naioe nponyeno mnmene, neh
saxonomepnocr cnmerpnie n ananornie noimona xoia ie cnponenena y camoi crpyxrypn n
xomnosnnnin nnianora, na ie npenopyuno:
"Mopamo na ce uynamo rora na onom ncnocranany cpenner nonpyuia nsmehy
cnera cenn uynnocrn n nneinor noernuxor cnera, nnnnmo nainyn cmncao unrane
crnapn. Hainyn cmncao nexn neponarno y noxasanoi rexnn nnianexrnuxor
mnmena npema arche n on arche nasan..." /E. A. Wyller, Der spte Platon, Hamburg,
1970, s. 22/
yncxa nymennocr nonpasymena moryhnocr na ce ca nneiama caxnnana n na ce one
npncnaiaiy, xao n ro na yny onauene nnn onxopauene, snauehn ncronpemeno n nnme n mane
nero mro cy ro one came. V nnnoxpyry nnoconie snane n cehane ynesyiy ce ca
mnmenem, xoie nnxony crannocr ncnnryie ymnom meponannomhy. To mro nx ie xao
npernocranxa c xoiom ce npncrynnno omoryhnno, c osnpom na camy nneinocr, nocenyie
nornuxe nnneprennnie iep npncnaiane nneia nonpasymena npoxerocr rnnonorniom cnecrn
onpehene nnunocrn, xaxo ie na npnmepy nacnnrana noxasnnao n Hnaron:
"- Camo ie ono snane xoie na raxan naunn ynasn y uonexa cranno - peue on. - H ono,
yienno, naioe noxasyie na nn ie nexa npnpona nnianexrnuxa nnn nnie, iep ie
nnianexrnuap camo onai, xo crnapn nnnn y nnxonoi nonesanocrn, a xo raxo ne rnena, rai
nnie"(upraea, 537
c
)
Kpyro ysnmane nneia sa crnapnocr n nnxono nsnnaiane y onpehenoi reopnin, naano n
nasna na pauyna ca xapaxrepom npncyrnocrn nornuxe nenocnennocrn. On ornapa cnopne
nponeme reopnie casnana n onronomxn yremeennx casnana xao xapaxrepom mnmena n
pasymenana. V ynony Hap+euuov nocrana ce nnrane o nneannsmy xoin nne nnnniom
pasnnaiana uynnor cnera n cnera nneia, rne Hnaron ynonn nrypy "nonmnahenor n
nonenmanor Coxpara" xao penpesenranra mnmena cnpam xoier ce on cam nncrannnpa. On
xpnrnuxn ncnnryie mnaher Coxpara xao cnoiy nnacrnry nnococxy npomnocr ynonehn
neremarnsonano n naueno camoxpnrnxe. Vocranom, na onaxna crnnnsannia nnie es noxpnha
y npomnmany naxnnx momenara came nnococxe crnapnocrn, npnmerno ie n Ernn Bnnep:
"Hs Jonnie, seme uynne mnorocrpyxocrn Hcroxa (Anaxcaropnn rpan Knasomena)
nonasn npymrno nnococxn sannrepeconannx ynn - nonn nx nexn Kean - y Arnny,
cpennmre rpuxn opasonanor cnera, na n uynn o uemy cy nohe eneicxe mxone ns
nranniancxe seme nnrennrnnnnor iennncrna na 3anany pasronapann ca Coxparom.
Beh ie npooemniym osnauno nyxonny cnryanniy nnianora. Kao sacrynnnx cpennne,
Hnaron xenn na nsrnann rnranromaxniy (nrxy nnnona) /xoia rpaie on Concra/
nsmehy Hcroxa n 3anana, nsmehy nnypanncnuxor "marepniannsma" n monncrnuxor
"nneannsma" y nnianexrnuxoi cnnonrnnn." /E. A. Wyller, Der spte Platon, s. 98/
Vuena xoia cy ce y nonecrn nnoconie pasnniana nacynpor nneannsmy, xao mro cy
emnnpnsam nnn marepniannsam, ne croie npema nnococxom nneannsmy xao nemro mro ce
nocmarpa xao cmprnn nenpniare. Tome ie naion cnenox cam Hnaron, xoin y cnoinm
nnianosnma, cmarpaiyhn na nponahenn npnronopn nonpnnoce oem carnenanany camnx
crnapn, nymra cynpocranennm nonmannma na ce cnoonno ncxaxy n rnme omoryhe
ynohene y nnianexrnuxy cnryanniy mnmena. Komnerennnia naxena npnronopa xoin
101
nacroie na noniaiy cranonnmra nneia, cacroin ce y aprymenrannin xoia cnoiom cnarom
ycnonana crenen npnxnarnnocrn nnn onannnana, orxnanaiyhn rnme nonyncxe cymne n
yunpmhanaiyhn ynnne xoin cy meponannnin n ncnpannnin, c osnpom na cnnma ornopena
remena nnrana. He nocroin camo cnnunocr nsmehy noiennnaunor n nneie, nero naxn n
opnyro; na ce noiennnaunn nsrnen n einoc iennaue no nocpenonana y ecxpai. Hneia ie ooie
y iennom n ncrom, na ona ne moxe na yne noimena ns nexor naror n nosnaror nha, nno
na ie ono nyma, nam xnnor, mnmene, cnecr nnn npnpona. Fnncrnonane ne moxe na ce
pasyme ns nno uera npyror cem nera camor, a ro ncro naxn sa nneie xoie cy came
nncrnonane, ynyhn na ce ro noxasyie ns nnma camnm cnoicrnene cymrnne. Axo ie cner yma
nemro mro camo npnnnnno npnnana crnapnocrn cnaxonnennne, on cnaxaxo nnie "npn pynn n
y norneny". Axo nneie nocroie came sa cee, one ne nocroie y onnocy npema nama, rnpnn
nnianomxn nnx Hapmennn y ncronmenom nnianory, na npnnanaiy ienna npyroi, no ne n nama
n namem nonpyuiy anena. Ciai npyror raxo nma ynenxa y npncyrnocrn nneie, mana camnm
rnme y neno noiannnane cnana n moryhnocr nonpnmana napnnnx nsrnena (Hap+.,133
e
-
134
a
).
O nnxonoi nonesanocrn, cynpocranannma n cnoinnocrnma xao ynnny y xnny
ncnpennerenocr nyrem mohn pasnarana, pacranana n cnaiana xao ycnocranana xonrexcra
n canpxaia, crapa ce nnianexrnxa raxo mro re canpxaie pasymena. Hononom nnrana o
cynncnocrn Hnaronone npaxrnuxe nnoconie y pasmarpannma nonnrnuxnx nnrana, Xeren
ie neoma neno onncao npano snauene neronor nneannsma:
"Beunn cner xao y cen naxenn or iecre crnapnocr, ne crnapnocr c one
crpane, ne na onome cnery, neh canamnn crnapnn cner, nocmarpan y neronoi
ncrnnnrocrn, ne onaxo xaxo ce on noxasyie uynnma onora xo cnyma, rnena nrn. Axo na
rai naunn nocmarpamo canpxnny Hnaronone nneie, noxasahe ce na ie Hnaron y crnapn
npencranno rpuxn mopan npema neronoi cyncrannniannoi opmn...Hnxo nnie y crany
na npecxoun cnoie noa, nyx neronor npemena iecre raxohe neron nyx, ann pann ce o
rome na ce rai nyx casna c osnpom na nerony canpxnny." /Xeren, Hcm. du). II, npen.
crp. 224-225/
Berona ie npncyrnocr camnm rnm napounra, n pyxa xoia n xrena na ra noxnarn, mopana
n na yne ocnocoena sa nonnp ca nsnopnom crnapnomhy, a nornen raxo nonemen na
nononn y moryhnocr nnhena n npenosnanana. Hocroie rnphena xaxo cy ro nemoryhn saxrenn,
na ce oryn saxyuyie necynncnocr npernocranxn. Hneinn xopnsam nnn onnoienocr nneia on
emnnpnicxor xapaxrepa cxnarana, a c rnme n saxyunnana "ca /rnpnor/ yspoxa na /rnpny/
nocnennny" xao neh ynanpen sapoena napannrma orpannuennma snpanor pasyma xao iom
nenpenosnare nannnocrn cnecrn, sanpano ie nonpnnnuno nom aprymenr nacrao ns xopnsonra
npencrannor mnmena xoie samnma nparmarnuny exonomniy ncxasnnana xao ynanpen
cneneny na ycxo pannonanncrnuxe oxnnpe, a ro he pehn nayuno-yrannrapncrnuxe n
rexnnuxo-oneparnnne xareropnianne nnmensnie mnmena. Cnoienpcno paspemene one
ymemanocrn rexnnxe y nperepanom onmy y nonecnn xnnor, npe cnera saxrena cxnnane
unnn xoie nac oncenaiy canamnomhy, ri. na ce ocnoonnmo npncyrnnx crnapn xoie y
nnxonom rorannrery nnenrnnxyiemo c iennnom crnapnomhy. To ie moryhe sa mnmene
xoie nne nanpen n xoie rnena npema onom mro nam ce npnnnxana xao son cymrnne
nnenrnrera uonexone ersncrennnie, neronor nyxa n nncrnonana.
Hpernocranxa xoia y sayunnany nasna saxrena cnoiy cynpornocr n nexor rpeher xao
nocpennnxa, re nsmehy raxo opmnpana rpn unana iom nna nocpenyiyha n raxo y nenornen,
sanpano ie nayuno-rexnnuxa npernocranxa ynohena nemrauxor pacrepa y ono mro ie camo no
cen ycxnannno n carnacno. Onaxan npnronop neh ie ynanpen nennncao nornuxn oxnnp y
xom ce nneia noianyie iennno na opmannsonan nonpmnncxn naunn, re ce no npernocrannn
ymecro nynncxor cmncna n oyxnarnocrn ncnoana xao cyporar. Tai aprymenr ce rexnnuxo-
repmnnonomxn nasnna "rpehn uonex" n npnn ra ie ynorpeno /a moxna n cmncnno/ concra
102
Honnxcen, a on nera cy ra npeysenn Hnaron n Apncroren. Einoc ie rnme saryen xao
iennncrno, a rnme n neron nnenrnrer, iep ce nneia nenn y ecxonaunocr, ryehn rnme
xapaxrep iemcrna nncrnenocrn.
121
Hpncycrno onora mro iecre y peunma neoma ie napnno,
yxonnxo nnie nornuxn aprnxynncano, na xao mro nn mncao ne moxemo uynno na younmo n
cmecrnmo y nsnuxe mepe npocropnocrn, raxo n cymracrnena oenexia ncrnnnrocrn y
peunma ne mory na yny nara onunnm nocroianem peun xao noiane. Henoe xoie cnene ns
ocamocraene nonpmxe rsn. "uncror ynnna" nacranor ns nenocpennocrn, nncy nnmano
sanemapnne, ynyhn na ie ro connncncrnuxn ncnxonornsam nocenocrn xoin ce npnxasyie y
excxnysnnnsmy namernnor menypena y onronomxoi cnoonn, nanme cnexraxynapnoi,
nsmehyhoi moryhnocrn, na ra cynosnnnonncana cnexraxynapnocr ynyhyie na mynpocr xoia
nanaxe nnxono cranane y sarpane. Onycraiane on neponana y raunocr n nsnecnocr
nenocpennnx ynnna, y xoiem ce neponany xpnie npernocranxa anconyrne xomnerennnie re
casnaine nenocpennocrn, omoryhana nam ynyhnnane npema onome, mro n y nnsy ycresana
npen nocpenonanem xoie snaun onmrene, omoryhnno nsnopnnin ynnn. Onmrene xao
npoxnmane crnapn n neno nmenonane roxom nocpenonana xao xpuena nyra, noraha ce xao
xperane npema ncrnnn, rne ncxoncxn snauai nmunmhana nsnopnocr no ncnpannor ynnhana
xao nonpmena nnn nanaxena y cnpcn.
Jenan on naunna na ce npoxpun nyr npema roi nsnopnocrn iom ie on Xerena nosnar xao
nyr ncropnorpacxor noimonnor nocpenonana, xpos onnc nnococxe cnryannie n
snauainnx cranona mncnnnana npomnocrn. Jenna npennocr Xerenonor npncryna onoi remn
ornena ce y oxnnanany pasymenana sa rsn. "anconyrnn xpnrepniym" nocmarpana crnapn,
ynyhn na ie cacnnm nopo ycnenao na mnmonhe ncropnnncrnuxe penarnnnsannie y nnny rsn.
muno)oeuia oorue+aeana ns xoinx cnene rsn. ooiermueue npeocmaee ycnonene npemenom,
enoxannnm emnnpnicxnm nnn cnoamnnm oxnnpnma mnmena. V nonnosn raxnor
(nnneapno-caniaiyher, iep remxo na moxe na ce nmenyie rexyhnm nnn nynnnnm) nonmana
npemena xao "oiexrnnnsonana enoxe" y xoioi ce xnnn, nanase ce nonynrapnsannie cnecrn no
nponsnonocrn, na nonornsam n ncnxonornsannia npennanyiy came enomene, raxo na cy
necnecna yunranana n samene, xao npoiexnnie, nensexne. Cama ycnonenocr enoxom y

121
Vnopenn - Beaumker, C.: ber den Sophisten Polyxenos, "Rheinisches Museum fr Philologie", V. 34, 1879,
s. 64-83. Apxernncxn onnnn npnonrnocrn xao nneie xoie cy ysopn n nauena cnera mro iecre,
cynpamenrannor cy xapaxrepa iep rpaiy n nan opmannsannie ncxycrna cnecrn na cnnxy nnn npencrany
crnapn y penannonnmyhnm cxemarnsmnma. Po nnx cnrypno nnie moryhe nonpern npencranauxnm
mnmenem, na nn neronnm ananorniama, ann ro ne snaun nn na cy one y rnm nponecnma neyuecrnyiyhe. V
cnncy O ieouo+ ueoaeuo nooueuvmo+ mouv v du)ocoduiu (1796), Kanr ie ynpano npema onom Hnarononom
cranonnmry, onenyiyhn ra xao sanecenauxy cnyrny naruynnor noxasao npesnp, cmarpaiyhn na Huc+a n
nncy nerona /mro ie n nnonomxnm anannsama noxasano xao nerauno/: Onai xohe, ocnm uernpn crnapn
npnnanne casnany nmena npenmera, onnca, npnxasa n nayxe iom n ienny nery (nern rouax na xonnma),
nanme cam npenmer n nerono ncrnncxo nncrno. -Ty nenpomennny cymrnny xoia ce moxe onncarn camo y
nymn n nomohy nyme, a y onoi ce, xao on xaxne npnnne, cama on cee nann cnernocr, on ie (ersanrnpann
nnoso) nanonno noxnarno...Ko onne ne n nnneo mncrarora xoin ce ne sanocn camo sa cee, nero ie yienno
xnyam, n xoin ce, ronopehn cnoinm anenrnma, nacynpor napony (non xoinm ce nonpasymenaiy cnn
nenocnehenn), npann omen cnoiom rooxnom nnosoniom! /npen. P. Facra y unnosocxn ronnmnax,
3/1990, crp.279/ C osnpom na xonnunny ncnoene nnnnunocrn, sancra ie rom nenyxnom nncmy xoie
cnenoun o rnpannin n nonnauene nope nyme y ynyrpamny xner ncxpe y cpny, npnnncana ronnxy
nenpnnnuny ocyny na ropnocr orarcrnom npasnnne y opmannnm neoama noimona sancra npencrana
onacnocr on ymxonanana yma cne no neronor napanncana, a mro oner yxasyie na ro na Xeren y cnoioi
onenn Kanrone nnoconie n nnie es norpee nspasno ouaiane n nonnmen ron: H ro mnahene npasne
cname, n ro one cname onune nornxe y xoioi nema nn iennor iennnor spna nmennne, ro rpea na snaun
nnosonpane! Crnap croin xao ca Hcamapom, marapnem xpyrnx nory xoin ce nnie morao nn mahn c
mecra...mehyrnm, pann uacrn npane cxpymenocrn ne cme ce ocrarn y cnoioi nnmrannocrn, neh ce mopamo
ysnnhn nsnan ne nonmaiyhn ce onora mro ie oxancxo. /I.B.I. Xeren, Hcmopuia du)o;oduie III, Feorpan,
1983., npen. H. Hononnh, crp. 457/

103
xoioi xnnn ne moxe na onpenn mncnnona na rai naunn na ie nasna y xpyronnma nennx
nyxnocrn, neh na ie ra ycnonenocr mane nnn nnme noncrnnaino n nnonno rno
ocmnmanana cnera mro iecre n nna. Cnaxaxo, ro ie ona moryhnocr xoia ce npyxa y
rpannnama pacra y nyxy npemena, y xoinma cy moryha excrarnuna ncrynana. Ocnoahane on
nnx omoryhana nsnopnnie nonnpe ca crnapnomhy, a onn ynyhyiy na cam enomen yma xao
raxnor, xao n na nerony nsnopny onronomxy nncnosnnniy, mro snaun xpos ynexanana y
nonmany penona nennunna y nnoconin, xao ycmepenor npoyuanana crnapn. Ionop o
nouerxy rnme ie nemnnonno ronop xoin npenpasymena ymno cranonnmre, ynyhn na ie cam ym
uonexy casnarnn onna, xana cam uonex mncnn nnn noxymana na ce pasaepe y mncnnma.
Cnaxaxo na mnmene mopa na yne yrnpheno y oyuenocrn, na ono mro ocmnmana ne yne
nonnoxno pacnpmenocrn n ecnnnocrn -
"Koi on :o ooi :r xoi v\v xoi ori n:ouurvov xoi ori oooouurvov, :i :o ov"
(Jom on crapnne xao n cana n nasna sa rparane ie n nasna nenpoxonno, mra ie
nncrnyiyhe) / Ar. Metaphysica, VI, 1. 1028
b
/
- ono mro iecre nsnasn nam xpos opasonane crpyxrypa nonmana crnapn.
Ono no uera ce y nyxy crnrno (ncxasano nnn nencxasano y iannocrn), moxe nocpenno na
yrnue na norahana y yncxnm saiennnnama, ann ne moxe camnm rnme saiennnne n na
onpehyie, na uecro nn na nx ycmepana.
122
V nna sannuaia nacranen ie uonex, npema npennom
npenany, a rex nennna nnnnnor n nennnnnor moxe na yxaxe na npany ncrnny.
123
Ta
nencraxnyra nennna nha xoia nonpasymena cnoi apxeicxn nornuxn onnc, xoia ie nrexaxo ie
npncyrna y mncaonoi ncropnin. Ona ie onro-enomenonomxn onnxonan noiam, n rnme ie on
nspasnror snauaia sa npenasnnaxene nnacrnrnx rpannna nenocpennocrn ynnna, xao n
oiexrnnno-nayunnx reopnia xoie cy saopannne npenycnon nnacrnre xomnerennnie naxena
ncxasa ("meransnxa peannrera" xao noron oiexrnnnsannia xonsepnarnnnnx xnnocrasnpana
npoceunnx ynnna, xao n "meransnxa cyiexrnnnrera" y cmncny eronarnunnx camo-
nonmemrana nohnna na ncrnny, xoia ce ne ocnerana n ne npocniana, nero "neorpannueno
xpenpa"). Fynyhn na cmncao cyiexrnnnocrn nounne on Coxparonor ycnaiana sanonecrn
"cnosnai camor cee", cne no Hnarononor "camoonnoceher ce snana" n Apncrorenone
"npnrymene cyiexrnnnocrn" y cnncy o nymn, y noi naa younrn anpmarnnnn n
nerarnnncrnuxn nnan. V anpmarnnnom pasymenane ce xpehe onronomxn xomnerenrnnm
npannnma, sanasehn y nynne anrnuxor cxnarana cyiexrnnnocrn, xoie nounne on
Anonononor nanora y xpamy y Pennma - "nosnai camor cee". Hpncnaianem n
npeopahanem ror oxancxor nanora y saxren sa cnecnnm n onronopnnm nohenem xnnora,

122
Hon Haropn nx ie nnneo xao nnococxn nsym, re ie ca nehnm xapom on yonuaienor yxasnnao na
nnmensniy nnianexrnxe mncaonnx cnryannia: "Sieht man auch vo denen ganz ab, welchen die
schriftstellerische Form alles, der Stoff nur diened ist, so mgen doch auch, was diesen betrifft, machen die
ethischen und socialpdagogischen Aufstellungen Platos fr unsere Zeit wichtiger und anteilswrdiger
erscheinen als das, was den Gegenstand dieser Darstellung fast ausschlielich bildet: die Dialektik." / Paul
Natorp, Platons Ideenlehre, Eine Einfhrung in die Idealismus, Leipzig; Verlag von Felix Meiner, 1921. -
Vorwort zur ersten Aufgabe, Marburg, s.X, 1902./ To ie moryhe noxymenronarn nacaxom ns Hnarononor
nnianora upraea, y xom on ncnocrana n nnococxn saxren, a ro ie na ce: ...nne nanpen ne cnaehn cnoi
nanop n ne onanyiyhn cnoiy xynny cne nox npnpony onor mro iecre cnaxa crnap no cen, cnoiom nymom ne
cxnarn n y noi xao raxnoi cynenyie xao y onom mro ie noi cponno. Hocrnxyhn raxo nncxocr n snpyxenocr
ca nncrnyiyhnm(crnapnnm) nrniem, ncronpemeno nocrnxe na ce ponn ym n ncrnna, nocnena no casnana,
ncrnncxor xnnena n ysnnsana... (Hn. upraea, 490b-c).

123
V iennoi nenoi cnnnn ns cnoie Fnexnnne, Berom ie sanncao: uoniex ie ymno spno, auen y npospauny
pasny npemena, no ecmprnocr nerony caspnienaiy npyrora cynna nyue /H.H.Berom, Fnexnnna,
Feorpan-Hernne: Hcropnicxn nncrnryr, 1956., crp. 139/ Ha naxnocr cmncna camonosnana, nonyme ne ca
onaxo ysnnmennm naoiem necnnuxor xasnnana xao Bnannxa Pane, cxpenyo ie y anannsn nexoinx naxnnx
mecra anrnuxe nnoconie, y nonnie npeme naxny, r. Foroy Bniaxonnh: Xep+ecoea rpu)a, -
Anrpononomxn cmncao camonosnana, Feorpan, 1994., crp. 174, 175.

104
xoin ce ornena y onnocy npema nymn nnn uonexonom ynyrpamnem nhy, xon Hnarona ie on
npennien y oxperane on nsnuxnx narocrn xa onaxannma crnapn y xoncrpyxrnnnnm
noimonnma. Camonocmarpane n camoncnnrnnane ycranonanaiy n crpyxrype
camoonnomena, crpyxrype concrna nnn camocnecrn, xoie cy ncraxnyre iom y panom
Hnarononom nnianory Xap+uo:
"3naun, pasopnr uonex he iennnn nosnanarn camor cee n nrn cnocoan na npocynn
mra sna a mra ne sna, n ncro raxo he mohn na nnnn mra ocrann snaiy, mncne na snaiy n
snaiy sancra, nnn mra mncne na snaiy, a ne snaiy."/ma+o, 167
a
/.
V pasnoiy nnianora ro uyneno "snane o nesnany" xao axpemarncrnuxa nonnora
mnmeny n "nennxo nopo" snanauxor xnnena, nonymra na ce ")arue v:u u oa +v ie cee
iacuuie, noumo v; cee umo v:u e)eoa mo ;uane"/ma+o, 172
b-c
/, raxo na ie ro "camoonnocehe
ce snane" /rio:nunc rou:nc/, na xome ie Hnaron sacnonao rsn. "reopniy nneia" nsnaxyhn ie
n nonn/c/rnuxnm cpencrnnma pasymenana. Pnianosn xoie ie nncao cacranann cy
ncnocrananem nsnopnnx npernocranxn ncrpaxnnana, xpos nocrynax xoin ie nnma
caopaxen y cmncny "ycnpanana" onora y ronopy xasnnanor xao meponannor sacnnnana
eineronornxe nnn nornxe npnmepene nneinocrn.
124
Hnaronon nnianor, nnxao na remenma
naionx oenexia Coxparonor npncrynana npenmernma nsyuanana n mnrocom nsrpahene
npamaryprnie (Hnaronon "nonmnahenn" n "nonenmann" Coxpar), nsnoxno ie moryhnocr na ce
on camor cee nonono nayun, xao cnoienpcna ocnocoo+euocm xoiom ce yuecrnyie na
ncrpaxnnany, raxo na onai xoin ro moxe cam nonana nsnopna xperana ycxnahnnana ca
ncnocranennm enomennma, nnn - ooeoeapa /Meuou, 75F/. uyneno "snane o nesnany" xao
axpemarncrnuxa nonnora mnmeny n "nennxo nopo" snanauxor xnnena, nonymra na ie ro
xao "camoonnocehe ce snane" /rio:nunc rou:nc/ npnrom ie ounrnenno n ono, xoie ie nae
pasnniao Apncroren y cnncy O ovuu n Memadu;ura /XII/, xao neeronomxy napannrmy
"npnrymene cyiexrnnnocrn", anaiyhn c rnme n nonparno cnerno na samncao reopnie nneia.

124
Xycepn ie o Hnarononoi nnoconin nmao nsyserno nncoxo mnmene: "Platon ist auch der Schpfer des
philosophischen Problems und der Wissenschaft von der Methode; nmlich der Methode, die im Wessen der
Erkenntnis selbst angelegte oberste Zweckidee der "Philosophie" systematisch zu verwirklichen ... Es deutet sich
schon mit der Platonischen Dialektik, diesem Anfang einer neuen Epoche, an, das eine Philosophie dieses
hheren und echten Sinnes nur mglich ist auf Grund prinzipieller Voruntersuchungen der Bedingungen der
Mglichkeit einer Philosophie." (Hnaron ie iom n rnopan nnococxe nponemarnxe n nayxe o meronn;
cnaxaxo meronn, na y cymrnnn casnana camor nsnoxn nainnmy nneiny cnpxy nnoconie cncremarcxom
ocrnapnnany...To ce camo neno nnnn y nnaronnuxoi nnianexrnnn, rom nouerxy ienne none enoxe, na rome, na
ie moryha ienna nnoconia onor ysnnmenor n npanor cmncna na remey npnnnnnniennor
npenncrpaxnnana crnaponnrocrn moryhnocrn ienne nnoconie)/E. Husserl, Erste Philosophie, u
Husserliana Bd. 1, s.13/ Onaxno sacnonano ornapane moryhnocrn ocrnapnnana npannx casnana n
ycrpoianane nnococxe nayxe nyrem nnx, no Xycepnonom nnheny nyryie cnoiy meponannocr nainyem
pasymenany Coxparonor maieyrnuxor nauena:"... im Geiste einer intuitiven Wesensklrung und der evidenten
Herausstellung ihrer generallen Wesensnormen; und endlich dadurch, das er sich mit allen Krften bemht, auf
Grund solcher prinzipiellen Einichten echte Wissenschaft selbst auf die Bahn zu bringen."(...y nyxy iennor
nnrynrnnnor noiamnanana cymrnne n ennnenrnnm ycnocrananem neronnx renepannnx nopmn cymrnne; n
iom na xpaiy mrannme, ro ie ono nomemano ca npyrnm cnnama, na remey nononor nauennor yiennnena
came npane nayxe nonero na nyr.), ibidem,Husserliana, Hag, 1956, s. 12/ Hans J. Kremer xao na ce na onaxno
mnmene nenocpenno nanonesao y crynnin Arete roo H)amoua u Apucmome)a: "...fr die Dialoge die grosse
Reduktion von oft zusammenhangslos verstreuten Einzellehren auf ein esoterisch gehaltenes Systemgebaude
mglich geworden. Die vielerei Gegenstandbereiche der spteren platonischen Schriften: Charakterologie und
"Ethik", Vermittlungstheorie, Technologie und Naturlehre schiessen in einer gemeinsamen Seinsstruktur
zusammen und werden auf die arhai hin ontologisch transparent." Krmer, H.J., Arete bei Platon und Aristoteles,
Tbingen, 1959., s. 259/. Hauenno ce cnaxyhn ca resom na ie y nosannnn Hnarononor mnmena craiao ienan
nnrepec nsnopnor nonecno npareher noxyunnana onronomxe nponemarnxe ncrnncrnonana, xao rsn. arche-
nponemarnxa no xoioi cy nenncana yuena y nesn ca reopniom nneia nspaxenom na enemenrapnnm
npenmernocrnma, npxnmo na ie ona xao enomenonomxn `peannnia` nanac nanexo npnxnarnnnia nero
pannie.

105
Hneie nmaiy came na cen cenxy npyror n rex xpos nnxono npennnrane npoceiana npann ciai
ncrnne. Hs iennncrnenor cpennmra nennne nncrna, xpos nnianexrnuxo ynyhnnane, y nynom
pasymenany coxparoncxe maieyrnxe pahaiy ce noimonn nnn sacnnnaiy nsnopnn ynnnn xao
ocnonn naynn. Hs narpe nymenne xynne sa ncrnncrnonanem nocrnsanana snana saycranaiy
rox cranno-crpyiehnx mnenana, omoryhanaiy sacroie ns xoinx ie crnapn moryhe nocmarparn n
ns opnyror cmepa, re ocnocoanaiy sa nnrana xoia npenasnnase xapaxrep nanana
yonuaiennx onronopa. Onnnn nnana nnn noiane y oxnnpnma uynne npenmernocrn nonaxo
nounny na cnae y cnom npnponnom npnrncxy na mnmene, re rpne nsmene n oneny
nnnnocrn n npnnnnnocrn xapaxrepa nocroiana. Tana nocraie naxno ono mro ie npnonrnnie
on npnponnnx nannxa n onuainnx cnnxnocrn.
Kynrypno-ncropnicxn nocmarpano cranonnmre yuena o nneiama pasnnunro ie
onennnano n npnxnarano. Konnxo ron na ce oncrpannnano, oner ie na npyrn naunn
nporonapao nnn apem nponiao rpar neonxonnocrn, xana ie ncrnnoynnocr sanonoanana,
ns nosannne mncaonor iennncrna. 3a pasnnxy on npanna Enmynna Xycepna, xoin ie y rparany
sa crporom nayxom n rpancnennenrannom npnponom nornxe sacnonao eineronornxy na
Pexapronnm mennranniama o npnoi nnoconin, re cnopy oxo nneia xon emnnpncra (Xiym,
Hox, Fapxnn) n pannonanncra (Pexapr, Cnnnosa, Hainnn), ncnnrnnannm n canniannm xpos
nomere Kanronor rpancnennenrannsma no ynopnmra y speny cymracrna xao enoxannocrn
noeronomxe ennnennnie, - naa xpenyrn n npyrnm, apxeonomxnm npannem pasmarpana
nneinocrn y nacraiany, y spenoi anrnuxoi nnoconnin n nosnoanrnuxnm pasrpannuennma.
"Hneanno-rnncxe xoncrpyxnnie" anrnuxor rpahannna cy nosnare ns noa pomanrnsma.
Mehyrnm, remxo na mory na ce onpxe nehnna monepnnx nponennnana y nponsnonocrn
nanpehnnana ca nexom cnoiom rooxnom "nononexonnom cnoonom" crapnma, pycooncxn
nacrynaiyhn ca rsn. "uncrom n cnoonnom cyiexrnnnomhy". V raxnnm noxymainma cxpnnena
ie samxa neh npnnpemenor oxnnpa mra ro nma na snaun, iep nenoxynan cnmynaxpym nounna
na neh ynanpen nonemenom cmncny cnonranocrn n cnera onor mro n nanonno naano na ra
nparn. Pa ro nncy rex npasnn nspasn, neh cnnan rpyn oxo nemapxannie xoia nonpasymena
saonnaxena cnopnor noima ayrenrnunocrn nyrem monepnnx crepeornna n xpnnarnna
xynrypno-ncropnicxnx penarnnnsannia, nexa nam nocnyxn noxymenrannia na xoioi nounnaiy
cacnnm nopo cauynane anrnuxe rparennie n xomennie. Penarnnnsonann canpxain cy sanpano
am onai noxenn nononexonnn esnan y xome uecro npea onacnocr pasmernnocrn n
neyremeenocrn, na n npema nnma xoncrpyncano "camoonnocehe snane" morno xao
camopaspemanaiyha ce nnn anconyrna cyiexrnnnocr na noxaxe y camoi merponarnunocrn
nexoncryxrnnncrnuxor nocrynxa xonnunny npemohn y nnmanany on crapnx npnponnnx
ynyhnnana n camoonpehnnana.
Ona nncnapannia nnie nemro nxcnpaiyhe n y noi cy camo nsomrpene pasnnxe xoie
yxasyiy na cymrnny. Ho neronom ynnny y oprannsannin connierera rocnonap ie rocnonap
camo npexo ysaiamne cynpornocrn rocnoncrna n poncrna, xao mro ie ro, yocranom, n po, ann
ne xao raxan n nanpocro. C rnme cnenn na axo ce ysnmaiy nneie xao uncre cymrnne no cen,
rana nonasn no nornynor pacnena noemarcxe n uynne cepe, es nxaxne moryhnocrn yrnnaia:
"Hsmehy camnx cee, xaxem, ca cymracrnenocrnma xao mro cy one came, nmaiy
onnoce one cymracrnenocrn onosro, a namn npenmern nmaiy, cnnuno rome, camo
nsmehy cee cnoie onnoce."/ Pl. Parm., 133
e
-134
a

V cnoioi crynnin o onronornunocrn nnoconie npana Hasap Bpxarnh ie youno n nennny
onronomxor nouerxa y Hnarononoi nnoconin, xoiy ie xpos uoeiv ooopa caxnmao y uernpn
momenra: "...npno, nneia nopa iecre, ona iecre, n saro mro iecre ce casnaie, iep nhe iecre n
ono ce casnaie. Ppyro, nneia nopa npenmernma cnosnaie naie ncrnny, mro he pehn na ie ona
cymrnna nha n cne mro iecr ie no noi, re ce nhe ncnpnyie y nnein nopa. Tpehe, nneia
nopa naie cnoconocr casnanana, moh cnosnaie uonexa ie no nnein nopa, n nnie ro nexn
cnyuaian nap npnpone, neh ocnonna moryhnocr cnoone, iep mra ie nneia nopa nero
106
cyncrannnianna cnoona. uernpro, nneia nopa ie nemro nnme nero ncrnna nha n moh
cnosnaie. Pann ce o rome na nhe n cnosnaia nncy xon Hnarona nna enrnrera, nero ie ro
ncxoncxn ienno. Ha rom mecry ie Hnaron ycneo, snaun y camom ocnony cnoie nnosonie, na
pasnnie coxparoncxo cranonnmre n ro na nornyno neonuan naunn: na ra npnnonn na
cyncrannnianny cnoony. 3aro moxemo pehn na ie nnenrnrer cyncrannnianne n cyiexrnnne
cnoone cna nerona nnosonia"
125
Ona ne am nonynapna nnrepnperannia y monepnom
nnosocxom nncxypcy, npernocrana npahane Hnarononnx nneia y canpemenn nnococxn
nncxypc, ann y sanocy raxohe nnrnpa n onpannanocr samncnn pexynepannie cyiexrnnnor
cyncrannniannrera nnn cranonnmra nononexonne meransnxe cyiexrnnnocrn. Fes raxnor
sacrpannnana, rpesnena nponena canpemennx moryhnocrn nsrnenana n am onaxo xaxo ie
naie np Mnnan Vsenan y cnoinm pasmarpannma nocrxnacnunor mnmena: Tpannnnonannn
noimonnn peun xoinma ce osnauanano oe, cnoonno npymrno, nanac cy es nxaxnor
snauaia. V mehynpemeny, n nneie xoie cy craiane nsa nnx, nonne cy nerarnnny xonoranniy;
cnemn mro ce yunnn neynxnnonannnm y cepn mannnynannie npnnncyie ce ernxera
xomynnsma, nnn omennsma a camo c iennom nanexocexnom namepom: na ce y ynyhnocrn
onpanna npyra ncropnicxa crpana unie ce merone neh ynennxo npeysnmaiy.
Crapn noimonn, npemenom npenenenn y npasne ancrpaxnnie, ne mory nnme na caonmre
mra cy uonex n crnapn nanac, nnrn mra uonex n crnapn mory nrn nnn rpea na yny. Te
peun cy nsrynne nenocpenny nesy ca npenmernma, one nnme ne yxasyiy nn na mra, one cy
nocrane npasnn noimonn, enemenrn noxonnx iesnuxnx nrapa. Hnie crora nnmano cnyuaino
mro ie ynpano anannrnuxa nnosonia (rnymehn nneonomxy neyrpannocr) neryiyhn iesnuxe
nrpe nocrana rnoanna mona. Hcronpemeno, rn rpannnnonannn noimonn n nae npnnanaiy
iesnxy xoin ie iom ynex iesnx 'npenrexnonomxor n npenrorannrapnor noa.
126

Hpnnnnn cmncna onnoca nonnca n noiennnna, npxane n nonannxa, noxasao n ce
nainpe y cepn cmncna snana xao snana cymrnne ncrnne nnn ncrnne no cen:

125
H. Bpxarnh, Oumo)oeuicru cmae du)o;oduie npaea, H. Can, 1997., crp. 111-112
126
Mnnan Vsenan, Hocmr)acu:ua ecmemura, Bpman, 2004., crp. 10. Pa ce rai cxannan neh onanno nnie
ocrnapno xao npnnpemen y nyxy napona Jyroncroune Enpone, sap n mnpne nyme nno moryhe
nncncrnpane na mncaonoi cnecrn xoia ce ocnana na Xerenon craryc nonmana penexcnie y cen, xao
nonaxene na nouerax y nnoconin, saienno ca cacrananem nonnnnicxe ernxe xao npnpyunnxa sa mopan
nonnnaiana. Xnnoxpnsnia ce, nsmehy ocranor, cacroin n y rome, mro ie raxnom nonyxnary na nsmaxy
nperxonnor croneha, naano na npenxonn nncane n oiannnane apem iennor ynennxa sa ernunocr
nonnrnuapa, unie ie ernuxn cxpos nacxpos cymnnne onnyxe nonnnnia camo cnpononnna. Vronnxo ie cacnnm
peanna n onena mra nam ce nynnno n iom n nae nynn, no xo sna xoinx npemena n xaxnnx iom cacnnm
ynpexennx n onaxo opnahyiyhnx crpannyrnna: Haxon xpaine opnrnnannnx ncxycrana xao n nexnnia xoie
nam ie onpxano 20. cronehe ynn cy nocrann nomano ymopnn on cnaxe ncrnne nonnrnuxe, xao n
ymernnuxe. Moxna nenom crora mro ie cne nnaheno no nanexo nehoi nenn on namnx nnarexnnx moryhnocrn
a moxna n crora mro uax n onn xoin ce nanonno ane npomnmanem npnpone n cynnne ymernocrn, ne
cxnaraiy sanarax npen xoinm cy ce namnn nonono osnno, neponarno, xnnehn y nexoi nonoi a naxnoi
nann xaxo he nx nexn cpehan cnyuai onnecrn neh y napennom uacy na ony crpany rne nehe moparn nn o uem
na onnyuyiy. Heonronopnocr ie onaxa n sapasna onecr; nseranane cnaxe onronopnocrn n sanarane sa
nocrmonepnnsam nen ie cnmnrom n samrnrnn snax, naronemrai na namem nany y nenpecniy nyro nehe nrn
nexa nn y 21. cronehy...Hacroiane na ce ymernocr ocrnapnnraxo mro he nocrarn crnapnocr nnie nnme camo
reopnicxn npoiexar; ono ie nonno n cnoiy xonxperny opmy. Hnrepnperannie parona nohennx xpaiem 20. n
nouerxom 21. croneha ro nennocmncneno noxasyiy n nnie cnyuaino mro ie omapnonane Cpnie neo cner
noxnnanao xao nainehn nocrmonepnncrnuxn npoiexar y xoiem nonasn no nainnmer nspasa cnnresa cnercxor
anheocxor mnnocpha n renniannor yma Fnna Ieirca (xoin ie c npanom ncrnnao cnoie uenpoue+uee ;ac)vee ;a
vcneuuocm vouiana cpncroe cmauoeuuumea)...Vnpaeo cmoea u;pa; no)umu:ra ymernocr ie ancypnan ann ne
n nnmen cnaxor cmncna; axo nn nanac ymernocr cama no cen ne moxe nocrnhn rai npeopaxai npymrna, iep
rome n ne cmepa, ynyhn na na rome pane nexa npyra nha, ymernocr n nnax morna na ocnoonn
censnnnnocr sa nsrpanny nonor cnera; nonor y cmncny opvea:uiee; iep, neonxonnn cy nonn noimonn: ro
mro nexn reopernuapn cmarpaiy na cnn mn iom ynex xnnnmo y npenncropnin, ro ie camo nocnennna
nnxonor onpehena ncropnie, a ncropnia ie sanouena onanno, npe cnnx nac. (ncro, crp.13-14, 16-17)
107
"Paxne, snane camo, cymrnna snana, iecre snane crnapnocrn no cen, cymracrna
ncrnne..." /Hap+euuo, 134
a
4-5/
Ha raxnom snany ynenenn pacnen nocraie cacnnm npenmerno ounrnenan - snane xoie
npnnana uonexonom oxpyxeny ie ono snane ncrnne xoie naxn sa nac, a xon nac moxe na yne
camo ona ncrnna xoia ce rnue noiennnaunor snana mro ce nasna onnocn na nexy onpeheny
crnap. Kaxo ce ne nocenyie snane y onmrocrn, nneino snane, npncyrnocr nncrnyiyher ie
npnnnnno n napnno. Hneie mory na yny casnare ns cymracrna snana, on nneinor snana,
ann raxna npncyrnocr ie moryhe na n ne npnnana yncxoi cepn oncranxa, na ce noraha camo
npnnnnno yuecrnonane y nemy:
"Paxne, ap mn ne casnaiemo nn ienny nneiy, ynyhn na ne cynenyiemo y snany xao
raxnom. unnn ce na ne. Paxne, mn ne moxemo na casnamo neno xao raxno y neronoi
cymrnnn, n nopo, n cne mro nonymramo na nasonemo nneiama xao raxnnm." /ucmo,
134
b-c
/
Hpann nornen, cnnonrnuxa yxynnocr momenara, ornapa ce ns ysaiamnocrn nnnamnxe ror
onnoca, ns enemenara xoin yxasyiy na cnnrernuxe moryhnocrn nonesnnana n pasnnaiana, na
camnm rnm nna n nanymreno cnaxo xpyro normarcxo pyxonane ca nneiama xao
pacnonoxnnnm opyhem sa cannananane onaxo nnn onaxo samnmenor nna. Hneia nopa ce,
rnme, mnmeny noianyie xao nemro mro ra omoryhana, mro ie neh nonycrnno ycrpoianane
ynanpen norahany, y nnnoxpyry nncrnonana. Ono Popo camo na rai naunn omoryhana
nneinocr xoia mnmeny ocnerana neron nncrnenn panr ocraiyhn y remey xao canpxainn
nocnnan n pyxononnnan y opnienrannin cnpam cnera mro iecre n nna. Mnmene ysnnrnyro
na onaxo nnhene nncrnene pannn pacnonoxnno ie sa nneie xao nncrnena nha (on onnx
nnuyhe-nenyiyhnx sa enomenonomxn ynnn, xao mro cy nneia xpenera nnn crona /o uemy
Hnaron mncnn y upraea, /596
b
/ onnx a fortiori, cne no onnx a priori xao nneie nopen
mnomrna nan cnnx apreaxrnuxnx npenmernocrn), a ro snaun mnmena cymrnna n onora
mro nx npenasnnasn. Cnennmnn /cnemy onocrpano oxancrno/ nsmnue nncxypsnnnom
nonmany n yonmranaiyhem nsnarany, a Hpoxno Pnianox, nacrannnx n rpannnnonannn
nacranau na xarenpn sa nnoconiy y Hnarononoi Axanemnin, na rpary onaxnnx
Hnarononnx npomnmana rnpnn:
"H xana n can rpaxno naunn xaxo nocroin oxancxo snane n oxancxa ncrnna, xoiy
oronn nmaiy o cnemy mro nocroin y nno xom onnxy, onna hem na nnnnm xaxo ie ona
nenspennna n necxnarnna sa yncxo nomnmane n snana ie rex oronnma camnm.
Bro ce mene rnue, uynnm ce na nma nnaronnuapa xoin ymy npnnncyiy casnanane cnnx
crnapn, uax n onor mro ie aromnsonano, npornn npnpone n, yonmre sno, n xoin sor
rora ycranonanaiy nocroiane ymnnx yspoxa sa raxne crnapn. Vronnxo ce nnme nnnnm
onnma xoin pasnnxyiy cnoicrnenocr yma on oxancxor iennncrna n xoin ymy npnnncyiy
cnoconocr onmrnx, npnnx n onnx ypoxa npema npnponn, a oronnma moh na cne
ypehyiy n crnapaiy. Jep ienno ie sancra cnyna, a onmrocr nnie, na uax n marepnia n cne
mro nocroin yuecrnyie y iennom, nox na ymnnm onnnnma n pononnma ne yuecrnyie
cne."/ Proc. Phil, Theol. Plat., I, 21/
Axo onai Hpoxnon ncxas cxnarnmo xao nosnn na nanymrane yma n nornpane rexne sa
pasymenanem, sacnrypno ra nncmo nopo cxnarnnn. Pnianexrnuap xoin ycnocrana
saxonomepnocr ann ce ca xroxic (= onnnranem, rxanem) xoie ie nanaxene cnoicrnennx
oenexia npenmernocrn npenmera y nnxonom npoxnmany, nox nm naie :o :o\ yrvouc ovouo
(npcna nmena, Kpamu), 394
e
), xao cnoienpcna nenarnocr npnonrnocrn nnxona y
nncrnonany nnn nnxona y npnponn xao cneyxynnocrn (Tu+ai, 83
b
8). V onaxnom onnnrany
crnapn xpos nanane nmena y nponyenniem carnenanany, nyma mncnehn rpnn orpannuena
xoia nonase on xapaxrepa nesnana. Pa ne n rnme orpannuena npomamnnana cmncao ona
naa na ce oyun y nsomrpenninm pasnnxonannma, ri. na ce opasyie sa nocmarpane
cymracrnenocrn ca-opasno nnxonoi npnponn. Mncnehn nnianexrnuxnm ymehem nyma
108
noxyuyie crnapn nocrnxyhn pacneranana ymom xpos pasymenane, a ro nam onncyie nnianor
Coducm y cmncny nocrnsanana einercxnx ynnna xao onaxmannx n ounmhennx, nspannarnx
n ncnpanennx ri. yunnennx iacnnm - yvoic oo0nc (nsnopnnia casnana xoia ce onnoce na
nosnanane "nainnmnx ponona" - ncro n pasnnunro, xperane n mnponane, ono mro iecre n
ono nenocroiehe). Opasonane mncaonor snana xao crnapnor snana, cernmo nn ce n nanora
sa ony uyneny "npyry nnonnny" ns 4eooua, y xoioi ce ncrnue snauai penexcnie sa mncaono
nocpenonane, iecre napounro rio:nun io:ooixnc, /noeecuo suane/, a ro ie onai canpxai
casnana y xoinma cy ona snanauxa. Hcropnicxa nayxa canpxana npernocranxe y xoinma cnaxa
erana nocrnrnyre sanpmenocrn casnanana moxe na ce nnnn n xao nonpmanane xpos
camonopnnane nenocpennocrn xao ono nanoxnaheno n nspannaro y npnnoheny nnacrnroi
cnpcn.
Vnnn xoin sna rexn na ce camepn cymracrny no ynyrpamnoi cponnocrn c nnm. Fnno
xaxna ynanpen oesehena "cnenpnponnocr" na rom nsnopnniem rny saxrena na yne
nanymrena, noxasyiyhn snauai nopacnocrn sa nera. Henocpenna ncnopyunnocr xao uynna
narocr xoia nne ys npenmere nmenonana, no npncryny xpos camo ianane casnana, nocraie
onpema ynyrpamne cnpxe casnanana xoiy ono ocrana sa coom. Morno n ce pehn na ie
ncxnrpena uax n xao "raunocr", ynyhn na xpnrnuan npncryn enomennsmy xao nenocpenno
ysernx "cnponnx" ennnennnia, orxpnna nennnr sanonoanaiyher onma nocmarpana n
npnxpahenocr ynnna y nenmunmhenocrn nnrepnperarnnne cnryannie. Kaxo ie nsnopna
norpea nyme na ncrnncrnyie noxymanaiyhn na noxyun ysaiamnocr n npnnannocr
ynyrpamner cnerna pasanpana ca ncrnnom, ona pasymom ne orxpnna camo cnoamne
onnxe cacrana crnapn, nero nm ynasn y ocnone xpos pasymenane onor mro re crnapn
omoryhana. V nymy rnme ncrnna ynasn xao nanonaxene n napacrane onor ncrnnnror y noi.
To ne snaun rex xrern, nero n nocrynarn, iep crnap nnaue nsmnue.
Cne yuene n npana yuenocr moryha ie na ocnony nnmensnie cehana xoia pasacrnpe pannn
ynnna (Hnaron, Meuou, 75D), c rnme na cy re pannn nopexnom ns nonpyuia nncrnonana xao
onor mro iecre, nnn on noi cnoicrnenor xapaxrepa onor mro ie ncrnnnro. Hneie cy y rom
norahany one xoie sacnerne n cxpehy naxny yma yoxnnpnnanem onnxa nncrnyiyher xao
iennocrannn canpxaonn crnapnocrn ounronane pacnonoxnnnm cnarama nyxa, xoin nx
npenosnaie xao nha onpehene pannn n ncxonnmra. Tnme ce naianyie moryhnocr ynopenor
yuecrnonana, neonnmrna nnn uynenor Hnarononor ur0ncic, npexo xor ce nonasn no
oooov xao mepe noysnanocrn, re ixovov xao mepe nononocrn, xoie ysnnxy npema
nannrnoi crnapnocrn Popa, mro camo coom cne ocnerana n omoryhana:
"A ia cam mncnno am na cynne xan cam ronopno o noromxy nopa xoier ie ono
crnopnno cnnunnm camom cen. Ono mro ie nopo y onacrn mncnn, ro ie y pernin
nnnnnor cynne, nacnpam nnna n nnnnnnx crnapn...Taxo n y crnapnma xoie ce rnuy
casnana, npncycrno ooopa ne naie iennno ro na yny casnare, nero ynpano ns nera
nponcxonn nnxono nncrnonane n nnxona cymrnna, a camo ooopo nnie cymrnna, nero
ce no ysnnmenocrn n mohn ysnnxe nsnan ne." (Hnaron, upraea, 508
c
-509
b
).
Cnaxa nneia nma na cen npnnnn npyre xpos xoiy cnia, a ro ie nsnopno ymcxa cnryannia
nnococxor mnmena, rne ie ciai cynpornocrn na npyrom sanpano nsrnen npyror na cen,
xoia ncxasyie onronomxy rexny na ce pasymena nopo xao ono mro npyxa cmncao
nncrnonany, crpmehn n npexo cymrnne, npexo ycnonornunocrn, nsnan came cymrnne. Tnme
ie naunnno ienny crpory nncranny npema onnma xoin ys mano rpyna n sanoienn samncnnma o
nocenocrnma n renniannocrnma, monepno n morno na ce xaxe excnenrpnsmom, a neponarno
n npnnnuno onnom eronarniom, cmarpaiy na mory sa rnnn uac na yhy y cnaxn cmncao
nnocoema nnn uax unrane nnoconie xoiy nexo npnexnomhy n nanopnnm
onnxonanem nyxa nsrpahyie. Ta norpomna nnmensnia "mynponana" sa ianny ynorpey xao
nannno-emnnpnicxa casnana nnn nncrpymenrannsannie nyxa y cnpxy cnoamne cnane,
sanoniana npecrnxa y conniannoi crparnrpanin nnn npnrpannana nanpeuan sacnyxnnx
109
nonoxaia n censannonannnx npymrnennx ycnexa, sancra ie nan nnmensnie onor mro ie
Hnaron y roi cnoioi onopynn onncao xao nennuancrnenocr nnianexrnxe n nnoconpana
yonmre. To ie ncronpemeno n cnoienpcna yrexa y npemennma xana ie npnnna nocrana
nesnarna y iannocrn a opasonane n naxnnocr pasmarpana onuan reper cmprnnxa y
ersncrennniannnm nenoama. V cnaxom cnyuaiy, nnoconia mnsonomxnx cnoicrana nocraie
camo iom ienna y nnsy xnhennx opmn npnxasnnana nocena, a ne perxo n onuan xnu
cpasmepan napacraiyhem nomanxany yxyca cnoicrnenor mpaunm npemennma. V ncxonnmry
ocraiy rex meraope n myx xao yxnnane xomynnxannie, npnnyna necaonmrnnocrn, xoia
onncyie raxny npcry npncyrnocrn uonexa y nncrnonany.
127
Bennxo n mano xao pasmepe
noiannnana rnx "marepniana uynnocrn", nnie rex nexn rsn. "cnopenan yspox sna", nero n
naueno yncxor xnnora y cnery, xoinm ne moxe na ce nocn onuan pasym /oiovoio/, neh ono
mopa na nocne no ymne npenmernocrn xoiom he na ce nosaann nnianexrnxa. V nnoconin
npnpone (Tu+ai, 50n-51a), Hnaron ie nopenno ysope ca onem a npocrop ca maixom,
ycnocranaiyhn rsn. "mepny nnnniy" casnainnx panrona nha, ca unme n npocrop-maixa na
nenpann, nesaxonnrn n remxo cxnarnn naunn yuecrnyie y ymnom. Brannme, ymnocrn es
ror "nesaxonnror" enemenra, remxo na n morno n na yne, xaxo iom Hpoxno narnamana, na
ona npencrana onnxonana y noiam marepnie nnie nnmra nenernrnmno, nero na ie ona cama
nna na npnnm nnnniama nemniypmxor xoncrnryncana cnera, a camnm rnm ie esycnonan
ocnon xao nsason rnnonornin xoncrnrynnie cnecrn. Hneie ce xao ono orpannueno
/nnraropeicxo mymxo/ yrncxyiy y neorpannueno /npocrop-maixa/ n raxo n ncxone y
concrneny npomeny n mnomrnenocr. Ounro na canpemene xnneponnuxe, merpnuxe n
exnnnrnuxe reomerpnie nponcrnuy ns reopnia, no xoinma ce ca rauxom rnenana yienno mena
n pasmemrai, xaxo xonrnnyanne crpyxrype npenmera, raxo n cansnunocrn opmn xoie ce
naiy noxasarn y rpancopmanniama na nniarpamnma nyrem xoncrpyncannx
nepcnexrnnncrnuxnx nsnona. Vronnxo ie no nynncxo cranonnmre carnenanana naxna
npomena merononomxe napannrme reomerpnicxnx nnepennniana y npoyuanany cpacrana
xpainocrn na nonnpnnm mecrnma (iep ra xonarypanna nnmensnia pannn, nonpmn, npane n
xpnne nnnnie xonopmannnx npocropa), moxe na ce nonene y nesy ca nnranem nocroiana
reomerpnicxnx nnxona no cen, xao nnrane nerenepannie nornxe anconyra. Ty ie n mecro
uonexonor nocroiana y npocropy n npemeny, ann ys moryhnocr casnana n npncycrno nneia
xoie nereneparnnnocrn orxnana. Mehyrnm, npomenom y camnm nneiama, napymananem
cnmerpnie n npeonnanananem nennxor n manor, nneie nocraiy nneonornie (nerpnnxonane

127
Hnaron ie sa onnc nncoxor rnoceonomxor cpencrna casnanana xopncrno nspas ouv /cyen,
caxnnen/, xoinm ie oxapaxrepncao uernprn crenen casnana y nayunom xeypnsmy cymracrana, nox ie sa
nern ocranno nspas: rcoiovnc/nsnenannocr, excnnosniai/, xasyiyhn: "o rx onc ouvouoioc
yiyvourvnc roi :o ooyuo ou:o xoi :o\ ounv rcoiovnc oov oo uooc ronoov:oc rcoio0nv oc, rv
:n vu;n yrvourvov ou:o rou:o ron :orori"/nero ns mnoror cacymracrnonana oxo came crnapn n
caxnnanana, paha ce nsnenannocr (excnnosnia ncxpe), xao on narpe oncxounno nsnenanno cnerno, xoie ran
poheno y nymn camo cee nae xpann (Pl., Epist. VII, 341 c-d) V cnncy O ieouo+ ueoaeuo nooueuvmo+ mouv
v du)ocoduiu (1796), Kanr ie npema onom xao sanecenauxoi cnyrnn naruynnor noxasnnao nenpnmepen
npesnp: ...Ko onne ne n nnneo mncrarora xoin ce ne sanocn camo sa cee, nero ie yienno xnyam, n xoin ce,
ronopehn cnoinm anenrnma, nacynpor napony (non xoinm ce nonpasymenaiy cnn nenocnehenn), npann omen
cnoiom rooxnom nnosoniom! /npen. P. Facra y unn. ron., 3/1990, crp.279/ C osnpom na xonnunny
ncnoene nnnnunocrn, sancra ie nonnauene nope nyme y ynyrpamny xner ncxpe y cpny, nenpnnnuna
ocyna no neronor napanncana xoiy ie cacnnm ymecno mapxnpao Xeren: ...mehyrnm, pann uacrn npane
cxpymenocrn ne cme ce ocrarn y cnoioi nnmrannocrn, neh ce mopamo ysnnhn nsnan ne nonmaiyhn ce onora
mro ie oxancxo. /I.B.I. Xeren, Hcmopuia du)o;oduie III, Feorpan, 1983., npen. H. Hononnh, crp. 457/
Cnnuno nanomenyrnm Hnarononnm cxnarannma nncao ie n nam Berom y Hv:u +urporo;+a: Cnom ie
uoniex ycnanan remxniem / y xom nnnn crpamna npnnnhena / n ienna ce onpeniennr moxe / na my nrie y
nnma ne cnana. / On nomncnn na ie nexe nyre / on cna onor ocnoonno ce, / ax, nerone npenapne nanexne: /
on ie rana cee yronno / y cna napcrno rnphe n mpaunnie / n na nosop crpamnn cnonnhena. (Herap II
Herponnh Berom, Hv:a +urporo;+a, Feorpan: Hpocnera, crnxonn 71-80)
110
normarcxo-meransnuxe cnnxe enrnrera), onrnuxe ymecro onronomxe mepe, npennacr
phanocrn xao naniauanane crpacrn nan ymnnm saxrenom. To ie cynnna nonnrnxe es ncrnne
nnn ymernocrn es nenor, ncnxonornie es nyme nnn nyxa es mncaonocrn.
Cnponenenom xpnrnxom, xoia ce y ncro npeme noxasana n xao xpnsa reopnicxe
nnoconie, npomonncan ie pasnoi nononexonnnx nayxa, ys xoie ce onpannano nesyie nparna
nyxa necnyranocrn n cnoonoya, xonnxo n camoya. Mehyrnm, ono mro na
npymrnenom nnany snaun ocnoahane ncrpaxnnauxnx nonyxnara sa mnmene
neonrepeheno cnoamnnm n ycmepennm nnnaxrnxama, ro sa ynyhnnane y ncrnny cnera mro
iecre n nna ne mopa camnm rnm na yne mnoro. Kpnsnocr onaxnor ycmepanana noraha
cmncao samene iennor cxemarnsma npyrnm, raxo na ce y ocnonn nsocrana xeypncrnuxn
npnnnnn n crnap enenryanno "oneparnnnnie" nsnonn. Ono mro ie y nnma nneino xarexonano
xao "npoiexar" nnn npeysero y cxemarnsam na-auaia monena, noxasyie ce npexo "nsyma" y
iennoi cacnnm sapannenoi onrnnn xopncnocrn. Mepnny xopncnocrn raxo ce nonymra na nonn
no pasnpcrannm cexropnma pannnx camonorona xonrponncannx npxanno-nonnrnuxnm
mohnma, xao "npymrneno-npnsnar pan", ynyhn na ie cam cmncao pana ycmepanano
ynxnnonannsonan.
Taxan nonyxnar saxnnana npema xonnunnn nonocrn xoia ycnena na saxnonn
remenn cmncao anena, a ro npaxrnuno snaun sacrpamn cnoonna ynyhnnana na
moryhnocr cehana na crnapn ca xoinma ie nonesana, xao n nsnohena npannnnninx nponena
npema nnma. To cy one "nonocrn" xao pannonannsonana ncxopnmhanana pannnx "nnanona"
pasnonpcnnx nanpenaxa xoin cy y crany na npexpniy unnennuna nemanana nenocpennocrn
crnapn, re phana ocanpemennnana y xoinma yrnnnrapnocr ynnaun nneie y cexrop
rexnonomxnx nanpenaxa xao cpencrna pannnx ncxopnmhena. One y xpainoi ncrannn none
macxnpnoi ynnopmn yrepnnana nencrnna sacrpamyiyhnm cpencrnnma xoinma ie oecr
ponna nonnora a nnunn nnrepec nainnrnmnnie ynepene, ri. xa xpemarnsmy noe sa moh xao
rorannoi xonrponn n ocnrypanocrn on nno xaxnor nonohena y nnrane, napounro na nnany
nonn/c/rnxe xoia n iennocrpanocrn n ocnene iennoymnocrn ynaxanana xao nainehy
npnnny. Cnoonno mnmene ie ounrnenno ryhe n crpano onaxnom xopnsonry
ynxnnonannsma nemro yxanynnnannx cnecrn. Tpannnnia nnaronnuxe mncnn raxo
nocenyie n nsnecran xpnrnuan ron no iannn xnnor, ynyhn na ie cam noiam oiexrnnan n na
onronornia onnoca nneia n noroca nma cnoiy yremeenocr n onpannanocr nspyueny on camor
ncxycrna cnecrn na pannn meponannocrn ennnennnia y nayunom npocyhnnany n nonmany
crnapnocrn.



















111
III
Kocmonornia n nneie
(ys cnnce np Cphana Pamnanonnha)

Cphan Pamnanonnh ce onnaxno na nonyxnar na nperpece cnoie npeme y mncnnma,
cxonno nocrnrnyhnma n crannapnnma canpemene nnoconie. Cranaiyhn narnacax na
ernuxononnrnuxn noiam copocnnnie, xao n onai noernuxo-npanne xarapse, oyxnahene
noimom cnecrn, on ie npoxpuno nnacrnrn nyr npema ncxoncxnm remama nenana n
mnmena. Vnaxanaiyhn n nnan mnxpo-cyiexrnnnrera, xoin pasmarpa n xpos
nepcnexrnny maxpo-cyiexrnnnrera, on pasmarpa xpos ynesanocr onronomxnx cnryannia
nernrnmnmyhn cynnny sareuenor crana cnera xao raxnor. Jennocranan n no
npennsnpaiyhe iacnocrn nmunmhen iesnx, omoryhno my ie na caunnn many crnapnocrn y
xopnsonry mpexe nonecnor norahana, na rai naunn naiyhn neuar cnom onncy cnera, a na
on ne nocn xapaxrep cyiernor nanpehnnana, ysoxoanana camonaxnocrn nnn nax
sacnenenor cranonnmra. Beh ynon ncxasyie namepy na ce pasrpannuanane unnn pann
ornapana xa nonnm moryhnocrnma nenpennnnnnor y npnnpemn sa neouexnnano: "Hacroiao
cam na ns nepcnexrnne nnococxe mncnn anrnxe n monepne, yxaxem na cny
napanoxcannocr monepne nneie cnoone n nene onuainocrn, nanam ce, ne nponycrnnmn
na narnacnm n neny neonxonnocr."
V ornennma nohen xapaxrepncrnxom nneie cnoone, Cphan Pamnanonnh ie
nnrepnperarnnnnm cpencrnnma ysnnrao nexonnxo remennx noimona y npnn nnan naiyhn
nm xeypncrnuxn snauai, a y nonn nnan norncnyo one ynorpee xoie cy nponsnene
ounrnenno nanerane y xparxonnne nonecne rpace xperana yma ca nparehnm
necnopasymnma oxo nnacnpana noe sa moh. On ie nsyserno ncranuano youno nemona
copocnnnie y Hnarononoi nnoconin (xoin croin onmax ys epoc n noroc), na ca nnme n
nounne npnn ornen y xnnsn, ynyhn na: "Copocnnnia cnnecrernsyie n reopncxy n
npaxrnuny ymcrnenocr xao n rnoceonomxy n ernuxy; ann ca nnepennnpanem nonpyuia
nncrnonana, copocnnnia ryn omrpnny mnmena." To my camo nornphyie anannsa
snauainnx momenara Hnarononor panor nnianora Xap+uo, rne ce noroc nnepennnpa y
ornopenocrn onpehnnanaxao ncxas n noiam nnn snpaiyha capanocr xao ynyheno
xasnnane: "Hornxa pasyma naxn no pacana narparnnnor cxnona nnianora, n xana ce
yonuaiennm nyrem pasronop ne moxe nacrannrn, nae yonnuanane noimona onnnia ce
ynyrap cnera nneia ernuxononnrnuxor cxnona n nnxone nnxepenrne nnianexrnunocrn, cne
no esnpernocranne pannn camor snana y xome ce onnnia cnnresa nperxonnnx ennnennnia
xao n nornpna mnmena camor mnmena." Temeny npornnpeunocr on ynnha neh
y camoi sacnonanocrn snana, npn rome cacnnm pasymenaiyhn nensexnocr na ono ns cee
nsahe y cner. Cner npnrom nnie nnxaxna nerpnnxonana xareropnia, neh narocr nerone
noiane, nnn nainpennsnnie enomenonomxnm ynnnom noxyueno crane, ri. Ono mro
crnapno ynyhyie na meponannocr onrnuxnx crpyxrypa y onome mro iecre: "Tex ns
nepcnexrnne camor snana nocraie moryhe carnenanane yxynnocrn nncrnonana nnn
omane n napxe cneiennncrna xao n nacranax cnercxocrn cnera ycnen npennacrn
marepniannor nauena n nonnauena cpasmepne iennocrn. To ie moryhe camo axo snane
ncnynn sanarax camonanmamnnana, nno on cee ncronpemeno nehe n mane, na n ono y
crnapn casnano momenre cee camor." Taxo ce xpyr iennor nnxa pasmnmana sanpmana y
pasorxpnnany cymrnne nemonnie (nomemanor n nennmnunor cnoicrna nrnie), xao nene
ycnonenocrn: "Pemonnia nexn y nnoicrny snana, snane ie uncro n nannncrneno, ann
xana ce rnue yncxnx crnapn, ne ocraie sarnopeno y cen n saxrena nyy cronxeonomxy
paspany. Pemon ie cam nemro nenocpenno n ocraie myran es xpyrona ocnemranaiyhe
112
penexcnie, nox copocnnnia am xao n nemoncxa moh, iecre nyxonna cnoconocr uynnnx
mannecrannia." Ona nemoncxa moh xoia saxrena nynncxy paspany enemenrapnocrn
cxnonona, nonpasymena na noa nnie camo ancrpaxrno yonmranane ncnxonomxn
cxnahenor xrena, eh na nocenyie onnaxnocr xoiy noxasyie nam nncan, na meransnuxn
ncxycrnonano xrene, noy sa noom, moxe na nponahe n y nemro cxpnnanoi nnmensnin
noe sa moh.
Fnhe ie camo npenymreno onnaxanany xpos noxymaie crnnana n yrnphnnana
snana, raxo na nne saienno ca onnaxnomhy y xoiy ce ornymra, onanyiyhn ce y onacnocr
xoia nonpasymena amnonnunocr nonmana n nnysopnocr peannrera. Onarne xyin xnannn
nerap nnxnnnsma, a ynyhn na cama npnpona n npema Apncroreny nnunm noceno ne
mrnrn nn ienno xnno nhe, nsniane raxnnx moryhnocrn npnnana nyry na xoin ce
onnaxnocr onnaxnna. Hperpecaiyhn nome cmncao n crane nha n nenha, nperery nonia
camo nncrnonane, iep ornapa nenrpnneranny nyrany ynyrpamne cnare, nyxyhn xa cen
xao cpennmry, npnnnaun camo xa cen na n nsnpmnno npnmane crnapn, nonnauehn nx ns
cnera nncrnyiyher n yanyie y nrpy onnaxnocrn. Crora ie youena ynora nenha y
Hnarononoi nnoconin sanpano noysnan snax nonnmene cnecrn no xoie ce nocneno
yraxnnanem norpee sa ncrnncrnonanem: "Casnane nncrnyiyher nha, npnnne,
ncronpemeno ie nyr xpos cnoiene nenha, nha n nnxonnx cnoiena. Henhe, xaxo neicrnyie
npexo nauena n ponona, xoin cy yspox sna, nma n npyry cnpxy. Ono omoryhana xperane
mnmena n yncxo casnane npnnne. Taxo nnoconia o yncxnm crnapnma nnie moryha
es snana o snauaiy n ynosn nenha."
Enncremonomxa xomnerennnia onronomxor ycrpoicrna nnoconie cneiennncrna
xon Hnarona, raxo na nocpenan naunn ynonn cnnecresniy snana xao cpennmre oxo xoier
ce oxpehe n snna: "Jenno ce pauna ycnocranaiyhn nns ponona-npcra, rne neonpeheno
naueno nyrem Jennor nocraie onpehenn noimonnn onnx-nneia. Cnaxa neoa ponona na
npcre iecre ncrnnnra camo no nnein y cepn nneinnx ciennnanana...Ho npnponn nneie,
neoa mopa nrn nsnpmena na ocnony raune mepe." V nrpn onnaxnocrn, xoioi ie nannuie
meransnuxn ncxymena noa sa moh, xoncrnrynme ce n pasymenane noima napnapcrna y
nnoconin /neh yohnno xon Hnarona n Apncrorena/. Cphan Pamnanonnh neoma
cynrnnno pasrpannuana nniancnpana snauena n npnmeny onor noima, ne es mecrnmnunor
ocehaia norohenocrn nonoxaiem Cpnie n cpncrna, nsnoxennx norpomnma parona n
neicrny cnna nenaxnonene mehynaponne nonnrnxe. V rom cmncny nacrana ca
pasmarpanem cpncxor maxpo-cyiexrnnnrera y cnryannin xoia ie nsnoxena y Xerenonoi
4u)ocoduiu noeecmu, xao n nan ne.
Cynrnnna anannsa rorannrapnocrn n nanpehnnana nemauxe nannie cnnm npyrnm,
npexo nneie peopmncanor xpnmhancrna y Xerenonoi nnoconin nonecrn (n cam
cnoienpemeno na ro yxasao y cnncy na xoin ce ayrop nosnna), yxasyie na nonreopnicxe
amnnnie n nayuny aporannniy xoia xon Xerena nnie perxa noiana. Ta ounrnenna
reopnicxa aporannnia xoia npeha none nenpncrpacnnie ymone, nonesana ca npaxrnunom
arpecnnnomhy xoiy cy ca sacrpamyiyhom cnnom ncnonnn repmancxn nanncrn, sacnrypno
ie rpnanncrnuxor nnn napnapcxor nopexna. Peepenrno ce asnpaiyhn na panonnma
Pnmnrpnia Marnha, xoin ncrnuy nnninhencxn rsn. ouuapcru mun xao apaporennicxo
cynpocranane nacrynaiyhem nanncrnuxom apniencrny; xao n Bnannmnpa Pnopnnxonnha
unin pesynrarn pasmarpana xapaxreponornie Jyxnnx Cnonena nncy iom y nononoi mepn
npnxnahenn n ynaxenn y canpemennm nayunnm ncrpaxnnannma, Cphan Pamnanonnh ie
aprymenronano ocnopno naanocr raxnor Xerenonor mnmena, xao n neronnx rpaanara
n cyxnecopa.
Cnecr nocn nanennniy nspasa enomenonomxor nnrennnonannrera, raxo na nan
npenmernocrn y ny ynocn nemro mro nnie nn npnpyuno nn cnaxnnamne, na nma snauainy
ynxnniy ounmhanana on nacnara ncropnicxor hyperapniyma. Hpepenexcnnnocr nna
113
onpannana xpos ono Hnaronono nponanaxene npane mepe pannonannrery /Hnaron ie n
cam nanao onymxa mnrornopauxnm naoinma/, mro ne snaun nnxaxno nonnahnnane
npannonannocrn, nero onpene na nyry xa nponyenniem pasanpany n pasymenany
enomena. Vxonnxo cmo onronopnn sa cnoia nena n cxnarana, ocnoahamo ce nnysnie na
cy npyrn ynn n cnoamne oxonnocrn onronopnn sa nam xnnor. Crane npncycrna
nyxonne cnernocrn y cnery xoin sarnuemo sancra ie nemro noceno, na ne cnana y onnce
enomena nare y nnneapnnm snannma o namem cnaxnnamnem nocroiany y cnery.
Hpncycrno cnernocrn ie uncra n neoiamnnna namepa nyxa, nanme one cneiennncrnene
cnne xoia xao raina npxn cner nepacnannnnm.
Fynyhn na nac n noesnia nonceha na cy re cnne xoie none yne nenpennnnnne, a
nouecro crpamne n nennxonymne y ncrn max (3a Pnnxea ie cnaxn anheo crpaman, a sa
Xennepnnna onacnocr yxasyie na ono cnaconocno), ona ie nam naronaxnonn yunren
naxne. Pnneranrnsam xoin saxrena nncranr pemena, nonpasymenaiyhn ypsana n
nepnosna xperana xpos nnopmannie, saycrana ce na psnm n nponasnnm snannma, na
ne sacnyxyie nehy naxny. Hponiane napamerapa ncropnicxe n cnaxonnenne nepnennnie
crnapnocrn, npemomhana ce n xapaxrep onaxana xa snauainnm nneiama na xoie ce
opnienrncao nam ayrop, nnn nax na eneprercxe naoie unnennna xoin nm nonymraiy
noiannnane n nnhene crnapn y cacnnm npyrauniem cnerny. Taxo nonehanom
ocernnomhy na nanere eneprnie, ca ypannorexenom nyxonnom naxnom, nocraiemo
cnoconn na nnme onaxamo n npnxynamo cnerone, xana ns nac re eneprnie nsniy, a ro
cy am one xoie cy es nsasona no rana nenpncrynauno uamnne y nama.
Hs ror yrna nocmarpana, xnnor ie uncra noesnia xoia nanaxnyie n ounmhana, a
nnoconia xnnor rpesnene nnn pasopnre cnecrn xoia ce onaxannma mnpn n nonn na
cyouanane ca ecxpaiem, es ysmnnana, npema napacnom crpaxonomronany npema
uyny nncrnonana.













114
IV


HOBECHH POHPHHOCH OCBEBTABABV
3HAuAJA uHHOCOuCKOI MHCAOHOI
HACHETA


Hcropnia nnoconie no Pexapra xoiy ie cacranno np npo. Mnnan Vsenan, xao
nansrnen onuan npnpyunnx sa Bnmy mxony sa nacnnraue y Bpmny, moxe ce pehn na ie no
mnorouemy ono naioe mro crynenrn mory na noniy on cnor nacrannnxa. Hpennocrn
onaxne xnnre cacroie ce y naunny nsnarana rpahe xoin ie sacnonan na ynnny y camy crnap
nnoconie. To n y canpemenom cmncny peun naana na yne ona rnnonornia nonmana,
xoia onronapa mepnnnma no xoinx ce crnrno y npomnmannma nennx merononomxnx n
nneinnx npernocranxn. Hmaiyhn y nnny Xerenony, Henepony, Iomnepnony, Hepnerony,
Bnnnenannony, Fpeieony, Jacnepcony /Be)uru du)ocodu/, Hannrpeeony, Konncronony nrn.
ncropniy nnoconie, a cynehn npema pacnony n sacrynennm remama, xao n naunny
nnxone opane, re iacnohn nspaxanana, moxemo xoncraronarn na cmo ca onnm nonnn iom
ienan enomenonomxn yremeen ncropnicxn npnxas xnnora nnoconie. On ie nncan y
nyxy nonmana nnoconie xao nnna snana norexnor on enomenonomxor npomnmana
ncrnne, nacranor y crpemennma y nnoconin naxon Xerenone ynnnepsannsyiyhe cnnrese.
H camo nme nnoconie xao "yann npema mynpocrn" ce ne nanymra, a neno nanaxene
nnacrnror mepnna y onpehennm enoxama n sa onaxno cranonnmre, nonpasymenano ie
oyxnarane n nnma nperxonehnx ncropnicxnx onnxa nnoconie xoie nncy sampne npen
ncrnnom. Hpemna onmre carnacnocrn o noimy nnoconie nema y cmncny nporpamcxor
crana, nnax ie iacno na cnaxn nnoco onronapa na ro mra ie nerona nnacrnra nnoconia,
ynocn y nera cennmenrnpano one noimona nnoconie xoie ie ycnaiao. Hoiam nnoconie
moxe ce camo npnnnnno nocenonarn, nox ce ne saxopaun y nerony mncaony nornynocr, y
cnoxenn pasnoi nenncxonan cnpam oyxnarnocrn, mro ie crnap meronnuxe npnnpeme n
opasonana cnecrn. unnosonia ie raxo camy cee n pasymenana xao nyxonny opmy xoia
nacroin na ce nornynom mncaonom ornopenomhy nocrann npen cxpnnaiyhe-orxpnnaiyhn
ronop nncronana, npnpone, ynnnepsyma. Ona ie raxo nainnma npnpanocr sa snane o onome
mro iecre, xoiom ce nponnpe y nsnopno pasymenane ronopa nncrnonana xao nncrnonana n
pexoncrpyxnniy nonpyuia nha cnera, uonexa n Fora.
3a npnor nnocoa y ncropnin n npema np Vsenny ie cnonno Hnraropa, a nerono
nonmane npnpone xasyiyhn o cponnocrn cnera xnnor, nocneno ie no casnana xaxo y
acrponomnin n mysnnn nocroie onpehene saxonnrocrn xoie ce mory nspasnrn poinnm
onnocnma, a sarnm na ce y cnnm npomenama n camoi ocnonn nocroiana nanasn nemro
orpannuanaiyhe xoie npencrana onpeny cnnx crnapn. V ncropnin nnoconie peu naueno
npnn ie yneo Anaxcnmannap, a nome ie osnauanao nexo npnonrno ncxonnmre, cymracrneno
nonasnmre n reme, ncxon cnera mro iecre. To esycnonno npno xao cneyspoxyiyhn nouerax
nnie nnme rex nsnnoienn momenar mnrcxor rnenana na crnapn, nero mncaonn enomen, a peu
esrpannuno raxohe ie yraonn xamen xenencxe mncaone repmnnonomxe nsrpanne xao ono
oxancxo ecxonauno xoie iemun nynohy nncrnonana. Hapmennnono cranonnmre ie na axo
ce nemro mncnn naa npernocrannrn na ro n iecre, ynyhn na ce naie, na moxe na yne
115
mnmeno /Jep ucmo ie nar +uc)umu u oumu/ (up. B 3, 1; B6,8), na ie mnmene snax nnn
ienno on snamena na nyry nanaxena onor mro iecre. Kao nopo saoxpyxeno xasnnane
ncrnne ns nyxnocrn xoia saxrena pasrpannuanane cnpam nencrnne, Hapmennn ie ns
cnpcncxonno npepahene mnrcxe rpannnnie nsneo npnuy o mohn mnmena, mnrcxom cnarom
nonnpnyo cmncao iecracrna naiyhn noxas nnn nonaxyhn pauyn. Konexrnnnn ayropnrer
mnrcxor nacneha cranen ie y sarpane npen nnnnnnnyannnm ayropnrerom xpnrnuxor crana,
ann ne na rai naunn na ce onaxenn canpxain ennnennnia nsrye nnn npernope y nyxn
nerarnnnrer nornena. Xea cpna na nouerxy Hapmennnone mncaone noeme, xoia ra ysnocn
no xannia ncrnne, nnn nax no nopo saoxpyxenor nenpxreher cpna ncrnne, iecre ona
namepa xoia rai cpuann ym unnn nesanncnnm on npnnnna n mncaono ca-npnnannnm camom
nncrnonany. Ono mro nsnnue n y roi nonnxnocrn nnanaiyhn rpaie xao npnpona xon
Xepaxnnra cama y cen yn cnoi nouerax xao ncrnny nncrnonana, narnameno ie ncrnuyhn
snpaiyhom spanomhy xao opennm norocom mro ne saocraie n ne sacrapena y cnnm
cynpocranannma, n rnme crane cnera nnn xocmoc noxasyie xao penenanrno. Kon rnx npnnx
mncnnnana anrnxe, ncrnna nncrnonana snaunna ie unnene npncyrnnm cxpnnennx ocraraxa
xoie npnpona nonn na npnxpnie, re ro noxasnnana xao norahane y noi camoi. To ce xao cepa
ncxoncxe yann ornapa nacrynaiyhoi nonynn napacrana ncrnne xao necxpnnenocrn y
npnponn, nyrem npyxana naunna na ce mncnn. Ono mro unnnno xnnocr n nponopny
xapaxrepncrnxy nnxony, iecre nocranane nnrana mra iecre, ca norpeom na ce
pexoncrpynme nonpasymenana nenonnrocr xoiy ro nnrane ynn n enonnpa xpos nonecr,
raxohe n ys onpeuna cxnarana aromncrnuapa, xoin cnoinm npnmenama nnoconiy npnpone
nomepaiy xa reneonomxom cranonnmry y ycnehyiyhnm pasmarannma Hnarona n Apncrorena.
Vronnxo ie npnxas nnxonor nnoconpana y namoi xnnsn neneponcxn crannapnan, ann saro
noimonno pasnenen n npernenan.
Hsnecno caxnmane nonpnnoca re nnoconie xoin n, nonyme, oncrynann on
crannapna, ann n nnn raxohe penenrnn, moryhe ie ynpano na xocmoonronomxoi
nponemarnnn. Hornxa nncrnonana moryha ie n xao nnoconia npnpone y meponannocrn
noroca xoin npmn npencnnrnnane npnxynaiyhn cymrnncxe xapaxrepncrnxe, nnn xao snane
nsnxe, xoie ie xon Hnarona nsnoxeno y nnianory Tu+ai, naicrapniem nenonnro cauynanom
anrnuxom cnncy xoin ce ann pacnerananem onor mro nnue n nacraie pacryhn n onanaiyhn
npema ynyrpmnoi cnpcn. Hpnn, nainnmn cnoi snana no npnponn yma xocmnuxe nsnxe n
onor mro ra omoryhana, unne nneie xao ymcxa nha cacranena on iennor n neonpehene
nnoinne, nox ie nouexnnaunna nnn sanpemnunn npocrop nsnecna rnap /marepnia/, xoia ie ymna
xao nneia on npcre rpeher pona nha. V norneny meransnxe nnmensnia (npennomnmanoi
nnoconin npnpone), Hnaron xoncnrynme enncremonomxy xomnerennniy iom ynex
sanpxanaiyhn n nemro on cnnnne mnrornopauxor naroca, mehyconocrn ynnnepsanne
xocmnuxe cnmnarnie n epornuxy npnnnaunocr nnsnne nornxe nncrnonana. 3nauaino ie na
on yxasyie na nspnunro onronomxy panan mnmena xpos cxnonone meransnuxe
maremarnxe n ennnenrnn xapaxrep casnanana, ocranaiyhn sa nainnmn cmncao cnosnaie onai
xoin saysnma mecro y cnerny yma, a mro raxohe nocroin nasnaueno y upraeu, 4u)eov,
Tu+aiv, Hap+euuov. Ona ynyrpamna nonesanocr nansrnen pasnoponnnx rnennmra n
mnmena y ienan unpcr mncaonn nnianexrnuxn cnoi, omoryhnna ie Hnarony ncrynane na
nonecno-nnococxy cneny nonecrn norahana n onrone, xoia snaun nniarnocrnnxonany n
npnsnary nenonnrocr nneie mro spaun nan rpannna xoie n onpennnn mxoncxn oxnnpn nnn
noxannn mannpn, es osnpa na annnrer nnn onoinocr xa raxnom nonyxnary. Taxo cy,
pennmo, npncnaiane nneie nopa, nenore, npanne, ncrnne, yann n r. n., a na nx ie neh
ynanpen omoryhanano nnhene onora mro ie nopo, neno, npanenno n r. n. To mro nx ie xao
npernocranxa c xoiom ce npncrynnno omoryhnno, c osnpom na camy nneinocr nocenyie
nornuxn pacrep, iep npncnaiane nneia nonpasymena npoxerocr rnnonorniom cnecrn onpehene
nnunocrn, xaxo na npnmepy nacnnrana noxasyie n Hnaron:"- Camo ie ono snane xoie na
116
raxan naunn ynasn y uonexa cranno - peue on. - H ono, yienno, naioe noxasyie na nn ie nexa
npnpona nnianexrnuxa nnn nnie, iep ie ouia)ermu:ap ca+o ouai, ro cmeapu euou v nuxoeoi
noee;auocmu, a xo raxo ne rnena, rai nnie." /upraea, 537c/ Hpn rome, ncnocrana ce na ie
ynnamenranna nennnnnia nnianexrnxe xao noxasnnana yuena o nneiama ona xoia
npernocrana yremeenocr snana, uemy ie nocoxparcxa mncao rexnna xpos pasmarpane
npnponnocrn npnpone, a ro ie oner cnnuno xao n xon Apncrorena - onronop na nainye
nnrane - uma iecme. Vronnxo ie sa nera naxna npomena naunna ncrpaxnnana nauena, xao n
samncnn onnxa nonnore ncxona npnpone. Ona raxo nnme nnie cnna nnn nexaxan noxperau
caxpnnen y cpen nha, xoin n caunnanao nerono nocroiane, neh ie ona camo nhe y
nenoxynnocrn neronor nocroiana xao ocrnapnnane nnn nonpmanane. Hpnpona ie raxo
canpnponna nnn cpacraiyha xana nma ono nsmehy xoie ie ysacronno n nocenyie moh nonnpa
xoiom ce cnaiaiy rpannne: ann axo ce nonnpyie, rnme iom nnie n nenpexnnno, iep nnie nyxno
na crnapnma xpainocrn yny `ienno`, axo cy one came `saienno`; ann axo cy `ienno`, nyxno cy
n `saienno`; raxo re ie cpaumai nocennn npema nacranxy. Jep nyxno ie na ce xpainocrn
nonnpyiy axo he ce cpacrn; nounm crnapn xoie ce nonnpyiy, cne ce n ne cpauhviv; a y onnma
nax rnie nema nornnaia, y rnma nema nn cpaumaia./Ap., 4u;ura, E, 227
a
21-27/ Hpnpona ie
raxo xnnn, nennno, nornnai, cpamhnnane /ucmo, 227
a
16/, nexa cnnxa nennne xao yiane,
xao mepe npnpone xoinma ie pacr npema cnpcn xoia ie ynanpen eneprercxn nonoxena y ny
ona meransnuxa nosnnnia xoia ie unnn peanncrnunom. Apncroren ie noceno ncrpaianao n
na noimonnma euepeuie /ynenonnnocrn/ n ouua+ure /moryhnocrn/, re eneprnin npnnanao
snauai cnponohena crnapn xao xperana npema cnpcn. Crnapn y cnoioi cnpcn on ie nasnnao
enrenexnunnm, na enrenexnunocr npyxa moryhnocr camom nenonany na ce cnponene n
nsahe na nnneno, mana cam Apncroren ynosopana na osnpannrn n oonern nnie ncro, npemna
cy ooie y ocrnapnnany. Marepnianno ie ono pacnonoxnno, ono y cnoconocrn na npnmn
nauena nacraiana n nponanana, a mro ce n snna c osnpom na npcry xperana, a y
reonornuxnm rnanama cnnca Memadu;ura, ocnonno paspemene cnnx rnnona xperana nanasn
ce onne rne "noxpehe xao onai xoin nonn, npyro xpehe y noxpenyrocr" /Met., 1072, 27/(mro
cnaxaxo nnie nsnuxn noncrnnai y nennnn). Ha ienan Apncroreny cxonan naunn, nonana
Hnraropnna nspexa na ie can xnnor ienan, re na n oxancrno mopa na yne ienno, /Sextus
Empyricus. Prot. Math., IX, 127/ ono oxancrno "nacnoncxor ornnmra" xoie ronnnnom n
cnernomhy nanaia nha y nnany, omoryhanaiyhn nm cnoinm npxanem ouynanane on
pacnanana y nnany. Vronnxo ie norpea nnoconie rai noxper npema npnom, xoin
ycnehyie y nsnopnom oxperany-rparany sa ncxonom.
Baa npnmernrn xaxo ie y xnnsn iacno xoncraronano xaxo ie nocrapncrorenoncxa
nnoconia nonpnnnuno ocxynnnx canpxaia, re na ie sanocranana xaxo eneprniy mnmena
xoia ce ocnoaha y npomnmany nennne ncrnne, raxo n npano nnrane ynyrpamne cnpxe
cnera. Hpeonnahyie nemoxpnroncxn aromnsm xpos nenpennanann yrnnai Ennxyponor
cxnarana, cronnnsam 3enona ca Knnpa (340-265) n Xpnsnna ca Cnnnnnie (280-206).
Hanernie (185-110 n.n.e.) ie cacnnm nopa nnycrpannia sacrynana nsnxannor yuena o
neunocrn cnera nncxo Apncroreny, unme ce ynano on cronuxor yuena o cnercxom noxapy
xoin enoxanno ynnmrana xocmoc, na n oner enoxanno nacrao ns cnercxor noxapa.
Hoceinonnie Apameicxn (140-50) ie npxao na ie xocmnuxn ym n cnesnaiyhe oxancrno xoie
cne nocrana y xperane, a ns nneia n poiena no nenom xocmocy nacraiy ornene xnnne cnnx
crnapn xoie nx marepnianno n cmncneno onpehyiy (cxenrnnnsam na ueny ca Cexcrom
Emnnpnxom nauenno ie ocnopanao cronuxy nsnxy n reonorniy, rnpnehn na nam npeocraie
iennno nornyno ysnpxanane on cyhena). Onnnuno ie npnmeheno, cnomennmo ycnyr, xaxo ie
sannmnna nnnnia noxymanana na ce oiennnn reopnia nneia n poiena ca narypannsmom
cnercxe narpe, na oryn ycrnpnn na xao mro oun na n nnnene mopaiy na nmaiy ocehai sa
cnerno, raxo n nyma na n morna na onaxa ecrenecne onnxe n cama mopa na yne
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ecrenecna, xoia reopnia xacnnie noniennaxo naxna sa neonnaronnsam xao n sa
neoapncrorennsam.
Ono mro ie y xnnsn sacnyxnno noceny noxnany iecre xaxo ornapane cnyxa sa
nononnaronnuxn naunn mnmena, raxo n ynosopanane na pesynrare ror mnmena xoin cy
nouecro nocnnn enoxannn xapaxrep, raxo na ce pennmo Hnornnono mnmene onanano
xpos mennrony nnoconiy, a Hpoxnono xpos Xerenony. 3a Hnornna (203-270) naxnna ie
mnoronpcnocr nncrnonana nyrem emanannie mnomrna ns iennor nsnopa, a npnpona nnn
nopenax cnera iecre cner noiana xoie cy crnapne yxonnxo nornanaiy non nymennn nopenax
/Pl., Enn.. !4., 2., 1,39-40/. Cnoiom oom crpanom ona ie nnxn neo cnercxe nyme, na xpos
noroce nponsnonn crnapn xoie cy ymno exrnncxe: A samro ona cama (npnpona) nnmra ne
paha? Paha, ono mro ie on ne cacnnm pasnnunro, crora mro ncnon ne nnme nema xnnora, na
ie ono nome nopoheno esxnnorno. Cnerno xoie ncniana ienno ne ryn ce cno y ymy, neh ce
pacnpocrnpe nae n rnme caunnana nymy, ono ienno n ym ann naro y xonxpernom npemeny.
Hpoxny Pnianoxy ie nyx ocehaia nennunne annmnsma n xnnosonsma xoin ie nporonapao ns
nemy nperxonehnx nnocoema nponsnasno ns onronerana nnxonnx nainynx cnoiena.
Cam noiam npnpone xon nera ie nonpasymenao xnnernuxy moh xoia nenocpenno naie cnary
marepniannom cnery xao onronopna sa xperana n npomene y nemy: "Axo ono nocmarpamo xao
ono mro n morno na ce sone nyrem cnnx rena...nehemo norpemnrn y rome na ie ro nna
npnpona, xoia ie yspox xperannma n mnponany cnnx rena, re xoia ie canpxana y xperany n
nounnxy crnapn"./Proclus, In Platonis Parmenidem Commentaria, col., 1045/ Honpasymena ce
na ramo rne n nyma nna iennnn yspox xperana ne n morno na yne peun o npnponn xao o
neuemy o uemy n morno na ce ronopn onnoieno, na ie camnm rnm npnpona nocnennn
neorenonenn yspox npe rnapor cnera xoin nnie nymennocr onnoiena on rena: "On cnnx
renecnnx npnpona nexe nmaiy nyme xoie cy y nnma, nox cy ocrane npocro npnpone es
npncnaiana nno xaxne nyme." /Proclus, In Platonis Parmenidem Commentaria, col., 1045/
Tnapnn cner raxo nnie cacnnm crnapan, cem xao noiana ca unme ce noianyie n nosnara
onronopnocr sa napnierer sna (nerone cnnxe n xonnie) xoin moxe na ce nponahe y yncxoi
nymn, na ie nan nnnnnnnyannor nnrennrenrnor nha moh axrnnnrera cneronana cnera.
Hynomoh ie re mohn nnn nena cymrnncxa xapaxrepncrnxa na iecre neecxa, na nonnpyie
npexo neeca erepnunomhy. Hpenneecxo saxnarane n nonnp xao ono rnapno n nnnnno
ncnon nea, nyue xa cpennoi nnn nenrpannoi rpniann nocroa n cpennmra xao npnponna
xapaxrepncrnxa neycnonene mohn. Ta neycnonena moh ie xomnaparnnno erepnuxa n
nsnia xpos npahana xa "Hey" rne nyma ncxycrnyie crnapna rpannuna nncrnonana, na n
npemna y nennnnnocr xoia ie emnnpeicxn cacroiax, narpenn enemenr y npnponn.
Xnnepypancxo nnn uyneno nanneecxo mecro xoie ce iana y nynncxi enonrnnn nnn
carnenanany crnapnocrn iecre mecro neycnonennx nncrnyiyhnx xao neycnonenor yma ns
xora ce npyxa nyn nornen na crnapnocr. Hornane o nononnaronnsmy moxe ce pehn na ie ne
camo y pycxnm, nero n y enpo-arnancxnm xoopnnnarama nanamner nncana monepno n
penenrno. O rome cnenoun n nnmensnia ocnerene nesa Hpoxna n Xerenone onronornie.
Hornen na cpenonexonny nnoconiy y onoi xnnsn np Mnnana Vsenna nma cnoiy
napounry sacnyry cnnxponor ocneranana mncnn n na 3anany n na Hcroxy. Ipuxa n
narnncxa narpncrnxa n cxonacrnxa rexnna ie na nponahe cpencrna xoinma n nyrem
rymauena Foxnier orxponena y Cnerom Hncmy ornopnna nyr nanaxeny canpxaia, xoin n
morao na yne nonono yonmren n pasymnn sa reonomxe nornene n sa xenencxn onnoc
npema cnery. Ha ry rnnonorniy pasymenana yrnnane cy onronomxe crpyxrype nonmana
rpuxe nnoconie, raxo na ce ry nnie noronnno camo ro na ie nsrpahenn noimonnn enemenr
onnxonao pennrnosny cnecr, neh n na ie yrnnai nmao y opnyrom cmepy, c rnm na ce nnienan
npenecenn noiam rpuxe nnoconie nnie cauynao y nensmenenom onnxy. Xpnmhancxo
nnoconpane ce oopmnno xao pennrnosno-nnococxa xepmeneyrnxa na naunn yxynnnx
nnnona nnrepnperannie Cneror Hncma, on rymauena nomohy nsnuxnx, ernuxnx n
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ncropnicxnx xareropnia, no xnarana mnponannx nopyxa onronomxnm nnn meransnuxnm
cpencrnnma xoie cy nonpasymenane opahane napannrmama anrnuxe nnoconie. Pp Mnnan
Vsenan yxasyie xaxo ie na saxren Kapna Tenanor npenenen cnnc O ooraucru+ u+euu+a
Pnonnsnia Apeonarnra na narnncxn iesnx, nanonehn na ie ro oanno yuenn npcxn monax
Jonan Cxor Epnyrena (oxo 810-877), xoin ie npe 855.r. oianno n nnacrnro neno De divisione
naturam. Honena npnpone xoiy Epnyrena cnpononn xpos neno neno, npema namem ayropy
rnacn: 1. Hpnpona xoia crnapa a nnie crnopena, 2. ona xoia ie crnopena n crnapa, 3. xoia ie
crnopena n ne crnapa n 4. ona xoia nnrn ie crnopena nnrn crnapa. For xao esyspounn yspox
cnnx crnapn, nnxon xpainn yspox n cnpxa /Natura quae creat et non creatur/, iecre rpannna
xperana crnopennx nha y camopasnnrxy n canpmenocrn /De div. nat., 1,12/, ann Epnyrena ce
orpahyie on rnpnne na cy crnopena nha peanno neo Fora nnn na ie For nnxon ponnn noiam
xao npcre nha ioie n npnnanane rom pony. Crnapane on rymaun xao pamunannnane n
pasnniane onor mro y cen canpxn Foxnie iennncrno Cnero Tpoicrno ie ns nnuera
crnopnno cne crnapn xoie ie crnopnno /ma+o, 2,24/, raxo na ie cner per exellentiam neuan y
Foxnioi non na crnapa ns nnuera /ex nihilo, De div. nat., 3,19/ orxpnnaiyhn Popory xao
Berony npnonrno nenspennny, nenoimnny n nenpncrynauny cnernocr. Fynyhn na cy Berono
nocroiane, cymrnna n crnapane onronomxn ncro, cnn npnnennn n omehnnaun
/praedicamenta, kathegoremata/ xoie npnmenyiemo na Fora, osnauanaiy rex nenoimnny
Hancymrnny /ma+o, 1,75; 1,77/, raxo na ce npyra rnanna npnpona xoia ie crnopena n xoia
crnapa, onnocn na npnonnxone nneia /ioroi, prototypa/, npnonrnn ysponn /praedestinationes/,
ysopnn nnxonn /res exemplaria/ crnopennx nha npexo Peun Foxnie, na ie npnencrno peun,
noroca, na apxernnonnma nemy n cnoicrneno, nornuxo a ne npemencxo /ma+o, 2,20/. Hoiam
iecracrna ry caunnana nnsnasna nyrana cymracrna npema npemencxo-npocropnom mnomrny,
xoie n caunnana noiam crnopene npnpone raxo na y uonexy ocraie rai xpearnnnn ocnon
(natura creans creata) xoin my nonymra ysnnsane o Fora, iep ie neo npnonrne oxancxe
nennne, ca unme ce nocrynnme Cneorarcrno crnapanauxe npnpone onor ncxoncxor iennor.
Pacnpocrpanenocr nneia no cnnm crnapnma xoinma npyxaiy cymrnny - archetypa diffunditur
/De div. nom. 2,27/, onpehena ie y neunocrn Foxniom npomnmy cum causae praedestinatae -
0rio 0rnuo:o, na crnopena nha raxo naprnnnnnpaiy nonyr yncxe mynpocrn na
mynpocrn no cen /ma+o, 2,36/ V nonparxy cnera y Cneorarcrno, nponamhe camo ona rnap
xoiy ie cn. Ipnropnie Hncxn nmenonao noianom n cxynom cnyuainocrn, iep uonexa sananor y
rpex npnnonn Fory orenonenn Horoc xoin ie saro nonpnmno yncxn nnx Iocnona Hcyca
Xpncroca y cnpxy orxynena cnnx xoin cy y rom onnuiy nyrem nacxpcena, a cem Bera nnxo
npyrn nnie no cyncrannnanno nsiennauen (ycnnonen) on Fora ca cnaconocnnm
onnamhenem /ma+o, 5,25/. Taxo ce On noianyie nnn mannecryie y crnopennm nhnma nnn
crnapnma xoia ns nera nponcxone xao nyxonna reoannia, na Epnyrena npencrana n
xpainer peanncry no nnrany ynnnepsannia xoie ce xpehy xa Natura quae nec creat nec
creatur nnn Fory xao ncxonnmry cnnx crnapn rne he ce nahn cne y cnemy: H ro ne rpea
pasymern raxo na ce rnue noiennnnx nenona uynnor cnera, neh unranor cnera. Beron nn
iecre Beron nouerax xa xome rexn, n nocrnxyhn ra npecraie na nocroin, ann ne nponananem
cymracrna, neh npahanem y nneie ns xoinx ie nponsnmno. /De div. nat. 5,3/ For nnie crnopno
nsonaueny noy nemona, nannx anhena n snnx ynn, na ce Epnyrena cnaxe ca yuenem
Cneror Hncma na he ro nrn xaxneno ancxnm myxama, iep ce raxna noa nanasn nan
npnpone /ma+o, 5, 29-36/ a nha he no npnponn nacxpcanarn y nyxonnnm rennma ca nynnm
nocenonanem norpennx npnponnnx cnoicrana, ynaxenem y cenxy Foxnie npeciaine rame,
mana he rex nsapannma nrn yxasana napounra mnnocr ooxena /ma+o, 5,36/. Ono mro
nocenyie iauy carnacnocr oxancxnx peun n nsrnena ynepnnnie norpeno ie na yne nsnero,
mro ne snaun cyhene mnmennma npxnpnnx orana sa neonpxnnocr, neh npocro onpannannie
npnnnxanane ncrnnn oxancxor nyxa n yann /ma+o, 2,16/.
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Fepenrep ns Typa (1000-1088) ie onannnao peannocr ynnnepsannia rnpnehn na
axnnnennnie ne n morne na ersncrnpaiy es cyncrannnie nocrynne onaxany cnonnm
uynnma, a Pocnennn ns Komnniea (1050-1123) ie nponamao na cy ynnnepsannie camo cxynonn
nnnnnnnya onpehenn nmennma, re na cy onmrn noimonn npasnn snyxonn (flatus vocis).
Cynpornom raopy npnnanao ie Ancenmo on Kanrepepnia (1033-1109) xao npencrannnx
nononnroncxor anrycrnnnsma ca rnannom resom na ie neponane ycnon pasymenana. V
npnponn ce nanase crnapn nonnoxne npomenn, ann one cy crnopene cnarom nenpomennnor
mnmena. V Fory cy crnapn npnonrne cymrnne na nno xoie cnoicrno moxe na npnnana
cyiexry camo sor rora mro ono neh nerne nocroin camo no cen, rne ie ounrnenan npnmep
npanennocr xoia nocroin y noiennnny ann n cama no cen. Ancenmo ie nonasno on nnnnnnx
npenmera n nnxonnx nneia nonyr Hnarona n nsneo npnn cpennonexonnn nnianexrnuxn noxas
o Foxiem nocroiany, xoin ce xao rsn. onronomxn noxas cacroiao ns camor neronor noima
xoinm ce onpehyiy arpnyrn, mro n nnn canpxanann ienan y npyrom na cne nnmoi pannn
iennncrna. Hneia ie rnme cxnahena xao npana peannocr noimonne onmrocrn y xoioi ce cnaiaiy
esse in intellectu n esse in rem, na ie ca nom samncao o nernpany Fora cama y cen noxasana
xao npornnpeuna, iep uax n esymnnx mopa na npnsna na y neronom ymy nocroin mncao o
raxnom nhy, naxon xoier ce ne moxe samncnnrn nnmra nnme, mro ie sacnrypno yrnnano n
na Kanron nocrynar noymenanne crnapn nnn naruynnor ocnona yxynne crnapnocrn, ca unme
ce ornopno n xopnsonr sa cxnarane pannonanne nencnpnnnocrn n necnonnnocrn na
mexannuxe nnn rpancnennenranne nocrynare npnpone xao raxne.
Onai aprymenr, nanonn np Vsenan, Pexapr ie npepanno sa norpee cnor naunna
mnmena, Hainnn ra ie cnecpnno panno, a Kanr nnie namao y nemy camom nexy
reneonomxn naonpxnny npornnpeunocr xoia n yxasnnana na nenocroiane Fora, neh camo na
noimonnn napanornsam, ann my ie samepno na cxonacrnuxoi esorepnunocrn. Pp Mnnan
Vsenan ie npema ynyhnnany y unnxono ynohene y nnoconiy nomao no nopor saxyuxa
na ce moxe pehn es ycresana xaxo Kanrona rpancnennenranna nnoconia nrnopnme nesy
nncrnyiyher n iennor, ann noxymana nonono na sacnyie meransnxy rnme mro onronorniy
cxnara xao yuene o nesn rpancnennenrannia ens n verum. Ancenmono rnphene na pononn n
npcre nmaiy nerenecny cyncranny, re na nocroie npe n c one crpane crnapn, nannasn xon
Kanra na npeoxper y xome ce cnaxa xareropnia rymaun xao ynxnnia nnn xao nocrynax
ciennnanana uynno narnx marepniannocrn. Tnme ie on ysnpmanao remeny nesy saxonnrnx
onnoca npnpone n nha xoia n nna onronomxn cyncrpar, a y xome nncrnonane nnme nnie
nnxaxan peanan npennxar, na ra can unnn ncxpcno nnrane o ycnonnma moryhnocrn cnnrese a
npnopn, npn uemy ce ryn nesa nornxe n onronornie xoia yxasyie na ro xaxo ce nhe neuer
nncrnyiyher moxe mncnnrn. Hpoecop Vsenan ie xoncraronao xaxo ie Kanr sa ry nesy
ocranao nsnas y nnmnm reneonomxnm cxnononnma xoin napacraiy y nyxy xao norpea sa
ncrnnom n nonnpanem no iennncrnene xpaine cnpxe.
Ca ynepenem pasymem na nx neponao Ancenmy ce cynpocranno Hiep Aenap
(1079-1142) xoin ie rnpnno na ce nepyie camo y ono mro ie casnaro nnrenexrom nnn pasymom
cxnaheno, raxo na ie ro resa xoia nepy crana y ynxnniy snana (nnnyxyiyhn ynyhn
nncrpymenrannn opmannsam nayxe n nnnnnnpaiyhn ynxnnonannn cnnienrnsam). Aenap
ie raxohe noernuxn peanncra, ann na npyraunin naunn, iep ce no neronom mnmeny pasym
pasnnia camocranno na n ce na xpaiy nyra y caspenocrn oxpenyo yrnphnnany ncrnne nepe,
iep orxponene naie pasymne canpxaie. Hpnmepena meronnuxa cymna xoia saxrena
ncnnrnnane crnapn, re nocroiana xpnrnuxa xonrpona cyhena roxom ncrpaxnnana, nonn
naxnnnm anannsama xoie yxasyiy na nsnacxe ns cyxoa n npornnpeunocrn xao unnene
npoxonnnm nyra no ncrnne. Ipannne namer yma mopamo pasymern sanpxanaiyhn xpnrnuxn
yrao rnenana, xaxo n ce morno ocrannrn mecra sa cranonnmra nenpnxocnonennx ayropnrera
rpannnnie rnme mro he ce npornnpeunocrn penarnnnsonarn, a mro xacnnie nehe xopncrnrn
camo Toma Axnnncxn nero n Kanr y cnoinm pasmarpannma. Ta npcra pannonannsma neh ie no
120
nennnnnin npoxera neponanem xoie ie nyrem opmanno-nornuxor cmncna nnianexrnxe
nperouena y npannna crpyxrypannie nayunor nncxypca. Axryenno nocroiane ynnnepsannia
raxo ce onaxa y nnny noimona /rsn. xonnenryannsam/ nspaxeno onronapaiyhnm omehnnanem
peunma /repmnnn/. Ocnonnoi reopnin ce ocraie nepan xana ancrpaxyiyha moh mnmena
npenene norennnianno nocroiehe ynnnepsannie y crnapnma y nnxono axrnnno noimom
repmnnonornsonano nhe. Taxo nma mecra n sa xpnrnuxn ratio nsmehy yncxor pasyma n
oxancxor noroca, iep ie nerona cnpxa y rome na yne mro cnnunnin oxancxom norocy.
Taxo nepa nma sa nn na y cee yxyun pasym xoin ce ocnemrana no cnoicrnennx rpannna, na
nocraie cnocoan na cxnarn one xpnmhancxe ncrnne xoie cy nansrnen ancypnne /pennmo
Xpncrocono nacxpcanane/. To cxnarane nocnena xao Foxnin nap no onnx xoin nmaiy onopeno
cpne sa naxencrno n nerone raine (mro neononno nonceha na yuena npanocnannor
ncnxasma), na ie ys ycnon ocnocoenocrn na ce ncrnne nepe npnxnare, pasym cnmon
xonrnnynrera anrnuxe mynpocrn n xpnmhancrna. Baxno ie cnomenyrn n rpaxrar Ca;uai
ca+oe ceoe, xao ernuxo-nnococxn cnnc xoin yxasyie na snauai cnecrn n namepa y
uonexonom nonamany. Hnrennnonannn axrn cnecrn cy ono mro ie onnyuyiyhe, a came xee
n nopnnn nemro mro ce nanasn y nnxonoi nnacrn. Cxnonocrn n npnponne xee nacraiy
cnonranon nnx pasym nonia xao nonarxe nnn narocrn. Ipex nacraie rex xao nornpna n
carnacnocr cnecrn ca noom n xeom, na ie nnrennnonannn momenar cnecrn onpehyiyhn
axrop mopannor xnnora, ynyhn na on naie carnacnocr sa ncrynane na neno. Camo For xoin
sna ne camo nocrynxe neh n noyne y nnxonoi cymrnnn moxe na onenn name namepe n
onmepn enenryanny xpnnnny. Onnm ce nomryie nonosanerna npenopyxa o ysnpxanany on
cyhena npyrome a mopannocr nenocpenno xoncrnrynme y cnecrn noiennnna xao
nnrepnopnsannia oxancxor saxona (lex divina), sa xoiy noynyrpenocr n npaxrnunom nepom
xao canpxainnm ynyrpamnnm xnnorom noiennnna nna nara n maxcnma anexnarnor
naruynnor ocnona no Kanry.
V cnoinm xomenrapnma na Apncrorenone cnnce 4u;ura, Memadu;ura, O ueov u ceemv,
Anepr Bennxn (1206-1280) ie yneo y cxonacrnuxa pasmarpana rese nnoconie npnpone,
onncyiyhn n Fora xao nenoxpenyror noxperaua xoin ie camocasnaiyhn pasym y uncroi
nenarnocrn, ann na ncronpemeno on npema Hceyno-Pnonncniy rpancnennnpa cne name
noimone n cna nama nmena xoia my npnnncyiemo. Ipnn cy no Anepry Bennxom neoma
sacnyxnn sa rexnnuxy paspany cynrnnnnx anansa nyme, rne ce noceno ncrnue Apncroren ca
enrenexniom nennx nyxonnnx n uynnnx moryhnocrn, ca unme ce n reonornin ornopno nonn
nnnnx n nayuna onacr xoiy nnocon nncy remarnsonann. To ie ono mro ie Anrycrnn
nasnao nnmnm pasymom, neo nyme xoin npenasnnasn pannonanna nonmana ynomanaiyhn
mynpocr (ro cy casnana npen xoinma neunocr nonia nocena oenexia xoia ce remxo naiy
nperounrn y xareropnie n cxeme npnxasa). Pasym ne moxe na noxaxe crnapane cnera y
npemeny ca cnrypnomhy, na apncrorenona nsnonomxa pasmarpana cnyxe na ce yxopaun y
nspaxanane xpnmhancxor cxnarana cnera nnrenexryannnm cpencrnnma, iep rex
cnennianncrnuxa casnana ocnehena nepom omoryhanaiy ysnnsane no nnmer pasyma. On ie
ocnehen nepom ysnnrnyr nsnan cnera nenocpennnx /nsnuxo-mexannuxnx/ yspoxa n oxpenyr
cepn Foxnie ecxonaunocrn npexo anena ynyrpamnnm cnpxama n nnannnm yspoxom
crnapnocrn. Toma Axnnncxn (1225-1274) opmynncao ie resy na ce reonornia opaha sa
nomoh nnoconin, xaxo n cranone nepe yunnnna cxnarnnnm n yennnnm, raxo na ie ona
nocrnrna craryc cnymxnne reonornie c osnpom na rnannn nn xpnmhancxor yuena o
cnaceny. Cnpxa uonexonor xnnora nnie y crnnany naxencrna xoie n ce ounronano axrom
noe, neh axrom pasyma. Hn nnrenexryanne cyncrannnie ie casnanane Fora nomohy pasyma,
ann xonremnnannia cnera oxancxe cnane y nornynocrn ce ncnocrana xao moryha rex y
ynyhem xnnory, nox ce y onom xnnory naxencrny moxe npnnnxanarn camo onai xo ce
onpexao semacxnx yxnnana na xonremnnarnnan naunn. Kaxo uonex nema onronapaiyhy
npencrany o cymrnnn Fora, ca rnme je nemoryh n nenocpennn noxas Foxnier nocroiana xoin
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n ce ocnanao na noiam o Fory canpxan y yncxom ymy, a xaysannrer npnor yspoxa ne n
morao na yne xapresniancxo n xacnnie cnnnosncrnuxo camonpoyspoxonane: Hnie nanme
moryhe na cam nrax yne npoyspoxonan camnm onnxom nnn mracrnom crnapn, xaxem, xao
rnopnnm yspoxom (causa efficiens), iep n raxo nexa crnap nna yspoxom came cee (causa
sui), na n raxna crnap nponsnonnna cee y nrax, mro ie nemoryhe. /Cn. T. Axnnncxn,
H;oop u; ouie)a I, (O nhy n nrn, IV, 27), 3arpe, 1990, crp.19/ Ann on je moryh nocpenno
na ocnony anannse crnapana (npexo xperana, penarnnnor canpmencrna, xonaunocrn
crnapana nrn.), ynyhn na yspounn nns xoin crnapa crnapn n nnxona cnoicrna mopa na yne
xonauan, iep na nnie raxo crnapn nnxan n ne n nne crnopene; a ro yxasyie na npnn yspox
xoin ie For: nn ienna crnap ne moxe nrn cen yspoxom nocroiana, axo nma yspoxonan
nrax. /ma+o, crp. 283/ On cmarpa n na onn xoin rnpne na ie cner crnopen y neunocrn ne
xaxy na ie crnopen nocne onor nnnicxor nnuer, neh ns nnuer yonmre, mro onna no nemy
snaun na ry nnunm nnie nmnnnnrno ynorpeen noiam npemena. Cnaxo nhe nnn crnap nma
ienny cyncrannnianny opmy, xoia nm onpehyie renepnuxa cnoicrna (mracrno, quidditas), a
pasnnunrocrn na nsrnen ncrnx crnapn ycnonene cy marepniom xoia ce, ro onnnuno
nornprana np Vsenan, iana xao npnnnnn nnnnnnnyannie, xoin he xacnnie noceno nrn
nspaxen y pasmarpany nnrennnonannor xapaxrepa arona n recrona noemarcxnx canpxaia
cnecrn xon nosnor cxonacrnuapa Jonana Pynca Cxora. Toma ie cacnnm cynncno nsnamao na
nam pasym nnie y crany na nenocpenno carnenana nainnme nopo, ynyhn na ie orpannuen
rnme mro ie npnnyhen na cranno npa nsmehy noiennnnx noapa, re na cnaxn nyr na cnoi
pnsnx nponenyie na nn cy ra nopa nponasnn nnenn na nyry xa nainnmem nopy, a ro n
unnn yncxy cnoony, iep ie npaxrnuxn ym y crany na ns onor ncxycrna nsnene onmra
nauena mopana xoia cy sacnonana na Foxniem saxony (Lex divina). Hnax ie npepenexcnnnn
canpxai pacnonoxena onai xoin n ynyhyie na crnapn, c rnme mro ce camo npxonno naueno y
cnemy naicniannie orxpnna n npnxpnna xao cnnresa npenmera y mannecranniama.
Pyxonohene oianom saxrena panan nponynnana nnrenexryannsonannx npenmernocrn,
re saxrena npeymyiyhe pannn onmnmennx noiana y npnnnxanany cmncny Foxninx
npoiannnana. Cnaxaxo na ie ro ienan rex moryhn acnexr crnnana nayunor snana o
orxpnneny, y cmncny meponannocrn nyxonne xonpecnonennnie, xome ne nonnexy xao
marepniannom ycnony xaysannnx crpyxrypa xao xopenarn n npyraunin onnnn
casnainoxpnrnuxnx npncryna, ynyhn na nounnaiy na npyrauninm npernocrnxama.
Tomnsam ie y rom cmncny cncremarcxn onpannan nnococxn noxper, xoin ynpxoc
rnosnenom oxnony pannonannsma ocmnmana nennny.
Hocrano ie n cnoienpcno onmre mecro cxnarane na ce ro ne onnocn npe cnera na
rnnonorniy reonomxnx casnana xoia cy nacrana na Hcroxy Enpone, iep ce ry nornxa n
nornunocr, xao n cnencrnenn noiam nayxe xoin ns ne cnenn nnie pyxononno nnxaxnnm
marepnianncrnuxnm perynarnnama, neh npe cnera nnom npcrom yspounocrn xoiy ie
cxonacrnxa nomenonana xao causa exemplaris. Cpennnom uerpnaecror nexa na sanacxy
nnsanrnicxe nnoconie pacnpocrpanno ce noxper ncnxasma xoin ie npennonno Ipnropnie
Hanama (1296-1359). Inannn canpxai uonexonor xnnora ry ie nnhen xao casnanane Fora xoie
ce y onom xnnory moxe nocrnhn nyrem ecxpaine monnrne n ymnor rnxonana. Bnhene
oxancxor cnerna nnn ymne cnernocne eneprnie xoia ncniana ns Foxnier nha, cnnuno
cnerny xoie ie ncnianano na Tanopcxoi ropn y uacy Foxnier npeopaxena /Mamei 17, 1-13;
Mapro 9, 2-13; Hvra 9, 28-30; ue)a an. 9,3/, nocrnxe ce nsnnsanem nsnan cnera crnopenor, a
uonexon ym ce roxom ysnasnor xperana npema necrnopenom nsnopy on ror ciaia n cnerna
npeopaxana y nyxonno uyncrno, a ono uyncrno y oxancxy cnernocr n onaronaheno
nncrane. Kananoxnicxn onn cy cmarpann na For Cnn n Cnern Pyx raxohe nocenyiy
necaonmrnno cymracrno Fora Ona. H Ipnropnie Hanama ie cmarpao nosnoennm na ce For
Cnn n Cnern Pyx nasony nnocrasnnm /nnunocnnm/ eneprniama Ona, ne npnxnaraiyhn
aprymenranniy Bapnaama ns Kanapnie n Axnnnna xoin nnrpenperarnnnnm opacnem
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nnaronnuxnx pannonannsannia npnpone cacnnm onnaiaiy Tnopna n rnopennny. Morno n ce
pehn na ie ro ienan cxonacrnnnsonann nnaronnsam y nniacnopn ca cnoinm sauernnxom,
ynyhn ie Hnaron ncrnao epoc ncrpaxnnana y reopnin nneia n ncrpainocr na namepn
npncehana nymennomhy npnonrnor cnerna. Ona napnaamcxa pasymom nocrnrnyra
nnrepnperannia cpyxrypa cnapn y nnxy reonomxor pannonannsma, ne n npomna nn xon
nanenennx reonomxnx mncnnnana 3anana, iep ie y ounrnennom nennnry axra neponana no
nnrany xapaxrepa Foxnier npncycrna. Eneprnia ne ynonn y cymracrno n iennncrno
nncrnonana nnxaxno pasnnaiane nnn nenane /ny normarnuapn cmarpaiy noporom, a
mncrnnn yany/, ynyhn na cymracrno camo no cen ocraie nocnnan eneprnia, a eneprnia
nonasehn on crnapn oner ne moxe na npehe y rnap iep ie y iennncrny ca Forom. Foxnie nme
raxo ne npnnana camo cymrnnn nero n neronnm eneprniama nnn cnoicrnnma xao nopora,
naronar, npemynpocr, cnernocr, npomncao, nncranocr, yan nrn. Vsnnsane xa Fory n
ocnehnnane (osapnnane) neronnm cnernom moryhe ie sor rora mro nacnena rnap nacroin na
ce npnnnxn ory, na Berona eneprnia caonmrena uonexy nocraie na ocnony
oronnnenauxor nanora n cnoicrno camor uonexa: Pa crexnemo Fora y cen, na ce ca Forom
nauncro cponnmo, re na ce nomemamo ca naiuncrniom cnernomhy /cn. I. Hanama, V ooopauv
ucuxacma, 1,3,42/ Taxo ie no npnuehy n nomohy Foxnie mnnocrn uonexy nocrynno ooxene
xao crenenonana nennunna cnnunocrn Fory, mro ne snaun nnrensnnny ncronernocr cymrnne,
neh na ie no cmncny moryhe rex eneprercxo noncronehnnane uonexa c Forom, ynyhn na ie
uonexon nyx epoc yma npema oxancxom norocy. Pannonanncrnuxa reonornia nyanncrnuxor
cmepa nonnaiana marepniannor n nyxonnor nnn nnrenexryannor npnnnnna, rpaxnna ie
nsnasax yma ns oneunmhanaiyher rena na n ce nocneno no nononor nyxonnor crana, nox
nynncxa nsnonornia monnrne ncnxasma saxrena npenasnnaxene nnysopnocrn raxnor
nyannsma ocnonnem na peannocr npncycrna Foxninx eneprnia n ynasax yma iom nye y
reno, nerono canpane n cxnynuanane y neronoi ncnxocomarcxoi nenonnrocrn, iep ce
ysnnsane ocrnapyie rex cnaxnnm noxperom n nyxonnnx n renecnnx cnna uonexa xao
saoxpyxene nnunocrn. /cn. I. Hanama, V ooopauv ucuxacma, 1,2,2/ Vm ce pasnnna no
oxpyxeny, a nerono naioe canpane noraha ce onna xana ce nparn y cpne, mro
nonpasymena nonyxnar neronor npahana nyrem ynncana. Tnme ce ym n oysnana iep ie on
cnera nairexn sa canpane n nainoxpernnnin , sor uera ce n npenopyuyie na ce nasn na
ynncaie n nsnncaie. For ce cxnara nncanem n cpnem, a ym ce cnonn na rpynn n ynnia
nocnonno cpnem, rne ce npnxyna ropyhn nnamen monnrne xoin npeopaxana ym n cna
npnpona uonexa y nyxonno uyno rauxe cranana ca Forom ecnouerno n ecxpaino.
Hnayryparop cpennonexonnor narypannsma no ie Poepr Ipocerecre (1170-1253)
ca cnoiom maransnuxom reopniom cnerna xoia ynpana menrannnm nepnennniama, a
npaxrnuno nnnn y cxynannma emnnpnicxnx snana o ornenannma, nnnniama, yrnonnma n
nrypama, nyrn, oiama n uonexy xao manem cnery. Beh neron yuennx Ponep Fexon (1212-
1292) npxao ie Apncrorena naicanpmenninm on cnnx ynn, nnrepecyiyhn ce sa
excnepnmenranne nayxe (npoyuanao ie nompauene cynna n mecena), xao n npnmennnocr
nayxe maremarnnn (y npoyuanany npnpone ncrnnao ie naxnocr reomerpnie), noxymanaiyhn n
y acrponornin n anxemnicxnm nyrem excnepnmenranno na noxaxe Foxnie nocroiane.
Mexannuxe saxonnrocrn xao na cy nne ormena casnana na nenn, a nncane o nnma ie
nonpasymenano ycxnhena xoia cyrepnmy na ce rnme nponanasn nexa onacr xoia he noceno
ycpehnrn uoneuanrno, cacnnm nopo onncyie ro crane nyxa np Vsenan. Joxanec Pync Cxor
(1266-1308) cmarpao ie na ie Apncrorenona samncao o Fory xao npnom noxperauy nenonona,
iep ne npenasn rpannne nsnuxor cnera n ne nocexe no rpancnennenrnor, no ecxonaunor
nha on xoier cymrnncxn sannce n cna xonauna. Onmre ce xao mracrno (quidditas) ncnoana
y noiennnaunom npexo nerone cnnrynapnocrn ri. nnnnnnnyannocrn n cnoicrnenocrn
(haecceitas), ca unme ono noiennnauno nna yunaneno y nennny. Ha rai naunn peanno nocroie
nocenocrn nnn oxynene nnnnnnnyanne cnoicrnenocrn, a ono mro ce nmenyie nneiama n
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cyncrannniannnm opmama n cymrnnama, nocroin na npyraunin naunn, iep cy ro oiexrn
oxancxor nnrenexra. Kao cymracrno npnpone re cy cyncrannnie ynanpen cnaxom nocroiany
onmrer n nocenor, one cy nare npepenexcnnno n npncrynaune rex nnmem pasymy xoin
ocnehyie nepa n onynomohana nenocpenno npncycrnonane y camnm crnapnma xao yunnax
namepe cynenonana na Foxniem apxernncxom nnrenexry. V Orcdopocru+ pa;+ampanu+a
(1,3,2,1-30), on xaxe na name casnane nounnemo uynnnm crnapnma, a npnponno noimonno
casnane Fora nocrnxemo npexo penexcnie o npenmernma ncxycrna, ann ie ono nepasronerno
iep nnie nenocpenno npenoueno pasymy y neronoi cymrnnn. Crnopena nha xoie yrncxyiy
nneie o camnma cen y pasym, mory na yrncny n nneie o rpancnennenrannnm arpnyrnma xoin
npnnanaiy n nnma n Fory, mro ie n enncremonomxa ocnona Kanronor npncryna.
Pasmarpaiyhn yspounn onnoc ennniennnie nnn nnannrera npenasnmo on crnopena xa
nenpoyspoxonanom npnom nhy xoie nema cymrnncxe nenone marepnie nnn opme, xao nn
axnnnennnie, ynyhn na ie necacraneno n na iennocranno nocenyie pasym n noy.
Hpnponnn unnnonn y cnery raxo nenyiy cnpcncxonno /rsn. nenamepna reneonornia/ iep nm ro
omoryhana moh n snane unnnona xoin nx cne nannnasn, iep ie npnonrnn yspox xoin sna n
xohe re nnene /namepna reneonornia/ nyrem actio in distans Foxnie cnenpncyrnocrn. V
neunocrn For nosnaie n nonma cne mro moxe na nacrane, re axryenno n noceno casnaie
cnaxy nnrennrnnnniy, a ro ie casnane nnenrnuno c nnm camnm /De primo principio, 4, no14/,
iep ie esycnonno ecxonauno nhe, naicanpmennin axryenan noiam xoin non ecxonaunnm
yxyuyie ncrnny, nopory nrn. Inannn nn nnoconie no nemy ie nocrnsane nncrnonana
nncrnyiyher xao raxnor, ann yncxn pasym o nemy sna camo ononnxo xonnxo moxe na
ancrpaxyie ns uynnnx narocrn npncyrnnx y xonaunnm crnapnma, a ne cam no cen, na ra raxo
naa pasrpannunrn xao nemoncrparnnnn nponec y xome nnoconia nma cnoi npenmer n
merononorniy, a xoiy reonornia ne moxe na npncnoin y anennma no nnrany nepe. Hpema
Pyncy Cxory, cnaxo canpmencrno nma cnoiy opmanny canpmenocr y ecxonaunocrn Foxnie
cymrnne xao cnom xopeny n ocnonn.
Hpnmar nnrynnnie xoia snaun emnnpnicxo noxnanane unnennna n nenocpennor
ncxycrna y crnnany unnennunnx snana nann cy noncrpex nayunnm anennma, na ie
maremarnuap n nnoco Bnreno raxo npncrynno onrnnn y cnom neny Perspectiva, a re
nerone nneie xacnnie ie pasnno Kennep y Ad Vittelionem paralipomena (1604). Crnnane
unnennuxnx snana nno ie neoma naxno sa Apncrorenono nonmane ncxycrna neonxonnor sa
xoncrnrynniy nayxe, na ce nayuno casnane crnnano ca cnoconomhy noxasnnana xaxo
nocmarpane nocnennne cnene ns cnoinx yspoxa, a neh sa Ipocerecrea n Fexona ro ncro
casnane ce nonia onna xana cmo cnoconn na nemoncrpnpamo cnponohene maremarnuxe
nenyxnnie nocnennna. Xymanncrnuxo-penecancnn npencrannnnn ymenann cy nnnnnenrno na
sacrpanyiy, nororono y opmn reonomxor pannonannsma, raxo na ie nomnnanra nonemnuxnx
crpacrn n nonreopnicxnx mornnannia xon nnx ennnenrna. H Pene Pexapr (1596-1650) pasnno
ie cnecr o cnoonn xoie my ie nonycrnno ynymrane y rsn. xnneponnuny cymny: Ko ron
na nac ie crnopno, na no on n cnemohan n omannnau, mn nnax ucrvuaea+o c)oooov na
ocnony xoie ce moxemo ysnpxarn on rora na npnxnarnmo xao nencrnnnre n neocnopne one
crnapn o xoinma nemamo nsnecno snane, re raxo cnpeunmo na nxana ynemo omanyrn.
(Notae in Programma quoddam, cur finem anni 1647 in Belgio editum, cum hoc titulo:
Explicatio mentis humanae, sivae Animae rationalis, ubi explicatur quid sit et quid esse possit
/Hpnmene na ienan nporpam xoin ie xpaiem 1647 oianen y Fenrnin non nacnonom:
Pasmarpene yncxor nyxa nnn pannonanne nyme, rne ce pasmarpa mra ona iecre n mra moxe
na yne/, 1,6). Taxna cnecr o cnoonn ie ounrnenno ona ypohena nneia xoia ynex nna nara
norennnianno (mro ie yonmre ne oesehyie on monannrera pasnprnnauxor n pacrpoianaiyher
neicrna), nounm ie ro no Pexapry camononona crnap, mro yxasyie na pannonannocr xao
pesynrar noe n mohn npnsnanana, na ana nonparno cnerno na cogito ergo sum xao na
camoxpeanniy ns nnmra nnn ns neycnonene cnoone xoia yxnna samrnry on
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npornnpeunocrn n noxasyie ce xao cneoyxnaraiyha nepnepnia. Crora sanpano nnie
nsnenahyiyhe na ie neron xpaine mexannuxn cncrem cnera, xoin nma cnoiy myrny npnmeny y
opmn influxus physicus, nonpasymenao n raxne cranone, na ce penexcnnno cynapaiy cnrnn
nennhn y nopama n y npoxnmany ncrnuy n yrnuy xao mannrpa n apyr. Cnoona onor mro
ce noianyie y noiann nncxpnmnnncana ie nnrennnonannnm xapaxrepom raxnor mnmena
xoie cnoony npncnaia sa cee, mro ie ounrnenno xao systema assistentiae y ycnonanany
noe Tnopna na cranno mopa na nnrepnennme y cnercxoi mamnnn xaxo ne n npecrana ca
panom, a na ro ie, xao ncronpemeno n na noiany raxne cxpnnene nneprnncxe camonaxnocrn,
yxasao Hainnn (ne es nnrepapnor yrnnaia nsnecenor y meransnuxnm nncnyrnma
neocxonacrnuapa upannncxa Cyapesa (1548-1617). Berona monanonornia ie nna naunn
cynpocranenocrn mexannnncrnuxnm rymauennma npnpone xaxna cy neh paspahena xon
Pexapra (pennmo, acncrennnia anconyrne nese noima n crnapnocrn xao onune npencrane
crnopennx cyncrannnia npocropa n npemena ca xomnnerno mexannnncrnuxom nsnonorniom
annmannrera, ri. marepnie y xperany xao mexannsma naprnxyna ns xoie ce ncxyuyie
apncrorenoncxo-cxonacrnuxa censnrnnna nyma), upencnca Fexona n xacnnie Tomaca
Xoca (1588-1679), ayropa uynenor mnsanrponcxor Henniarana (1642), xoin ie
neyraxnnnm cxenrnnnsmom ocmncnno na cy ncrnne nponsnone iep sannce on nomnnannnx
nennnnnia /G. W. Leibnitz, Meditationes de cognitione, veritate et ideis u - Izabrani
filozofsli spisi, Zagreb, 1980., str. 5./
Hpannno xoie ynpana pasymom xao nnxrar yopasne xoin nonpasymena
cnoonny nrpy casnainnx cnara ne moxe nnme y canpemenocrn na yne rex nncxypsnnno,
nororono na mxoncxn naunn, neh panry npernocranxn npnmepeno cnmonnuxn
penpesenrarnnno nsnarane nnrynrnnnor pasyma. V ocnonn rome croin n nnrane nrypannie
nonmanor cmncna npocropnocrn n nocroiana, xoie ie iom xon Kanra norennnianna penannia
xoiy onpehyiy crnapn nnn uncra opma onaxana, xao cnecr o camom onaxany nnn
cnoienpcna axnnnennnia ncnoennx cnara, sa xoiy ie y iennom panniem cnncy np Mnnan
Vsenan nao onnnuny nanomeny: Kanr ncrnue xaxo ie nenonane cnmon npnnnnna, na ie raxo
npocrop (uninm nocpenonanem npane crnapn na nyxan naunn npencranaiy sanpano camo
ienan saiennnuxn reme) camo ienan cnmonym Foxnie cnenpncyrnocrn, onnocno npocrop ie
enomen oxancxor noiannnana, iep y npocropy, moryhnocr ce ne pasnnxyie on
crnapnocrn. (Kanr, Mer., I, 4208) /Mnnan Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I (metaphysica
generalis), Bpman, 1998., crp. 169/ O nonpasymenany moryhnocrn nocroiana
nannnococxor n rpancnnococxor cranonnmra xoier n npnmapnnie rpeano ynaxanarn,
snaunno n nopmarnn mnsonornie xoin n yxnnao xpnrnuxn yremeeny penexcniy n ro npe
cnera y nocrnapyiyhnm cncremnma anconyrnsannie no-cranenor n rexnonornsonanor xona.
Haxon nsnoxene ncropnie nnoconie no Pexapra, rne ie npo. np Mnnan
Vsenan yxasao na ncropnicxn snauai nnaue nenonono ncrnnane nononnaronnuxe mncnn n
ncrounoenponcxe mennianenncrnxe (napounro xpnmhancxor yuena o ymnom rnxonany,
ncnxasmy), ycnenno ie n nacranax on nnoconie Pexapra no Eyrena unnxa. Onai
yonuaienn ynennuxn sanarax na ce nsnoxe mncnn noiennnnx mncnnnana on nononexona
no nocrmonepne, ayrop ie npoxeo nnacrnrnm ncxycrnom mnmena ca nncoxnm nnnoom
cennmenrannie noimenor ys nsnecny nnemennry cxpomnocr: npemna iom ynex y
nemoryhnocrn na ce maxap npnnnxnmo Hpoxny, ne saopanaiyhn nerony xnnorny nennsy
(Hpoxnnn xnnor cxpnneno) /ma+o, crp. 6/
Mncnnonn xao ncropnicxe noiane nnaiy axryennsonann naunnom npencranana
nnma cnoicrnennx nnocoema, a onene n nouecro ycnyrne onacxe na nncxperan naunn
yxasyiy na rpainocr snauaia. Cxnonocr nyrnm npencnnrnnannma n nperpecannma canpxaia
yunnnna ie noceno npennnm naunn nsnarana crnapn. Hauenno ocnemranane xpos pacnpany
ca nnnraiencxo-ranameponcxnm xepmeneyrnuxnm npernocranxama nsnarana y npnmepnma
onnananana cnryanniom nonono nopor pasymenana, npoxero nsrpannom onronomxnx
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nponosnnnia caxernx y Xainereponoi nnoconin, npernocranano ie onai nncoxn
canpemenn saxren nsnarana xome ie ona xnnra ynononna. Ona ce npe cnera oaspena na
pannxanne npomene xoie cy no re mepe yrnnane na rnenane na nnoconiy y nexonnxo
nocnennnx nenennia, na cy nonenanno nainnmn nspasn mnmena nocrann nemro
nennnrnnno npomno, ocranaiyhn nycrom n npasnnny y xoiy ie norncnyr cnaxn cmncao n
pen. V cnryannin oxpenyrocrn xaocy y neronoi naanoi (neoprannsonanoi) crpyxrypn, y xome
ce ornena necrannna nnianexrnxa monepne n nocrmonepne y npenepsnnnnnm onnocnma,
xnnnmo raxohe n y ouexnnany moryhe npnponne xaracrpoe npen xoiom cmo ecxpaino
eemepnn. Tai moryhn ncnan na ecxpainoi rxannnn cnera xoin n moxna morao na ce
nocmarpa n xao ncnpanane xocmnuxe nncxapmonnunocrn, nanasn cnor capannnxa y
yncxoi neonronopnocrn xoia mnpn ornop sianehe npasnnne. V nponemarnunocrn
canpemenor uonexa, xoin ie nenorennnpao cner cnoicrana, naa nonono noncernrn na
onaxo npenepernyre nnococxe reme xoie ny nyro npemena nnanane y ncropnin
nnoconie. Cnaxaxo, ro ie moryhe yunnnrn rex xnannnxonannm ycnocrananem
npyraunier xpnrepniyma on onor xoin ie mxoncxn yonuaien, pann anexnarnnier carnenanana
ncropnicxnx yrnnaia n nponeca: ...naxnnnm npoyuananem cpennonexonne nnosonie
naxo he ce younrn xaxo ona cne nnme crnue npnsnane xao nocena onacr ncrpaxnnana, na
nncxonrnnynrer n nnie raxo nennxn, noceno xan ce sna na neh y cpennem nexy nocroie
narnamenn saxrenn sa emnnpnicxnm ncrpaxnnannma, na cpennonexonnn nomnnannsam y
nennxoi mepn anrnnnnnpa xacnnin emnnpnsam, na Hnxona Kysancxn naronemrana nexe
Hainnnone rese, a na cy Pexapr n Hox non nehnm yrnnaiem cxonacrnuxe nnosonie no mro
ce pannie youanano; xonauno () nornyno ce sanocrana nenpexnnyr pasnoi nnosonie y
Bnsanrnin cne no Ipnropnia Haname ( XIV cronehe), na axo ie o nexom nncxonrnnynrery peu,
onna ce npexnn noronno na repnropnin nanamne sananne Enpone n ro neh y VI cronehy.
/ma+o, crp. 7/
Ca onaxnnm ynnnnma cacnnm nernrnmno y ncropniy nnoconie ynase n snauainn
pycxn mncnnonn xoin cnene naneneny nenpanenno sanocraneny rpannnniy neronana
nnoconie y Bnsanrnin, ynyhn na cy npenpexe xoie cy nornnane ns rpyor, ann n ns onor
xoin ie nonpasymenao cynrnnnn arensam, orxnonene crananem y sarpane.
Ca nennxom nosom pasymenana n oaspnnocrn pasmorpeno ie ynepene na ie
canpemena nnoconia ncropnia pasnoia nneanncrnuxor nnn mexannuxor xapresniancrna. V
sanncnocrn on rora crana nn ce narnacax na mnmene nnn na nporexnocr, n nonia ce
raxan ncxon, c rnme mro raxna meransnuxa xonnennnia ocraie y ocnonn mexannuxa ycnen
nnenrnnxannie marepnie n npocropa (sa ny ie npocrop xoin ne canpxn nnxaxny marepniy
npornnpeuan n oryn ne nocroin). Ona ynyhyie nayunnxa mra rpea na ncrpaxyie, xoin ce
nponemn mory pemanarn n no xaxne ce npcre saxonnrocrn moxe nocnern. 3a ro ie
neonxonan meron xoin oehana ynehanane snana, na ie oneparnnno naueno cnenehe:
Meransnuxa mennrannia ie norunnena maremarnsmy y onoi mepn y xoioi ie norunnena
meronn nexomnosnnnie.(ramo, crp. 14) Tai ie npanan axrnuxn onneo y pannycxn
marepniannsam ocamnaecror nexa cexyhn npema nayunom narypannsmy n pasnonpcnnm
nnnonnma cncremcxnx pemena ca ayroxparniom marepnie. Kon Cnnnose rai ce yrnnai
penexronao xao rnopnnxannia pannonannrera y nanpehnnany npopouancxnm nanaxnyhnma
n npencranama. Berona pannonanncrnuxa opmyna Deus sive natura nonpasymena
nanrencrnuxy nnxepennniy marepnie, na ma xonnxo ce ecxonauna cyncrannnia ysnmana sa
crnapanauxy npnpony, y noi ie nomnnanra mexannuxe rponnmensnonannocrn n
marepnianncrnuxe uynne nsnecnocrn nnanaiyha, raxo na ie nerona mynpocr pasmnmana o
xnnory sancra raxna na nponnenn arencrnuxn pasnosn anaiy npyraunie cnerno na
xecroxy ocyny nsonmranana ns Jenpeicxe saiennnne. Onnnuno ie youeno n ncraxnyro na
Hainnn: nacroin na nahe nonnpny rauxy none n rpannnnonanne nnosonie n nnrnxe n
raxo cpennonexonno mnmene ocnoonn on mrernnx nanoca na ce npnrom n npaha na
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remene cranone anrnuxe nnosonie n nayxe, napounro y cnyuaiy xana one nncy y
nnpexrnom cyxoy ca npernocranxama xnacnune mexannxe. (ramo, crp.29) Vronnxo ie n
nerona nsnxa na npnom mecry onpehnnana noimom xnnernuxe cnne (vis viva), a ona ce
onuno nasnna npnponom, na no rnm nenrpnma cnna xao ynyrpamnoi cnnn y crnapnma
npnpona moxe na ce pasnnxyie on mprnnna mexannsma: Po remea npnpone moxe ce
nocnern ne ys nomoh maremarnxe eh meransnxe; axo ie npnpona onpehena cnnom a ne
nporexnomhy, onna ie xyu sa neno oiamnene nnnamnxa, a ne reomerpnia.(ramo, crp. 30)
V rom cmncny nainnn marepniy cmarpa camo enomenom (npocrop ie sa nera nneanna
crnap), re saxon xonrnnynrera xoin ynonn y cnoiy nnoconiy n npnmenyie y nnrerpannom
pauyny nma cnoiy onronomxy, a ne mexannuxy nonnory, iennaxo xao mro he n sno y
reonnnein nrn npennanano onrnmnsmom nnn cmncnom nopa camor.
3a nnoconiy enrnecxor emnnpnsma naxan ie Hopn Fepxnn, no xome ie nasnan n
ynnnepsnrercxn rpan y Kannopnnin (na Pon Ainanny ie opanno 1728-1731), a xao ncxyn y
Hpcxoi ronnny nana npen cmpr npemao ie na Oxcopn. On ie nacroiao na ca cranom
nncrnonane ie nepnennnia nsrpann rencrnuxy meransnxy, ocnoahaiyhn ce on Hoxone
marepniannsyiyhe cyncrannnie. Hpann emnnpnicxn nonann cnecrn cy For n xonaunn nyxonn,
ca unme ce nyxonna cyncrannnia sanpxana. Beno nocroiane ononprana Peinnn Xiym
nsnonehn cne name nneie ns ncxycrnennx nonaraxa xoie nynn onuna nnn nannna cnecr, raxo
na ncnxonorncrnuxnm cpencrnnma ornncyie moryhnocr noymenannnx nmnpecnia. Ayrop
nae nciaino nsnaxe onnc nexa npocnehenocrn xao npeonnahyiyhe nncnosnnnie nyxa
pannonanncrnuxor marepniannsma n y naynn ror npemena nnxpycrpnpanor nencrnuxor
narypannsma. On narnamana xaxo ie xpnrnxy npocnernrecxe xonnennnie yma nsnpmno
Kanr, xoin ie orpannuanaiyhn nperensnie pasyma na enomene nao mecra nepn, re na rome
yremeno uonexa xao mopanno nhe. Berona nnoconia npnpone y nyxy pasnniana
enomenannsma npernocrana na ie marepnia ono noxperno y npocropy, cyiexr cnera mro
ce onnocn na nocroiane crnapn y nemy. Cama ie npnpona na xpaiy nnhena xao cxyn noiana
xoie cy mehycono saxonnro nonesane, cam cner ncxycrna: To snaun na ie nncrnonane
npnpone y nennnn penarnnno, na npnpona nema nexo nncrnonane nesanncno on cyiexra.
Hpnpona nnie cyncrannnia xaxo cy ro mncnnnn Pexapr, Cnnnosa n Hainnn. (ramo crp.66)
Moh cyhena omoryhana nnhene mecra nocenor y onmrem, nonymraiyhn ne camo mexannuxe
saxonnrocrn, neh n one namepne reneonornie y npnponn. Mohn cyhena npnnana noiam
xpainnx yspoxa y npnponn, ca unme ie noiam cnpxe saienno ca meransnuxnm
npernocranxama xoie ra omoryhanaiy npememren ns mexannuxor xaysannrera xoin ie
xoncraronao reopnicxn ym y npaxrnuxy n ecrercxy nnmensniy. Hpoecop Vsenan naie nopy
nponeny na ie rnme ornopena enoxa ncropnie: Xeren raxo npann pasnnxy nsmehy
ncropnorpanie n ncropnie (Histoire, Geschichte). Ona nocnenna ie pannonanna
xoncrpyxnnia n ona sa nocrxanroncxy nnosoniy nma ncrn snauai xao sa noxanroncxn
pannonannsam noiam cyncrannnie. (ma+o, crp. 71) V ayroxpearypnocrn n ayronnmnronany
nauena eronrera cacroiana ce unxreona nnoconia, a moryhnocr nnenrnrera iacrna n
neiacrnenocrn ocraie npenmer rexne, y crany xome ie Bennnr cxnnyo pannonanncrnuxe
oxone, a Xeren nornpnno xao penanniy ca nncrnonanem y cnennnany ca nnianexrnuxom
nonnorom mnmena, ann n xao rpaian nemnp xoin noxnna nsnopne mncaone npernocranxe:
Mana ce Xeren nosnna na Apncrorena, noceno na nerone noimone cnpxe, enrenexnie n
cnpxonnrocrn (xoie xohe na ycnocrann y npannma) n npnrom xpnrnxyie nononexonny
npnponny nayxy mro cne one noimone onanyie, Xerenono yuene ie necnoinno c
Apncrorenonom onronorniom; nonono ie iom iennom nononnrn Xerenono onannnane
saxona nnenrnrera a c nnm n noima nncrnonana, onnocno cymrnne, Apncrorenonor
nenrpannor noima. (ma+o, crp.89) Berona xoncrarannia o ymnocrn crnapnor n
crnapnocrn ymnor nonena ie no nonene y neronoi mxonn na nna raopa, xoia ie y nyxy
npemena (penarnnnsyiyhn) nocrynana xonopmnnie nnn nax nonnna pannxannom
127
xpnrnnnsmy n nnxnnnsmy. Kon uoiepaxa, Mapxca n Kiepxeropa nsnpmeno ie n onannnane
nerone nnococxe reonornie nsmnpena. Onai nocnennn cnpononn xpnrnxy
nannnoconsma no xome ie nnoconia nainnma mynpocr xynrype n npernocrana ioi
ersncrennniannn nnenrnrer xnannrarnnne nnianexrnxe ncrnne n neunocrn xao nnremrno n
nyxonny nynny xpnmhancxor neponana. Monepna nnoconia nounne monenxayeponcxnm
cnerom xao npencranom cranennm y cpennmre nnoconpana, iennaxo xao mro ie ro n
Hnue yunnno c noimom noe. Hosnrnnnsam, neoxpnrnnnsam, neoxerenoncrno, nparmarnsam,
emnnpnoxpnrnnnsam, xpnrnuxn peannsam, nnosonia xnnora, mapxcnsam, neomapxcnsam,
anannrnuxa nnosonia Mypa, Pacena n Bnrrenmraina, rex cy nnnnn snann nocycraiana y
nneinoi pannn unie ie iennocrpanocrn nacroiao na npenasnhe enomenonomxn noxper na ueny
ca Xycepnom. Jenna on npecynno naxnnx nnnnia onaxnor nocmarpana crnapn iecre n cnaxno
orpahnnane on ynnrnocrn rsn. snpanopasymcxnx pesononana ns nenocpennnx ounrnennocrn.
V rom cmncny ony amnnanennniy npnxyunnana na narypanncrnunocr n ncnxonornsannie
mncaone nosnnnie iacno ynosopno Xycepn cranaiyhn y oxyc pasmnmana Kanron noiam
anpnopnsma y nnrynpany n necxpnnnnin, xoia ana cnerno na crnapn xao nnycrpannia
naunna narocrn n uynnnx ennnenrnpana nonaraxa: Kon Kanra...nac noiam a priori crana y
cranny nenpnnnxy. Kapaxrep nyxnocrn n onmrocrn, nyrem xor ra on osnauana, yxasyie na
anconyrny ennnennniy, naxne mopann ncmo na ouexyiemo na n on morao na yne nspas
iennor anconyrnor camonanana, unie n nopnnane nno ecmncneno. Ann mn onna ycxopo
nnnnmo, na ro nnie mnmeno raxo n na anpnopna saxonomepnocr, nyrem xoie
rpancnennenrannn cyiexrnnnrer y cen onnxyie oiexrnnnocr (no neronoi pannonannoi
opmn xoia oiexrnnnrer unnn moryhnm), nma camo snauene iennor onmrer anrpononomxor
axryma. /E. Xycepn, Erste Philosophie, Bd.I, Den Haag, 1955, s. 198-199. (Husserliana, Bd.
VII)/. Oryna ie raxohe naxno ocnoonnrn ce xaxo mxoncxnx nopmarnnnnx npenpacyna xoie
crnapn ne noxyuyiy ycnen nnrennnonannor nonnauena npema nannnocrn npenepernyrnx
ynyhnnana y came enomene, iennaxo xao n rsn. napso anconnnpaiyhnx n y ocnonn
onxnopncrnuxnx xpnrnxa xoinma ce ynone npnraienn arannsmn ns npnraiennx pecypca
rpnanncrnuxnx connierera, ma xaxo one pacnonarane mohno paspahennm n epncrnuxn
ynemennm meraopnuxnm anaparom. Ponyme, nocrynncana nnrennnonannocr xao nonpyuie
nacrynana nomnmenor (noema) n mnmena (noecnc) moxe na ce pasyme ne camo y axrnma
xao npenmernma, nero n y npenmernma camnx rnx axara ca crarycom xareropnianno
onaxnnnx npenmera. uenomenonomxn anpnopn na rai naunn ne nonn ce xao onai
axcnomarcxn, ynaxanan y monepnoi naynn, nyxno y rpancnennenrannn cyiexrnnnsam, xaxo
ie ro y nonnie npeme nornprao n Maxc Benep: A priori nae nnie oroena opma
ncxymanana npenmera n crora raxohe rex n opma npenmera ncxycrna, nero ie nenpexnnno
nencrpaxnno napcrno cymrnna marepnia onaxana...H ona ne 'naxn' xao onuna
rpancnennenranna 'npernocranxa' nnn 'nonarane remea' sa moryhy nayxy npenmera, neh nma
cnoie nnacrnro nncrnonane, ynpano nncrnonane cymrnna n xao raxan, ennnenrno ie
ncrpaxnn. /Scheler, Max: Absolutsphre und Realsetzung der Gottesidee, GW Bd.X, s. 214/.
Kpos oiexrnnne cnnxe xoie cy nponyxr arpnyra nyxonno cnenor nopnna n nparehe
mamronnrocrn, y nama ce crnap cnennnxyie xao nyxno napnniannn nnenrnrer ca xnnorom
xoin nexn y remey cnera npencrana, xoiy cnennnuny nosnnniy np Mnnan Vsenan ncrnue
xao nerony napounry mncaony sacnyry. C rnme ie, nanme, nxcnpan rorono neyxnarnnn
nponem nonpasymenan y penarnnnoi onpehenocrn xoia ce nenpnmerno nponyue sa
anonnxrnuny nonohenem no noronnnpaiyhe xomorenocrn, a cnaxn xonncrnuxn cran xoin
xao pesynrar nma xomorenocr, c rnme ce enonano nnnn xao nocnennna sacrnpana
npaenomenanne opnienrannie y noxeno nnrnpany reopniy ri. nxnniy. C rnme ce
nonono pexonnenryannsyie xareropnia npnpone, xoia nnme nnie ycrpoiena camo xaysanno-
mexannuxn n ne moxe esycnonno na naxn mexannsannia npocropa xoia nonpasymena rsn.
nocrynaropnn arensam (xao xon Hnxonaia Xaprmana), a xoia n nanonno ncxyunno nna y
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crany na ocnoonn uonexa sa carnenanane rsn. peannor ycrpoicrna cnera. Xaprman ie
xpnrnxonao Benepony ernxy npxehn ie sa mopanny reonorniy nnn reonomxn mopan xoin
ie y nnoconin npema nemy neonpxnn, am ycnen nenonono remarnsonanor npncnaiana
nononexonnor mexannnncrnuxor nornena na npnpony. V camopasymnno nnanaiyhy
xaysanno-mexannuxy nesy on ie ynonno nexn nnannn nexcyc cnoie samncnn ernxe rex
nonemanaiyhy nonyncxy nerepmnnanniy, ca neonpxnnom resom xaxo n camnm rnm n
yncxe cnpxe (n rnme na neron naunn noimena cnoona), nne nemoryhe non
npernocranxom nnanne nerepmnnannie npnpone (cernmo ce camo Hainnnonnx n Kanronnx
pemena nnrana cnoone xpos ynyrpamne cnpxe nncrnonana). Hopen Maxca Benepa,
Iycrana Bnera n Hnxonaia Xaprmana xoin cy y rom noxpery cnoinm nennma nann snauaine
nonpnnoce nnococxoi anrpononornin, nponemy onmrena cnecrn n ocmnmanany
nonecrn, noceno ie noxnonena naxna nornanem nocnehenom snauaiy nnoconie
Maprnna Xainerepa (no namem mnmeny cacnnm ymecno sor cnecrpanor npncryna n
nonpnnocnma nnoconin iesnxa na onronomxoi pannn), ys ncrnnane nnianornsma Fyepa,
Hennnaca n Kapcannna. Ersncrennniannsam Caprpa n Jacnepca nocmarpan ie ca iennaxom
naxnom xao n onai Fephaiena n Vnamyna, a nponyxrnnnocr panxyprcxe mxone, xpnrnuxe
xomynnxarnnne pannonannocrn n neomapxcnsma Hyxaua, Kopma n Fnoxa, nocranena ie
cnnxpono ca neoromnsmom Mapnrena, Xnncona n Cnnepra. H xao mro cy na nennxa npara y
onaxom npncryny nonecrn nnoconie y ny ymnn snauainn pycxn npecrannnnn, ne camo xao
nexa ennemcxa nspacnnna pennrnicxe nnoconie nnn rex npanocnannor monepnnsma, neh
xao osnnn mncnnonn cmemrann y xonrexcr sanannoenponcxnx crpyia n nneinnx cnryannia
mnmena (Bner, Kapcannn, Bepnancxn, uionopon, Cononion, unopencxn, Hnonxoncxn,
uoxencxn, Fynraxon, Fephaien, Becron, Mamapnamnnnn nrn.), non osnnnin xonrexcr
rpernpana cranen ie n yrnnai na ny nosnor Bennnra xao ersncrennniannor xpnrnuapa rsn.
nerarnnnsma Xerenone nannorncrnuxe nnoconie. Cne re cynrnnne nnnnie mncnn xoie
xon nac nocxopa nncy nn nanomnnane, nanase onne cnoiy carncaxnniy y rnannnm onncnma
n iacno cnenennm nneiama, y xoinma nomnnnpa xocmonomxn casnainn nnrepec n onronornia
Forom omoryhenor cneiennncrna. Enncremonornia Honepa, Kyna n ueiepaenna onenena ie
xao noxymai nsrpanne iennncrnene ynnnxonane nayxe xao cnoienpcran cyporar
Hainnnoncxor ynnnepsannor yuena xao ynnnepsannor cncrema n nspas remxe xpnse
nnoconie came. Mnomrno anrepnarnnnnx merononomxnx xonnennnia y xoinma ce ryn
rpannna nsmehy nayxe, pennrnie n mnra xao cnner ecrercxnx reopnia, nonymraiy nayunocr
camo nponnuno n y cymrnnn onpannanaiy npannonannocrn, xaxo ro ayrop cacnnm iacno
sanaxa. Crpyxrypanncrnuxn npncryn y nnoconin ie nanexo pexnenrnnin (nsysnmaiyhn
ynorpey nocrmonepnncrnuxor nncxypca xoin nema cnoiy nosnnniy), re ce snna
nocmarpaiyhn pasnonpcne xynrypne enomene xpos npnsmy iesnxa, raxo na nynn
opnienranniy na cemnornxy xoia ce any ynyrpamnnm crpyxrypama snaxona n mexannsmnma
osnauanana, npoyuanaiyhn ncrnny nyrem cnohena, ann on ronopa rena no crnncxnx eexara
nncxypsnnnor nspasa, es osnpa na uyxoony sannranocr samro ie ncrnna raxo mano ncrnna,
ncrpaianaiyhn na roi cnenenocrn. Boi cnaxaxo npornnpeue pamnpena xpnna sa nyxonne
nerone canpemenor pasnoia nnococxe xepmeneyrnxe ca nncranom snesnom na rom ney
Xanca Ieopra Ianamepa, xao n xocmoonronornia Eyrena unnxa. Vnpxoc cnom nnococxom
pannxannsmy cam Xycepn ns unie ie mxone nspacrao nnx nnie nnxana nononno y nnrane
cnoiy noy sa mnmenem, re nnxana nnie nn penexronao nnacrnro mnmene, ca unme ie
ocnoahane on nannnocrn nonnno iennoi npyroi nannnocrn, raxo na rex Eyren unnx onaxa
norpey na ce nocrann nnrane camor rpancnennenrannor nnrana, nnn nax nnrane rna xoie ie
naxon cnponenene mncaone penyxnnie sanoceo rpancnennenrannn ero. Tex ry nonasn no
xonxpernsonana uonexone nmanennnie n oryn ce xao nocnennn nponsnon xoncrnryrnnnor
nponeca iana cner, onnocno nnane cnera xao xoncrnryrnnnn nponec y xoiem ce opasyie
nncrnonane camo ynyhn na ono neh nocenyie rennennniy npema ocrnapnnany cnera.
129
(ramo, crp.295) uenomenonornsyiyhe casnane yxasyie na xapaxrep nyra xoinm ce xpehe
rpannnom nncrnonana onor mro camo nononn crnapn y nnrane, rne anonnxrnunocr y
npncryny yxasyie na cnnrernuxo iennncrno cnera xao enomen anconyra, canpxai name
cnryannie y xoioi ce sarnuemo n noxnnyr camopasymnnn xopnsonr npenmerne narocrn
onune cnecrn nnn nannnocrn npnponnor crana: ...npenacxom ns onronornie y xocmonorniy
on (unnx) nsrpahyie ienny opnrnnanny xocmoonronomxy nosnnniy xao reme pasymenana
cnera n uonexa (ramo, crp. 298) Hrpa xpehyher nncrnonana y cnemy nncrnyiyhem
noniennaxo ie Xepaxnnrona nrpa (norocnnm) xamnunnma, Hnaronona nrpa oxperanem
(cymracrnennx) nnounna n Xerenona nrpa cnecrn y enomenonornin nyxa xao pacnpana y
npanporonapany noroca xoin nnana nncrnom xao nrpa y nrpn. Cmarpaiyhn na ce ys nomoh
Xerena, nyrem nerone reopnie ncxycrna mnmena, unnx ynano on Xycepnonor n
Xainereponor cyiexrnnncrnuxor rymauena cnera, np Mnnan Vsenan npocyhyie na ie neronoi
nnoconin remenn neuar nano yuene o ocnonnnm enomennma yncxor nncrnonana
(pan, opa, yan, nrpa, cmpr), unia nrpa nnn cyxo npxn cam oncranax y remenom
nemnpy xao nemnpy ynnnepsyma. Camn remenn enomenn mnmenn cy ynnamenranno
onronomxn na n ce nsernn necnopasymn n ocrnapno mnmene xoncrnrynnie noimona y
crannoi npomenn, uax: Kaxo ce onnoc npema nnmra (xoin na nnany rexnnxe nonn
xaracrpon) nanac na onnyuyiyhn naunn noxasyie ynpano na rny ymernnuxor nponsnohena,
cmarpam na unnxono xocmoonronomxo cranonnmre ocraie iennno moryhe rno nsrpanne
ienne nnosonie ymernocrn.(ramo, crp. 303) Taxo nnoconia y canpemenocrn nocnena no
ayropenexcnie y xoioi ce nnnn xao neuna nrpa noimona y saiennnnn cnera moryher xoie iecre
n crnapno., na ie enomenonomxa pannonannocr nocnena no nynna onaxne cy ce
ncnoanane mnronomxe opme. Te+e+ua numana cucme+amcre neoaeoeuie(Eyren unnx,
1978), noxasana cy na ce nenarornia iana xao npaenomen yncxor xnnora xoin ie iennaxo
nsnopan xao yan n cmpr, pan n nnanannna. V xocmoonronomxoi onrnnn nenarornia ce
iana xao cpencrno nonnrnxe, unie ie oenexie n narocnon n npoxnercrno y nonpehenocrn
naunnnma nnanannne. Kopnmhenem iesnxa mohn n iesnxa rexnnxe nnrepcyiexrnnnocr
connierera nocpenyie ncropnunocr nnanannne uonexa nan npnponom (pan), a xaxo ie y
camoi nnanannnn nnnnn pan na napony, moh xoia ce ornena y unneny iecre n
nponoxannia nncrnonana, xoia ne npnnana nn nonnrnuapnma nn rexnnuapnma, neh camoi
cymrnnn cnera. Hpnnnn ce penarnnnsyie rex npnnnnno na ce enomenonomxa pannonannocr
noxasyie xao mnronomxa y ncxonnmry, saro mro ie nnoconin crano n no onora mro n
rpeano na yne, no onora nopor y nama, mro n naano na caunnana camy ynyrpamny
cnpxy nacnnranana. Ona cnoi sanasax nnnn y npahany cnom nouerxy (xon Xepaxnnra), ca
nnranem: Axo nn cee ne moxemo nornpnnrn, mra ce yonmre moxe rnpnnrn?.
Mnronoremarnxa, mehyrnm nnie nemro mro n rpeano na crnapa nenpemocrnne npenpexe n
oecnoxoiana. Cama nnrennnonannocr xoia caunnana remeny crpyxrypy yncxor nyxa
yxasyie na nesarnopenocr monane, necamoxnnocr noiennnna nnn neconnncncrnuxn
rpancnennenrannn eronrer, xoier ie moryhe nncnnnnnnonano norncnyrn na npry nnnniy
xnnorno snauainnx enomena.
uonex nanasn cnoi nnrepec y nnrepeconany sa nha, na cy n ono mro ce casnaie n
onai xoin casnaie sannrepeconann sa casnane xpos camo nncrnonane xoie caunnana nnxony
npnonrny exonomcxy, nenaromxy n corepnonomxy nesy. Taxo ie moryhe nsanane ns
cnoicrnene naprnxynapne n y cen sarnapaiyhe ce ersncrennnie, a naunn xaxo ie ro moryhe
nocn opmy snana. 3nane xoie ynnha n npmn cnnresy onnx nperxonehnx snana n orxpnna
reme na xome nounna cna npnponnocr npnpone (xnne n nexnne), y ynyrapcnercxoi cepn
nanasn npny nnsnny y xnnecresniama nnacrnre renecnocrn. Ono oryna npernocrana reno
xao npaenomen, xoin ie yrnannom npexpnnen nenaxnnm crpyxrypama n camnm rnm sacrpr.
Berono nsnnauene npen nornen xoin nonpasymena n anexnarny naxny npernennocrn, moryhe
ie y noresnma xoin cy cynpornn rennennniama nepnnannonor mexannnnsma nnn nax
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nosnrnnnsma nayxe. Hayxa nocenyie rexny na mro nnme ncxyun cyiexrnnno-onnocne
canpxaie nnn na nx npeypehyiyhn yxnonn y oiexrnnan cncrem y xoioi ne npencranaiy
nnxaxny cmerny. Tnme ce y naioem cnyhaiy nocrnxe samena uynnnx n uyncrnennx
xnannrera ca mexannuxom merpnxom uncro xnanrnrarnnnnx snauena nponsnonnx rauaxa y
penannin ca nexnm npyrnm rauxama re nneannsyiyhe ersaxrnocrn. Mehyrnm, nponem ie y
penarnnnoi onpehenocrn xoia ce nenpnmerno nponyue sa anonnxrnuny nonohenem no
noronnnpaiyhe xomorenocrn nnn sacrnpana npaenomenanne opnienrannie
sacrpannnannma y noxeny nxnniy. Hpnpona nnie ycrpoiena camo xaysanno-mexannuxn n
ne moxe esycnonno na naxn mexannsannia npocropa xoia nonpasymena rsn. nocrynaropnn
arensam (Hnxonai Xaprman). Koncexnenrno carnenanano, nexa anconyrna mexannxa
ncxyunnana n n nneiy Fora xao moryher xpainer yspoxa cnera, a cam For, npnpona n uonex
y noi n ce ianann xao nexa rex nepnnxrnnm iacrnom nonymrena-nponsnenena ynnnepsanna
nepnepnia nera camor. Fnnn n ro, rnenano ns nosnnnie y xoiy ie n sanana nononexonna
meransnxa asnunor cyiexrnnnrera, axnnnenrannn nepnnarn nncrnonana, ann onor
nncrnonana xoie ie neh npnnpemeno xao nepnnxrnnna nosnnnia, nnn c osnpom na
nocroe nnona xoin onpehyie nponynsnnnocr xapaxrepa xareropniannor onaxana, rex n
onopeno sa remarnsanniy xao nemro nernrnmno. Tnme ie npocyhnnane xoie ie ysypnnpano
napaenomen y cnnrernuxom camoyrnphnnany mnomrna cnnxa y cnnresy nnysopno
camoorpahenor nnenrnrera y camoi iesnunocrn iesnxa yxnnyno carnacnocr oxo onora mra
iecre n neronor mnmena, axo nnie neh nnacpano n naronemrene cyporare y nnxonnma
cnmynannia n cnmynaxpyma xao nocrmonepnncrnuxnx omnennx npennocnnx npxana.
Opnienrncane npema npaenomeny iecre opnienrncane npema renecnocrn xao naroi ry n
onne (ne rex emnnpnicxn neh n anpnopno omoryheno xnnom nennnom), y nnxany npema
ornopenoi ecxonaunocrn ns onor xopnsonra ry n onne, xoier ie moryhe nparnrn nnunocnnm
(nnocrasnnm) onaxannma n penexcniama xoie cy nopexnom ns nncrnonana camor n nemy
cxonne cnecrn. Jom on npnnx rpuxnx mncnnnana rsn. ocrann npnpone yxasnnann cy na
nemro mro ny camy npenasnnasn, mro y noi camoi nocroin, ann ce oner ns ne came n
cnyxehn ce noi nocrynnnm cpencrnnma ne ounryie n ne nnnn.
Vnnn y nponem nennncana nnoconie n cam ie onnx nnococxor casnanana,
xaxo ie ro y onoi xnnsn npo. Vsenna nocroino noxasano iep ro oanane nernrnmncana
pannn nonmana cnana y camy nnosoniy (npacrapa nenoa nnosonie ie, xaxo ie na ro
nanno yxasao Hnaron, na ce ynex nsnona mopa cyouanarn ca onnma xoin ie mpse n npesnpy).
Hnrane na nn ie ym neno nnoconie, a ne nnoconia neno yma, nanme, na nn ie n cam ym
ienna sanyna nnn nerpannpana opma yncxor mnmena, nnie camo peropnuxo. Bepanno
oncrpannnane nnrana yma xao cnoienpcna mona na nsmaxy XX nexa, sancra nnme nema
nnxaxny onronopnocr y norneny rora na uemy nounna n xaxo ie yonmre n cama no cee
nomna, raxo na cy cne rearpanne xonnenryannsannie rsn. nocrmonepnncrnuxnx cnmynannia n
cnmynaxpyma y nornynoi anecresnpanocrn npen unnennnom, oa ie v+ mer ouoa v+ raoa
+uc)u (Hpoxno), raxo na cnoinm nynnm eneprercxnm npncycrnom nna mepnno camor cee n
cnera mro iecre. To ce npncycrno noraha na noy ocnemranana, xao ypehenn cner xoin ce
pasnnia ns cnor anconyrnor ocnona, ca unme ce orxpnna xaxo ns Jennor (anconyrnor ocnona
cnera) nacraie Mnoro (cner nha n cner uonexa), re nonia cynncao onronop samro ce Jenno
ynoiennnyie n pasnaxe y mnomrny. unnoconia he raxo n sanouern y cnom cymrnncxom
npenmery, y onaxannma onpxananoi n mnmenoi xocmo-onronomxoi nnepennnin
nncrnonana n nncrnyiyher xao mnoxnncxor nnna nha. Baxnocr noemarnuxe penexcnie
ri. orxpnnana naunna na xoin npenmern nnaiy nocranenn y mnmeny, xoncraronann y
Xycepnonoi enomenonornin, npencranaiy nnr-nonny rymauena noiana ne-nannne cnecrn.
Hpen nnranem xoie ie Xeren ynepnno paspemno nocrananem enomenonornie cnecrn xao
enomenonornie nyxa y ncrn max, Xycepny ce ornopno xopnsonr enomenonornie raxo na my
ce noxasano nsnopno ncxycrno cnniecrn xao xynrypa ca mncaonnm ocnonom y "cnery
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xnnora". Tnme ie n on nocneo no nosnnnie ncropnicxor rymauena anconyrnor ncxycrna, iep
"cner xnnora" pasyme xao "ynnnepsanno noe pasnnunrnx opmn npaxce", ri. xao one
npepenexcnnne crpyxrype xoie cy rno cnaxe reopnicxe n nereopnicxe nenarnocrn. To ie
nosnnnia nmanenrnor rymauena nsnopnor ncxycrna, xoier ie nocne cnenno n Eyren unnx y
pasnniany cnoie xocmoonronornxe. Tnme ie nnococxa penexcnia, xao enomenonomxa
penyxnnia, nocrana ne camo naunn pasymenana ynnamenrannnx ocnona xynrype (naxne, n
nayunor casnana), nero n cpencrno nesnnor npeonnxonana y ncrnncxn cner, ri. saiennnny
nneannnx nnrepeca mehy ynnma, nonesannx nneiama xoie nncy camo xopncne sa cne, nero
xoinma cy cnn n onnanann.
Pynncxa cnecr n nena ounronana n y npnponn, nnie noiana xoiy ie moryhe
nxcnparn mepnnnma yonuaiene cranno-crpyiehe cnecrn, xoia ie y onrnnaiy nannnrera
yrnnnrapncrnuno orpannuennx rema cnaxonnennne, xao n na nnma nsrpahennm
nparmarniama n anaparypama nosnrnnnnx npnpononayunnx napannrmn. He rpynehn ce na
sannpn y crane crnapn npe ycnocranana napannrmn, sancra n ce morno pehn sa nayxe na
cy one nponyxrn neorecannx, cnponnx nneannsannia, xoin ry npennapannrmarnunocr
npeneperanaiy n anaiy y ramy nenaxnor. Cnerno xoie rai onnoc pacnerana nonasn ns
cacnnm npyraunie onacrn npaenomena, ns eneprocnecnor xapaxrepa nncrnonana, xoin ce
ne npenaie npen nnxpycrpanniama nnrensnnnnx nennunna no mexannuxo-emnnpncrnuxn
oncennyre uynnocrn, nnn nax npema nnma xoncrpyncannm rpancnennenrannnm
nncxpennonncannm nopmarnnnma. Eneprnia cnecrn n xnnora na nncxpernnm pannnma
ocnemranana, nmaiy remnopannn craryc npncyrnocrn y xome ie camo npeme mepnno rex
apmnnnma neunocrn. Crnapanauxa npnpona n crnopena npnpona y cnem cy ynyhem xnnory
/Edecuu+a, 1, 21/ nemro mro nouerny ynaenocr uonexa on Fora npemomhana y
cnnycniarnuxy xnnorny saiennnny, xoncyncrannniannrer, xoin yxasyie na crane iecracrna
nnn crane nncrnonana cnera, iep Xpncroc ie xnnor, nyr n ncrnna, xocmonronomxo cnerno.
Onronop ie nnax, npema cnemy nsnecenom, moryhe cynncno norpaxnrn y remnopannoi
nnmensnin nncrnonana, onmepanaiyhn npema mepn onora mro ie neh onanno nncano: Jep on
rpea na napyie nox ne nonoxn cne nenpniaree non nore cnoie. Hocennn nenpniare
yxnnyhe ce cmpr. Jep cne noxopn non nore nerone. A xana xaxe na my ie cne noxopeno,
ounrnenno, ocnm Onora xoin my noxopn cne. A xan my ce cne noxopn, onna he ce n cam Cnn
noxopnrn Onome xoin my cne noxopn, na yne For cne y cnemy /Kop.1.; 15, 25-28/. H na
xpaiy, ann saro ne n nocnenne no penocneny, naa iom iennom nanomenyrn xaxo cy
nnoconia n orocnone neronann mehy cnonencxnm naponnma xonauno nonnn n cnoie
sacnyxno mecro mehy mncnnonnma npyrnx, nosnarninx napona, re cacnnm onronapaiyhe
cranenn ys ox yonuaieno ynaxenninx nnunocrn. Kao nsyserny sacnyry n nanpenax y
nonecnom mnmeny nsnnaiamo unnennny na oncyrnocr cnonencxe mncnn ca cnoinm
cnennnunocrnma onne nnie nna ycnon nncana, na ry Herpnh, Bnreno, Fomxonnh,
uionopon, Bn. Cononion, unopencxn n r. n., nncy mane snauaine noiane y raxo carnenananoi
ncropnin. V cnaxom cnyuaiy, yxasnnanem na necnonnny nenonnrocr crnapnocrn n noima
nnoconie, np Mnnan Vsenan ie noxasao ornopen nyr ncropnie nnoconie ca
npenopyunnanem mncaono oenexenor enomenonomxor ynnnnnxa sa cnaxora xo rnm
nyrem xenn ca-mncnehn na nyryie.








132

B.
3A 200 roanna oa cup1n Immanuela Kanta
/HOBOPOM H3BHTOHEPEBA BHTEBA AHCOHVTA V
PEuHEKCHBHHM HOCPEPOBABHMA/


I

Kaumoea :eepcm oro cepxa npupooe u eepe v uam:v)uu ocuoe


unnoconia ie rexnna na onpxn nosnnniy nanmohn nan nayxama xao ynnnepsanna
nayxa xoia oyxnara cne ncrnne, na camnm rnme n ncrnny npnpone xao n ncrnny npnponnnx
nayxa. Mehyrnm, cnecrpann saxnar monepnnx nayxa xoinm ce y ony ncnopyuennx reopnia
n excnepnmenrannnx nponepa na emnnpnicxom nnnoy, pauynaiyhn ca nepnennniama onune
cnecrn xoie ocraiy mepnno sa xpainn nepnnxr ncrnnnrocrn, sanpano n peannsyie nnxona
meroncxa samncao, ocrana xpainy norpey yma sa ouynanem iennncrna y nennnn
nncrnonana nesanonoenom. Texna sa cncremarcxnm ciennnananem namer snana ns rora
mro ie nonyheno, ma xonnxo ce cmarpana nernrnmnnm nonpyuiem nnoconie, ne camo na ie
npnnnxom nsnohena cncremarnsannie cyxoena ca cne nehnm nonospenem ycnen
orpannuennx npernocranxn y npnpononayunnm cxnarannma xoie ce y rome cmarpaiy
ycnemnninm, nero nma sa npenpexy n necannannny naprnxynapnocr snana xoia npnnana
naynn. Hpnoi nnoconin nnn onro-nornnn ie ocranen monannrer xeypncrnuxor craryca
pasmarpana nncrnonana, xao ynepena nexe cyiexrnnne onmrocrn xoia y mohn cyhena
moxe na nahe ynopnmre sa maxcnmy penarnnnsyiyher rnenana na npnpony cxonno
ymernocrn, ri. es anonnxrnuxe nsnecnocrn n yrnpnnnocrn cranonnmra.
Hoiam npnpone xoin remarnsyie nayxa nanasnmo xon Kanra xao cnryncan y reopniy
xoia nponnryie cnoie npernocranxe xoncrnryncana, iep ra nennnme xao saxonomepnocr
noiana y npocropy n npemeny. Ca rnme ornana nanocpennnie nosnanane npnpone nocmarpano
ns yrna xenencxe mynpocrn, ornana ono onpannie nosnaro mnpoxo snauene noima npnpone
xao ramnor nnn cxpnnenor nauena cnera mro iecre, xao pacra n pasnoia no cnpcncxonnnx
pasmepa nncrnenor ycrpoicrna, a npenysnma ce axnnia xpnrnuxor orpannuanana
ncxycrnennx unnennna na noiane n meronnuxn ynanpen anopnsyie oroeno emnnpnicxo
cranonnmre ocnanana ncxyunno na ono, mro onuna uynnocr moxe na nonynn xao
penenrnnnrer yrncaxa, re nenpomnpnnana cnecr yonnun y naxme npnxnarnny
caonmrnnocr. Cnaxaxo na nena ncraxnyra noiana y nncxpernom cyny yxyca n xapaxrepy
nenor y npnponn n cnemy mro iecre, nnie mano; ann ie nsnopna cpacnocr enrenexnie
ycaxna.
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128
Kanrona yehena ncnoena cy y pnrxocrn mncnn (xoia nonceha na ony xoiy nncy es pasnora
rnrynncann doctorem subtili), xoia ce ornena y rome na ie on npennsno youno nenocrarxe y crpyxrypannin
cnpxa npnponocnona n nsnuxe reonornie, re npennsno nasnauno xaxo nncy cne nsnuxe cnpxe
npennnhene sa ro na yxasyiy na nexn nenoxyunnn pasym y yspoxy cnera, ycnen nenononocrn nnn nnma
cnoicrnennx orpannuenocrn (uax nx ie nehnna rex na nocnyxe nexom nponsnono onapanom nsnoheny n
nonreopnicxom xopnmheny). Berona nopacnocr na ce nocn ca rom xomnnnxonanom nponemarnxom
ounrnenna ie y mnnynnosnoi penexcnin, xoia ce ornena y iacnom npnmehnnany na reopnicxo sacraiane xon
nocnenne cnpxe xoiy moxemo na samncnnmo, camo ornapa nnrane xnnornor acnexra enomena npnpone
133
Perynarnn carnenanana cana ie caxer ie y opmynannin na ono mro nnie npenmer
nayune merone ne moxe nn na naxn xao nen oiexar, a camnm rnm ce npernocrana na ie
pasym rai xoin npnponn es nnrynrnnne nonpmxe onmepana mepy. Hsmehy nyxnocrn onmrnx
saxona n cnyuainocrn noiennnor cnyuaia, nocroin necxpnnrnnnn nnenrnrer xoin oanesyie, a
ro oanesnnane ie n pyxononnno Kanra na ie npaxrnuno cxnarn xaxo nyxnocr npnponnnx
saxona, mepeny ns yrna nyxnocrn nonmana, re na ie n camy naa npxarn sa cnyuainy.
uopmynncane maremarnuxn crpornx saxonnrocrn npnpone camnm rnm nnie ysero sa crnap
npennsnocrn nonmana, neh mane nnn nnme nepna xoncrpyxnnia, exrnncxn anpoxcnmarnnnn
nnean. V cymrnnn nayxe nnana nemro nesaonnasno n onpehyie, a xana ce nahe y cen, Kanr
npxn na mopa na ce nsnonn na naunn cnoicrnen maremarnnn. To uax nomano onsnana n xao
nanexn oniex Hnarononor nomronana maremarnxe /na nparnma Axanemnie ie npema npenany
nncano na xo ne sna reomerpniy ry ne rpea nn na ynasn, uax ro n nornprana na cen
cnoicrnen naunn: Hcro ronnxo maremarnuap xonnxo n nnoso, H)amou ce xon cnoicrana
nexnx reomerpnicxnx nrypa, nanp. xpyra, nnnno nexoi npcrn cepxoeumocmu, ri nononocrn
sa pemene mnorocrpyxocrn nponema nnn sa mnorocrpyxocr pemena iennor re ncror
nponema (xao, pennmo, y yueny o reomerpnicxnm mecrnma) ns iennor npnnnnna, xao na cy
saxrenn sa xoncrpyxnniy nsnecnnx noimona nennunne ua+epuo y nnx nonoxenn, npemna ce
onn, xao nyxnn, a priori mory ynnnern n noxasarn. Cnpxonnrocr ce, mehyrnm, moxe mncnnrn
camo nomohy onnoca npenmera npema nexom pasymy xao yspoxy./y unnosocxn
ronnmnax, p. 3, 1990., npen. H. Facra, crp.274/ V panninm nennma Kanr ie xnanno
Hnarona sa nsymenane n ynorpey peun nneia, ann ce y norneny canpxaia xoie ie ona
nonpasymenana mano mra sanpxano y cnosn ca neronnm omrpnm mnmenem, nounm cana
ncrnue noiam cnpxe ann my ce ne cnnha na on nana saienno ca npenmerom pasmarpana.
uopmannsam raxo nocranene anpnopnocrn xoia n nna onnnxa yma camor no cen,
pacnonoxnnor npema maremarnuxnm nsnohennma xao nornpne nemoncrparnnnocrn resa,
sancra ie rex nocrnsano opmanno iennncrno pann meronnuxor cxynana, nopehena n
cyncymannie cxemarnmyhnx pasymcxnx casnana. Axo ocrannmo n onai cacnnm yremeenn
npnronop no crpann, a xohemo nemro naxno n nanac na xaxemo o maremarnnn xao reopnin,
cacnnm ie nsnecno na cmo npnnyhenn na nanycrnmo npenmerny onacr maremarnxe onaxne
cexe maremarnuxn naunn npencranana, a camnm rnm n neny nannno nonpxany rsn. nayuny

xome mexannuxe saxonnrocrn xocmonornie xao anonnxrnuxn onpenena xomnonenra, nnme nncy
nenpemocrnne npenpexe - uemy ie ry ra nenoxynna npnpona, n mra npencrana xpainy cnpxy raxo nennxe n
raxo pasnonnxe eeumuue (crnapanauxor ymeha, ymernocrn)? (K.m.c., crp.361). unsnxo-reneonomxo
sacnnnane reopnie cnera xoie xasyie o camocrannom ynpyxnnany canpmencrana y iennom yspoxy nnie nn
onpannan nn noxasan noiam, neh onai xoin ie ycnoien pann oe ynorpee yma (iep ym npencrana nnuny
npennocr xoiom on n neron xnnor mory npencranarn xpainy cnpxy). Hs yrna rnenana Kpumure +ohu
cvhena nsnxo-reneonomxn noxas nma ynory na nymennocr y nocmarpany cnera ynyrn na nyr cnpxa, a
rnme na pa;v+uoe crnopnrea cnera, ann y nperepanoi rexnn sa casnanem, xao noxas o npanhy ne camo
na nnie nonoan, iep ce ne ann nainnmnm crenenom ror pasyma, nero nnie nn onronomxn onpannan y
pannonannoi reonornin xoia cnoinm sarnapanem y ayropnrer camononone pasnoxnocrn npexo noi
norpenor rapanra saxnor camonononor ayropnrera, ne nonymra noiam o Fory xao nepasnnoian on oanese
npema Beronom nhy, n rnme xaysannrer casnana namnx nyxnocrn xao Foxninx sanonecrn npnxasyie xao
nemro naxnanno nnn nax xao nsnyheno norunnanane (yocranom, cacnnm ncnpanno rnpnn Kanr, na n ro es
nosaimnnana ns mopanne reneonornie, nno sacnnnane nemononornie). To nnie neonxonno y penenannonoi
reonornin xoia npernocrana nonmane nenoxynnocrn cnnx Foxninx canpmencrana, rne cy noimonn
cnesnaiyher, cnenopor, cnenpanennor, cnemohnor, cnenpncyrnor nha nrn., raxnn na nsasnnaiy nainnme
crpaxonomronane n nparonony npnnpxenocr. (Onmra nanomena o reneonornin, npen., Frn., 1991., crp.
362-367). Ca onnm ie ornana moryhnocr sacnnnana nsnxe onpenom xaysannrera nexor penannonom
nsnunomhy onpehenor npnor noxperaua, ynyhn na mexannuxn saxonn xperana noiam raxnor yspoxa
ocranaiy nornyno npasnnm, cnenouehn o nocroiany nexor pasymnor ocnona xperana y cnery, ann ro sa
Kanra nn xao Byrnon sensorium Dei nnie oconna ns came npnpone, xoia n ce es ananornie c ymernomhy,
na rai naunn nana casnarn.

134
oiexrnnnocr, iep ie onpehyiy nnnonn nnrepnperannia axcnomarnxe nnn npnnnnna nocranxn
reopema xao nornuxnx eneprocrpyxrypa pasymenana. Xerenon npnronop Kanry y onmrem
npnxasy nerone nnoconie, xoin ce cacroin y samepnn sa nannnocr xoiom ce ra pasymcxn
pesonyiyha nemoncrparnnna merona namernyna sa nnanaiyhy, iennaxo xao n sa anpnopnocr
xoia onnnxyie ym cam no cen y onniany cnera mro n ra nauenno onronomxn
nernrnmncano, unnn ce nnax ymecnnm: Taxo ynanacr xao ona nnosonia nnie nnienan
uonex; axo uonex oceha rnan, onna on ne samnma iena, neh pann na n nocrao cnr...Bpno ie
ro phana xpnmhancxa cxpymenocr n cxpomnocr, nanme nrn nsnpcran naronapehn cnoioi
enn, - casnane cnoie nnmrannocrn, ynyrpamna nanmenocr n yxnnane y camom cen.
Mehyrnm, pann uacrn npane cxpymenocrn ne cme ce ocrarn y cnoioi nnmrannocrn, neh ce
mopamo ysnnhn nsnan ne nonmaiyhn ce onora mro ie oxancxo. /Xeren, Hcm. du) III, Frn.,
1983., (npen. H. Hononnh), crp. 456-457/ Kana ronopn o Kanronoi nosnrnnnoi nnoconin,
meransnnn nnn nnoconin npnpone xao nsnarany onmrnx noimona npnpone, Xeren nnme
n ynpennno npernocranaiyhn raxna cyxanana re nnoconie no cnmnnnnxannia xoia
nny ncnon none rpannne nonycrnnocrn: Ann, ro ie, nenom, no canpxnnn nemro cacnnm
yoro, mro, xao raxno, canpxn nexonnxo onmrnx xnannrera n noimona o marepnin n xperany,
n mro y norneny onora mro ie nayuno nnn anpnopno, xaxo ra Kanr nasnna, iecre nemro mro
ncro raxo anconyrno ne sanonoana. Jep, na marepnia nocenyie xperane, ocnm rora
npnnnauny n onoiny cnny nrn., cne one noimone Kanr npernocrana ymecro na noxaxe y
uemy ie nnxona nyxnocr./ucmo, crp. 458-459/ Opasnoxene re nyxnocrn nanasn ce xon
Hainnna y nocrynary npecrannnsonane xapmonnie pasnnunrnx nnmensnia nncrnonana, y
xome ie marepnia penannona noiana nara y nnnnnresnmannoi reopnin saxona xonrnnynrera,
xao meransnuxn sacnonanom cranonnmry, sanonienom na ocnony nneie penyxnnie
ecxpaino mannx nennunna xoie ce nonnnyiy nmnyncnma neonpehenor cpennmra xocmoca xoie
cne npxn na ce ne pacnanne, ne ca nexnm yrnnaiem na nanny, neh nnannom
reneonomxom nanmohnomhy. H Xeren ie npnmerno na y norneny nneie mohn cyhena, ona
Kanrom yrnphena nenpernenna nponannia nsmehy onacrn noima npnpone xao onora mro ie
uynno n onacrn noima cnoone xao onora mro ie naruynno, nnax nnie cacnnm
nenpemocrnna, re na naruynnn cner nma, nanonno, nsnecran yrnnai na uynnn cner, nanme
noiam cnoone ocrnapyie y uynnom cnery cnpxy..., re ca rnme xao na on n cam cnenn anrnuxo
nocmarpane cnpxe y npnponn camoi no cen, xao noimy xoin npoxnma raxo na ie cne noceno
onpeheno rom onmromhy. Ha ro ynyhyie n nosnarn nacyc ns xpnrnxe uncror yma - Vm ce
oceha npnnyhennm nnn na npernocrann nexor raxnor C1nopn1ena saienno ca xnnorom y
nexom raxnom cnery xoin mopamo cmarparn sa ynyhn cner nnn na mopanne saxone cmarpa sa
npasne mamrapnie, nomro n es re npernocranxe mopano ornacrn nnxono nyxno neicrno
xoie cam ym sa nnx nesyie./H. Kanr, Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, (O nneany nainnmera nopa xao
pasnory xoin onpehyie xpainy cnpxy uncrora yma), npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1990. crp.
482-483/.
129


129
Ponyme, ne naa cmernyrn c yma xaxo ie einercxa nornuxa cnna xoiy rapanryie cmncao npnnne iom on
Hnarona, ono eneprocnecno iesrpo Foxninm crnapanem ycranonenor noperxa mro ie nponcrexno xao
yxasnnane na nnnamnrer xnne cnne y npnponn, a mro n remxo snaunno rex Kanrony cnonocr
xpnmhancxom mncrnnnsmy xao nexy nanonny mncaony nenonpmenocr ns npexpnrnuxor nepnona, na xoie ie
cranonnmre y nonnie npeme cacnnm cynncno yxasao xao neonpxnno upnnpnx Kaynax, noncehaiyhn na
nnococxy sacnonanocr raxnor noima cnne xoia cexe iom ns nynncxor yremeena y Apncrorenonoi
reopnin npnpone. Cnna y npnponn xao nena nnnamnuxa xomnonenra xoncrnryrnnna ie sa noiam cnoone,
npyxaiyhn opnienranniy y xperany: Den Namen `Kraft` spreche ich in seiner philosophischen Bedeutung an:
Kraft in philosophischer bedeutung ist das Vermgen derjenigen Bewegung, durch welche das Viele in Eins
zusammengefat wird. So ist die Kraft ursprnglich da am Weke, wo ein Gebilde als dieses eine, in sich
zusammenhngende hervorgebracht wird. Die Monade bettigt Kraft (der Per-zeption) und existiert selbst nur
durch das Wirken dieser Kraft. Diese Idee spricht im Dialog eine neue, eindrucksvolle Sprache: hier kommt der
Spung zur Geltung, den der Gedanke von der Ausgedehntheit zum unausgedehnten Prinzip der Kontinuierung zu
machen hat: dieser Sprung wird in der Theorie der transcreation zum Ur-sprung der Bewegung. (Hme `cnna` y
135
Crnap no cen Kanr ie ocranno nan nonmana n xao yxoueny ancrpaxnniy nnn ono
npasno npyro on cnera xao neonpeheny rpancnennenrnocr, unie rpannne ne moxe na
pasmaxne nn reneonornia xoia nyrem yma nocrynnme iennncrno. Kpaine ie, oner, uynno na ra
nainya npornnpeunocr ocraie ca raxo mpmannm n rex ncnxonomxn pasymnnnm
aprymenrom sa naruynno, na cmo ce nannxnn na ra raxo nocmarpamo, ro ie maxcnma name
penexcnie. Vxnnyrn nanor nnie cxnahen nn npnxnahen n ornpnnnxe croin y Kanronom
pasmarpany ononnxo oiexrnnno, xonnxo n oiexrnnnocr maremarnuxor nocrynara na ce nne
napanenne npane nnax cexy y ecxonaunocrn. Ta n ce oiexrnnnocr canpxanana y
npnpyunnm napamerpnma onor mro ce na nsmepnrn, raxo na n no rome npenmernocr came
npnpone nna neonpeheno nacnehenn opasan nnn napamerap mohn mepena. Maremarnuxnm
nspauynananem nemoryhe ie nocnern no nno xaxnor noysnannier onpehena o ncnpannocrn
ncrnne n nenor onnamhena mepnnocrn mepenor xao nexe mensypanne xomnerennnie, na
uax nn no rora mra ie y crnapn maremarnxa. Ona ne moxe na ce cxnarn rex
iennonnmensnonanno n nynrapno xao pauynane y cmncny onepncana peannnm,
npannonannnm n ancrpaxrnnm poiennma nnn cnmonnunnm snannma n mehy nnma yrnphennm
penanniama, y xoioi n iennnn nn no rex yrnphnnane nennunna nnn xnanrnrarnnnnx
pesynrara, neh ono pauynane xoie ie ynorpeom iennaunna omoryhnno ouexnnane
nsiennauanana penannia noperxa. Horpean n nonoan ycnon sanonoanana reopnie raxo ie
nannnnsannia reopema xoia ynanpen pauyna ca ocnonnom iennaunnom sa cnaxn moryhn
nopenax, xao crepnnnn ynnnepsannsam xoin ie ycneo y repmnnonomxoi n axcnomarcxo-
axcnonomxoi camonsonannin, xoioi nnme nema npncryna nnxo cem on rnx xpnrepniyma
onapannx n na ro nocroe nacnocranennx crpyunaxa, onnx nosnannx sa excneprnse xoie
ce neeno marepnianno ncnnare, maxap n nnxome ne xopncrnne nnn nno mra snaunne.
Cnaxaxo na ro nnie morno nn nsnnsa na sanonon ocrane. Onarne n nornuno cnenn, na axo
ie raxnoi naynn ycxpahena moryhnocr na nayuno nponnxne y concrneny cymrnny, onna nayxe
nnxaxo nncy y crany na npnhy onom nesaonnasnom mro nnana y nnxonoi cymrnnn.
Hponyxrnnnocr xpnrnuxor npncryna pasmarpany n nana ie cnoi nauennn nonpnnoc
opasnoxenem casnana na npnpona, nonecr, uonex, iesnx xao ono nesaonnasno mro ce rnue
ncxpe xnnora iecre nemro raxno, na ie y cnponenenom nayunom nocrynxy nocrano nemro
nenpncrynauno n raxno na my ce ns yronenocrn y uncrn nayunn nncxypc ne moxe nn
npnhn. Hnax, nennxa ie crnap ro mro ie ynpano Kanr ornopno xopnsonr na xome ce noxasyie

cnom nnococxom snaueny nam xaxe: cnna y nnococxom snaueny ie omoryhanane nornunor xperana,
nyrem xoier ie nonesana mnomrno y ienno. Taxo na xana ie cnna nsnopno na neny, nonyr ienne
onnxonanocrn xao nexor iennor, y cen ra ie ncraxnyro nonesana. Opahena cnna monane (nep-nennnia) n
nnacrnro ie nocroiane xpos nenonane one cnne. Ona nneia nocrana y nnianory ienno nono, nspasnro
xasnnane: onne nonasn no cxoxa npennocrn, xana ce saysnma rnennmre npomnpenor n nenpomnpenor nauena
nenpexnnnocrn: onai cxox ie y reopnin rpancxpeannie no npema npa-cxoxy /nsnopy/ xperana.) /Friedrich,
Kaulbach, Der philosophischen Begriff der Bewegung: Studien zu Aristoteles, Leibniz und Kant, Kln; Graz,
1965., S.50/ Konrnnynrer nnnnnresnmannnx enemenara osnauanao ie sa Hainnna crnapny nesy mehy
crnapnma, xoin ie y nnny maremarnuxnx nsnona maxcnmyma n mnnnmyma xon npomennnnx nennunna n
pemanana nponema xnanparype xpnnonnnnicxnx nrypa ounrnenan. Hpernocranxa ie na ce xonrnnynpana
npomena cacroin on ecxpaino mannx npomena, a npeme on ecxpaino xparxnx npemencxnx rpenyraxa,
raxo na ie nnepennniannn pauyn /nanaxene nyxcnie y nyenrn/ npnmenno n na anreapcxe n na
rpancnennenranne /mexannuxe/ ynxnnie. On xpaine nennunne nnie onpenno neonpeheno xao 0, neh xao
dy/dx; x=ydx, nnn xao xnanparypy xpnne. Bennunna raxo nne npe nporesana, a nnepennnian nnn nsnon
xao noiam nonia anexnarny npnmeny y xnnemarnnn onna xana nesanncno npomennna nennunna
cnmonnsyie npeme. Axo ie x=npeme, a y=f(x), noxperna rauxa xoia npenasn npemencxn pasmax on 0 no
x, ona naie nsnon f(x) xoiom ce osnauana rpenyrna psnna noxperne rauxe y onpehenom momenry, ca unme
ce nonnpa nen nonoxai, re nonia opyhe sa ncnnrnnane onnx npnponnnx enomena y xoinma ce ianaiy
npomennne nennunne. Pnepennnian anconyrne nnnnepennnie nnnnnresnmannia iecre nsnon xoin
nounna na rny cacnnm npyror pena nennunna n orxpnna cne one orpannuene samncnn nnrensnrera nennunna
xao npcry rnnonornie cnecrn xoia na nynm pannnma rex n nna y crany na nncxperno pasorxpnie xao
nsnopno nnn onapeno nehnm crenenom peannrera.
136
xpnsa ocnona y camnm nayxama xoin yxasyiy na nenoysnanocrn ocnonnnx noimona na xoinma
n nounna n sa xoiy xpnsy Kanr nnie nnneo nexa nn y cnnrernsyiyhnm pesnmnpannma, xao nn
y camoi nonecrn nayxe rne n ce enenryanno nemro nano nonpannrn npeoxperanem n
npeannnanem na ncnpannnie npncryne. Hcro raxo, naa nonarn, xaxo cem ysnemnpenocrn
nayunnxa sor yuecrannx, on Kanra naonamo rorono nepoiennx pacnpana o nayxama, ona n
nan nanac nne cnoinm nyrem cnrypnnie nero nxana pannie. Ta cnrypnocr naie nonona sa
iacnohy nncrannnpna.
Hnein npnpone xao reneonomxoi mohn cyhena, Kanr ie nonenno n noimonno mecro
xoie npenasnnasn cyxenocr nperxoneher xopnsonra y xoin iy ie cmecrnna Kpumura :ucmoe
v+a, nomepaiyhn ie npema npaxrnunoi nnmensnin y ymehe nsnohena nnn noi cnoicrneny
nponsnonny xoia nnun na ymernocr y Kpumuuu +ohu cvhena. Hponsnohene ymernnuxnx
nena xao ienna cnennnuna npcra neicrna nocenyie ocoenocr xoia ce remen na nexom
nonmany crnapnocrn /nspacra ns sanocennyre rnnonornie ynnna y ono mro iecre/, na ie
noiam cnpxe canpxan y raxnom unneny n capan y yunnxy raxo, na nerona excnosnnnia
cnenoun o xaysannrery xoin moxe na ce cnpcra y one rsn. peannor n nneannor pena. Pennn
pen y onaxnoi nonenn onronapa oroeno emnnpnicxoi nepnpnnnin enomena, nox ie saxren sa
nneannnm nnme nocrynaropno cnnrernuxo nocrynane. Onaxna ornxa enomenonomxnx
narocrn xpenpana ie onunom cnemhy, nanme onom xoia crnapn ysnma xao cnoa nare n
yronnxo nponsnone.
Cynone casnana o oiexrnnannonoi cnpcncxonnocrn npnpone Kanr nasnna
reneonomxnm, raxo na ie cnaxa npencrana o rome nnn cyiexrnnna nnn opmanna (pennmo y
maremarnuxoi xoncrpyxnnin noimona) n oiexrnnna nnn peanna (ns emnnpnicxn nornpnnne
nneie xao snp npenmera penenrnnnrera yrncaxa nnn nanennnie uynnocrn xoia ncnocrana
marepniannie nnn rpahy sa nponeny). Tnme ce nocrynnme onnoc yspoxa npema neronom
neicrny n yunnxy /cacnnm apncrorenoncxn xao y Physica, B, 3, 194b23/, iep n nnaue
nenonane cnenonano y nno xoie npeme sa yspoxom, a na onai on nera ne n sanncno, mro
yxasyie na remeny crpyxrypy cnpxe npnpone. Haueno xoie n npn onaxnom cxnarany noiane
npnpone nonneno non npannna, nnun na neicrno nocmarpano xao nenocpennn nponyxr
ymernocrn nnn nax raxo, na neicrnonane carnenanamo xao marepnian sa ymernocr
pasnnunrocrn npnponnnx nha (npyrauniocrn nha neoprancxe n oprancxe npnpone, re
npema cnpcn nocrynaropno, ca nehom nnn manom sacrynenomhy cnecnocrn xao nneine
ocnerenocrn nnn enepronemarnunocrn y nnma). Ty nonnnenrpnunocr ouapanomhy
pasnonpcnnm noianama yonmre npxn na oxyny ynpano enepronoemarnunocr ncxoncxnie
namepe onpxana cneiennncrnenocrn, oiennnanaiy came, iesnxom ncnxacrnuxor
npanocnana peueno, necrnopene eneprnie Foxnie nnn mennnroncxn esnana yan
Foxnia
Paxne, Kanr ie cmarpao na xana ie peu o nauennnm npenpexama sa mexannuxo
oiamnene nacranxa crnapn, yspox rpea rpaxnrn y orpannuenocrn namer pasyma, ynyhn
na na ro ynyhyiy n cacnnm ncraxnyre oconne xnnnx nha. Te ncraxnyre oconne cy ounre
y pasmarpany nymennocrn xoie xnna nha noxasyiy, a raxohe n nnxona ronna rpaha
/xanopnxa/ nnn rpaino onrnuyhn enemenr erepa (xoiy ernmonorniy ie nsneo iom Apncroren y
cnncy O ney, nanme na snauene erepa nonasn on ori neuno n 0roriv rpuarn), a xoin cy
iom Hnaron n Apncroren npnxnarnnn xao ocnony ciaia neecxe npospaunocrn, na ra ie n
Kanr npeyseo xao xareropnuxn nemoncrparnnan rpancnennenrannn marepnian xoin
cnnrernme anpnopne moryhnocrn noiannnana npnponnocrn npnpone n rnme nrno
ycnonana n pannn nocmarpana xoncrnryrnnne sa nsnuxy nayxy.
130
Crean Xyep ie ry

130
Ha nesy nosne Kanrone nnoconie n Hnaronone nnoconie npnpone nenanno ie caxero cxpenyo
naxny Bnnr-uyn Bonr (Towson University, Maryland), unia caxera aprymenrannia na cnmosniymy `8th
International Kant Congress Memphis, Tennessee March, 1995`, a y unie ie cpennmre cranno noiam erepa c
osnpom na nosnnniy npenasnocrn y nosnom Kanronom neny, (Wong, Wing-Chun: "Kant's Conception of
137
xareropnuxy nnmensniy ycnaiana erepa xao qualitas occulta, noxasao xao snauainy sa nan
pasnoi nnoconie npnpone xoin ie yser y osnp xao peannrer y nneanncrnuxoi nnoconin,
ynyhn na unnn onai npenas xoin nonesyie reopnicxy n npaxrnuxy nnoconiy. Tnme cy
ononenn n crapn ynnnn npnponosnanana ca ncxycrnom nneanncrnunocrn npnpone y
nynncxnm nnnonma cnecrn nnn npncycrnonana nennnnne n cynrnnne nemarepnianne
marepnie ornopene naruynnnm ocnonom xoin ie n sa nac nanamne nemro neonxonno, ynyhn
na xoncrnrynme nennny onora mro npxnmo sa nsnopno cnoicrno npnponnocrn.
131
Meransxa
npnpone raxo nenyie xao nexa casnainoreopnicxa rpyna npannna xoia n perynncana ynyha
crpyunnia nayuna ncrpaxnnana, a cam nexoncryncann n mexannuxom reopniom neyxnnpenn
noiam npnpone, neponarno sor neynorpennocrn y cnaxonnennnn nsmnue n nonnaun ce.

Ether as a Field in the 'Opus postumum'" II.1.405), a ra resa rnacn: This paper defends the conceptual and
methodological integrity of Kant's ether-deduction by showing how it is possible and why it is necessary to
transcendentally deduce the ether-concept. My basic standpoint: the idea of an ether-deduction is consistent with
the intended scope and task of a transcendental deduction. The ether-concept is pure in the sense that it can be
thought a priori as a spatially global substance, and is thus transcendentally deducible. In ruling over space and
time, the ether-concept serves as a principle for the possibility of One Experience, and thus has objective
validity. The ether-concept induces an ontological shift from a substance-ontology to a field-ontology. In order
to substantiate a new ontological basis, the employment of the ether-concept has to be justified. Hence, the ether-
deduction is necessary in order for the Transition project to be possible. /Onai nannp pann noimonnn n
meronnuxn nnrerpnrer Kanrone nenyxnnie erepa noxasnnanem xaxo ie moryhe n samro ie neonxonno na ce
rpancnennenranno nsnene noiam erepa. Moia ocnonna rauxa rnenana: nneia nenyxnnie erepa ie xonsncrenrna
ca ycmepennm nornenom n ycnonena rpancnennenrannom nenyxnniom. Hoiam erepa ie uncr y cmncny na ra
ie moryhe mncnnrn a npnopn xao rnoanny npocropny cyncrannniy, re ie raxo rpancnennenranno
nenyxrnnnan. Hpenasnnaxenem npocropa n npemena, noiam erepa nauenno cnyxn sa moryhnocr
ersncrennnie iennor, na ry nma oiexrnnno naxene. Hoiam erepa nsasnna nexn onronomxn nomax on
onronornie cyncrannniannrera xa onronornin noa. V peny cyncrannniannsannie nonor onronomxor ocnona,
ynora xonnennnie erepa ie onpannana. Oner, nenyxnnia erepa ie neonxonna y noperxy npoiexra npenasa xaxo
n no moryh. To ie noneo y nesy n ca nnococxom reopnicxom reomerpniom, npxehn na ona penpesenryie
ocnonny nnrynnniy rauxe n npocropnocrn, xoia yxasyie na norpey sa npenaxenem rpannna: Wing-Chun
Wong: A Geometrical Model for Kantian Intuition. In: Idealistic Studies (Worcester, Massachuttech) 28, 1998,
Nr. 12, 4761.

131
Mehyrnm, y nanenenom cneny Kanronnx pasmarpana npnpone, rai ie noiam mnorocrpyxo ncnocpenonan y
cnom rpannnnonannom snaueny (xoie cexe n xacnnie cne no neronor nocrynncana n y Ainmrainonoi reopnin
penarnnnocrn), nnax ouynanaiyhn ocnonno cnoicrno nexor meransnuxor remea, xao mro ie npnmernna n
Hnama Iainenxo: Hpnnnctnax ymonocrnraemo marepnn - rennopony - nsnauantnoe xonearentnoe
nnnxenne, ntstnaemoe cnnamn npnrxxennx n orranxnnannx, Kanr rem camtm ocnooxnaercx ne rontxo or
xapresnancxoro ornenennx marepnn or nnnxennx (nocnennee, cornacno Pexapry, nnocnr n marepnm For), no
n or ntmrononcxo ananornn mexny cnno n nymo. Hpanna, Kanr npn +rom cosnaer, uro ero "rennopon"
cponnn rpannnnonnomy +npy, poncrnennnxy "Apxex" n "mnpono nymn", "xnsnennoro nyxa" npnpont.
Onnaxo +ror xon mtcnn Kanr ne pasnnnaer. Oennnenne nonxrn "cnna" n "xnsnt" - ocoennocrt
meransnxn Hennna. Hpanna, uro xacaercx nonpoca o nayunom nosnannn npnpont, ro snect Hennn,
xax mt nomnnm, nacrannan na neoxonnmocrn ornennrt meransnxy n ecrecrnosnanne: nocnennee nonxno
nmert cnonm npenmerom rontxo mexannuecxn acnexr npnponnoro mnpa, r.e. nennunny, opmy n nnnxenne.
Kanr xe nner nantme Hennna, ornenxx ne rontxo ecrecrnosnanne or meransnxn, no n +emadu;urv
npupooi om +emadu;uru e coocmeeuuo+ c+ic)e c)oea.(Hpnnncyiyhn ymnoi marepnin xanopnxy
nouerna xonenna xperana xoie ie nsasnano cnnama npnnnauena n onoinocrn, Kanr ce camnm rnm
ocnoahao ne camo on xapresniancxe neoe marepnie on xperana (nocnenne, carnacno c Pexaprom, ynocn y
marepniy For), neh n nyrnoncxe ananornie nsmehy cnne n nyme. Hcrnna, Kanr y rome casnaie na ie neron
xanopnx cponan rpannnnonannom erepy, cponnnxy Bnanaona n cnercxe nyme, xnnornor nyxa
npnpone. Tai xon mncnn, oner, Kanr ne pasnnia. Oiennnanane noimona cnna n xnnor - ocoenocr ie
Hainnnone meransnxe. Hcrnna, mro ce rnue nnrana o nayunom casnany npnpone, onne ie Hainnn, xaxo
mn pasymemo, nacroiao na nyxnocrn neoe meransnxe n npnponocnona: nocnenne sa cnoi npenmer rpea
na nma camo mexannuxn acnexr npnponnor cnera, ri. nennunny, opmy n xperane. Kanr nax nne nae on
Hainnna, ne pasnnxyiyhn camo npnponocnone on meransnxe, neh n meransnxy npnpone on meransnxe
y nnacrnrom cmncny peun.)

138
Anonnmnocr onora mro npnponn nonymra na ce noianyie, nnana y ycnenoi nonyuenocrn
ycnen npeonnahyiyhe axnnone yrannrapncrnunocrn monepnor npnponocnona, cxpnnen y
onnm npenennma nac camnx, ca xoinma cmo y crany na naxo nsrynmo nesy, cmernemo ra c
yma y opn sa marepnianno n connianno onpxane, nnn uax n na nsrynmo n cnaxo cehane na
nerono nocroiane.
Jom y cnncy Onuma ucmopuia npupooe u meopuia ueoa (1755), Kanr ie npencranno
moryhnocr oiamnena mexannuxor nacranxa cynuenor cncrema ns nexe rsn. npnonrne
marnnne xoia n nana rpeana na npencrana nexn npennn xocmoronnicxn xaoc, ca
cnyuainomhy xoia ry onnrpana rnanny ynory na ce rai xaoc /npnonrno senane, sniane/,
nexaxo npenene y xocmoc, na nacrany cna nha npnpone n npcre xnnora, ca npocnernrecxom
npehyrnom resom na ie rorono cpamora nnrarn sa namepe ror rnannor ypehnnaua npnonrne
marnnne, ri. samro on ro pann n unme ce npn rome pyxononn (mxoncxn ce ra reopnia nasnna n
nanac y ynennnnma Kanr-Hannaconom reopniom). Kanra ie xonxano xaxo ie ro moryhe na ie
cnemoh cnyuaia ronnxa, na cne norana nosnare cnne nanpacra n npemamyie no ycnemnocrn
xaxo ce y raxnoi reopnin npernocrana. To ie yonmreno, moxe ce pehn, nnanaiyhn opasan
nnn monen xome ie na nomnnanncrnuxnm rennennniama cxonacrnxe, mro ie cnennna
ypnnanoncxy nornxy onune cnecrn, xoiom cy ce nerpnnxonane xareropnie xao
ynnnepsanncrnuxe samncnn rorannor onnaiana onor n onor cnera, nonynpre nnanaiyhom
mexannnncrnuxom cnnxom cnera ca npnmarom censyanncrnuxor marepniannsma /xome nnie
nsmaxao nn Pexapr y cnoioi nsnnn/, nennnrnnno xao saxone crarnxe n nnnamnxe onpenno
Hcax Byrn, onpeneyiyhn cnoiom xnnemarnxom noa nsnuxnx cnna mro ycnonanaiy
xapaxrepncrnxe nha, rne ie maca xao xonnunna marepnie iennaxa nponsnony sanpemnne n
rycrnne rena. To ie nno sanpranane menranne cnnxe cnera xoie ie saxnneno xao
nesaonnasna n sa norone npnponocnonne oanesyiyha nayuna napannrma xoia nonpasymena
nomorernuxy nopmy, npema xoioi ie uynno ncxycrno raxopehn nsnop n yroxa cnnx moryhnx
onaxana crnapnocrn. Kpnrnxa raxnor npnponocnona xao narypanncrnuxnx orpannuena
xon Kanra ie nmanenrna, iep je yneo y nrpy noxpernnx cnna renecno nncrnonane, re
marepniy xao pesynrar pasnonpcnnx nnnamnuxnx neicrana xoia ce onpxanaiy y pannorexn,
nocreneno rex ynaxanaiyhn pasmarpana xonxpernnx noimona rne cy unnennne naxehn
nouerax ncrpaxnnana, a ne onpehena. Eneprnia xperana xoia nonpasymena nnepnniy n
axnenepanniy ne moxe ce npnxasarn nomohy mace xao sanpemnncxe eneprnie npema
pesynrary nenonana, iep ne nspaxana nnme nnnamnuxy, nero xnnemarnuxy nennunny.
Hornuxa onpeunocr noimona na rom anannrnuxom nyry pasmnmana ne snaun nonnmranane
canpxaia, neh ro na peanna onpeunocr cnna nponsnonn iacno onpeheno crane crnapnocrn
unpcrnx, maxap n nerarnnnnx nennunna. Cnaxaxo, n ry ie y Hpu+epu+a ouua+ure npe
cnera sacnyxan Hainnn xoin ie nncao: Hpnmehyiem raxohe ienny npyry xonsepnanniy, a ro
ie xonsepnannia xonnunne nporpeca, camo mro ro nnie xonsepnannia neuer anconyrnor.
Hporpecom nasnnam xonnunny xperana ca xoiom ce nanpenyie xa nexoi onpehenoi crpann,
raxo na yxonnxo reno nne y cynpornom cmepy, rai nporpec he nrn nerarnnna nennunna.
Kanrona xopexnnia y cnncy o nerarnnnnm nennunnama, narnamana na naxo nam ie na ocnony
ncxycrna nosnara nonesanocr nmnynca noe ca xpernama xoia ys ny nny, rex osnno
mnmene /rpancnennenrannn xopnsonr reopnie emnnpnicxor snana xoin pasmarpa ycnone
moryhnocrn neronor noiannnana/, orxpnna nauena xoinma camo ncxycrno moxe na saxnann
cnoiy nsnecnocr n nocroianocr. Anannsom enomena nnn pamunanananem narocrn
ncnnryiemo emnnpnicxn saxnahen cnoi oiexara, a y roi saxnahenocrn npenmer ie
nerepmnnncan onmrenaxehnm rauxama pasymenana n camnm rnm ie nar y cnaiany noimona
pasnoponnocrn n cnom rexnnom nornana non ynxnnie casnanana. To ie npnmeheno n y
xacnnioi xomenrapcxoi nnreparypn, ca xocraranniom xaxo iom n rpehem nornany cnnca
Metaphysische Anfangsgrnde der Naturwissenschaften nnana onpehena necnrypnocr y
nocrynany ca marepnianncrnuxnm resama, re na nx paspemana normarnuno nnn
139
nonapnsonano sacrpanyiyhnm nornuxnm /normarcxnm/cpencrnnma,
132
a mro xon nera
npexomepno nnana, xao cnnxa cnera, cne no nosnor nepnona. Hanme, ry ce nonono ymemano
nacnehe xenencxe nnoconie npnpone, rne ie ono nnuyhe n y cnpxy npncrnxyhe
nncrnonane xao narocr saoxynenmhy nsnopnnm ocmnmananem n ncnynananem, xao
nexn naranoxenn nnmax mnena nrexaxo ncrypao Kanry npen nyxonnn nornen, o uemy
nnme nero norpeno cnenoun n npncyrnocr reneonomxe xomnonenre nnoconie npnpone y
Kpumuuu +ohu cvhena. Hnrane npenasa ca meransnxe na nsnxy nnn npnpony in concreto,
ne n nn morno na ce nocrann es re rexnnuxo-reneonomxe n ernxoreonomxe nponemarnxe,
xao nspas ocmnmanana rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn y xoioi ie mnpe nocmarpana
npnpona n cama cnecr xao npncyrnocr nnn nncrno /cyncrannniannrer/, xao n samncnn
nmanenrne nneie nopa y naueny xapmonnie. H xao mro ce ne unnn nopo sor naxencrna,
neh sor nerone nnacrnre naanocrn, a ono oner xana ie na neny, nesanncno on
nansemacxnx yremeena cmncna ernxe, ono ie no npnponn naano, na mra eneprnuno
yxasyie xao na npennocr conniannn xnnor, xoin y norneny xooneparnnnocrn,
xomynnxarnnnocrn n cracanocrn nocrcexynapnnx cnara nonpmxe connnapnocrn na xoioi
nounna npymrnenocr yonmre, nonymra carnacnocr oxo noima cpehe. Hnax, ry ce nanasn n
iom ienna cacnnm iacna napxa c osnpom na ro mra na nocnone yrnnaia, a na mra Kanr rex y
nosnom nepnony ynpospana, nocrynnmyhn resy na ie Foxnia mnnocr ona xoia nam omoryhana
npernocranxe na yonmre n cxnarnmo n npaxrnxyiemo npnnny n iauamo no ayronomne
ernunocrn, ri. na y xpainoi nnnnin cnoiy ernunocr nnax saxnayiemo onom nainnmem ymy
xoin ce nanasn n y ocnony npnponnocrn npnpone, mro ie cacnnm moryhe pannrn n c
osnpoma na neh nanenenn cran: ...xao on oxancrna y nama oianenn nopnn cnpam
nopor, sa mro mn xnnny nncmo y nama camnma ycannnn, npe+a mo+e rao +u)ocm.
133

unnennna ie na cnyrna o cynepnarnnno nncrnyiyhem moxe na ce nxcnpa sa ienan
nenoxpernn nocen snana n na ry ocrane sarnanena y npasnnnn xao nneia xoia npenna y
yncxom ymy ann es cnare npeopaxanana uonexa. Vronnxo ie naxno na raxna nneia ynonn
xperane y ocnon namer nocroiana, na ne n ocrana camo iom ienna mehy esxnnornnm
opmama mncnn. Hnrepaxrnnno onnomene npema y nama sacahenoi oxancxoi xnnnn, npema
Kanry nonocn nnonone mnnocrn nnn nyxonne napone naronarn, yxonnxo ce nnx camnx
ynocroianamo, ri. rom nnrepaxrnnnom nesom crnuemo cnary sa ynpaxnanane npnnne xao
ounrnennor npncycrna nopa, xoie anonnxrnuxn naxn.
Hame ynyrpamne cnehene nyxnocrn npmena nopa, onnm ncxasom ie nornuno yrnpheno n
xao naronar nnn ncnynananem npenycnona xao ynocroiananem, xnnorno onepanana

132
I wish to relate the doctrine here to features in the Kritik der reinen Vernunft (KdrV) and to address some
problems that seem to arise from Kants argument. Three points follow from my discussion. First, the argument
that Kant presents in the Metaphysische Anfangsgrnde der Naturwissenschaften (MadN) is dogmatic, whereas
the discussions of inertia and natural philosophy found in Newton and Leibniz are not. Second, in his attempts to
deny the thesis of hylozoism, Kant does not consistently use the concept of matter as either a pure concept or an
empirical concept. And, third, while some have argued that the MAdN fills a gap in the KdrV, it might be just as
fair to say that the KdrV, in particular the "Amphiboly" chapter, fills a gap in Kants argument against hylozoism
in the MAdN by rescuing it from dogmatism. (Xennm na ynopennm ono onne yuene ca npnxasom y Kpumuuu
:ucmoe v+a, re na nacnonnm nexe nponeme xoin ce unnn na nponsrnuy ns Kanronor noxasa. Tpn nopyxe
cnene ns moie pacnpane. Hpnn noxas xoin Kanr npencrana y Memadu;u:ru+ no:emuu+ ocuoeu+a
npupoouux nayxa ie normarcxn, rne ie pacnpana o nnepnnin n npnponnoi nnoconin nahena xon Byrna ann
ne n Hainnna. Ppyro, y neronoi xen na ononprne resy xnnosonsma, Kanr nnie nocnenno xopncrno noiam
marepnie xao uncr noiam erepa nnn xao ienan emnnpnicxn noiam. H rpehe, xana nexn noxymanaiy na noxaxy
na MHOHH unnn rpemxy npema KUV, nno n nomreno na ce xaxe na KUV, noceno y nornany
Amnonnie unnn rpemxy y Kanronom noxasy npornn xnnosonsma y MHOHH no neronom npeysnmany ns
normarnsma.) /Brandon Look (University of Kentucky)`8th International Kant Congress Memphis, Tennessee
March, 1995`/
133
Kanr, Cnop darv)mema y xn. `Hneia ynnnepsnrera`, npen. F. Pecnor, 3arpe, 1991. crp. 56.

140
npnnncxa panan nonamana. Herpnnxonana cnnxe cnecrn xoia opnnpa nepnenrnnnn
nnianason carnenanana cnohenem uynnocrn na moryhnocr perncrponana nannne
npenmernocrn, pasnniena ie n nonnrnyra no noymenanne npencrane yncxor nyxa, xoia
nonpasymena enomenonomxy penyxnniy nsnpmeny y axrnma ocnemranana ca ocnoahanem
uynnocrn sa nene nnme norennnie onaxana y uncrohn. Kaxo ie Kanr no npnnyhen na
yrnpnn reopnicxy necynncnocr axo y noi npema nopnny ne nanasnmo xao cacrannn neo n
oxancxy mnnocr, nena cnoona nenonana y nama ynanpehyie name nocmarpane crnapn xao
nana xoia nyrem neponana y nsnopny xnnny nopa y nama nomohy npnmepa Cuua Boruiee
xoin ie xao uoner cnmao mehy nac yxasyiyhn ayropnrerom Iocnona Hcyca Xpncra na snauai
uoneuancrna mro ie no non Fory na nna xnnom nanom y pasnoi ror nopor, re npema
Kanry, n moxe n rpea na y nama (xao cnoonoymnnma) nocrane iom mohnnia, axo ioi
nonycrnmo na y nama nenyie. Taxo ie Kanron nonyxnar, y rom cmncny, npe cnera xpnrnxa
cnaxe normarcxe nnoconie mopana, xoia ce nnie nonena ca ocnemrananem camor
mopannrera xao nnococxor nnn ayronomnor ocrnapnnana nainyer ynyrpamner saxrena,
norpee n cmncna nopa, a cnaxaxo n cxonnor noima cnoone, nyrem onpannanana nopa y
nsnpmeny mopannrera xao nsnyrpa npnsnnaiyhe nyxnocrn. Moxe nn raxan cmncao nynncxe
namepe nyxa na nohe no nspasa y cnnnn cnera xoia n onronapana nsnuxom cxnony cnna
cnoicrnenom mexannnn?
Mexannuxa nspana npnpone xoia ce nama naie xao rorona y npnsopy, xao
npencranena nsnuxa crnap, npyxa npocrop sa cnyxene raxnom crnapn n ncxopnmhananem
y noxene cnpxe, iep noi camoi nna orxnonena cnpxa n nsmaxnyr cnoicrnen xnnor xoin n
nonpasymenao n cnecr. Boa sa nomnnanniom ie ounrnenan ocnon npyxana onaxnnx samncnn,
c xoinma ce yncxn saxnar pacnonoxnnnm anarxama, npexo rexnnuxe oprannsannie
(cpauynaror ynehanana npnmenenor snana), cne nnme ynnnhe y npernocranenn mexannsam
nemanana y npnponn ynpananem n anancnpanem, mro uax naxon nnnycrpnicxe
penonynnie n enexponnsannie poornuxnm nanpanama nnie nnme nn ynannno. V nsnarany
reopnie xoia nonpasymena nsnecran crenen ycnaiana onmrer mexannuxor cxnarana nopexna n
cmncna cnera (a cner ie xopnsonr nncrnonana n oryn rpancnennenranan), xon Kanra ie
neoma nonpehen xapaxrepncrnxama cnnrernuxnx npennxara ycnonennx nyrem namepnocrn
nnn nenamepnocrn yxasnnana na opmnpany npencrany oiexrnnnrera, unia ie cymncymnnia
non ienan noiam nponemarnuna n mrannme neynorpenna: Homro ie, naxne, noiam ienne
crnapn xao cnpxe npnpone naruynan sa onpeneny moh cyhena, axo ce oiexar nocmarpa
ymom (mana on y norneny npenmera ncxycrna moxe sa penexcnnny moh cyhena nrn
nmanenran), re, naxne, nemy ne moxe nrn npnanen oiexrnnan peannrer sa onpenene
cynone; ro ie na ocnony rora cxnarnno xaxo ie moryhe na cnn cncremn xoin ce yonmre
mory samncnnrn pann normarnuxor opahnnana noima npnponnnx cnpxa n npnpone xao ienne
nennne nonesane xpainnm ysponnma nncy y crany na nmra onnyue, nn oiexrnnno
nornpnno nn oiexrnnno onpeuno; iep axo ce crnapn cyncymnpaiy non ienan noiam xoin ie
camo nponemarnuan, neronn cnnrernuxn npennxarn (na npnmep onne: na nn ie cnpxa
npnpone xoiy samnmamo pann nponsnohena crnapn namepna nnn nenamepna) mopaiy nanarn
ncre raxne (nponemarnune) cynone o oiexry na nnn onn nornpnnn nnn onpeunn, nomro ce
ne sna na nn ce cynn o neuemy nnn o nnuemy. Hoiam xaysannrera nomohy cnpxa (xaysannrera
nemrnne) nocenyie na cnaxn naunn oiexrnnan peannrer, ncro raxo noiam xaysannrera na
ocnony mexannsma npnpone. Ann, noiam xaysannrera npnpone na ocnony npannna o cnpxama,
a iom nnme noiam xaysannrera nexor cymracrna, xaxno nam nn y xom cnyuaiy ne moxe nrn
naro y ncxycrny, nanme raxnor cymracrna xao npaocnona npnpone, raxan ce noiam, nennm,
moxe sancra samncnnrn es npornnypeunocrn, ann on nnax nnie noronan sa normarnuxe
onpene: iep nemy nnunm ne moxe nrn ocnrypan oiexrnnan peannrer, nomro ce ne moxe
nonrn ancrpaxonanem ns ncxycrna, a n pann moryhnocrn ncxycrna nnie norpean. Ann, uax
xana n ce ro noronnno, xaxo mory crnapn xoie ce rauno osnauanaiy sa rnopennne oxancxe
141
nemrnne na cnpcranam mehy rnopennne npnpone, unia ie necnoconocr na nponsnonn raxne
rnopennne na ocnony cnoinx saxona yunnnna nyxnnm na ce nosnnamo na nexn yspox xoin ce
on ne pasnnxyie? (K.+.c., npen. H. Hononnha, 1991
2
, crp. 283-284)
C osnpom na amnnanenrnocr rese o nopexny nncrnonana npnpone xoiy Kanr
xopncrn n y cmncny cneyxynnocrn nncrnonana, nan xoie ce nanasn ancrpaxrno omehen
noiam Fora xao npansncxnnarea nnn neycranonnnor npoyspounrea npnponnor
ynnnepsyma, nemy ie naxno na nn ce on na ro nenane onnyuyie npema cnpxama nnn xpos
samnmane na ce ry pann o cymracrny /Fory/, xoie crnapa no ananornin ca xaysannrerom
nexor pasyma, ynyhn na my ie neonxonno norpeno na y ocnon npnpone nocrann noiam nexe
cnpxe sapan xee na ie nenpexnnnnm nocmarpanem npoyuana, xaxo on ncrnue, maxap n camo
y nennm oprannsonannm rnopennnama, sa xoie ie mncao o nnma nemoryha, axo n ce on ne
orxnonnna mncao o raxnom namepnom crnapany. Moryhnocr nocroiana xnnnx nha nama
pannonanna moh casnana n ne moxe cen npyraunie na npencrann, cem no ananornin ca
rexnnuxnm rnopennnama (ymehem nsnenennm, cnpanennm, caunnennm, nemrauxnm), xao
mro cy ysopnn opasan sanarcrna n ymernnuxnx nponsnona, mro n nnie nacrynnno rex on
nenanno. Kon nnx cy onnx n ynyrpamnn cxnon nenona ncro raxo onpehenn nennnom, a
ynpano raxna moryhnocr nonmana sacnonana ie na xaysannrery yma n npema npencrann o
nennnn nspane namepananor nponyxra (rsn. enomenonomxor nnrennnonannrera), cacnnm ie
nopo nosnara na ocnony onune yncxe cnecne cpcncxonne nenarnocrn, sanarcrna,
rexnnuxe nspane. To cy y nonnie npeme naxnna pasmarpana Xanca Ieopra Ianamepa
younna n y Apncrorenonom npncryny: Henoxynnom Apncrorenonom opasonany noimona
nanasn ce y ocnonn monen-ynxnnia techne-a n npanena. Cxema uernpn yspoxa, y xoioi on
nonma cymrnny physis-a, ounrnenno ie npeysera on sanarnnie n pasnnunrnx xomnonenrn
neronor pana. Ty ie marepnian, ry ie opma xoiy rai xoman rpea na nonie, ry ie saxnar
camor nenarnnxa n anrnnnnannia opme xonnnnnpane c osnpom na cnoiy nopory, cnoiy
naanocr. Ono mro ce onaxo y nponecy sanarcxor pana raxopehn pasacrnpe, na saroneran
naunn ce crana y cymrnnn physis-a. To mro onne nponec nspane nexom nperxonno narom
marepniany ne naie rex y xpainem pesynrary nerony opmy n nyny crnapnocr ro ie
npnpona. Xnno nhe, nxa, xnnornna nnn mra ron na ie, na unranom nyry pamhena neh
iecre npnpona: physis ie hodos eis physin (Phys., B1, 193b13) (Xanc-Ieopr Ianamep, V+ v
oooa uavre, un. Hpnpona n cner /1986/, Feorpan, npen. C. Cnacnh, 2000, crp.102)
Texnnunocr xon Kanra iom ynex ne ncxyuyie xnnor n cnecr, neh camo cmepa sa
xapaxrepnsanniy noomanana nnnona onxohena n pxe paspemanane nacrynaiyhnx
nponema, na reneonomxa penexcnnna nperpecana nocrnnnmy n nsnaxene npen reonorniy.
Pecxocr penexcnnnnx pesononana xoia nnie nonymrana yxasnnane nonepena n
camnm rnm ncnnrnnany canpxaia npennnx npnua n npenana, xao na ie y nononexony nouena
ca npocnernrecxnm reopniama na naxn sa nnr-nonny xoia he na nanoxnann, nanorpann n
nsnece reopniy ounmheny on ecrercxnx sanomena n npnmeca mamronnrocrn. Hacynpor
raxnom cranonnmry, Kanr y nornany Hoia+ ooiermueue cepxoeumocmu npupooe iecme
rpumu:ru npuuuun v+a ;a ped)ercueuv +oh cvhena, /75/ Kpumure +ohu cvhena, nononn y
nenocpenny nesy peannrer npnpone n cmncao nnrana o nenom Tnopny, npoyspounrey ne
came, na nspnunro rnpnn: Crora n one crnapn npnpone, sa xoie cmarpamo na cy moryhe camo
xao cnpxe, caunnanaiy nainaxnnin noxas cnyuainocrn cnemnpa, n npencranaiy ne camo sa
onuan pasym neh n sa mnnosoma onpanaan aoxas na cnemnp sanncn n nornue on nexor
cymracrna xoie ersncrnpa nsnan cnera, n ro on cymracrna xoie ie (sor one cnpxonnre opme)
pasymno: oa, npe+a mo+e, me)eo)oeuia ua)a;u ;aepuuo pa;iaunene ;a ceoia ucmparueana
ca+o u ieouuo v 1eonornjn. (npee. crp. 285) Hainnma reonornia noxasyie na mn npema
onunoi ynorpen namnx casnainnx mohn nncmo y crany na cen nanpannmo ncnpanan noiam
o moryhnocrn iennor raxnor cnera es namepe nyxa, es ncxoncxor nenarnor npayspoxa,
naxne na ocnony npnnnnna namepnor xaysannrera nnn y onaxannma onpehene
142
anonnxrnunocrn nexor nainnmer yspoxa.
134
Kanr ie npnnnnnnienno cnenehn xapaxrep
ynyrpamner saxrena uncror yma nomao no casnana: Hpema rome, For n ynyhn xnnor iecy
nne npernocranxe, xoie ce npema npnnnnnnma uncrora yma ne mory onnoinrn on oanese xoiy
nam namehe rai ncrn ym...Vm ce oceha npnnyhennm nnn na npernocrann nexor raxnor
Crnopnrea saienno ca xnnorom y nexom raxnom cnery xoin mopamo cmarparn sa ynyhn
cner nnn na mopanne saxone cmarpa sa npasne mamrapnie, nomro n es re npernocranxe
mopano ornacrn nnxono nyxno neicrno xoie cam ym sa nnx nesyie./H. Kanr, Kpumura
:ucmoe v+a, (O nneany nainnmera nopa xao pasnory xoin onpehyie xpainy cnpxy uncrora
yma), npen. H. Hononnh, Feorpan, 1990. crp. 482-483/ Hnrennnonannn xaysannrer nexor
nainnmer yspoxa xoin nenyie namepno, ynpano ie ounrnennomhy re cnoie nenarne n
mannecrne crpane npernocranen xao nexa cnemnpcxa saronerxa,
135
xoia ynpano

134
Kanrona resa o nncrnonany (camnm rnm n o nncrnonany xoie n nno y nouernom ocnony npnpone),
nocn y cen nosnrnnnrer xoin opnrnnapno nenocraie, sa xoinm nocroin norpea, sa xoinm ce rpara n xpos ro
yrnphyie y namepn nponanaxena. Cnaxaxo na cy peun ncnncane nnn omramnane na xaprnin nnn nax iesnuxa
recrnxynannia nemro ncnpasno es nyxa o uniem n npncycrny raxan onnx caonmranana cnenouno. V rom
cmncny ie pasymenane nonecnocrn xao camopasymenane noiennnna xoin ce sarexao y nnococxoi
cnryannin, xanroncxn peueno rpeana, xrena, ocmnmanana, ona xoia nonpasymena ncropnicxy
nnmensniy ynyhnnana y mncnn pannx nnocoa xao nemro mro no camoi npnponn crnapn nanpocro
oanesyie. Taxo pexannnrannia nsnopne anrnuxe mncnn rne ce raxan nyx mannecronao naiiacnnie n
nainspnunrnie, nne npexo nponyxrnnnor nnn epornuxor xapaxrepa cnecrn, xoin ie npomnpyie nnn
nonpasymena ynyrpamny onony nyxa onuainocnor yma xao yxynnor xopnsonra nncrnonana, a y nonnm
perncrpnma nnayrypncao ra ie n Kanr cnoiom rpancnennenrannom ecrernxom, n cam cnecran npema ony
nanenenor marepniana, na xana npecrane neno maprnnannsonane n nornennnane, re ce nornxa npecrane
npeynennuanarn xao "nemro nainpennnie" n uynap ncrnne, mopa nohn n no npeoxpera y "reopnin casnana"
xpos cnnresy xopnsonara. Ta nsnopna cnnresa, xaxo ie onnm cacnnm sronnnm nspasom nmenonao Maprnn
Xainerep y xnnsn Kaum u npoo)e+ +emadu;ure, moxe na ornopn npncryn camom "cnery xnnora", a rnme ie
nonymreno na ce nnonno nponyxanaiy npecrpyxrypannie cnopnnx momenara onnoca nepnennnie n
xonnenryannsannie xao yremeenocrn nnrenexryannnx onaxaia. Hpnronop sa moryhny npasny onmrocr xoiy
rai noiam y pannonannsannin nymenne nycromn moxe na snaun, npnn ie oecnaxno Bennnr, ncrnuyhn na ne
nsocrana pan noima, neh na ynpano nomohy nosnrnnno nenocpennor, nsnopnor, canpxainor
camonnenrnrera, cyncrannnianne cyiexrnnnocrn nnn cymrnncxor nenonana xpos npnnpane cnerona y
onaxany na cam cnonrannrer nonmana, namepana na nsnprne canpxaine nennnre Xerenone penyxnnie
camocnecrn na xpyxehy penexcniy, na penexcniy xoia ce onnocn camo na cee nnn na camonsonoiyhy
xomorenocr nerpnnxannie nnococxe repmnnonornie. Anconyrno y Bennnronom mnmeny ne nrypnpa
xao rona npernocranxa n npasan noiam, neh ie n no Xainereponom mnmeny ono xon nera yremeeno xao
pesynrar /Schellings Abhandlungen ber das Wesen der menschlichen Freiheit/, a np Cnmo Enaxonnh cnenehn
ncnpannocr onaxnor ynnna onnnuno ynosopana xaxo onaxna nosnnnia ne moxe na ce nonnene non reopnicxy
eronenrpnunocr: Hpn rom ce onpannano ncrnue xaxo Bennnr nspnunro nenn Hnxaxno Ja es He-ia, n
yronnxo ie He-ia ncnpen Ja (I, 227), re na npencnecnn An-sich moxe nocrarn y Ja xao pesynrar sa cee
camo npexo pana no cee-nonaxena-cnecrn-came(I, 93) (Cnmo Enaxonnh, Pacnpaee o Eeponu u
du)o;oduiu ua rpaiv XX eera, Cpemcxn Kapnonnn, 2001, crp. 132) Onaxaiyhe n ono onaxeno sa Bennnra
nncy onnoienn, na ie naruynnocr sanpano onpehenocr onaxaia y mnmeny, ri. nnrenexryannn onaxai ie
ne-penexcnnnocr nnn napanoxcanno ne-mncneha mncao. Ona napanoxcannocr nnie camnm rnme n nemro
necxnarnno, ynyhn na onanno naxn xoncrarannia Mnmene nounne rex onna xan cxnarnmo na ie
nexonnma cnanenn ym nairnpnoxopnnin npornnnnx mnmena (HW, 1950, s.247; M. Xainerep, Lv+cru
nvmeeu, Frn., 2000, npen., str. 208), a ro ie n Ono Mapxnapn xnannnxonao xao nocranane pane npen ono
mro n na saycrann nnococxa ncrpaxnnana ns mpxne n onnyma - das gegenber jeder Art von
misologischer Zeitkritik (O.Marquard, Aesthetica und Anaesthetica, /Kant und die Wende zur sthetik/,
Padeborn, 1989., s. 24)
135
Ha cnnuan naunn n 101 rnana o yann cn. Maxcnma Hcnonennnxa xaxe: Fynyhn nax y Fory, (ym)
yany pacnannan rpaxn nainpe noroce Berone cymrnne, no ne nanasn on nnx yrexy cam no cen, iep ie
ro nemoryhe n necmecrnno noniennaxo sa cnaxy crnopeny npnpony. Vremana ce onnm mro ie oxo Berone
npnpone, mro he pehn (cosepnanem) o neunocrn, ecxpainocrn n neorpannuenocrn, o noporn, npemynpocrn
n cnny cnnn rnopauxoi, npomncnnrenoi n cynnrenoi sa cna nha. H cnaxaxo ie camo ro cxnarnno o
Bemy Berona ecxpainocr, n ro na nanymno Ia nosnaiyhn nnmra y crnapn ne snamo, xao mro nerne
pexome ynn orocnonn Ipnropnie n Pnonncnie. (Cnern Maxcnm Hcnonennnx, 400 e)aea o +voaeu,
Hpnspen /npen. apxnm. Apremnie/, 1992., crp. 70.)
143
namepnomhy nnn namepananem orxpnna cnoie npncycrno, a ro n ce morno pasymenarn n xao
peanan nonoa sa neponane, y Kanronoi npaxrnunoi nnoconin nororono, nna noneneno
no cnoie neorxnonnne naxnocrn. Cnaxaxo na raxno namepno nenonane mn ne moxemo na
ouexyiemo xao camnm rnm n ennnenrno sa onuno crane name cnecrn, (maxcnma
cnmonnuxor npnnnnna rex ie xeypncrnuxn nocranana), re na nocrane nepnenrnnno
yxnarnno es nxaxnor nnrepnperarnnnor rpyna n sanynnana y rnnonorniy nerone
mannecrannie (xaxo n ro Xycepn pexao, es cnponohena rpancnennenranne penyxnnie, ri.
cranane crnapn y sarpane na n morno na nohe no xoncrnryrnnnor npomnpnnana noima
cnecrn n neronor ocnocoanana sa nsnopnnie npocyhnnane ror nnrana). Kanry ie nno
ounrnenno na ie ry nponem neoma sampmen, n ys nonpmxe cnmonnxe npnnnnna, re xaxo y
panninm pasmarpannma cxopo na n nnie nnie cmarpao neonxonnnm na npernocrann nsnecnocr
ymemanocrn naruynnor yspoxa, nno npema rpannnnonannom reonomxom npenany o
nocranxy cnera, nno nexnm npyrnm excnnnnnrnnm naunnom xoin n morao na yne nonyhen
ns osnne anannse mnrcxnx npencrana, xao na nerona penexcnia ns nanne cnenn ienny
rorono nsneneny mnronorniy (iesnunocr iesnxa) y unioi ynorpen y cnaxonnennnn nnax
npeocraie n sarypeno cehane na nexe raxne moryhnocrn npnonrnor snnana. Cnen neronnx
pasmnmana npenacxonno ie xnanno penexcnnan, nonyme ne n es raxra npema
noemarcxom npyxany marepniana, xaxo ro cacnnm nopo onncyie n Iopnon Mnxancon,
ncrnuyhn snauai noima nnunocrn, xpos rpancnennenrannn marepnian pnana ca
anrnnomnunocrnma xoin ynasn y xoncrnrynniy raxne cnecrn xoncraryiyhn: "Mn ocehamo ro
"nncrnonane y cen" xana nocranemo cnecnn namer naruynnor nosnna ns ncxycrna
ysnnmenor."
136

Hoiam npnpone y onnocy na neponane Kanr ie cynpocranao ycnyrno y xpnrnxama,
narnamanaiyhn xaxo ie cysno noiam pasyma na n ocranno npocrop sa nepy, nononehn nx no
pasnenenor nspasa y cnncy Pe)ueuia vuvmap epauuua :ucmoe v+a, a excnnnnnrno ro
nasnauana iacnnm ncrnnanem y cnncy Cnop darv)mema ns nosnor nepnona; rne ncrnue
cnenehe: Axo ce non npnponom pasymnie y uoniexy nnanaiyhn npnnnnn npomnnana nerona
naxencrna, a noo +u)ouhv v ua+a )ereha uenoi++uea +opa)ua r)uua, ri. npnnnnn uncre
hynopennocrn, onna npnpona n mnnocr ne camo na ce mehycono pasnnxyiy, nero cy n uecro
ienna c npyrom y cyxoy. Ann axo ce non npnponom (y npaxrnunom snaueny) pasymnie
moxnocr, na ce ns nnacrnrnx cnara yonhe nocrnxy nsniecne cnpxe, onna mnnocr nnie nnmra
npyro neronn npnpona uoniexa, yxonnxo ce on xpos cnoi nnacrnrn ynyrpamnn, ann
nanociernnnn npnnnnn (npencrana nerone nyxnocrn) onpehyie sa unne, xoin ce, nomro cn ra
mn xohemo oiacnnrn, ann nnax ne snamo nae nn sa xaxan neron pasnor, on nac npencrana
xao on oxancrna y nama oianenn nopnn cnpam nopor, sa mro mn xnnny nncmo y nama
camnma ycannnn, npema rome rao +u)ocm. /Kanr, Cnop darv)mema y xn. Hoeia
vuueep;umema, npen. F. Pecnor, 3arpe, 1991. crp. 56/ Kanrona oaspnnocr y nspasy cmepa
npe cnera na yxasnnane na axr ynocroianana re mnnocrn, unie ncnynanane ne moxe na ce
npeneperne. Heonxonno ie na ra nama npnpona raxo nna npomnpena ca nsnonomxe n
mexannuxe, raxopehn marepnianncrnuxe ncnxo-comarcxe xomnonenre, no noymenanno-
nneymaronomxe xoia nnie nnmena marepniannia, ann nnie nn y nnx yronena n ca nnma
nnenrnnxonana, a y xoioi ce rex nnynanane ycnona xoin ynocroianaiy nomena npnnne n
moxe carnenanarn xao axr mnnocrn Foxnie. Kaxo ie Kanr npnnyhen na yrnpnn reopnicxy
necynncnocr axo y noi npema nopnny ne nanasnmo xao na cacrannn neo n Foxniy mnnocr,


136
The thesis of this work aims at showing that Kant had something like this in mind when describing the
feeling of the sublime in the third Critique or when describing the spirit of Christ in the Conflict of the Faculties.
We feel this "being in us" when we are made aware of our supersensible vocation through the experience of the
sublime. "/Gordon E. Michalson, Fallen Freedom: Kant on Radical Evil and Moral Regeneration (Cambridge
University Press, 1990. (1997)/
144
nena cnoona nenonana y nama ynanpehyie name nocmarpane crnapn, a ro moxe na ce nspasn
n xao: nana xoia nyrem nieponana y nsnopny xnnny cnpam nopor y nama n xoia no+ohv
npu+iepa Cuua Boruiee xao uonieuancrna mro ie no non Fory nna xnnom, nana y pasnoi
rora nopor, moxe n rpea na y nama (xao cnoonoymnnma) nocrane iom mohnniom, axo ioi
camo nonycrnmo na y nama nienyie, ri. nonycrnmo na yny nienarne mncnn iennor nornunom
ceemo+ npu+iepv cnnunor xnnora. /ma+o, crp. 57/ Pa Kanr nnie rex y nosnoi asn nomao
no onaxnnx mncnn, nero na my ce ry camo npyxnna nonona npnnnxa na nx pasnnie,
cnenouancrno ie n peuennna ns npenronopa npyrom nsnany xpnrnxe unror yma: Ich musste
also das Wissen aufheben, um zum Glauben Platz zu bekommen/Mopao cam naxne na
yxnnem snane na nx nanpanno mecro sa neponane/. Taxohe n y nosnom cnncy Metaphysik
der Sitten, Kanr pasmarpa nnrane mra ie c ony crpany ncxycrnene rpannne n noiam Fora
rpernpa y onnxy nneie xoia nonpasymena pennrnicxy nyxnocr nsnpmanana Foxninx
sanonecrn, ann cxpehyhn naxny na ro na ie ro naicnoicrnennia nneia namer yma xoiom cen
moxemo na oiacnnmo cnpcncxonnocr y nennnn cnera, raxo na ce on ry ocmenno n na
nocrynar npne sanonecrn nyxnocrn npema cen camom, xoia rnacn: Hua1n pennrnjy jec1e
ayanoc1 uonexa npeua cauou cen. /H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Feorpan, 1993., npen.
P. Iyrema, crp. 243/. Ty ie npenasnnaxene napnniannor nnn cexropcxor snana xoie ie no
opmn pannonanncrnuxo, nnn pauyn ncxasa mexannuxnx canpxaia onor mro nacraie n
oncraie xao oncyrnocr cnpam onanana xnnora, ncro raxo n y camoi enomenannoi
npnponn xpos perenepanniy nennx enepremarnxa xonauno n ernuxnm nanorom craneno y
sarpane, na n ienna npyraunia nnoconia npnpone n nncrnonana yonmre n morna na ce
noiann na xopnsonry penexcnnne cnecrn.
Baa rex nasnaunrn na ie npann nannan nonesnnany yxynnnx canpxaia noima
npnpone raxohe nomao penarnnno xacno, re na ie nocrnrnyr ynopnnm nmanenrnnm
pasrpannuanannma cnpcncxonnnx canpxaia xoie ynocn noiam cncremarcxor iennncrna
npnpone, na xome n ona nae cama nounnana sanoniaiyhn rnme cnoiy npenmerny noxperny
cnary xao excnnnxarnnny ocnony.
137
Ponyme, on nn npe ynohena noima rexnnxa npnpone
xao perynarnnnor y norneny pasmarpana npnpone, nnie cmarpao na ie mexannuxo oiamnene
nemro uemy rpea oesennrn camonononocr, na ie nanexo on rora na ie mncnno, xao mro
ce ronopn sa Hannaca, na neecxoi mexannnn nnie norpena xnnoresa o Fory. Kanron
npncryn nanexo ie cynrnnnnin, iep ie noxymao na oiennnn remenn noiam cnne ynonehn y
nrpy cnna renecno nncrnonane, re marepniy xao pesynrar pasnonpcnnx nnnamnuxnx
neicrana xoia ce onpxanaiy y pannorexn, nocreneno rex ynaxanaiyhn pasmarpana
xonxpernnx noimona rne cy unnennne naxehn nouerax ncrpaxnnana, a ne onpehena.
Hornuxa onpeunocr noimona na rom anannrnuxom nyry pasmnmana ne snaun nonnmranane
canpxaia, neh ro na peanna onpeunocr cnna nponsnonn iacno onpeheno crane crnapnocrn
unpcrnx, maxap n nerarnnnnx nennunna. Mana nam ie na ocnony ncxycrna nosnara
nonesanocr nmnynca noe ca xpernama xoia ys ny nny, rex osnno mnmene
/rpancnennenrannn xopnsonr reopnie emnnpnicxor snana xoin pasmarpa ycnone moryhnocrn
neronor noiannnana/, orxpnna nam nauena xoinma camo ncxycrno moxe na saxnann cnoiy
nsnecnocr n nocroianocr. Anannsom enomena nnn pamunanananem narocrn ncnnryiemo
emnnpnicxn saxnahen cnoi oiexara, a y roi saxnahenocrn npenmer ie nerepmnnncan

137

Kpnrnxyiyhn crepnnno nnanannncxn rsn. cmorpenn ym monpene xoin nocn nnxnnnsam penexcnnnor saxnara y onnocy na cner xnnora, a xoin ie noxasan
ancrpaxrnom crepnnnomhy nerarnnne nnoconie, np Cnmo Enaxonnh na npnmepy nnoconie nonnrnxe ciaino nponanasn xpnrnuxn ocnonan sa nsoxpenyry
nosnrnnnocr xoia ornapa npara onaunnn n sny, xpos crnapanauxn axr onuainocnor yma: Onai neo nonnrnuxor ymeha necnonnn ie na rexnnnncrnuxn nponec nnn
xanxnn, neh caunnana techne nonnrnxe naxne crnapanauxy nnmensniy nonnrnuxor ca cnnm enemenrnma xapniepe onor noima on neronor anrnuxor pasymenana,
npexo amrnne nemauxor xnacnunor nneannsma npnmepnne: techne npnpone (Kanr) nnn mncaona nrypa rennia (Bennnr)... (Cnmo Enaxonnh, nan. Kn., Kpu;a
+ooepue rao rpu;a no)umu:roe, ra rpumuuu oou:aiuocuoe v+a, crp. 211-212)


145
onmrenaxehnm rauxama pasymenana n camnm rnm ie nar y cnaiany noimona pasnoponnocrn n
cnom rexnnom nornana non ynxnnie casnanana.
Fynyhn na ie Kanr iom y Kpumuuu :ucmoe v+a nonpnnnuno rnpno onpehnnao nocroiane
n noiam nncrnonana, xasyiyhn na ce cne name casnane cnonn na nepasnoxnno nonmane y
cmncny npennxarnnnnx ncxasa, xoin cy nemro iacnnin n npocrnin c osnpom na
cnoconocrn namer npocyhnnana, ri. na nncrnonane snaun sacnnnane xpos aexranniy
uyncrana y cmncny xnannrera npenmera, sacnnnane onronomxor crana snna ce ymnnm
onaxanem xpos ycranonanane npenmernocrn nyrem mnmena xao nenyiyher
npocyhnnana. Vcranonnnocr mnoroopasnocrn noiana norpeyie nesy ca noymenannnm
cpencrnnma nonmana, na n ce npenmernocr npecrannna, re nponcrexna xpos cnnrernuxo
iennncrno ersncrennnianne xonyne no oiexrnnnor iennncrna anepnennnie xao
nponosnnnonannor crana. Hcxonehe cnnrernuxo iennncrno cnaxe npecrane, a xoie ncxonn
ns nepnennnie mro omoryhana npenmernocr xao raxny, c nennm sacnnnanem nyrem
rpancnennenrannor cnnrernsonana no iennncrna mro unnn oiexrnnnocr oiexra nnn
nocroiane nncrnyiyher, omoryhyeno ie iep: camo canpxn yremeene iennncrna pasnnunrnx
nonmana n cyhena, a camnm rnm n sacnnnane moryhnocrn saxyuxa, raxohe n y neronoi
nornuxoi npnmenn. (Kanr, Kpumura :ucmoe v+a, 15, F 131) Hocrynarn emnnpnicxor
pasmnmana cy cnnrernsonann onaxanem aexrnnnocrn rpeana, rpeyiyher onnoca,
nocpencrnom xor ce oiamnana monannrer moryhnocrn, crnapnocrn n neonxonnocrn, a ca
xoinma nncrnonane ne nna noxasano xao peanan npennxar (onrnuxn), neh xao
rpancnennenranan (onronomxn).
138
3acnnnane nncrnonana raxo ie nanane mnmena o
penexcnin xao o onome mra mnmene sna, mra my ie cnpxa, na nome xao penexcnia

138
"Pasiamnanaiyha xonnennnia oxancxor apxnrexre nnn npnor noxperaua ie oner ynorpenna xao nneia,
na ony xoncrnrynniy yremeyiemo reneonomxnm npocyhnnanem npnpone xoioi mopa na nexn y ocnonn, re
raxohe n nam noiam naruynnor ocnona xor snamo xao mexuurv npupooe, c ony crpany pasnnxe namepne n
nenamepne rexnnxe, xoiy ie sancra nponemarnuno mncnnrn, npemna nnie nensnonnno, na raxo nyxno cna
oprannsonana cymracrna nny xao xpos ienan ynnnom nenyiyhn npayspox nponsamnor mnmena. 3axyuax y
npnom pacnpanany noxasa o erepy mrannme, ienan nonoan noiam npnor noxperaua, xao n nexor npnor
nouerxa nnie nonyuen on npemena, neh nonyuen on iennor noymenannor xaysannrera xoin ie neonxonna nneia
yma, a xoia ie rpancnennenrna sa cne crnapn nsnxe..."Hocroin ienna cneoyxnarna npnpona (y npocropy n
npemeny) y xoioi ie ym cnnx nsnuxnx onnoca nar y saiennnuxom iennncrny...To ie ienan cneoanesyiyhn
nenaran npayspox ca cnoonom y cymrnnn yma n ca nnma (xacnnie!) ienan sa cne cnaiaiyhn xareropnuxn
nmneparnn, re ca nnma ienna mopanno cneoyxnarna nepcxa npacymrnna - ienan For." /Die davon
unterschiedene Konzeption eines gttlichen Architekten oder ersten Bewegers ist dagegen als die Idee zu
betrachten, die wir aufgrund dieser Konstitution der teleologischen Beurteilung der Natur zugrundelegen
mssen, also unser Begriff des bersinnlichen Grundes wir knnen eine Technik der Natur, die jenseits der
Differenz von absichtlich und unabsichtlich Technik fllt, zwar problematisch denken, aber nicht anwenden, und
so mssen wir alle organisierten Wesen als durch eine absichtlich wirkende Ursache hervorgebracht denken. Die
Konklusion in der ersten Errterung der therbeweise war jedoch, da ein solcher Begriff eines ersten
Bewegers, also eines ersten Anfangs nicht in Bezug auf die Zeit, sondern in Bezug auf eine noumenale
Kausalitt eine notwendige Vernunftidee ist, die allerdings fr die Physik selbst transzendent ist...Es ist eine
Allbegreifende Natur (in Raum und Zeit) worinn die Vernunft alle physische Verhltnisse in Einheit
zusammenfat. Es ist eine allgemeinherrschende wirkende Ursache mit Freyheit in Vernunftwesen und mit
denselben (den!) ein categorischer diese alle verknpfender Imperativ und mit demselben ein allbefassendes
moralisch gebietendes Urwesen Ein Gott. (22:104) /Stephan Huber, Kant und das deutsche Idealismus, Der
Zusammenhang von theoretischer und praktischer selbstsetzung in Kants Opus postumum, 1998./ Kanr ono sone
nainnmom pannn nanperxa y cncremy uncror npencranana nennne naruynnnx n uynnnx npenmera
/oiexrnnnrer/, xao ono mro yremeyie rpancnennenranny nnoconiy. One npencrane cy nnme nero nexn
noimonn, one cy nneie. Hneie cy sa nera nemro xao camocaunnena cyiexrnnna nauena mohn mnmena, ono
mro naie rpahy sa a npnopn cnnrernuxe saxone nomohy noimona. Onn nncy npeysnmann ns xenencxor
nnococxor nacneha xao rpancnapenrno meransnuxor xareropniannor ycrpoicrna xoin n oyxnarao n
ono nsnuxo, neh ns nonnie pannonanncrnuxe noimonne rpannnnie, ann saro xpnrnuxn na ocnony
rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn xao ase sa nocmarpane xoncrnryrnnnocrn noimona npnponne
nnoconie.
146
penexcnie nnn mncaona peaxnnia na nepn nennne nocn nneinn npnmar cncremarnsonanem y
rexnnxy npnpone xao cen naicxonnniy cnpxy.
V rom norneny xpaina cnpxa ce ne rpernpa xao neonpxnna n namepna reneonornia
nanasn cnoie onpannane y npernocranxama Hnaronone nnoconie (xocmonomxo
nemniypmxo ienno xao onronomxo nncrnonane), a n Apncrorenone nnoconie (y
onronomxom sacnnnany cnpxe xao onor mro eiame nno na yne y npnponn nnn
nenocpenno y enrenexnin rena), xao n nonosanerne reonornie xao xocmonomxor acnexra
nnoconie orxpnnena. V rom ie cmncny merononomxa sacnonanocr nenamepne
cnpcncxonnocrn npnpone noimnna xao xeypncrnuxo naueno, xoie naie cnoie pesynrare y
ncrpaxnnannma c ienne crpane opmannsanniom nayunnx npernocranxn, mro nparmarnuno
noiamnanaiy one nnn one cexrope nnhena crnapnocrn, ann xopennr saxnar omoryhana c
npyre crpane rex ananornia ca ymernnuxnm nenonanem npnpone, nynehn ony nenonnrocr
npernocranxe xoia maxcnmy rexnnxe npnpone unnn nesaonnasnom y norneny
cncremarnsonana nennne ncxycrna n rpancopmannia onaxana, y nnxone npernennnie
npnxasane opme c osnpom na cnpxy. Vmernocr nonymra na ono mro nnie nnheno nsahe na
nnneno n ymernnuxo crnapanamrno nonpasymena orxpnnane xperana nnxona xnnora xoin cy
norncnyrn nnn nax saramnenn y cnaxonnennnn. Pne nnmensnie cxemarnsonana menranne
cnnxe rnme ne camo na nonpasymenaiy rpehy xoia ynocn nepcnexrnny y npocropnn pacnopen
crnapn, neh n rsn. opnyry nepcnexrnny xoia nenyie xpos rponnmensnonannn npocrop ns
uernpre nnmensnie npemena, a maxcnma uernpre nnmensnie n nna nynncxo carnenanane,
carnenanane nneia xpos xnannrarnnno nennncane onaxana xao onai xon a realia ad realiora.
To cnaxaxo ne nonpasymena esxnnorny yxouenocr, neh npahene xperana n cyxnecnnnnx
cmennnana neiennaxnx crana xpos nenpexnnno ocrnapnnane rv xoi oo.


























147
II

Koc+o)oure u oumo)oure npemnocmaere
Kaumoeux neoaeourux pa;+uu+ana


Hpenanana ns onacrn nenarornie Kanr ie npxao 1776-1777 r., cacranaiyhn nx
npema npnpyunnnnma Fasenona n Foxa. Hocranaiyhn noiam nacnnrana y oxyc cnoinx
pasmarpana, on ce anno enomennma ynehanana snana n yunpmhnnana noe, cacnnm npema
anrnuxnm ysopnma, nox ie nnnaxrnuxe nponeme nocrynnor merononomxor
nponemarnsonana mxoncxnx marepniannia (saxon nocrenenocrn y opasonany, Hayn
Haropn), yrnannom ocranao no crpann. Kanr ie neh y npnoi peuennnn cnnca o nenarornin
ncraxao, na ie uonex iennnn crnop xoin mopa nrn nacnnran n rnme nmnnnnnrno
remarnsonao ienny nnoconiy npnpone, xoia raxnom pasmarpany croin y nosannnn,
cnennnxyiyhn ce y noiam yncxe npnpone. V cnncy ie Kanry nrexaxo crano na ce ocern
xaxo on nosnaie nere (ri. na iom ynex nopo npenosnaie nere y cen xao ono nrn mannm
uonexom), raxo na onanyie yrnnnrapne nnene nacnnrana saienno ca onnm
eynemonncrnuxnm y ernnn: Pooume+u ce oou:uo cmapaiv ca+o ;a mo, oa nuxoea oeua
ooopo npohv v ceemv, u e)aoaouu noc+ampaiv ceoie nooauure ca+o rao uucmpv+eume ;a
ceoie uu+eee. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh,, crp. 11/ Popo
ie nacnnrane no nemy ynpano ono onaxne n nornue cne nopo y cnery. Vspox onaxne nornuy
cna sna npema Kanry ie nax raxan, na ce nanasn y rome mro ce npupooa cmae+a noo
npaeu)a /non neonronapaiyha orpannuena rpancnennenrannnm nnysniama/. Ounrnenno ie na
rpancnennenranna nepcnexrnna ns xoie onaxan saxyuax nna nsnenen, nonpasymena na ce y
cxnarane npnpone noxpanyie nainnme noimonnnx amnonnia, re na ie nocrynane npema
noi raxno na sannpe y meransnuxe nnmensnie nene xoncrnrynnie.
Bennuancrnenocr npne nnoconie xoia ie xon Xenena nsopena xpos ycnonomxy
rnranromaxniy n opy cynpornocrn, mro ie namerao nnorenercxn cyncrpar noima
npnpone, cacroiana ce y rome mro ie reneonomxn ym cxnarnna xao nenaran y cnnm
opmanniama npnpone, na naunn ypehena xoie ce na nocmarpannma pasnyunrn n
nperpecannma pasaparn. Kon Hnarona nenhe nocroin xao neonpehena npyrocr xoiy
nouexyie n sanpemnuno onpxana rpehn pon nha /npocrop, marepniannn cyncrpar/, mro y
Pemoxpnronoi aromncrnn snaun npocro npasnnny, y xoioi ce re naimane nenonenne
uecrnne cynapaiy n onniaiy. Beh xon Apncrorena ie ro npnnaro onronomxoi crpyxrypn
noima npocrpancrna n mecra y xome ce nanase onnxonana rena on nna momenra, a ro ie rnap
n nnmenocr. Poxnacnuna mncao nnie iennoponna, ann ie enearcxa mxona ca pononauennnxom
Hapmennnom naimapxanrnnia n y Hnarononnm nnianosnma xpos cyxo ca concrnxom,
aromncrnuxnm censyannsmom n Coxparonnm ornnonananem nae on nsnonora y uncre
noimone, nonena no ononpranana rese o nenocroiany nenha, ynyhn na ono xao
neonpehena nnoinna nocroin y nocenom monycy y npnponn.
Hpenymranem neuemy mro ce y cnoioi nanmohnoi npncyrnocrn cnnma saiennnuxn
nynn n sanonia cynenonanem, mro nonpasymena cnonrannrer nonmana xpos cnoienane
penenrnnnrera yrncaxa y onaxannma /a camnm rnm nnie nsononana camocnecr
necymnnnocrn axcnomarcxor ero-ynnamenra xoin oesehyie nsnone rnpnnn, nnrn cyiexr-
cyncranrnnna axcnonornia/, nocnena ce nonono no onora mro cy Xenenn nasnann nsnopnnm
nocmarpanem xao opahenom naxnom na nnhene xao cacymracrneno rnenane, rne ie sa ero-
nosnnniy moryh camo napnniannn nnenrnrer anconyrnor. Moxe ce pehn na ie n sor rora
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rexnmre Kanronnx pasmnmana craneno na ernuxo n pennrnosno nacnnranane, nox cy
npyre onacrn ysrpen saxnarane. Fynyhn na ie on cmarpao xaxo camo nacnnrananem uonex
moxe na ce ouoneun, saxyuno ie xaxo ie ro no saxren camor Foxnier nponnhena npema
uonexy na cam ns cee nsnene ono nopo xana ra ie neh Tnopan naopyxao nncnosnnniama.
Cnoia nenaromxe pasronope on ie n noueo ca resom - Honex je jeannn c1nop xojn uopa
n1n nacnn1an /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh, crp. 3-4/.
Bacnnranane ie ry npe cnera nemro xao nemrnna nnn ycnemna ynorpea cpencrana
opasonana sa npnnny, a cnara npnnne omoryhana oxpernocr nocrnrnyrnx ymeha. V rom
cmncny on nacnnrny nemrnny nnnn xao mexannuxy (ona xoia ynosopana na xopncr n mrery),
re xao ony iynnnnosny (onpannananauxy, npocyhyiyhy) y norneny yncxe npnpone. Vronnxo
ie Coxparono maieyrnuxo ymehe nohena nnianora (rexnnxa nopahana ncrnne), ysopno n sa
Kanrona nenaromxa pasmnmana: Hpn nsopaxeny yma mopamo nocrynarn coxpa1cxn: u;
ovruocmu ueumo :uuumu, mo ;ua:u noropaeamu ce v+v. Bnhene ymnocrn y npnponn iecre
ysopno xenencxo nnococxo nacnehe (maremarnuxo-mysnuxn onpehena xocmnuxa
xapmonnia, cnponohena nauenom xperana nenepannor snana cnercxe nyme /Hnraropa,
Hnaron/, onronomxn cnoi cynpornocrn onor mro iecre n mro nnie nan cynpocranana, xao
oysnana hynnnocr snana /Hapmennn, Xepaxnnr/, carnacnocr snana n noe /xynne, xrena/
xao namepa caxpnnena y npnponn n nouerax xoin nsmnue oenonannnany n oiamnennma
/Xepaxnnr, Apncroren, mncrnuna reonornia, ncnxasam/). To ie Kanr pasymeo xpos nnhene
ymcrnenor naruynnor ocnona y ncropnin norahana, xoie ce mannecryie npexo ounronana
namepne cnpcncxonnocrn came cymrnne npnpone. Vronnxo, rnnnuno sa nera, nna ornopen
nyr npema narnamanany ernuxor xapaxrepa nacnnrana, xoie pasonnuana yonuaieno
pasopno cranonnmre nponsnonocrn rsn. cnoone: ...na n nopox yocranom morao nrn
nonymren, camo na ra For nnie sapanno, n na For moxe iennom n nsyserax yunnnrn. Boe ie
uaiceemuie ouhe, u xohe ca+o ouo umo ie ooopo, u mparu, oa +u ep)uuv epuu+o ;ooe
ne;uue vuvmpaune epeouocmu, a ne sor rora mro On ro xenn. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o
neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh,, crp. 14/ Hponsnonocr uonexa ne ocnoaha on
necnoone, nero my camo npyxa nnysniy naronnocrn npn oncrpannnanenoi onronopnocrn.
To ie pacnpocrpanena noiana ernuxor xonopmnsma y oxnnany nnacrnre npnpone pann
ynonocrn y nonnahnnany crpacrnma, xoia cnoie nye ocnone xpnie y camoi npnponn
crnapn. C osnpom na amnnanenrnocr rese o nopexny nncrnonana npnpone xoiy Kanr
xopncrn n y cmncny cneyxynnocrn nncrnonana, nan xoie ce nanasn ancrpaxrno omehen
noiam Fora xao npansncxnnarea nnn neycranonnnor npoyspounrea npnponnor
ynnnepsyma, nemy ie naxno nnepennnpane cranonnmra. Hmaiyhn y nnny rauxy
nocmarpana ns xoie ce npyxa ynnn na ro na nn ce na ro nenane onnyuyie npema cnpxama nnn
xpos samnmane na ce ry pann o cymracrny, xoie crnapa no ananornin ca xaysannrerom
nexor pasyma, ynyhn na my ie neonxonno norpeno na y ocnon npnpone nocrann noiam nexe
cnpxe sapan xee na ie nenpexnnnnm nocmarpanem npoyuana (xaxo on ncrnue maxap n camo
y nennm oprannsonannm rnopennnama sa xoie ie mncao o nnmenocrn renenonornie y nnma
nemoryha), nacrynnno n n onpenennane sa npocnernrecxn nensam nnn xpearnnnn
rensam. Orxnanane mncnn o namepnom crnapany xoie n npernocrana nencrnuxo
npocnernrecrno, samenyiyhn noiam Tnopna ca npenpannnxom y nocny npanena cnera /y
ncxonnmry penyxrnnnnx penexcnia on ce na cnecrn na cyncrpar nosnnnie eronrera/, ro
npernocrana sa Kanra onnnuno npenosnary concrnuxy arensanniy (nsnoxeny npnnnxom
pasmarpana noxasa sa Foxnin oncranax), a ro my iom nnme yunpmhyie ynepene na ie
opahane naxne na ernuxa nnrana npepacno n y pnrane corepnonomxe nponemarnxe o
xpainoi cnpcn cnnx crnapn.
Moryhnocr nocroiana xnnnx nha nama pannonanna moh casnana n ne moxe cen
npyraunie na npencrann, cem no ananornin ca rexnnuxnm rnopennnama (ymehem nsnenennm,
cnpanennm, caunnennm, nemrauxnm), xao mro cy ysopnn opasan sanarcrna n ymernnuxnx
149
nponsnona, mro n nnie nacrynnno rex on nenanno. Kon nnx cy onnx n ynyrpamnn cxnon
nenona ncro raxo onpehenn nennnom, a ynpano raxna moryhnocr nonmana sacnonana ie na
xaysannrery yma n npema npencrann o nennnn nspane namepananor nponyxra (rsn.
enomenonomxor nnrennnonannrera), xoia ie cacnnm nopo nosnara na ocnony onune
yncxe cnecne cpcncxonne nenarnocrn, sanarcrna, rexnnuxe nspane. Hsnecnocr nexor axra
xoin ie nponepnn n nerona npnmena na marepniannie npernocranaiy onpeheno snane, xoie
ce n nenaromxnm ncxycrnom ynehana n ycanpmana. Kaxo cy pesynrarn xoin ynehanaiy name
snane o cnery nomnn ns npnponne nayxe, a ncnxonorncrnuxo oiamnene ie sa nnx
neonpxnno, nox ro nayxa o opasonany noimona yrnannom ne remarnsyie, Kanr ie mopao na
npernocrann na cne name snane nounne ncxycrnom, ann na snana ennnienrne yspounocrn
xpos nmnpecnie xoie cy nam nare, nnaiy oyxnahene enemenrom anpnopnnx opmn xoie nx
cnnrernsyiy n nonymraiy opmannsannie saxonnrocrn yxyunnanem nnrennnonannrera
neponana. Fynyhn na ie npnpona ie ry onaxna xaxna nam ce noianyie yxonnxo npnmennmo
cyiexrnnne xareropnie creuene y namem casnany, saxnayiyhn cnoonn mohn na ce noiane
xao onronapaiyhn oiexrn y enomenannoi crnapnocrn /npnmep cy anpnopne opme npocropa
n npemena/, mn moxemo saxnayiyhn nnein naruynnor ocnona na opmnpamo onronapaiyhe
cnnrernune cynone o npenmernom peannrery.
Kpainn cmncao xoin ce nynn oxy npencrana nocnenny mornnanniy, opnienrnp n
cmncnornopnn acnexr crnapn xoin y onnocy neponana n snana, nyrem mopanne noe nocnene
npexo reopnicxor pana, na n npyxno nocroian onronop cnarom xoia npenasnnasn nayunn
pasym, xaxo ncrnue n upnnpnx Kaynax, ienan on naionx canpemennx npoyuananana
Kanrone mncnn: "Er stellt seine Arbeit unter die Perspektive der systematischen Einheit der
Natur und zulezt unter diejenige der Beherrschung dieser Natur im Diennste moralicher
Zwecke. Er bedarf dieser perspektivischen Ausrichtung mit Notwendigkeit, weil ihn selbst das
`Bedrfnis` nach Motivation und Orientierung motiviert...Nicht objektiv geltend sind die
Bedeutungen der Sprache des Glaubens, weshalb man die Perspektive der Natur im genzen, die
dem Glauben zugehrt, auch nicht als `Hypothese` ansprechen darf. Denn Hypothesen sind im
Prinzip auf Objekte mglicher Erfahrung bezogen. Vielmehr sind in dieser Perspektive nur
Bedeutungen beheimatet, die fr mich und `die Befrderung meiner vernunfthandlungen` von
unbedingter Wichtigkeit sind" (On /nayunn pasym/ nocrana neron nocao ncnon
nepcnexrnne cncremarcxor iennncrna npnpone n iom n ncnon onor onnananana re npnpone
y nosnnnin mopannor nna. On rpaxn ono nepcnexrnnncrnuxo npannno ca neonxonnomhy,
ynyhn na ra n camor mornnnme norpea xa mornnannin n opnienrannin...Hnmra nehe
nrn oiexrnnno naxehe y rymaueny ronopa nepe, sor uera n nexo nepcnexrnny npnpone y
nennnn, xoia n npnnanana neponany, ne camo xao `xnnoresy` npyxno xao onronop.
Xnnorese cy oner, y npnnnnny ysere ns moryher ncxycrna oiexara. Vnexonnxo n y onoi
nepcnexrnnn rymauene nno onomaheno, a sa mene n `ornpemane/onamnane/ mor ymnor
onnxonana` c necymnnnom samamnomhy.) /Kaulbach, Friedrich: Philosphie des
perspektivismus I, Wahrheit und Perspektive bei Kant, Hegel und Nietzsche, Tbingen, 1990., S.
96-97/ Ca cnmonnuxnm xapaxrepom meransnuxor ronopa noxpehe ce nennna canpxaia yma
xoia npenasnnasn narypannsam, na cnmonnuxo casnanane nynn nepcnexrnny nneie Fora.
Taxo ce npema Kaynaxonom mnmeny, Kanr ne npaha na rsn. normarcxy meransnxy
/ibid., crp. 106/, iep nncncrnpa na pasiamneny nyrem xpnrnuxor opahana naxne na
pasnnxy oiexara xoin cy cxemarnsonann n nnxonor cnmonnuxor snauena, a mro ne
nonpasymena oiexrnnno rymauene y onronapany Die Idee ist nicht in einem
schematischen, hchstens in einen symbolischen Bilde darstellbar. /Hneia nnie npnxasana y
nexom cxemarcxom, neh ysnnmennie y iennom cnmonnuxom nnxy/ (ibid., S. 110) V rom
cmncny Kaynax ie cacnnm nopo ncraxao na npannno xoie ynpana pasymom xao nnxrar
yopasne xoin nonpasymena cnoonny nrpy casnainnx cnara nnie nnme nncxypsnnno, neh
cnmonnuxn penpesenrarnnno nsnarane nnrynrnnnor pasyma (ibid., crp.111).
150
V ocnonn rome croin n nnrane nrypannie nonmanor cmncna npocropnocrn, xoia ie
xon Kanra norennnianna penannia xoiy onpehyiy crnapn nnn uncra opma onaxana xao cnecr
o camom onaxany nnn cnoienpcna axnnnennnia ncnoennx cnara, sa xoiy ie np Mnnan
Vsenan onnnuno nanomenyo: Kanr ncrnue xaxo ie nenonane cnmon npnnnnna, na ie raxo
npocrop (uninm nocpenonanem npane crnapn na nyxan naunn npencranaiy sanpano camo
ienan saiennnuxn reme) camo ienan cnmonym Foxnie cnenpncyrnocrn, onnocno npocrop ie
enomen oxancxor noiannnana, iep y npocropy, moryhnocr ce ne pasnnxyie on
crnapnocrn. (Kanr, Mer., I, 4208). /Mnnan Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I (metaphysica
generalis), Bpman, 1998., crp. 169/ uenomenannn cner yxasyie nam na nemro nsnan cee, na
naruynnn ocnon, xoin n y xeypncrnuxoi nnmensnin morao na ce onannorn cmncnenom
cncremarnsanniom nneie npnponne cnpxe y namepnoi reneonornin xao saxonnrocrn onora
mro ie cnyuaino n xoie moxemo na npnnnmemo ncrom naruynnom yspoxy na xome nounna
nacnena npnpona. Ha raxan xopax Kanr nponanasn na ie cnecr narnana nnnehn ie oanesanom
mopannom nyxnomhy norpee, xynne sa ocmnmananem, cnpcncxonnnm unnenem nenor
xaysannrera rpancnapenrnnm, xao nsasnann xopnsonr npyraunie opmnpane naxne y
carnenanany noiana npnpone n pasmarpana onor mra nx nsnyrpa caunnana. Vronnxo ie
npernocranxa o npencrann nennne xoia nperxonn moryhnocrn nenona uncra nneia n ro ie
cnpxa nocmarpana xao ocnon xaysannrera. To n noxperano xaysannrer mro nexn nsnan
rpannna npnpone n raxan noiam renenonornie npernocranao n ym y rpancnennenrnoi
ynorpen xao onai xoin ysnehe y onacr onor mro ie naruynno, nsnan xaysannnx nesa
npenmera ncxycrna, no noima yma ca namepno nenornopnnm yspoxom. Hac nanamne nnme ne
mopaiy na oanesyiy nomorernsonana npannna nayxe o npnponn xoia mamnncxo-mexannuxom
merononorniom oiamnanana npnponne saxone orpannuananem yncxe ymne norennnie
yxyuyiyhn nac y noron xoin ce nayunnnnma ncnnarn, ann cne npyre ocrana
nesanononnm. Taxan npncryn ie ne mane ounrnenan y nonornin, crannapnnoi mennnnnn n
ncnxniarpnin, ynyhn na ie na nnneno nsamno uax n ro, na moxe na ce sarocnonapn rex onnm
nenom npnpone xoin ie sapoen y rpancnennenrannoi nepcnexrnnn (mexannuxo-
ynxnnonannom xopnsonry), n na rai neo rnme moxe na yne yunnen nocrynnnm
ncxopnmhanany, excnoararopcxom menrannrery n nocnysn ynonocrn npenanana
npenaropcxoi cnecrn, xoia ycnen neyraxnnor xonopmnsma ryn cne cxpynyne.
Ca nenaromxom npenopyxom na xeypncrnuxo naueno yne ienna mncaona rexnnxa
ncrpaxnnana npnpone, re na ce ca ymernomhy cnecnor onaxana npnponnocrn npnpone
sanasn nye, Kanr n ce n nanac cnoxno ca resom na rexnnxom npnpone nnana
anpoxcnmarnnna ernuxa ycmepenocr npema nainnmem nopy xao cnmony nauena ienne
oxancxe ymernocrn, xoia nneiy nparnapa y neno ns saiennnuxor remea Foxnie
cnenpncyrnocrn, xao penexcnnno ocnernnor nperpecanem momenra xpaine cnpxe.
Ipannocr na rom xopnsonry moxe na yne camo sacrpanyiyha cxnonocr eronarnie nnn
npnmnrnnna crpacr camoxnnocrn xoia cexe ns rsn. oxonane npnpone, ca nnem na
norxpanyie nainpne onnxe camonaxnocrn y anonnmnnm nnenrnnxanniama eronsma n
cneronana cnera. Eronornia ie eronarnia xana camonosnane n nosnane npyror nrnopnme,
napymanaiyhn rnme n npny sanonecr nyxnocrn npema camom cen, xaxo ie ro onnnuno
ynnneo Erkenne (erforsche, ergrnde) dich Selbst Nicht nach deiner physischen
Vollkommenheitsondern nach der moralischen in Bezeihung auf deine Pflicht - dein Hertz
ob es Gut oder Bse sei(Casnai /nperpaxn, noxyun/ camor cee ne npema rnoioi nsnuxoi
cneyxynnocrn..., nero npema mopannoi y norneny cnoie nyxnocrn rnor cpna na nn ie
nopo nnn sno...) /`Von dem ersten gebot aller Pflichten gegen sich Selbst`; H. Kanr,
Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn; Honn Can, 1993., crp. 341/ V onoi nnmensnin
mopannrera ynpano nenarornia onpannana cnoie nocranane npema crnapnma, cnoie
nocnonane nnn nax rnnonorniy ycmepena xa ncxonnmry peannrera na xome ce cne n sacnnna.
Ono ie naxno iep nasna nmamo cnenoxe sa ono mro mncnnmo, ronopnmo n unnnmo. C
151
ncrnnanem nemrnne n ocnocoanana nenarornia nocraie nponyena crynnia ca norpeom
na mexannsme npernopn y nayxy nacnnranana sa ynyhe oe crane uoneuancrna: uoopo ie
eacnumane vnpaeo mo, u; :eea nomu:e cee ooopo v ceemv. K)uue, umo cv v :oeerv, +opaiv ce
ca+o cee mo euue pa;euiamu. Jep ce ocuoee ;a ;)o ue uaxooe v npupoouu+ oucno;uuuia+a
:oeeroeu+. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh,, crp. 11/ V rom
cmncny ncrnnane ernxe nyxnocrn xon Kanra nonpasymena npnnne ncrnnoynnocrn n
conniererne connnapnocrn npema nnein uoneunocrn y nama, y uemy ce uonex oyuana
npnmepnma n napenama. Hapenonanan ron y ocnonn ie ernuxn saxren npema nenarory c
osnpom na norpey nacnnranana xapaxrepa xoin rex moxe na rapanryie rpnene xpos
crnnane cnnxnocrn na ce nsnpxn y sanoniany mynpe ymepenocrn. Pasopnrocr cnaxaxo
ycnonana n na ce remarnsyie cnenehe nnrane: ua )u ie :oeer oo npupooe +opa)uo oooap
u)u ;ao? Hu ieouo uu opveo, iep :oeer oo npupooe u uuie +opa)uo ouhe, ou mo nocmaie, raoa
ce neeoe pa;v+ v;oueue oo noi+oea o ovruocmu u o ;arouv...Caepueua eeumuua nocmaie
onem npupooa. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh, crp. 64/ Kaxo
ie Kanr no npnnyhen na yrnpnn reopnicxy necynncnocr axo y noi npema nopnny ne
nanasnmo xao cacrannn neo n oxancxy mnnocr, nena cnoona nenonana y nama ynanpehyie
name nocmarpane crnapn xao nana xoia nyrem neponana y nsnopny xnnny nopa y nama
nomohy npnmepa Cnna Foxnier. Fynyhn na ie On xao uonex cnmao mehy nac yxasyiyhn
ayropnrerom cnerocne reoannie na ropn Tanop nsnopno iennncrno ca Forom xao Onem, re
na snauai uoneuancrna xao cnneprnie n cnnycnie neronor npncycrnonana mro ie no non
Fory na nna xnnom nanom y pasnoi ror nopor, ra nneia npema Kanry n moxe n rpea na y
nama (xao cnoonoymnnma) nocrane iom mohnnia, axo ioi nonycrnmo na y nama nenyie. Hpema
pennrnin mn ry moxemo na npnmernmo n nsnecran npnmenenn nporecranrcxn pnropnsam,
ann ie nn re npnmene npyror cmepa: Onn cy (opennn momenrn) camo npnnpema sa nopa
nena, ann ne cama nopa nena, n nainnmem nhy uonex ne moxe npyxunie yronnrn, no rnm, na
nocrane on...Boanjn saxon uopa ce yjeano jann1n n xao npnpoann saxon, jep on nnje
cauononan. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh, crp. 66/ Taxo ie
Kanron nonyxnar, y cmncny pnropnsma, npe cnera xpnrnxa cnaxe normarcxe nnoconie
mopana xoia ce nnie nonena ca ocnemrananem camor mopannrera xao nnococxor nnn
ayronomnor ocrnapnnana nainyer ynyrpamner saxrena (na crnap ycanpmn no
iennocrannocrn onor npnponnor nncrna), norpee n cmncna nopa, a cnaxaxo n cxonnor
noima cnoone, nyrem onpannanana nopa y nsnpmeny mopannrera xao on camor Popa
nsnyrpa npnsnnaiyhe nyxnocrn. Ono nrn nyxnocrn iecre onunoi cnecrn nenpncrynauna
nyxonna cyncrannnia, xoioi ce npnnnxanane omoryhana rex nsnpmananem saxrena npnnne,
naxne pasopnrnm npncrynom xoie pasanpe y spxanocrnma, npmehn nenaromxn nocao
nonyuanana ne camo npnmepnma, nero n napenama xoie ycmepanaiy n nonpmanaiy, ri.
npnnone ynyrpamnoi cnpcn ncrnne nopa, Fory. Hpanpnponno ncxoncxo cnerno na cnom
mnnnmymy mannecrannie ie noymenannor xapaxrepa, nocrynno onom ncrpnnom ouniy
yma nnn nyxonnom mynpomhy npocnerennx ouniy /An. Hanne, Edecuu+a, 1,18/, xoinm
ce nnnn nopo xao orarcrno cnane Foxnie, a xao onpehena mnnocr n npcra mencypannnia
ycrpoicrna npnponnnx excrensnia nyxnne n mnpnne, nncnne n nynne
/uernoponnmensnonannocrn xao ycnona opmnpana npyraunie naxne xoia ie ocnocoena
na ocnernn npenmernocrn yma n npexo nnx nonene nyxonnnm ycanpmanannma npema
naruynnom ocnony cnera mro iecre n nna/. Kanr ie rnme xeneo pannxanno na yxaxe na ienno
npyraunie sanounnane, nyrem xoier mn moxemo nemro na casnamo o nonecrn noima npnpone
xao nonecno onpehena nha, ann ne na ysrpenan naunn, neh na nama casnana y nesn c rnm
noyue pasym na ce nonyue npen necynncnnm nperensniama n ocrann npocropa neponany n
nenocpennocrn onaxana. Hnie nonono na ynemo rex cnecnn nexnx casnana ns nonecno
naauenor xonrexcra /pennmo: nea n seme nnn npnpone xao raxne n yonmre/, neh crora
mro ie cama cnecr sa nnx nenocpenno onronopna xao ono mecro xoie xoncrnrynme n opasyie
152
nonecnocr nonecrn, na ie anannrnxa pasymenana narocrn rnnonornia pannonannocrn xpos
pasmarpane noimonne cennmenrannie xareropnia xoie cy norexne ns xnnornor nnn
npennayunor cnera, ynpano onai ncrn nocrynax xoin ornapa xopnsonre nponyenninm
camopasymenannma.
V npnponn raxo nannasnmo na xonnrypannie oiexara xoin cy nonecnn n sa
npnxasnnane neuer ysnnmenor, ynyhn na nnxonnm noiannnm annnpanem nyrem
nnresnnnpana ananornia y nymn o roi npnponn xao ymernocrn, crynamo y nesy ca nneiama
yma, /ecrercxn penexcnnan cyn o oiexrnnnoi cnpxonnrocrn npnpone sone ce reneonomxn/,
noncrnuyhn rnme mncnn na ennnenrnpaiy canpxaie ysnnmene cnpcncxonnocrn: Camocranna
nenora npnpone orxpnna nam ienny mexuurv npupooe xoia ny npencrana xao ienan cncrem
sacnonan na saxonnma unin ce npnnnnn ne nanasn nnrne y nenoxynnoi namoi pasymcxoi
mohn, nanme y mohn ienne cnpxonnrocrn xoia ce onnocn na ynorpey mohn cyhena y norneny
noiana, raxo na ce noiane mopaiy npocynnrn ne camo xao ono mro npnnana npnponn y nenom
necnpxonnrom mexannsmy, neh raxohe xao nemro mro ie aua)oeuo v+emuocmu. Paxne,
sancra, ra camocranna npnponna nenora crnapno ne npomnpyie name casnane npnponnnx
oiexara, ann nnax npomnpyie nam noiam o npnponn, nanme o npnponn xao npocrom
mexannsmy, y noia+ vnpaeo o moi npupoou rao v+emuocmu: a ro nac nosnna na nyoxa
ncrpaxnnana (zu tiefen Untersuchungen)) o moryhnocrn raxne ienne opme. /K.+.c., 23,
npen. Frn., 1991., crp. 136/ Kon Kanra, xoin ce nonpnnnuno ocnonno na nsnxo-mexannuxn
xaysannrer y npncryny nnhena crnapn nnoconie, nno iacno na ie c ienne crpane
ycranoneno nnhene cnera naror y xareropniama mexannuxor xaysannrera nerepmnnncanor y
cnom xperany, y xome xnnn n uonex xao neo npnpone, ann na ie on ncronpemeno n cnoonno
n mopanno nhe xoie onpehyie noymenannn cner. uncrn emnnpnsam (onai sacnonan na
cxenrnuxoi aprymenrannin Peinnna Xiyma /1711-1776/), xoin ie cmarpao na cnaxo
npomnpnnane snana moxe na ce nonnene iennno non rsn. crnapnn noxnnai, nanme onai
npnrannnym onunor pasyma rne uonex ocraie nmnpecnonnpan, nnxaxo nnie no y crany
na oiacnn ynnnepsanne ncxase, cem na nx nporymaun xao ncnxonorncrnuxe nsnope
neponana. H cam Kanr ie xoncraronao xaxo ie Xiymona samepxa npornn onnx xoin y nornynoi
ynyrpamnoi cnpxonnrocrn oprannsonannx nha npernocranaiy reneonomxn npnnnnn
npocyhnnana esnpenna sor yannnana ayroxparnie marepnie y npnponne rnopennne, a
xoia sanpmna y npernapany cnemnpa y cneoyxnarny cyncrannniy oiexrnnnnx cnpxonnrnx
opmn marepnie (nanrensam), nnn y cnoi arpnyra nnxepenrnnx npocroi mexannuxoi
cyncrannnin xao xnnepnsnuxom iennncrny ocnona (cnnnosnsam). To na ie npnonrna
marepnia onnxonana camy cee na ocnony mexannuxnx saxona, xao n na ie nna y crany na
camy cee onpenenn sa opmy nexe cnpxonnrocrn xoia camy cee onpxana, n mrannme na
nsnpmn ncxoncxy oprannsanniy no nnnoa oprancxe renecnocrn naronom crnapana marepnie
(y xom menrannom oxpyxiy uonex ocraie nasna cyiexr renecne excnosnnnie, necnocoan sa
naruynne ysnnmennie cnpxe xoie ce y nemy nanase cxpnnene), nnie nnmra npyro no
cranonnmre sacnenenor ynepena rne ie nyxcys y snannma xpana sa cyiery n camoxnnocr.
Ty iacno nocpenyie ncnxonornsam onniana na ce onpacre n rpnnniannsannia noima cnoone
nerpnenna npema noymenannnm ycnonanannma xoia rom noimy sanpano croie y ocnony.
Cnoconocr sa ysnnmennie cnpxe xoia ce y nama nanasn cxpnnena, nonpasymena noemarcxy
excnnnxanniy y xoioi iauaiy mohn ennnennnie (uncroha onaxana), a cnan ynyrpamna
nenacnrocr cyponocrn n neoysnanocrn uynnnx npoxrena, npernapaiyhn cne nnme re uynne
moryhnocrn y penenrope ncxoncxnier ocnona npnpone y nama n cnemy mro iecre, y oprane
nnrynrnnnor pasyma xoin npnnanaiy ynocroienocrn sa xpainy cnpxy crnapana nnn
yxyuenocrn y Foxniy namepy crnapana cnerna n rna, cnera xao nncrnonana npncyrnocrn
npncycrnyiyher cne-iennncrna. Hanenn cmo na ie An. Hanne ro nasnao npocnerananem
ouniy yma xao cracanana nyxonne mynpocrn ns cpna nnn ncrpnnom nornena. C(e)p(n)ne
nnn cpennmre cnnx oprana xnnyher yncxor oprannsma (xoie y cnoioi cexynnapnoi
153
ynxnnin, xao n ierpa y Hnarononom Tu+aiv, iecy oprann sa ncnoanane cnoicrna
nnnonnrocrn), nnax nnie nemro mro ie Kanr xeneo na npeneperne nnn nsocrann, xonnxo
ron na ce nerono npnsane sa nopeom yncxe n oxancxe yann unnnno cymnuano n
mnaxo.
H cam ie nspasno cnoie mnmene na cnoi orernyr n onmnmen naunn y cnncy
O rpaiv ceux cmeapu cacnnm cranoxeno n iennocranno nsnocehn: Jep, moxe ce nrn
cymnnuan xonnxo ce xenn, xan ie anconyrno nemoryhe na ce ycnex onpehennx cpencrana
ysernx ns nenoxynne yncxe mynpocrn (xoia, axo rpea na sacnyxn nme, moxe iennno na
yne mopannocr) ca nsnecnomhy npennnnn, nnax ce uopa nepona1n y xonxypennnjy
Boaancxe uyapoc1n npeua 1oxy npnpoae na npax1nuan naunn, vro)uro ce ue re)u
concmeeua rpaina cepxa uanvcmumu...Xpnmhancrno nma, ocnm nanenenor nomronana xoie
neymnrno yrnue y cnerocr neronnx saxona, iom n neuera npeanor nyann y cen (ia onne ne
mncnnm na npnnnaunocr nexe ocoe xoia ie creuena nennxnm xprnonannma, neh na ouo
epeouo +voaeu y camoi crnapn: nanme, na mopanno crane, roie ie Ou ;aeeumao; iep ce ona
camo raxo moxe nparnrn). Homronane ie ecymne npno, iep es nera ne nocroin nn npana
yan; naxo ce n es yann nexo moxe neoma nomronarn. Ann xan ce ne pann camo o
npencrann nyxnocrn, neh n o nsnpmanany nyxnocrn, xana ce nnramo o cyiexrnnnom
pasnory nenonana, ns xora, axo on cme na ce npernocrann, nainpe rpea ouexnnarn mra he
uonex yunnnrn, ne camo no oiexrnnnom, mra on rpea na yunnn: 1o je nnax nyan, rao
c)oooouo npu+ane mvhe eo+e noo concmeeue +arcu+e, ieoua uvruo nompeoua oonvua
uecaepueuocmu +vocre npupooe (nrn npnnyhen na ono mra pasym xpos saxon nponncyie):
iep ono mro nexo ne unnn pano, on ro unnn raxo mxpro, ys ro neponarno n ca concrnuxnm
nsronopnma o sanonecrn nyxnocrn, raxo na ce na ony, xao noxperaua, es npncryna ncre
moxe mano pauynarn. /H. Kanr, O rpaiv ceux cmnapn, Frn., 1974, npen. C.Xynnh, crp. 133./
Ca onnm ie Kanr ncnono nyoxo nomronane sa ienny pennrniy yann xoia y
naimanem onmy rpaxn pasymenane n oanesy npenasnnaxena uerpcrn na n ce nocneno no
nomnpena n carnacnocrn ca Forom, ca unme ce ynonn n xnanrer xymanocrn xoin saxrena
yxasnnane na naxnocr nornynor cxnarana cymrnne noe n npnnnnna nenonana. Ha ro
noponono nenonane noncrnue ysop mopannor crana y xome ie nponeo cnoi semacxn
xnnor Cnn Foxnin n rnme ocnernno nyr onnma xoin nonase naxon nera n rnme ce nyrem
pasymenana noponono nonnpranaiy nnacrnrom camonpencnnrnnany. Hpen cam xpai cnnca
xao na ce oceha n yrnnai nare n ncranuane emonnie, ca xoiom neh ocrapenn nnoco
ncnynnnmn cnoi xnnor nainonopnrninm ncxycrnnma mnmena, nonymra cen na es
nonnnaxena nno xaxnoi nnacrn, nnrenexryannom ayropnrery nnn nax moryhoi
nonynapnocrn neronor nena, npen romnnom xoia remxo na n ra y nuemy pasymena, nannme:
3naun, ro ie nnepanan naunn mnmena noniennaxo ynaen on nopoenocrn xao n
esnpennocrn on xora xpnmhancrno ouexyie eexar cnor yuena, nnme ono moxe na
npnnonie sa cee cpne ynn, unin ie pasym neh npocneren npernocranxom saxona nnxone
nyxnocrn. Ocehai cnoone y nsopy xpaine cnpxe ie ono mro nnma saxononancrno unnn
npennnm yann. Haxo nen yunre naianyie n xasne, one ce ne cmeiy cxnarnrn xao
noxperaun ycnnmanana neronnx sanonecrn, iep ro naimane onronapa crnapnoi npnponn
xpnmhancrna: iep n ono rana npecrano na yne npenno yann. To ce moxe noxasarn camo
xao ynosopene nyno yann, xoie nsnnpe ns saxononanuene xee sa nopnm, na ce uyna
mrere xoia n nensexno nacrana (iep: lex est surda et inexorabilis saxon ie crnap rnyna n
neyounna, Hnnnie): saro mro onne ne npern xpnmhancrno xao noponono npnxnahena
xnnorna maxcnma, neh saxon xoin ie pen, xoin nenpomennno nexn y npnponn crnapn, nnie
npenymren camonon Tnopna na nerone nocnennne onaxo nnn onaxo onpehyie...yan,
xoiom ce nnepannn naunn mnmena nesyie sa Jennor nopounnnrea, ne nononn ce sa
nopnm xoie npnma onai xome ie norpeno, neh camo sa noporom noe onora xoin ie cnpeman
na ra ynenn: uax n xan onai nnie y crany na ro yunnn nnn na ra y nsnpmeny cnpeue nexn
154
npyrn mornnn, xoie ca coom nonocn osnpnocr, xa onmre, sa cner naionm. To ie mopanna
npennocr yann, xoiy xpnmhancrno nocn ca coom, xoia, nopen nexnx cnoa ioi nanecennx
npnnyna, npn uemhoi npomenn mnmena, xposa n cnernyna n xoia ra ie onpxana npornn
nepacnonoxena, xoie n ra nnaue mopano noronnrn, n xoia ce (mro ie uynno), y npeme
naineher npocnehnnana xoie ie nxan nocroiano mehy ynnma, ynex noianyie y ronnxo
iacnniem cnerny. /Kanr, O rpaiv ceux cmnapn, Frn., 1974., crp. 133-134/
Kanry ie ncxpcna npen ounma ienna ynyrpamna norpea xoia ie ocnernnna
npnponny nesy nsmehy rexnnxe npnpone xao naunna npnanana penenrnnx canpxaia
penexcnie y nesn ca camom penexcnnnom mohn cyhena: Paxne, cama moh cyhena npernapa
a npuopu mexuurv npupooe y npnnnnn cnoie penexcnie, a na nnax nnie y crany na ry
rexnnxy oiacnn nnn nnxe onpenn, nnn na sa ro nocenyie nexn oiexrnnnn onpenenn
pasnor onmrnx npnponnnx noimona (na ocnony nexor casnana crnapn camnx no cen), neh
iennno na n morna na penexrnpa npema cnome nnacrnrom cyiexrnnnom saxony, npema
cnoioi norpen, ann nnax yienno y carnacnocrn ca npnponnnm saxonnma yonmre./Kanr,
K.+.c., npen. Frn., 1991., crp. 21-22/ Cam reneonomxn nocrynar yser xao npernocranxa ca
onnm ynnnom ncronpemeno ie n nanoronanan y ncrpaxnnany (ono npenaromxo nemexannuxo
naueno npocyhnnana), iep y cen nocn ony moryhnocr xoiy ornapa npnpona carnenanana y
cnoioi nenoxasanocrn, nreparnnnocr nonecnor yhena cnyxa sa ncxoncxnin npncryn camoi
crnapn npnpone. C osnpom na nocrynare xoin cy nsnohenn y nosnom neny, napounro one
nesane sa noiam erepa /noncehaiyhn na Hapmennna, Emnenoxna, Hnarona, Apncrorena nrn./
Kanr ce na cnaxn naunn opnienrncao npema cnernocnoi uonexonoi npnponn xao
npnonrnocrn xoia sna sa cee n eneprercxn naxn xao iennncrno onaxainor nemor snana n
penexcnnnor pasymenana /cnernocnoi cepn cnecrn/. Monannrer ce raxo y onrnnn
nnoconie npnpone xon Kanra ncnocrana nonono xao crnap onronomxor xapaxrepa, a ono
mro ra nonn nonpasymena xeypncrnuxn xopnsonr rpeana n ocmnmanana xpos
pasmepanana npernocranxn ynyrpamner noxnnanana n cennmenrannono ncxycrno
npomnmana iennncrna crnapnocrn ca npnmarom nepnenrnnnor saxnarana. Tai nyn cnoi
reopnicxe paspane xperana npanna ncrpaxnnauxe namepe nnn nnrennnonannnx axara cnecrn,
nasna ce xao mexuura npupooe xpos nac ounryie xao cnara saxnarana y nenosnaro cnecnom
nonomhy, nnn oe peueno - cne ro nnme nsniaiyhom npncyrnomhy nncrnonana na
nnneno ennnenrnnx npncryna nynncxom cnemhy. V rom cmncny, sancra ie onai nepn cnenno
nopnm ocehaiem Bennnr, xana ie cynpocranaiyhn ce no xpaia nosnrnnncrnuxnm mannpnma
n raxosnanom snpanom pasymy cynepennm ncrnnanem: Cnaxn cyxo y snanocrn moxe no
cnoioi npnponn nmarn camo ienno npeno, onnpahane on onora xoie ie Cneoraro y cen /iep
ono/ ne moxe nmarn nnxaxan cyxo. Onn xoin ce cynpocranaiy nnein iennncrna ne ope ce
nn sa mra npyro neronn sa cyxo cam, na xoiemy nncn nnxon oncranax. Axo cy cnn naxnn
cncremn, axo cy nsonauena y ymiernocrn, sanyne y pennrnin, camo ncro ronnxo mnore
nocennne one ancrpaxnnie, onna moxe n npenopon cnnx snanocrn n cnnx nnienona
opasonana ornouern camo on npenosnanana Cnera n nerona nieunora iennncrna.
/Adopu;+u v; veoo v du)ocoduiv npupooe (1805), y xn. F. W. J. Schelling, O bitstvu slobode,
prev. B. Despot, Zagreb, 1985., str. 197/ Kao nenocpennn Bennnron yuennx, Hrnan Hayn
Bnran Tpoxcnep (1780-1866) nosnar npe cnera xao reopernuap mennnnne, nmaiyhn y nnny
nncrneny neyremeenocr n nerarnnnsam (penexcniy y cee) uncro pannonanne
nnoconie, pasmarpao ie raxohe n naxne nneie nnoconie npnpone. Cyiexrnnno cxnarane
n oiexrnnnn npnxas y cnerny nneia ciennnyie ncxycrno n penexcnnnocr, emnnpniy n
cnexynanniy. Tpoxcnep cmarpa na ie nesanocr sa nonomxe ocnone ersncrennnie nsxnnena,
re na ce nyx nanasn na nyry npema nnmem pasnnrxy ncrnncxor pasymenana crnapn. Xnnor ie
yxynnocr iennncrna n mnorocrpyxocrn y cnom nenocpennom npenosnanany n onpehnnany
cymrnne cnnx crnapn, na ie xnnor cnera ncronpemeno xnnor anconyra: das wahrhaft
Absolute, das ontos on der Griechen, erkenne ich das Leben an. (npano anconyrno, ono
155
crnapno nncrnyiyhe Ipxa, nosnaiem na nemy xao xnnor.)/Troxler, Ignaz Paul Vital, Elemente
der Biosophie, 1808., XI, S. 44/. V Te+e+uu+ upma+a meopuie +eouuuue nsnarnm y Feuy,
1805, on ie ncrnnao ono cne y neronom iennncrny n mnoronpcnocrnma ca xoinma ce onpxana
nenonnrocr nyrem ncrnne xoia ce nanasn ycpen ope enemenara n ncronpemeno nx nannnasn
xpos saxone npnpone. V rom cmncny ie sa nera npnponno yuene xoie npnnana yncxnm
casnannma meransnxa, ri. ona npacrapa nyxonna pnsnnna rencrnuxe reonornie, xoia cnoiy
eneprniy nanasn y nepyiyhoi non na ce ncrpaie y nenahama n npenasnnaxeny npenpexa,
xaxo n ona ynyrpamna cnpxa ncrnne cnnx ncrnna nonna npnnnxy na ce ncnon n sannana.
Ounro ie na Tpoxcnepon medical man xao onronop na nornpane noe xao cnmona
nerarnnnsma cnera xao noe n npencrane /monenxayepcrno/, nnn na nannpyha pasynapena
nnueoncxor naruonexa nnacnpanor xacnnie y rparnxomenniama cnercxnx parona,
nonpasymena ienan oxper Kanry xoin he naxnnnie na pasmorpn ynyrpamne pasnore
ernuxnx npnnnnna. Hpann mennnnnap, npau nnn nnnap mopa na ce pasyme y naunne na ce
nocnynamna nepnepnia na xoiy ie nyxonna eneprnia ocnonena xao na nononexonem
anopnsonano iacrno, yne npeoxpenyra npema nenrpy, ri. xaxo na ce nenrpnpaiy cpennmra
cnna y uonexy npema cneiennncrnenom nenrpy xoin n nx npxao na oxyny na ce ne
pamrxanaiy n ne pacnnaiy, ymuynanaiyhn on onecnnx pasapana n on pacxona nonehn no
saneanaiyhnx ypannorexenocrn n cxnana. 3aneena cy es merensnuxe nepcnexrnne
norahana crnapn nenornyna n necrannna, a uonexon nocnennn npnponnn nenpniare, cmpr
nenoimnn.
V nosnom cnncy o meransnnn onuainocrn nnn mopana, Kanr ie onnyuno ncraxao
rexnny nopoxa xor ne naa npeneperanarn, nero ncrpaino npeopaxanarn xynrnnncanem y
nenocycraiyhnm nanopnma: Hoponn xao nerno npornnsaxonnrnx nacrpoiena iecy
:vooeuuma npornn xoinx on can rpea na ce opn; n saro ra mopanna iaunna xao xpapocr
(fortitudo moralis) n caunnana nainehy n ieouuv pamuu:rv :acm :oeera; a nasnna ce n npana,
nanme npaxrnuna mynpocr: iep unnn cnoiom cnpxom rpainv cepxv xnnora na 3emn. /H.
Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn; Honn Can, 1993., 206/ Hs canpxaino nenaromxn
ocmnmenor nonmana nepcnexrnne xpaine cnpxe, on ie nanexo ncranuannie morao na
onpenn n nncnny mecra npnpone y rsn. oxonanom n cnoonnom acnexry, raxohe n npexo
moryhnocrn/mohn npnpone xao npanor sannmana ymernocrn, y xoie ie ymao n momenar
npaxrnunor yma xoin npenasnnasn reopnicxa onpehena: Cne mro ie npaxrnuxo n mro npema
npnponnnm saxonnma rpea na yne moryhno (npano sannmane ymernocrn) sanncn, npema
cnom nponncy, nornyno on reopnie npnpone; camo ono mro ie npaxrnuxo npema saxonnma
cnoone moxe nmarn npnnnnne xoin ne sannce nn on xoie reopnie; iep nsnan onpehena
npnpone nema nnxaxne reopnie. /H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn-H. Can,
1998., crp. 19; npen. P. Iyrema npema Metaphysik der Sitten, Leipzig, 1907./ Bacnnrarn ce y
norneny ynosnanana ca onnm mro n morno na xoncrnrynme noiam o onome mro iecre
npernocrana raxo nnrennnonannrer naxne npema noianama, iennaxo xao n npema onome
mro nx nymra na yny, nonymra xao onnxe nncrnonana nnn crnapa. Crnapanauxa crpana
crnapn raxo npnnana nonom acnexry (onom nepyiyhem nnn namepananom), es
penyxonanocrn na nenyxrnnne monene reopnicxnx momenra onor neh nnhenor y
noiannnany. Ono Kanrono monanno rpeane, xoie cy pann Bennnr n unxre, re c npyre
crpane Xeren n neronn cnenennnn cxnarnnn xao norpey nonor onnananana nayunnm
nocrynarnma y nsnohennma cnexynarnnne nsnxe (xoia n caunnanana nno reme
nosnrnnne nnoconie ersncrennnie n ersncrenrnor, nno peanne nnoconie xoia n ca
enomenonorniom nyxa unnnna cnexynarnnnn cran y anconyrnoi onro-nornnn), nanexo ie
cynrnnnnie pasmarpano y norneny ocnocoenocrn sa nennncana onaxaia y sacnnnany
enomenonomxor cranonnmra, neronanem onronomxor npncryna na sacanama anrnuxe
nnocnie npnpone, onmepennm nreparnnnnm npencnnrnnannma npernocranxn.
156
Kanrone opme noimene reneonornie, xoie ie ynnnpana xeypncrnuxa
npernocranxa iennom rexnnxom npnpone cncremarnsyiyhe nennne, nno xao nenamepne
nsnxoreonomxe nnn namepne ernxo-reonomxe nnn xocmonomxo-reyprnicxe,
nemoncrparnnno croie y reopnicxoi paspann xao npcra nanmohne ynepenocrn xoia ce
nornphyie nyrem npaxrnuxe nepe nnn nono opmnpane namepe xao mepe nnhena crnapn
nennnnnnx. Hsyserno onaxane ie nnhene (nnn reopemarnxa xao nonmane), xoie ce noraha
xana cnna namepe nanoin eneprniom onpeheny onacr nepnennnie na nx raxopehn ynann.
Kana ce xpnrnuan poi eneprercxnx noa nnn reopnicxnx marepniannia xao nonnia ca
canpxainma xoie noce mnmennne y namoi ynyrpamnocrn ynann, nonasn no cnryannie na ce
onaxana npaxrnuno nponyyiy xnannrarnnno nonom opmom, nnn nax cama ra eneprercxa
noa iacnnie nnne n nsncrpeno npencranaiy xao noiane. To nornue on nenoxynnocrn name
cnecrn xoia ie nesa ca cnnm xnnyhnm n mro iecre y ynnnepsymy, xaxo npaxrnuno raxo n
reopnicxn nnn iennonpemeno, ann na pasnnm pannnma. To ie n onai noiam cnoone na xoin
nnie nannxna mncao xoia ie pasnnna cnyx iennno sa neno nononexonno yremennane
nnayrypncano noimom camonsnecne camocnecrn xoia npema mnronornin camoxnnocrn
cnonrano nyrem nponsnonne npencrana crnapa cner, rsn. cnoi cner nnn nyxonnonayunnm
nnnorpacxnm npennonannma cnponnna nonnnasn cnncxohennma pyrannnm acnexrnma
npenaropcxe cnecrn, na noxyma ca nanonno nensexnnm nspannauxnm mexannsmom yma
xpos sarnapane nepcnexrnna y rsn. xymannsonany npnpony, sa xoin nrexaxo naxn Kanrona
nemoncrpannia onene esnauainocrn raxnnx xopnsonrannnx nopannanana.
Hpocry, npnponny cnecr, naa nanopom nenocycraiana ysnnsarn no nnococxe
cnecrn. Kana ce nsahe na uncran ca rsn. "npnponnom cnemhy", ca nenom camopasymnnomhy
xoia nnme ne naxn ca npnmenom xpnrnuxor merona Kanrone rpancnennenranne
cyiexrnnnocrn, nonaranem pauyna o nenoi xoncrnrynnin, naxne, xana ce y sarpane crann
cnaxonnenna ynepenocr y cee n y ono mro napanenno camnm rnm nocroin nsnan nac, iep
npnponna cnecr noneyie cnery nexo ayronomno nncrnonane nan ne xao nexn nasna
nocroiehn cner, rana ie na snauaiy nonna nnrepnperannia n onncn xoin ce naiy xao xaranosn
nha sa xoie ce ocmnmana y xom cmncny iecy n nncy. Paa pacnpana xperana ce na nnnnin
npernocranxe na ie ro moryhe, ynyhn na noiane y cnoioi nynnn noce cymrnncxo oenexie
no xoier ie moryhe nonpern enomenonomxom penyxnniom, unia ie npernocranxa nanymrane
on Xycepna nmenonanor renepannor crana xoin cmarpa na ce nncrnonane saxnara onnexyn
cnoa xao nexa oiexrnnnocr, raxo n nonmana xoie nerpnnxyie ry rsn. npnponny nnn
nannny cnecr. Hannnocr ce raxo noxasyie uax noiauanom y noimonnma, na npema Eyreny
unnxy ncrnncxo nnoconpane nounne xao cranane-y-nnrane nenomnunor noima
nannnocrn, xao nononno cranane y noxper saycranenor rpancnennenrannor npoiexra n
noxperane ipnnor caneror mncaonor xperana. Cnaxo noxasnnane n noiannnane
nncrnyiyher nemana ce nonasehn on nperxonno pasymenor xopnsonra, raxo na cne mro
nocraie ounrnm nonasn ns ornopenocrn nnana npn crnapnma, ri. sa ono sa mra cmo
ornopenn xao cner, npocrop, npeme. unnoconpane ns came cneronnocrn cnera nnn ca onor
rna n on onor cnerna xoie cnery yonmre n omoryhana na yne, sancra ie npann canpemenn
nsason xoin nnie nnmen ynnrnocrn o nnacrnrom nocroiany. Hs one ynnrnocrn naa
sanpxarn naxny na xyunnm noimonnma xoin cy nanenenn n ne npenymrarn nx onaxo
nnrepnperarnnnnm samarnnannma nnn pannonanncrnuxnm nopannanannma. V rom ie
cmncny nnxona nponoxarnnnocr nponyxrnnna, n Kanrono mncaono ncxycrno n unnxy ce
unnn nesaonnasno: "Haxo ce nponem cnera rnme opahyie na ienan nerarnnan naunn, Kanr
ie, y yxynnoi rpannnnin sananne meransnxe, nnax npxynan nnosocxor nnrana o cnery:
xon nera ce npnn nyr npmn npnnnnnniennn ynnn y sacnnnane rora na cner nnie nncrnyiyhe,
nnie crnap, na cnaxn noxymai na ra ce mncnn na naunn crnapn /nocrnapyiyhn/, nno xao
xonauny onnocno ecxonauny nennunny, yncxn ym sannnhe y nepemnny
npornnpeunocr...nornen na Kanra ie nnax ynex nsnona nyxan" /Eyren unnx, Veoo v
157
du)o;oduiv, npen. P. Tophennh, Feorpan, Honnr, 1989, crp.132-133/. Hpenocn na
emnnpnicxe cacroixe nayunnx casnana sanpano cy neh nocranenn opacnn, a aprymenrannia
sanpmana na merononornin sacnonanoi na neh yrnphennm nnopmanniama o rnnonornin
uynnnx nonaraxa cnecrn, nornyno sanemapyiyhn uax n mnpe casnaino-reopnicxe nnrepece.
Eyren unnx ce crora ocmenno na cacnnm ymecno nocranane nnrana: "Cner ie nennna
nncrnyiyher, cneyxynnocr nncrnyiyher. Ann mra ie nennna, mra ie cneyxynnocr? Pa nn ie
cner orpomno mnomrno, rpnna romnna crnapn? Hama 3ema maiymno spnne npamnne y
nacnonn ca nennm snesnannm cncremnma? Pa nn ie nsnxa nannexna sa nnrane o cnery saro
mro ona nnax nma naioe snane o maxpoxocmnuxoi crpyxrypn marepnie n onnocy marepnie
n npocropa? Hoianyie nn ce yonmre cner y nsnnn? Hnn camo n iennno nnosonia
onnyuyie o rome mra iecre cner?" /Eyren unnx, Veoo v du)o;oduiv, npen. P. Tophennh,
Feorpan, Honnr, 1989, crp.130/ Opnienrncane y ynyrapcnercxoi cepn npny nnsnny nanasn
y xnnecresniama nnacrnre renecnocrn n crora nocrana reno xao npaenomen, xoin ie y
nnrepnperannin xoia n rpeana na my ycnenn npexpnnen nenaxnnm crpyxrypama n camnm
rnm sacrpr. Berono nsnnauene npen nornen xoin nonpasymena n anexnarny naxny
npernennocrn, moryh ie y noresnma xoin ie cynporan rennennniama nayxe. Hayxa nocenyie
rexny na mro nnme ncxyun cyiexrnnno-onnocne canpxaie nnn na nx npeypehyiyhn
yxnonn y oiexrnnan cncrem y xoioi ne npencranaiy nnxaxny cmerny. Opnienrncane npema
npaenomeny iecre opnienrncane npema renecnocrn xao naroi ry n onne (ne rex emnnpnicxn
neh n anpnopno omoryheno nennnom Maxc Benep), y nnxany npema ornopenoi
ecxonaunocrn ns onor xopnsonra ry n onne xoier ie moryhe nparnrn onaxannma n
penexcniama. uenomenonomxn anpnopn ne nonn xao onai axcnomarcxn ynaxanan y
monepnoi naynn nyxno y rpancnennenrannn cyiexrnnnsam, xaxo ie ro y nonnie npeme
nornprao n Maxc Benep: A priori nae nnie oroena opma ncxymanana npenmera n crora
ie raxohe n opma npenmera ncxycrna, nero ie nenpexnnno nencrpaxnno napcrno cymrnna
marepnia spena...H ona ne 'naxn' xao onuna rpancnennenranna 'npernocranxa' nnn
'nonarane remea' sa moryhy nayxy npenmera, neh nma cnoie nnacrnro nncrnonane, ynpano
nncrnonane cymrnna n xao raxan, ennnenrno ie ncrpaxnn. /Scheler, Max: Absolutsphre
und Realsetzung der Gottesidee, GW Bd.X, s. 214/ Ha rai naunn ncrnna ie cacnnm sanncna on
cymrnncxnx xapaxrepncrnxa noianyiyher ce nha, on cee noxasyiyher nnna nncrnonana,
ri. cnana y onai nennxn xopax xoin ie naunnno Hnaron pann npenasnnaxena nynrapnocrn oxo
rpronana n xonsymannia cxnonocrnma, xana ie y nnrany ncrnna. Peanno nncrnonane nnie
rex npenmerno nncrnonane xao nexn nnenrnunn raxonncrnyiyhn xopenar cnnx
nnrennnonannnx axara cnecrn, neh ie ono y nncrnonany ornopno npemna cnouerxa n
anonnmno. Panane npocropa nnn nonymrane npocropy na yne ono mro iecre xao nar,
iennaxo xao n xoncrarannia na npeme rpea nycrnrn na ce ynaana on nac nnn na nam ce
npnnnxana xao nymrane npemena, ycxnahyie nac ca cnerom. Kpos oiexrnnne cnnxe xoie cy
nponyxr arpnyra nyxonno cnenor nopnna n nparehe mamronnrocrn, y nama ce crnap
cnennnxyie xao nyxno napnniannn nnenrnrer ca xnnorom xoin nexn y remey cnera
npencrana. To na ia xnnnm ca npyrnm ia onaxaiyhn ncnxonsnuxn oprannsam noxpnnen
renecnnm cnnxama xoie ce nnxy y iennoi crpyin xnnornor roxa, iecre enomen
cnnrynapnocrn xoin saxrena marepniannie cymrnncxnx nesa (xnnnosa, nonna yan) xao nesa
nneia n npaenomena. 3nane xoie npmn cnnresy onnx nperxonehnx snanan orxpnna reme
na xome n nounna cna npnponnocr npnpone (xnne n nexnne) npema Maxcy Benepy ie
meransnxa npnpone. Hponem ocnocoanana y crannma xnonynocrn eneprniom sa
nyxonny nenarnocr, iecre n naxan nponem xanroncxn cxnahene nenarornie. Eyren unnx ie y
cnncy Te+e+ua numana cucme+amcre neoaeoeuie (1978), noxasao na ce nenarornia iana xao
npaenomen yncxor xnnora xoin ie iennaxo nsnopan xao yan n cmpr, pan n nnanannna. V
xocmonronomxoi onrnnn nenarornia ce iana xao cpencrno nonnrnxe, unie ie oenexie n
narocnon n npoxnercrno y nonpehenocrn naunnnma nnanannne. Kopnmhenem iesnxa mohn
158
n iesnxa rexnnxe nnrepcyiexrnnnocr connierera nocpenyie ncropnunocr nnanannne
uonexa nan npnponom (pan), a xaxo ie y camoi nnanannnn nnnnn pan na napony, moh xoia
ce ornena y unneny iecre n nponoxannia nncrnonana, xoia ne npnnana nn nonnrnuapnma
nn rexnnuapnma, neh camoi cymrnnn cnera. Hpnnnn ce penarnnnsyie rex npnnnnno na ce
enomenonomxa pannonannocr noxasyie xao mnronomxa y ncxonnmry, saro mro ie
nnoconin crano n no onora mro n rpeano na yne, no onora nopor y nama, mro n
naano na caunnana camy ynyrpamny cnpxy nacnnranana. Jep on rpea na napyie nox ne
nonoxn cne nenpniaree non nore cnoie. Hocennn nenpniare yxnnyhe ce cmpr. Jep cne
noxopn non nore nerone. A xana xaxe na my ie cne noxopeno, ounrnenno, ocnm Onora xoin
my noxopn cne. A xan my ce cne noxopn, onna he ce n cam Cnn noxopnrn Onome xoin my cne
noxopn, na yne For cee v cee+v /Kop.1.; 15, 25-28/. Eneprnia ocnerenocrn /Joe., 1,5/ xao
snane xoie npenasnnasn camoonnocny penexcniy nnn oroeny pannonannocr xao nocroe
rexno-nonnrnuxe mohn, a nocrnxyhn ncxoncxy enomenonomxy mepy ynyhn sa ro
nacnnranana cnemy onmepana nerony mepy.
unnococxo npxane nacneheno ns anannsa xapaxrepa nacnnrana npnponnocrn
npnpone xon Kanra, ynyhyie na merononorniy nenocpennor yxasnnana na crnap y nnpexrnom
onaxany, rne cy nenaromxn enemenrn saxyunnana ycnyrne nennnnnie, a
enomenonomxn onaxane xareropnie. Kareropnie cy sanpano cama ynyrcrna sa nmunranane
enomenonomxnx unnennna, re nocenyiy cen camnma cnoicrneny rpamarnxy n cnnrarnuxy
xomnosnnniy. Kao cennmenrannia cmnpenor ymcrnonana, xoia nounna na snany cpna /ue)a
an., 1, 24; 15, 8/, ona ncrnue n mynpom noponamepnomhy npoxer cran an. Hanna - "Cne
ncnnraire, nopa ce npxnre" /Co). 5.21/. To nnie unnennuno crane xoie n ce nano
xoncrpyncarn, nema nnxaxnnx npernocranxn neonpehene narocrn y xoioi n rex mn nanonno
ns xaoca canpxaia nponsnonnnn cner n sanonnnn y nemy pen, neh crana nncrnonana xao
camn npaenomenn y nneinnm n cymrnncxnm noianama xoin nac cycpehy, opahaiy nam ce n
xpos onmrene ca nnma xao axropn namer nanopa onnananana crnapnma (nepa), ca unme
nocraiy n ennnenrna axra (unnennne) camor namer xnnora.



KAHTOBA HEBAIOmKA PA3MHmAHA H OCMHmABAHE
PA3BH1AHA HO1MA OBPA3OBAHA KOB HACTABHHKA

Panac ie nonpnnnuno yuecrano yonmreno cnehene saxrena Enponcxe ynnie na ce
opmnpa xnannrernnia mxona xpos rsn. npomene y nama, na n ce npnnaronnnn
ynnnepsannniem nnnoy nacrane xoin naxn y nacnnrnoopasonnom nponecy. Pann oer
opasonana mnannx n onpacnnx nocroin n saxren sa npomenom xnnmea no xome nosnnnia
yunrea n yuennxa nonpasymena npnmeny nnnaxrnuxnx n meronnuxnx npnnnnna, no
xoinma pennmo crynenrn y anxerama nnaiy nosnann na onenyiy pan nacrannnxa, a na ro
oner yrnue na yonmreny nponeny xomnerenrnocrn nacrannnxa y nacrannom nponecy.
Hnie cnopno na ie noceno mecro ono xoie saysnma nneia nepmanenrnor opasonana y
npymrny xoie yun n xoie nma nsrnena na ynyhnocr. Mehyrnm, axo ce nonoxai haxa n
nacrannnxa nsiennauana, nocrana ce nnrane sor uera onna rn hann iom nncy onnanann
cnnm onnm norpennm snannma xoinma ie onnanao n nacrannnx, n mra n morno na ce
ouexyie iom on raxnnx `pannonpannnx rpermana`. Axo ie npenopyxa na ce canpemenn
nacrannnnn nnme rexnonomxn oyue y cannananany pxer nyra crnsana no nnopmannia
n sa nacrany naxnnx xomynnxannonnx npaxcn (enexrponcxa nomra n nperpare na
nnrepnery), iep n yuennnn y rome mornn na nx nanmame; ra npenopyxa y cen nocn
nenaromxo samennnane resa, ynyhn na ie nnrepapno nacranno cpencrno ono xoie
maconnn menniym enexrponcxe xomynnxannie ne moxe na ncrncne, iep nocn
159
nenanoxnannny npennocr y opmnpany cnoinx canpxaia y xoinma ce noxpanyiy
nyrorpaino crnnana, nperpecana n naicnpcncxonnnie onnxonana snana, mro xon
enexrponcxnx mennia nnie cnyuai (pasne en.-ennnxnonennie, nainecrn n npnpynnnnn sa
psa n naxa ynosnanana a crnapnma). Axo cy nacranne npesenrannie sacnnnane na
nnsyennnm eexrnma ncrnnana nocennx oia rexcra, pasnonpcnnx ororpania nnn
nnneo marepniana nemro mro n snaunno ycnon osnnocrn sor nocrnsana nehe
npernennocrn, onna rpea pehn na axo ra npernennocr nonpasymena n cnmnnnnxanniy
rpannna, xao mro ce neperxo n snna, nonasnmo no nnrana o yrpoxenocrn xapaxrepa n
cmncna came nacrane.
Ounrnenno ie na n ca noimom onronopnocrn crnapn y rom xonrexcry am n ne croie
naioe, raxo na ie npernocranxe yncxocrn xoie opasyiy rai noiam nopo carnenarn n
npema mepn ynn c nouerxa nonor nexa, xoin cy mnpoxo pasmnmann o nenaromxnm
nponemnma, a ro ie npe cnnx y nnoconin no Hmanyen Kanr. On ie xao nacrannnx
nponeo nainehn neo cnor xnnora, oanaiyhn nsmehy ocranor n ynxnniy pexropa
xennncepmxor ynnnepsnrera, raxo na cy ncxycrna xoia ie crexao npecynno yrnnana na
neron xomnerenran nponn n naunn pasmnmana o nenaromxnm remama. Fynyhn na ie
Kanr cmarpao xaxo camo nacnnrananem uonex moxe na ce ouoneun, saxyuno ie xaxo ie ro
no saxren camor Foxnier nponnhena npema uonexy, na cam ns cee nsnene ono nopo,
xana ra ie neh Tnopan naopyxao raxnnm nncnosnnniama. 3or rora ie rexnmre neronnx
pasmnmana craneno na ernuxo n pennrnosno nacnnranane, nox cy npyre onacrn
ysrpen saxnarane. Hpenanana ns onacrn nenarornie Kanr ie npxao 1776-1777 r.,
cacranaiyhn nx npema npnpyunnnnma Fasenona n Foxa. Hocranaiyhn noiam nacnnrana
y oxyc cnoinx pasmarpana, on ce anno enomennma ynehanana snana n yunpmhnnana
noe, cacnnm npema anrnuxnm ysopnma, nox ie nnnaxrnuxe nponeme nocrynnor
merononomxor nponemarnsonana mxoncxnx marepniannia (saxon nocrenenocrn y
opasonany, Hayn Haropn), yrnannom ocranao no crpann. Kanr ie neh y npnoi peuennnn
cnnca o nenarornin ncraxao, na ie uonex jeannn c1nop xojn uopa n1n nacnn1an n
rnme nmnnnnnrno remarnsonao ienny nnoconiy npnpone, xoia raxnom pasmarpany
croin y nosannnn, cnennnxyiyhn ce y noiam yncxe npnpone. V cnncy ie Kanry nrexaxo
crano na ce ocern xaxo on nosnaie nere (ri. na iom ynex nopo npenosnaie nere y cen xao
ono nrn mannm uonexom), raxo na ie cnrypno onanno yrnnnrapne nnene nacnnrana
saienno ca onnm eynemonncrnuxnm y ernnn
139
. Popo ie nacnnrane no nemy ynpano ono
onaxne n nornue cne nopo y cnery. Vspox onaxne nornuy cna sna npema Kanry ie nax
raxan, na ce nanasn y rome mro ce npupooa cmae+a noo npaeu)a /non neonronapaiyha
orpannuena rpancnennenrannnm nnysniama/, a ro nonpasymena noiam npnpone xao
`axrnnne nennne`, a ne neny nnxropecxny neny cenxy y nnxropecxnom nnn mexannuxom
acnexry, xaxo na ro yonuaieno rnena npnponocnone nnn emnnpncrnuxn cyiexrnnnsam
yonmre. Ounrnenno ie na rpancnennenranna nepcnexrnna ns xoie onaxan saxyuax nna
nsnenen, nonpasymena na ce y cxnarane npnpone noxpanyie nainnme noimonnnx
amnonnia, re na ie nocrynane npema noi raxno na sannpe y meransnuxe nnmensnie
nene xoncrnrynnie.
Hononnmo iom iennom, cnoie nenaromxe pacnpane on ie n noueo ca resom - Uoeer ie
ieouuu cmeop roiu +opa oumu eacnumau
140
. Bacnnranane ie ry npe cnera nemro xao
nemrnna nnn ycnemna ynorpea cpencrana opasonana sa npnnny, a cnara npnnne
omoryhana oxpernocr nocrnrnyrnx ymeha. V rom cmncny on nacnnrny nemrnny nnnn xao
mexannuxy (ony xoia ynosopana na xopncr n mrery), re xao ony iynnnnosny

139
Pooume+u ce oou:uo cmapaiv ca+o ;a mo, oa nuxoea oeua ooopo npohv v ceemv, u e)aoaouu
noc+ampaiv ceoie nooauure ca+o rao uucmpv+eume ;a ceoie uu+eee. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan,
1922., npen. M. Bennh,, crp. 11/
140
H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh, crp. 3-4.
160
(onpannananauxy, npocyhyiyhy) y norneny yncxe npnpone. Vronnxo ie Coxparono
maieyrnuxo ymehe nohena nnianora (rexnnxa nopahana ncrnne), ysopno n sa Kanrona
nenaromxa pasmnmana: Hpn nsopaxeny yma mopamo nocrynarn coxpa1cxn: u;
ovruocmu ueumo :uuumu, mo ;ua:u noropaeamu ce v+v.
141
Bnhene ymnocrn y npnponn
iecre ysopno iennncxo nnococxo nacnehe (maremarnuxo-mysnuxn onpehena xocmnuxa
xapmonnia, cnponohena nauenom xperana nenepannor snana cnercxe nyme, onronomxn
cnoi cynpornocrn onor mro iecre xao oysnana hynnnocr snana, carnacnocr snana n
noe /xynne, xrena/ xao namepa caxpnnena y npnponn n nouerax xoin nsmnue
oenonannnany n oiamnennma), xoie ie on y ocnonn cnenno, re pasymeo xpos nnhene
ymcrnenor naruynnor ocnona y ncropnin norahana, xoie ce mannecryie npexo ounronana
namepne cnpcncxonnocrn came cymrnne npnpone. Hponsnonocr uonexa ne ocnoaha on
necnoone, nero my camo npyxa nnysniy naronnocrn npn oncrpannnanoi onronopnocrn,
napxy xoia ie n camom nemy iacna, na onnaxe ns npnronopa nnacrnre canecrn cesony
cyouanana ca crnapnomhy xoia camnm rnm nocraie n cne nenaronnnia.
142
uncra noa raxo
ocraie nemro xao nnrennrnnnnia, nairexe ocrnapnna npaxca. Fynyhn na ie
pacnpocrpanena noiana ernuxor xonopmnsma y oxnnany `nnacrnre npnpone`, pann ce o
ynonocrn y nonnahnnany crpacrnma, xoia cnoie nye ocnone xpnie na `ramnoi crpann`
uonexa n npnpone crnapn. C osnpom na amnnanenrnocr rese o nopexny nncrnonana
npnpone xoiy Kanr xopncrn n y cmncny cneyxynnocrn nncrnonana, nan xoie ce nanasn
ancrpaxrno omehen noiam Fora xao npansncxnnarea nnn neycranonnnor npoyspounrea
npnponnor ynnnepsyma, nemy ie naxno nnepennnpane cranonnmra. Hmaiyhn y nnny
rauxy nocmarpana ns xoie ce npyxa ynnn na ro na nn ce na nenane onnyuyie npema
cnpxama nnn xpos samnmane na ce ry pann o cymracrny, xoie crnapa no ananornin ca
xaysannrerom nexor pasyma, ynyhn na my ie neonxonno norpeno na y ocnon npnpone
nocrann noiam nexe cnpxe sapan xee na ie nenpexnnnnm nocmarpanem npoyuana (xaxo
on ncrnue maxap n camo y nennm oprannsonannm rnopennnama, sa xoie ie mncao o
nnmenocrn renenonornie y nnma nemoryha), nacrynnno n n onpenennane sa
npocnernrecxn nensam nnn xpearnnnn rensam. Orxnanane mncnn o namepnom crnapany
xoie n npernocrana nencrnuxo npocnernrecrno, samenyiyhn noiam Tnopna ca
npenpannnxom y nocny npanena cnera /y ncxonnmry penyxrnnnnx penexcnia on ce na
cnecrn na cyncrpar nosnnnie eronrera/, ro npernocrana sa Kanra onnnuno npenosnary
concrnuxy arensanniy (nsnoxeny npnnnxom pasmarpana noxasa sa Foxnin oncranax), a
ro my iom nnme yunpmhyie ynepene na ie opahane naxne na ernuxa nnrana npepacno n
y nnrane cornpnonomxe nponemarnxe o xpainoi cnpcn cnnx crnapn.
Moryhnocr nocroiana xnnnx nha nama pannonanna moh casnana n ne moxe
cen npyraunie na npencrann, cem no ananornin ca rexnnuxnm rnopennnama (ymehem
nsnenennm, cnpanennm, caunnennm, nemrauxnm), xao mro cy ysopnn opasan sanarcrna
n ymernnuxnx nponsnona (mro n nnie nacrynnno rex on nenanno, na ocnony rora iom y
penecancn Hnxo nena Mnpannona uonexa nomepa npema cpennmry crnapana). Tai opasan
nonpasymena na cy onnx n ynyrpamnn cxnon nenona ncro raxo onpehenn nennnom, a
ynpano raxna moryhnocr nonmana sacnonana ie na xaysannrery yma n npema npencrann o
nennnn nspane namepananor nponyxra (rsn. enomenonomxor nnrennnonannrera), xoia ie
cacnnm nopo nosnara na ocnony onune yncxe cnecne cpcncxonne nenarnocrn,

141
Hcmo, crp. 4.
142
Vronnxo, rnnnuno sa nera, nna ornopen nyr npema narnamanany ernuxor xapaxrepa nacnnrana, xoie
pasonnuana yonuaieno pasopno cranonnmre nponsnonocrn rsn. cnoone: ...na n nopox yocranom
morao nrn nonymren, camo na ra For nnie sapanno, n na For moxe iennom n nsyserax yunnnrn. Boe ie
uaiceemuie ouhe, u xohe ca+o ouo umo ie ooopo, u mparu, oa +u ep)uuv epuu+o ;ooe ne;uue vuvmpaune
epeouocmu, a ne sor rora mro On ro xenn. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh,,
crp. 14/
161
sanarcrna, rexnnuxe nspane. Hsnecnocr nexor axra xoin ie nponepnn n nerona npnmena
na marepniannie npernocranaiy onpeheno snane, xoie ce n nenaromxnm ncxycrnom
ynehana n ycanpmana. Kaxo cy pesynrarn xoin ynehanaiy name snane o cnery nomnn ns
npnponne nayxe, a ncnxonorncrnuxo oiamnene ie sa nnx neonpxnno. H nox ro nayxa o
opasonany noimona yrnannom ne remarnsyie, Kanr ie mopao na npernocrann na cne name
snane nounne ncxycrnom, ann na snana ennnienrne yspounocrn xpos nmnpecnie xoie cy
nam nare, nnaiy oyxnahene enemenrom anpnopnnx opmn xoie nx cnnrernsyiy n
nonymraiy opmannsannie saxonnrocrn yxyunnanem nnrennnonannrera neponana.
Beponane nnie uncro snane, ann y nemy nema nnuer npannonannor. Fynyhn na ie npnpona
ry onaxna xaxna nam ce noianyie yxonnxo npnmennmo cyiexrnnne xareropnie creuene y
namem casnany, saxnayiyhn cnoonn mohn na ce noiane xao onronapaiyhn oiexrn y
enomenannoi crnapnocrn /npnmep cy anpnopne opme npocropa n npemena/, mn moxemo
saxnayiyhn nnein naruynnor ocnona na opmnpamo onronapaiyhe cnnrernune cynone o
npenmernom peannrery, a y ro no moryhnocrn cnanaiy n cynonn yxyca o nepcxnm
nnrannma c anpnopnom npennomhy esycnonnocrn, cneoyxnarnocrn n cnecrpanocrn.
Kpainn cmncao xoin ce nynn oxy npencrana nocnenny mornnanniy, opnienrnp n
cmncnornopnn acnexr crnapn xoin y onnocy neponana n snana, mro ersncrnpa nyrem
mopanne noe nocnene npexo reopnicxor pana, na n ce npyxno nocroian onronop onom
cnarom xoia npenasnnasn nayunn pasym.
143
Ca cnmonnuxnm xapaxrepom meransnuxor
ronopa noxpehe ce nennna canpxaia yma xoia npenasnnasn narypannsam, na cnmonnuxo
casnanane nynn nepcnexrnny nneie Fora.
144
uenomenannn cner yxasyie nam na nemro
nsnan cee, na naruynnn ocnon, xoin n y xeypncrnuxoi nnmensnin morao na ce onannorn
cmncnenom cncremarnsanniom nneie npnponne cnpxe y namepnoi reneonornin xao
saxonnrocrn onora mro ie cnyuaino n xoie moxemo na npnnnmemo ncrom naruynnom
yspoxy na xome nounna nacnena npnpona.
145
Kanr nponanasn na ie cnecr narnana na

143
To ncrnue n upnnpnx Kaynax, ienan on naionx canpemennx npoyuananana Kanrone mncnn: "Er stellt
seine Arbeit unter die Perspektive der systematischen Einheit der Natur und zulezt unter diejenige der
Beherrschung dieser Natur im Diennste moralicher Zwecke. Er bedarf dieser perspektivischen Ausrichtung mit
Notwendigkeit, weil ihn selbst das `Bedrfnis` nach Motivation und Orientierung motiviert...Nicht objektiv
geltend sind die Bedeutungen der Sprache des Glaubens, weshalb man die Perspektive der Natur im genzen, die
dem Glauben zugehrt, auch nicht als `Hypothese` ansprechen darf. Denn Hypothesen sind im Prinzip auf
Objekte mglicher Erfahrung bezogen. Vielmehr sind in dieser Perspektive nur Bedeutungen beheimatet, die fr
mich und `die Befrderung meiner vernunfthandlungen` von unbedingter Wichtigkeit sind" (On /nayunn
pasym/ nocrana neron nocao ncnon nepcnexrnne cncremarcxor iennncrna npnpone n iom n ncnon onor
onnananana re npnpone y nosnnnin mopannor nna. On rpaxn ono nepcnexrnnncrnuxo npannno ca
neonxonnomhy, ynyhn na ra n camor mornnnme norpea xa mornnannin n opnienrannin...Hnmra nehe
nrn oiexrnnno naxehe y rymaueny ronopa nepe, sor uera n nexo nepcnexrnny npnpone y nennnn, xoia
n npnnanana neponany, ne camo xao `xnnoresy` npyxno xao onronop. Xnnorese cy oner, y npnnnnny ysere
ns moryher ncxycrna oiexara. Vnexonnxo n y onoi nepcnexrnnn rymauene nno onomaheno, a sa mene n
`ornpemane/onamnane/ mor ymnor onnxonana` c necymnnnom samamnomhy.) /Kaulbach, Friedrich:
Philosphie des perspektivismus I, Wahrheit und Perspektive bei Kant, Hegel und Nietzsche, Tbingen, 1990., S.
96-97/
144
Taxo ce npema Kaynaxonom mnmeny, Kanr ne npaha na rsn. normarcxy meransnxy /ibid., crp. 106/,
iep nncncrnpa na pasiamneny nyrem xpnrnuxor opahana naxne na pasnnxy oiexara xoin cy
cxemarnsonann n nnxonor cnmonnuxor snauena, a mro ne nonpasymena oiexrnnno rymauene y
onronapany Die Idee ist nicht in einem schematischen, hchstens in einen symbolischen Bilde darstellbar.
/Hneia nnie npnxasana y nexom cxemarcxom, neh ysnnmennie y iennom cnmonnuxom nnxy/ (ibid., S. 110)
V rom cmncny Kaynax ie cacnnm nopo ncraxao na npannno xoie ynpana pasymom xao nnxrar yopasne
xoin nonpasymena cnoonny nrpy casnainnx cnara nnie nnme nncxypsnnno, neh cnmonnuxn
penpesenrarnnno nsnarane nnrynrnnnor pasyma (ibid., crp.111).
145
V ocnonn rome croin n nnrane nrypannie nonmanor cmncna npocropnocrn, xoia ie xon Kanra
norennnianna penannia xoiy onpehyiy crnapn nnn uncra opma onaxana xao cnecr o camom onaxany nnn
cnoienpcna axnnnennnia ncnoennx cnara, sa xoiy ie np Mnnan Vsenan onnnuno nanomenyo: Kanr ncrnue
xaxo ie nenonane cnmon npnnnnna, na ie raxo npocrop (uninm nocpenonanem npane crnapn na nyxan naunn
162
casnaie, nnnehn ie non oanesanom mopannom nyxnomhy norpee, xynne sa
ocmnmananem, cnpcncxonnnm unnenem nenor xaysannrera rpancnapenrnnm, xao
nsasnann xopnsonr npyraunie opmnpane naxne y carnenanany noiana npnpone n
pasmarpana onor mra nx nsnyrpa caunnana. Vronnxo ie npernocranxa o npencrann
nennne xoia nperxonn moryhnocrn nenona uncra nneia n ro ie cnpxa nocmarpana xao ocnon
xaysannrera. To n noxperano xaysannrer mro nexn nsnan rpannna npnpone n raxan
noiam renenonornie npernocranao n ym y rpancnennenrnoi ynorpen xao onai xoin
ysnehe y onacr onor mro ie naruynno, nsnan xaysannnx nesa npenmera ncxycrna, no
noima yma ca namepno nenornopnnm yspoxom, xaxan ie ysopno n no xpaia nocnenno
xacnnie nemoncrpnpao Xeren. Hac nanamne nnme ne mopaiy na oanesyiy nomorernsonana
npannna nayxe o npnponn xoia mamnncxo-mexannuxom merononorniom oiamnanana
npnponne saxone orpannuananem yncxe ymne norennnie, yxyuyiyhn nac y noron xoin
ce nayunnnnma ncnnarn, ann cne npyre ocrana nesanononnm. Hn nayuna cyiernocr n
eronsam ne naa na ocrany nencnpanann, yxonnxo nmamo y nnny yxynan nanpenax
yncxor pona, cmarpa Kanr. Taxan npncryn ie ne mane ounrnenan nanac y nonornin,
crannapnnoi mennnnnn n ncnxniarpnin, ynyhn na ie na nnneno nsamno uax n ro, na moxe
na ce sarocnonapn rex onnm nenom npnpone xoin ie sapoen y rpancnennenrannoi
nepcnexrnnn (mexannuxo-ynxnnonannom xopnsonry), n na rai neo rnme moxe na yne
yunnen nocrynnnm ncxopnmhanany, excnoararopcxom menrannrery n nocnysn ynonocrn
npenanana npenaropcxoi cnecrn, xoia ycnen neyraxnnor xonopmnsma ryn cne
cxpynyne.
146
Honnrnuxn mapxernnr monepnnx mac-mennia ro xao no npannny cacnnm iacno
noxasyie, ynyhn na ns nosannne nenonana yxasyie na pemeno pacnonarane npnrnopnnm
oehannma n xoncrpyncannm yrnnnrapnnm nnanonnma yrnnana na uecro neonpannano
nposnnane rsn. `mnpoxe naponne mace`.
Ca nenaromxom npenopyxom na xeypncrnuxo naueno yne ienna mncaona rexnnxa
ncrpaxnnana npnpone, re na ce ca ymernomhy cnecnor onaxana npnponnocrn npnpone
sanasn nye, Kanr n ce n nanac cnoxno ca resom na rexnnxom npnpone nnana xao
anpoxcnmarnnna ernuxa ycmepenocr npema nainnmem nopy xao cnmony nauena ienne
oxancxe ymernocrn, xoia nneiy npernapa y neno ns saiennnuxor remea Foxnie
cnenpncyrnocrn, xao penexcnnno ocnernnor nperpecanem momenra xpaine cnpxe. V
onoi nnmensnin mopannrera ynpano nenarornia onpannana cnoie nocranane npema
crnapnma, cnoie nocnonane nnn nax rnnonorniy ycmepena xa ncxonnmry peannrera na
xome ce cne n sacnnna. Ono ie naxno iep nasna nmamo cnenoxe sa ono mro mncnnmo,
ronopnmo n unnnmo, na ca ncrnnanem nemrnne n ocnocoanana nenarornia nocraie
nponyena crynnia ca norpeom na mexannsme npernopn y nayxy nacnnranana sa ynyhe
oe crane uoneuancrna.
147
V rom cmncny ncrnnane ernxe nyxnocrn xon Kanra

npencranaiy sanpano camo ienan saiennnuxn reme) camo ienan cnmonym Foxnie cnenpncyrnocrn,
onnocno npocrop ie enomen oxancxor noiannnana, iep y npocropy, moryhnocr ce ne pasnnxyie on
crnapnocrn. (Kanr, Mer., I, 4208). /Mnnan Vsenan, Veoo v du)o;oduiv I (metaphysica generalis), Bpman,
1998., crp. 169/
146
Ipannocr na rom xopnsonry moxe na yne camo sacrpanyiyha cxnonocr eronarnie nnn npnmnrnnna
crpacr camoxnnocrn xoia cexe ns rsn. oxonane npnpone, ca nnem na norxpanyie nainpne onnxe
camonaxnocrn y anonnmnnm nnenrnnxanniama eronsma n cneronana cnera. Eronornia ie eronarnia xana
camonosnane n nosnane npyror nrnopnme, napymanaiyhn rnme n npny sanonecr nyxnocrn npema camom
cen, xaxo ie ro onnnuno ynnneo Erkenne (erforsche, ergrnde) dich Selbst Nicht nach deiner physischen
Vollkommenheitsondern nach der moralischen in Bezeihung auf deine Pflicht - dein Hertz ob es Gut oder
Bse sei(Casnai /nperpaxn, noxyun/ camor cee ne npema rnoioi nsnuxoi cneyxynnocrn..., nero npema
mopannoi y norneny cnoie nyxnocrn rnor cpna na nn ie nopo nnn sno...) /`Von dem ersten gebot aller
Pflichten gegen sich Selbst`; H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn; Honn Can, 1993., crp. 341/
147
uoopo ie eacnumane vnpaeo mo, u; :eea nomu:e cee ooopo v ceemv. K)uue, umo cv v :oeerv, +opaiv ce
ca+o cee mo euue pa;euiamu. Jep ce ocuoee ;a ;)o ue uaxooe v npupoouu+ oucno;uuuia+a :oeeroeu+. /H.
Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh,, crp. 11/
163
nonpasymena npnnne ncrnnoynnocrn n conniererne connnapnocrn npema nnein
uoneunocrn y nama, y uemy ce uonex oyuana npnmepnma n napenama. Hapenonanan ron
y ocnonn ie ernuxn saxren npema nenarory c osnpom na norpey nacnnranana xapaxrepa
xoin rex moxe na rapanryie rpnene xpos crnnane cnnxnocrn na ce nsnpxn y sanoniany
mynpe ymepenocrn.
148
Kaxo ie Kanr no npnnyhen na yrnpnn reopnicxy necynncnocr axo y
noi npema nopnny ne nanasnmo xao cacrannn neo n oxancxy mnnocr. Bena cnoona
nenonana y nama ynanpehyie name nocmarpane crnapn xao nana xoia nyrem neponana y
nsnopny xnnny nopa y nama nomohy npnmepa Cnna Foxnier. Fynyhn na ie On xao uonex
cnmao mehy nac yxasyiyhn ayropnrerom cnerocne reoannie na ropn Tanop nsnopno
iennncrno ca Forom xao Onem, re na snauai uoneuancrna xao cnneprnie n cnnycnie
neronor npncycrnonana mro ie no non Fory na nna xnnom nanom y pasnoi ror nopor,
ra nneia npema Kanry n moxe n rpea na y nama (xao cnoonoymnnma) nocrane iom
mohnnia, axo ioi nonycrnmo na y nama nenyie.
149
Ono nrn nyxnocrn iecre onunoi cnecrn
nenpncrynauna nyxonna cyncrannnia, xoioi ce npnnnxanane omoryhana rex
nsnpmananem saxrena npnnne, naxne pasopnrnm npncrynom xoie pasanpe y
spxanocrnma, npmehn nenaromxn nocao nonyuanana ne camo npnmepnma, nero n
napenama xoie ycmepanaiy n nonpmanaiy, ri. npnnone ynyrpamnoi cnpcn ncrnne nopa,
Fory. Hpnponno ncxoncxo cnerno na cnom mnnnmymy mannecrannie ie noymenannor
xapaxrepa, nocrynno onom ncrpnnom ouniy yma nnn nyxonnom mynpomhy
npocnerennx ouniy
150
, xoinm ce nnnn nopo xao orarcrno cnane Foxnie, a xao
onpehena mnnocr n npcra mencypannnia ycrpoicrna npnponnnx excrensnia nyxnne n
mnpnne, nncnne n nynne /uernoponnmensnonannocrn xao ycnona opmnpana npyraunie
naxne xoia ie ocnocoena na ocnernn npenmernocrn yma n npexo nnx nonene nyxonnnm
ycanpmanannma npema naruynnom ocnony cnera mro iecre n nna/. Kanr ie rnme xeneo

148
Pasopnrocr cnaxaxo ycnonana n na ce remarnsyie cnenehe nnrane: ua )u ie :oeer oo npupooe +opa)uo
oooap u)u ;ao? Hu ieouo uu opveo, iep :oeer oo npupooe u uuie +opa)uo ouhe, ou mo nocmaie, raoa ce neeoe
pa;v+ v;oueue oo noi+oea o ovruocmu u o ;arouv...Caepueua eeumuua nocmaie onem npupooa. /H. Kanr,
Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu, Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh, crp. 64/
149
Hpema pennrnin mn ry moxemo na npnmernmo n nsnecran npnmenenn nporecranrcxn pnropnsam, ann ie
nn re npnmene npyror cmepa: Onn cy (opennn momenrn) camo npnnpema sa nopa nena, ann ne cama
nopa nena, n nainnmem nhy uonex ne moxe npyxunie yronnrn, no rnm, na nocrane on...Boanjn saxon
uopa ce yjeano jann1n n xao npnpoann saxon, jep on nnje cauononan. /H. Kanr, Cnuc o neoaeoeuiu,
Feorpan, 1922., npen. M. Bennh, crp. 66/ Taxo ie Kanron nonyxnar, y cmncny pnropnsma, npe cnera xpnrnxa
cnaxe normarcxe nnoconie mopana xoia ce nnie nonena ca ocnemrananem camor mopannrera xao
nnococxor nnn ayronomnor ocrnapnnana nainyer ynyrpamner saxrena (na crnap ycanpmn no
iennocrannocrn onor npnponnor nncrna), norpee n cmncna nopa, a cnaxaxo n cxonnor noima cnoone,
nyrem onpannanana nopa y nsnpmeny mopannrera xao on camor Popa nsnyrpa npnsnnaiyhe nyxnocrn.
150
An. Hanne, Edecuu+a, 1,18. H cam Kanr ie nspasno cnoie mnmene na cnoi orernyr n onmnmen naunn y
cnncy O rpaiv ceux cmeapu cacnnm cranoxeno n iennocranno nsnocehn: Jep, moxe ce nrn cymnnuan
xonnxo ce xenn, xan ie anconyrno nemoryhe na ce ycnex onpehennx cpencrana ysernx ns nenoxynne yncxe
mynpocrn (xoia, axo rpea na sacnyxn nme, moxe iennno na yne mopannocr) ca nsnecnomhy npennnnn, nnax
ce uopa nepona1n y xonxypennnjy Boaancxe uyapoc1n npeua 1oxy npnpoae na npax1nuan naunn,
vro)uro ce ue re)u concmeeua rpaina cepxa uanvcmumu...Xpnmhancrno nma, ocnm nanenenor nomronana
xoie neymnrno yrnue y cnerocr neronnx saxona, iom n neuera npeanor nyann y cen (ia onne ne mncnnm
na npnnnaunocr nexe ocoe xoia ie creuena nennxnm xprnonannma, neh na ouo epeouo +voaeu y camoi
crnapn: nanme, na mopanno crane, roie ie Ou ;aeeumao; iep ce ona camo raxo moxe nparnrn). Homronane ie
ecymne npno, iep es nera ne nocroin nn npana yan; naxo ce n es yann nexo moxe neoma nomronarn.
Ann xan ce ne pann camo o npencrann nyxnocrn, neh n o nsnpmanany nyxnocrn, xana ce nnramo o
cyiexrnnnom pasnory nenonana, ns xora, axo on cme na ce npernocrann, nainpe rpea ouexnnarn mra he
uonex yunnnrn, ne camo no oiexrnnnom, mra on rpea na yunnn: 1o je nnax nyan, rao c)oooouo npu+ane
mvhe eo+e noo concmeeue +arcu+e, ieoua uvruo nompeoua oonvua uecaepueuocmu +vocre npupooe (nrn
npnnyhen na ono mra pasym xpos saxon nponncyie): iep ono mro nexo ne unnn pano, on ro unnn raxo mxpro,
ys ro neponarno n ca concrnuxnm nsronopnma o sanonecrn nyxnocrn, raxo na ce na ony, xao noxperaua, es
npncryna ncre moxe mano pauynarn. /H. Kanr, O rpaiv ceux cmnapn, Frn., 1974, npen. C.Xynnh, crp. 133./
164
pannxanno na yxaxe na ienno npyraunie sanounnane, nyrem xoier mn moxemo nemro na
casnamo o ncropnin noima npnpone xao ncropnicxn onpehena nha, ann ne na ysrpenan
naunn, neh na nama casnana y nesn c rnm noyue pasym na ce nonyue npen necynncnnm
nperensniama n ocrann npocropa neponany n nenocpennocrn onaxana. Hnie nonono na
ynemo rex cnecnn nexnx casnana ns ncropnicxn naauenor xonrexcra /pennmo: nea n
seme nnn npnpone xao raxne n yonmre/
151
, neh crora mro ie cama cnecr sa nnx
nenocpenno onronopna xao ono mecro xoie xoncrnrynme n opasyie ncropnunocr
ncropnie, na ie anannrnxa pasymenana narocrn rnnonornia pannonannocrn xpos
pasmarpane noimonne cennmenrannie xareropnia xoie cy norexne ns xnnornor nnn
npennayunor cnera, nanonesyie ynpano na onai ncrn nocrynax xoin ornapa xopnsonre
nponyenninm camopasymenannma.
Kon Kanra, xoin ce nonpnnnuno ocnonno na nsnxo-mexannuxn xaysannrer y
npncryny nnhena crnapn nnoconie, nno iacno na ie c ienne crpane ycranoneno
nnhene cnera naror y xareropniama mexannuxor xaysannrera nerepmnnncanor y cnom
xperany, y xome xnnn n uonex xao neo npnpone, ann na ie on ncronpemeno n cnoonno n
mopanno nhe xoie onpehyie noymenannn cner. uncrn emnnpnsam (onai sacnonan na
cxenrnuxoi aprymenrannin Peinnna Xiyma /1711-1776/), xoin ie cmarpao na cnaxo
npomnpnnane snana moxe na ce nonnene iennno non rsn. crnapnn noxnnai, nanme
onai npnrannnym onunor pasyma rne uonex ocraie nmnpecnonnpan, nnxaxo nnie no y
crany na oiacnn ynnnepsanne ncxase, cem na nx nporymaun xao ncnxonorncrnuxe nsnope
neponana. H cam Kanr ie xoncraronao xaxo ie Xiymona samepxa npornn onnx xoin y
nornynoi ynyrpamnoi cnpxonnrocrn oprannsonannx nha npernocranaiy reneonomxn
npnnnnn npocyhnnana esnpenna sor yannnana ayroxparnie marepnie y npnponne
rnopennne, a xoia sanpmna y npernapany cnemnpa y cneoyxnarny cyncrannniy
oiexrnnnnx cnpxonnrnx opmn marepnie (nanrensam), nnn y cnoi arpnyra nnxepenrnnx
npocroi mexannuxoi cyncrannnin xao xnnepnsnuxom iennncrny ocnona (cnnnosnsam). To
na ie npnonrna marepnia onnxonana camy cee na ocnony mexannuxnx saxona, xao n na
ie nna y crany na camy cee onpenenn sa opmy nexe cnpxonnrocrn xoia camy cee
onpxana, n mrannme na nsnpmn ncxoncxy oprannsanniy no nnnoa oprancxe renecnocrn
naronom crnapana marepnie (y xom menrannom oxpyxiy uonex ocraie nasna cyiexr
renecne excnosnnnie, necnocoan sa naruynne ysnnmennie cnpxe xoie ce y nemy nanase
cxpnnene), nnie nnmra npyro no cranonnmre sacnenenor ynepena rne ie nyxcys y
snannma xpana sa cyiery n camoxnnocr. Ty iacno nocpenyie ncnxonornsam onniana na ce
onpacre n rpnnniannsannia noima cnoone nerpnenna npema noymenannnm
ycnonanannma xoia rom noimy sanpano croie y ocnony. Cnoconocr sa ysnnmennie cnpxe
xoia ce y nama nanasn cxpnnena, nonpasymena noemarcxy excnnnxanniy y xoioi iauaiy mohn
ennnennnie (uncroha onaxana), a cnan ynyrpamna nenacnrocr cyponocrn n
neoysnanocrn uynnnx npoxrena, npernapaiyhn cne nnme re uynne moryhnocrn y

151
V npnponn raxo nannasnmo na xonnrypannie oiexara xoin cy nonecnn n sa npnxasnnane neuer
ysnnmenor, ynyhn na nnxonnm noiannnm annnpanem nyrem nnresnnnpana ananornia y nymn o roi
npnponn xao ymernocrn, crynamo y nesy ca nneiama yma, /ecrercxn penexcnnan cyn o oiexrnnnoi
cnpxonnrocrn npnpone sone ce reneonomxn/, noncrnuyhn rnme mncnn na ennnenrnpaiy canpxaie ysnnmene
cnpcncxonnocrn: Camocranna nenora npnpone orxpnna nam ienny mexuurv npupooe xoia ny npencrana
xao ienan cncrem sacnonan na saxonnma unin ce npnnnnn ne nanasn nnrne y nenoxynnoi namoi pasymcxoi
mohn, nanme y mohn ienne cnpxonnrocrn xoia ce onnocn na ynorpey mohn cyhena y norneny noiana, raxo na
ce noiane mopaiy npocynnrn ne camo xao ono mro npnnana npnponn y nenom necnpxonnrom mexannsmy, neh
raxohe xao nemro mro ie aua)oeuo v+emuocmu. Paxne, sancra, ra camocranna npnponna nenora crnapno ne
npomnpyie name casnane npnponnnx oiexara, ann nnax npomnpyie nam noiam o npnponn, nanme o
npnponn xao npocrom mexannsmy, y noia+ vnpaeo o moi npupoou rao v+emuocmu: a ro nac nosnna na nyoxa
ncrpaxnnana (zu tiefen Untersuchungen)) o moryhnocrn raxne ienne opme. /K.+.c., 23, npen. Frn., 1991.,
crp. 136/
165
penenrope ncxoncxnier ocnona npnpone y nama n cnemy mro iecre, y oprane nnrynrnnnor
pasyma xoin npnnanaiy ynocroienocrn sa xpainy cnpxy crnapana nnn yxyuenocrn y
Foxniy namepy crnapana cnerna n rna, cnera xao nncrnonana npncyrnocrn
npncycrnyiyher cne-iennncrna. Hanenn cmo na ie An. Hanne ro nasnao npocnerananem
ouniy yma xao cracanana nyxonne mynpocrn ns cpna nnn ncrpnnom nornena.
C(e)p(n)ne nnn cpennmre cnnx oprana xnnyher yncxor oprannsma (xoie y cnoioi
cexynnapnoi ynxnnin, xao n ierpa y Hnarononom Tu+aiv, iecy oprann sa ncnoanane
cnoicrna nnnonnrocrn), nnax nnie nemro mro ie Kanr xeneo na npeneperne nnn
nsocrann, xonnxo ron na ce nerono npnsnnane norpee sa yncxom n oxancxom yann
unnnno cymnuano n mnaxo. Ca onnm ie Kanr ncnono nyoxo nomronane sa ienny
pennrniy yann xoia y naimanem onmy rpaxn pasymenane n oanesy npenasnnaxena
uerpcrn na n ce nocneno no nomnpena n carnacnocrn ca Forom, ca unme ce ynonn n
xnanrer xymanocrn xoin saxrena yxasnnane na naxnocr nornynor cxnarana cymrnne noe
n npnnnnna nenonana.
152

Cam reneonomxn nocrynar
153
yser xao npernocranxa ca onnm ynnnom ncronpemeno
ie n nanoronanan y ncrpaxnnany (ono nemexannuxo nenaromxo naueno npocyhnnana), iep
y cen nocn moryhnocr xoiy ornapa npnpona carnenanana y cnoioi nenoxasanocrn,
nreparnnnocr nonecnor yhena cnyxa sa ncxoncxnin npncryn camoi crnapn. C osnpom na
nocrynare xoin cy nsnohenn y nosnom neny, napounro one nesane sa noiam erepa
/noncehaiyhn na Hapmennna, Emnenoxna, Hnarona, Apncrorena nrn./ Kanr ce na cnaxn
naunn opnienrncao npema cnernocnoi uonexonoi npnponn xao npnonrnocrn xoia sna sa
cee n eneprercxn naxn xao iennncrno onaxainor nemymror snana n penexcnnnor
pasymenana /cnernocnoi cepn cnecrn/. Monannrer ce raxo y onrnnn nnoconie npnpone

152
Ha ro noponono nenonane noncrnue ysop mopannor crana y xome ie nponeo cnoi semacxn xnnor Cnn
Foxnin n rnme ocnernno nyr onnma xoin nonase naxon nera n rnme ce nyrem pasymenana noponono
nonnpranaiy nnacrnrom camonpencnnrnnany. Hpen cam xpai cnnca xao na ce oceha n yrnnai nare n
ncranuane emonnie, ca xoiom neh ocrapenn nnoco ncnynnnmn cnoi xnnor nainonopnrninm ncxycrnnma
mnmena, nonymra cen na es nonnnaxena nno xaxnoi nnacrn, nnrenexryannom ayropnrery nnn nax
moryhoi nonynapnocrn neronor nena, npen romnnom xoia remxo na n ra y nuemy pasymena, nannme:
3naun, ro ie nnepanan naunn mnmena noniennaxo ynaen on nopoenocrn xao n esnpennocrn on
xora xpnmhancrno ouexyie eexar cnor yuena, nnme ono moxe na npnnonie sa cee cpne ynn, unin ie
pasym neh npocneren npernocranxom saxona nnxone nyxnocrn. Ocehai cnoone y nsopy xpaine cnpxe ie
ono mro nnma saxononancrno unnn npennnm yann. Haxo nen yunre naianyie n xasne, one ce ne
cmeiy cxnarnrn xao noxperaun ycnnmanana neronnx sanonecrn, iep ro naimane onronapa crnapnoi npnponn
xpnmhancrna: iep n ono rana npecrano na yne npenno yann. To ce moxe noxasarn camo xao ynosopene
nyno yann, xoie nsnnpe ns saxononanuene xee sa nopnm, na ce uyna mrere xoia n nensexno nacrana
(iep: lex est surda et inexorabilis saxon ie crnap rnyna n neyounna, Hnnnie): saro mro onne ne npern
xpnmhancrno xao noponono npnxnahena xnnorna maxcnma, neh saxon xoin ie pen, xoin nenpomennno
nexn y npnponn crnapn, nnie npenymren camonon Tnopna na nerone nocnennne onaxo nnn onaxo
onpehyie...yan, xoiom ce nnepannn naunn mnmena nesyie sa Jennor nopounnnrea, ne nononn ce sa
nopnm xoie npnma onai xome ie norpeno, neh camo sa noporom noe onora xoin ie cnpeman na ra ynenn:
uax n xan onai nnie y crany na ro yunnn nnn na ra y nsnpmeny cnpeue nexn npyrn mornnn, xoie ca coom
nonocn osnpnocr, xa onmre, sa cner naionm. To ie mopanna npennocr yann, xoiy xpnmhancrno nocn ca
coom, xoia, nopen nexnx cnoa ioi nanecennx npnnyna, npn uemhoi npomenn mnmena, xposa n cnernyna
n xoia ra ie onpxana npornn nepacnonoxena, xoie n ra nnaue mopano noronnrn, n xoia ce (mro ie uynno), y
npeme naineher npocnehnnana xoie ie nxan nocroiano mehy ynnma, ynex noianyie y ronnxo iacnniem
cnerny. /Kanr, O rpaiv ceux cmnapn, Frn., 1974., crp. 133-134/

153
Kanry ie ncxpcna npen ounma ienna ynyrpamna norpea xoia ie ocnernnna npnponny nesy nsmehy
rexnnxe npnpone xao naunna npnanana penenrnnx canpxaia penexcnie y nesn ca camom penexcnnnom
mohn cyhena: Paxne, cama moh cyhena npernapa a npuopu mexuurv npupooe y npnnnnn cnoie penexcnie, a
na nnax nnie y crany na ry rexnnxy oiacnn nnn nnxe onpenn, nnn na sa ro nocenyie nexn oiexrnnnn
onpenenn pasnor onmrnx npnponnnx noimona (na ocnony nexor casnana crnapn camnx no cen), neh iennno
na n morna na penexrnpa npema cnome nnacrnrom cyiexrnnnom saxony, npema cnoioi norpen, ann nnax
yienno y carnacnocrn ca npnponnnm saxonnma yonmre./Kanr, K.+.c., npen. Frn., 1991., crp. 21-22/
166
xon Kanra ncnocrana nonono xao crnap onronomxor xapaxrepa, a ono mro ra nonn
nonpasymena xeypncrnuxn xopnsonr rpeana n ocmnmanana xpos pasmepanana
npernocranxn ynyrpamner noxnnanana n cennmenrannono ncxycrno npomnmana
iennncrna crnapnocrn ca npnmarom nepnenrnnnor saxnarana. Tai nyn cnoi reopnicxe
paspane xperana npanna ncrpaxnnauxe namepe nnn nonyxa y opmnpany
nnrennnonannnx axara cnecrn, nasna ce xao mexuura npupooe xpos nac ounryie xao cnara
saxnarana y nenosnaro cnecnom nonomhy, nnn oe peueno - cne ro nnme nsniaiyhom
npncyrnomhy nncrnonana na nnneno ennnenrnnx npncryna nynncxom cnemhy.
154

V nosnom cnncy o meransnnn onuainocrn nnn mopana, Kanr ie onnyuno ncraxao
rexnny nopoxa xor ne naa npeneperanarn, nero ncrpaino npeopaxanarn
xynrnnncanem y nenocycraiyhnm nanopnma.
155
Hs canpxaino nenaromxn ocmnmenor
nonmana nepcnexrnne xpaine cnpxe, on ie nanexo ncranuannie morao na onpenn n nncnny
mecra npnpone y rsn. oxonanom n cnoonnom acnexry, raxohe n npexo
moryhnocrn/mohn npnpone xao npanor sannmana ymernocrn, y xoie ie ymao n momenar
npaxrnunor yma xoin npenasnnasn reopnicxa onpehena.
156
Bacnnrarn ce y norneny

154
V rom cmncny, sancra ie onai nepn cnenno nopnm ocehaiem Bennnr, xana ie cynpocranaiyhn ce no
xpaia nosnrnnncrnuxnm mannpnma n raxosnanom snpanom pasymy cynepennm ncrnnanem: Cnaxn cyxo y
snanocrn moxe no cnoioi npnponn nmarn camo ienno npeno, onnpahane on onora xoie ie Cneoraro y cen
/iep ono/ ne moxe nmarn nnxaxan cyxo. Onn xoin ce cynpocranaiy nnein iennncrna ne ope ce nn sa mra
npyro neronn sa cyxo cam, na xoiemy nncn nnxon oncranax. Axo cy cnn naxnn cncremn, axo cy nsonauena
y ymiernocrn, sanyne y pennrnin, camo ncro ronnxo mnore nocennne one ancrpaxnnie, onna moxe n
npenopon cnnx snanocrn n cnnx nnienona opasonana ornouern camo on npenosnanana Cnera n nerona
nieunora iennncrna. /Adopu;+u v; veoo v du)ocoduiv npupooe (1805), y xn. F. W. J. Schelling, O bitstvu
slobode, prev. B. Despot, Zagreb, 1985., str. 197/ Kao nenocpennn Bennnron yuennx, Hrnan Hayn Bnran
Tpoxcnep (1780-1866) nosnar npe cnera xao reopernuap mennnnne, nmaiyhn y nnny nncrneny
neyremeenocr n nerarnnnsam (penexcniy y cee) uncro pannonanne nnoconie, pasmarpao ie raxohe n
naxne nneie nnoconie npnpone. Cyiexrnnno cxnarane n oiexrnnnn npnxas y cnerny nneia ciennnyie
ncxycrno n penexcnnnocr, emnnpniy n cnexynanniy. Tpoxcnep cmarpa na ie nesanocr sa nonomxe ocnone
ersncrennnie nsxnnena, re na ce nyx nanasn na nyry npema nnmem pasnnrxy ncrnncxor pasymenana
crnapn. Xnnor ie yxynnocr iennncrna n mnorocrpyxocrn y cnom nenocpennom npenosnanany n onpehnnany
cymrnne cnnx crnapn, na ie xnnor cnera ncronpemeno xnnor anconyra: das wahrhaft Absolute, das ontos on
der Griechen, erkenne ich das Leben an. (npano anconyrno, ono crnapno nncrnyiyhe Ipxa, nosnaiem na
nemy xao xnnor.)/Troxler, Ignaz Paul Vital, Elemente der Biosophie, 1808., XI, S. 44/. V Te+e+uu+ upma+a
meopuie +eouuuue nsnarnm y Feuy, 1805, on ie ncrnnao ono cne y neronom iennncrny n mnoronpcnocrnma
ca xoinma ce onpxana nenonnrocr nyrem ncrnne xoia ce nanasn ycpen ope enemenara n ncronpemeno nx
nannnasn xpos saxone npnpone. V rom cmncny ie sa nera npnponno yuene xoie npnnana yncxnm
casnannma meransnxa, ri. ona npacrapa nyxonna pnsnnna rencrnuxe reonornie, xoia cnoiy eneprniy nanasn
y nepyiyhoi non na ce ncrpaie y nenahama n npenasnnaxeny npenpexa, xaxo n ona ynyrpamna cnpxa
ncrnne cnnx ncrnna nonna npnnnxy na ce ncnon n sannana. Ounro ie na Tpoxcnepon medical man xao
onronop na nornpane noe xao cnmona nerarnnnsma cnera xao noe n npencrane /monenxayepcrno/, nnn
na nannpyha pasynapena nnueoncxor naruonexa nnacnpanor xacnnie y rparnxomenniama cnercxnx parona,
nonpasymena ienan oxper Kanry xoin he naxnnnie na pasmorpn ynyrpamne pasnore ernuxnx npnnnnna.
Hpann mennnnnap, npau nnn nnnap mopa na ce pasyme y naunne na ce nocnynamna nepnepnia na xoiy ie
nyxonna eneprnia ocnonena xao na nononexonem anopnsonano iacrno, yne npeoxpenyra npema nenrpy,
ri. xaxo na ce nenrpnpaiy cpennmra cnna y uonexy npema cneiennncrnenom nenrpy xoin n nx npxao na
oxyny na ce ne pamrxanaiy n ne pacnnaiy, ymuynanaiyhn on onecnnx pasapana n on pacxona nonehn no
saneanaiyhnx ypannorexenocrn n cxnana. 3aneena cy es meransnuxe nepcnexrnne norahana crnapn
nenornyna n necrannna, a uonexon nocnennn npnponnn nenpniare, cmpr nenoimnn.

155
Hoponn xao nerno npornnsaxonnrnx nacrpoiena iecy :vooeuuma npornn xoinx on can rpea na ce opn;
n saro ra mopanna iaunna xao xpapocr (fortitudo moralis) n caunnana nainehy n ieouuv pamuu:rv :acm
:oeera; a nasnna ce n npana, nanme npaxrnuna mynpocr: iep unnn cnoiom cnpxom rpainv cepxv xnnora na
3emn. /H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn; Honn Can, 1993., 206/
156
Cne mro ie npaxrnuxo n mro npema npnponnnm saxonnma rpea na yne moryhno (npano sannmane
ymernocrn) sanncn, npema cnom nponncy, nornyno on reopnie npnpone; camo ono mro ie npaxrnuxo npema
saxonnma cnoone moxe nmarn npnnnnne xoin ne sannce nn on xoie reopnie; iep nsnan onpehena npnpone
167
ynosnanana ca onnm mro n morno na xoncrnrynme noiam o onome mro iecre
npernocrana raxo nnrennnonannrer naxne npema noianama, iennaxo xao n npema onome
mro nx nymra na yny, nonymra xao onnxe nncrnonana nnn crnapa. Crnapanauxa
crpana crnapn raxo npnnana nonom acnexry (onom nepyiyhem nnn namepananom), es
penyxonanocrn na nenyxrnnne monene reopnicxnx momenra onor neh nnhenor y
noiannnany.
157

Kanrone opme noimene reneonornie, xoie ie ynnnpana xeypncrnuxa
npernocranxa iennom rexnnxom npnpone cncremarnsyiyhe nennne, nno xao nenamepne
nsnxoreonomxe nnn namepne ernxo-reonomxe nnn xocmonomxo-reyprnicxe,
nemoncrparnnno croie y reopnicxoi paspann xao npcra nanmohne ynepenocrn xoia ce
nornphyie nyrem npaxrnuxe nepe nnn nono opmnpane namepe xao mepe nnhena crnapn
nennnnnnx. Hsyserno onaxane ie nnhene (nnn reopemarnxa xao nonmane), xoie ce
noraha xana cnna namepe nanoin eneprniom onpeheny onacr nepnennnie na nx raxopehn
ynann. Kana ce xpnrnuan poi eneprercxnx noa nnn reopnicxnx marepniannia xao nonnia
ca canpxainma xoie noce mnmennne y namoi ynyrpamnocrn ynann, nonasn no cnryannie
na ce onaxana npaxrnuno nponyyiy xnannrarnnno nonom opmom, nnn nax cama ra
eneprercxa noa iacnnie nnne n nsncrpeno npencranaiy xao noiane. To nornue on
nenoxynnocrn name cnecrn xoia ie nesa ca cnnm xnnyhnm n mro iecre y ynnnepsymy, xaxo
npaxrnuno raxo n reopnicxn nnn iennonpemeno, ann na pasnnm pannnma. To ie n onai
noiam cnoone na xoin nnie nannxna mncao xoia ie pasnnna cnyx iennno sa neno
nononexonno yremennane nnayrypncano noimom camonsnecne camocnecrn xoia npema
mnronornin camoxnnocrn cnonrano nyrem nponsnonne npencrana crnapa cner, rsn. cnoi
cner nnn nyxonnonayunnm nnnorpacxnm npennonannma cnponnna nonnnasn
cnncxohennma pyrannnm acnexrnma npenaropcxe cnecrn, na noxyma ca nanonno
nensexnnm nspannauxnm mexannsmom yma xpos sarnapane nepcnexrnna y rsn.
xymannsonany npnpony, sa xoin nrexaxo naxn Kanrona nemoncrpannia onene
esnauainocrn raxnnx xopnsonrannnx nopannanana.
Hpocry, npnponny cnecr, naa nanopom nenocycraiana ysnnsarn no nnococxe
cnecrn. Kana ce nsahe na uncran ca rsn. "npnponnom cnemhy", ca nenom
camopasymnnomhy xoia nnme ne naxn ca npnmenom xpnrnuxor merona Kanrone
rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn, nonaranem pauyna o nenoi xoncrnrynnin, naxne, xana
ce y sarpane crann cnaxonnenna ynepenocr y cee n y ono mro napanenno camnm rnm
nocroin nsnan nac, iep npnponna cnecr noneyie cnery nexo ayronomno nncrnonane nan
ne xao nexn nasna nocroiehn cner, rana ie na snauaiy nonna nnrepnperannia n onncn xoin
ce naiy xao xaranosn nha sa xoie ce ocmnmana y xom cmncny iecy n nncy. Paa
pacnpana xperana ce na nnnnin npernocranxe na ie ro moryhe, ynyhn na noiane y cnoioi
nynnn noce cymrnncxo oenexie no xoier ie moryhe nonpern enomenonomxom
penyxnniom, unia ie npernocranxa nanymrane on Xycepna nmenonanor renepannor
crana xoin cmarpa na ce nncrnonane saxnara onnexyn cnoa xao nexa oiexrnnnocr,
raxo n nonmana xoie nerpnnxyie ry rsn. npnponny nnn nannny cnecr.
158
Hpenocn na

nema nnxaxne reopnie. /H. Kanr, Memadu;ura +opa)a, Cp. Kapnonnn-H. Can, 1998., crp. 19; npen. P.
Iyrema npema Metaphysik der Sitten, Leipzig, 1907./
157
Ono Kanrono monanno rpeane, xoie cy pann Bennnr n unxre, re c npyre crpane Xeren n neronn
cnenennnn cxnarnnn xao norpey nonor onnananana nayunnm nocrynarnma y nsnohennma cnexynarnnne
nsnxe (xoia n caunnanana nno reme nosnrnnne nnoconie ersncrennnie n ersncrenrnor, nno peanne
nnoconie xoia n ca enomenonorniom nyxa unnnna cnexynarnnnn cran y anconyrnoi onro-nornnn),
nanexo ie cynrnnnnie pasmarpano y norneny ocnocoenocrn sa nennncana onaxaia y sacnnnany
enomenonomxor cranonnmra, neronanem onronomxor npncryna na sacanama anrnuxe nnocnie npnpone,
onmepennm nreparnnnnm npencnnrnnannma npernocranxn.
158
Hannnocr ce raxo noxasyie uax noiauanom y noimonnma, na npema Eyreny unnxy ncrnncxo
nnoconpane nounne xao cranane-y-nnrane nenomnunor noima nannnocrn, xao nononno cranane y
168
emnnpnicxe cacroixe nayunnx casnana sanpano cy neh nocranenn opacnn, a
aprymenrannia sanpmana na merononornin sacnonanoi na neh yrnphennm nnopmanniama o
rnnonornin uynnnx nonaraxa cnecrn, nornyno sanemapyiyhn uax n mnpe casnaino-
reopnicxe nnrepece. Opnienrncane y ynyrapcnercxoi cepn npny nnsnny nanasn y
xnnecresniama nnacrnre renecnocrn n crora nocrana reno xao npaenomen, xoin ie y
nnrepnperannin xoia n rpeana na my ycnenn npexpnnen nenaxnnm crpyxrypama n camnm
rnm sacrpr. Berono nsnnauene npen nornen xoin nonpasymena n anexnarny naxny
npernennocrn, moryh ie y noresnma xoin ie cynporan rennennniama nayxe. Hayxa nocenyie
rexny na mro nnme ncxyun cyiexrnnno-onnocne canpxaie nnn na nx npeypehyiyhn
yxnonn y oiexrnnan cncrem y xoioi ne npencranaiy nnxaxny cmerny.
159
Opnienrncane
npema npaenomeny iecre opnienrncane npema renecnocrn xao naroi ry n onne (ne rex
emnnpnicxn neh n anpnopno omoryheno nennnom Maxc Benep
160
), y nnxany npema
ornopenoi ecxonaunocrn ns onor xopnsonra ry n onne xoier ie moryhe nparnrn
onaxannma n penexcniama. Ha rai naunn ncrnna ie cacnnm sanncna on cymrnncxnx
xapaxrepncrnxa noianyiyher ce nha, on cee noxasyiyher nnna nncrnonana, ri. cnana y
onai nennxn xopax xoin ie naunnno Hnaron pann npenasnnaxena nynrapnocrn oxo
rpronana n xonsymannia cxnonocrnma, xana ie y nnrany ncrnna. Peanno nncrnonane
nnie rex npenmerno nncrnonane xao nexn nnenrnunn raxonncrnyiyhn xopenar cnnx
nnrennnonannnx axara cnecrn, neh ie ono y nncrnonany ornopno npemna cnouerxa n
anonnmno. Panane npocropa nnn nonymrane npocropy na yne ono mro iecre xao nar,
iennaxo xao n xoncrarannia na npeme rpea nycrnrn na ce ynaana on nac nnn na nam ce
npnnnxana xao nymrane npemena, ycxnahyie nac ca cnerom. Kpos oiexrnnne cnnxe xoie
cy nponyxr arpnyra nyxonno cnenor nopnna n nparehe mamronnrocrn, y nama ce crnap
cnennnxyie xao nyxno napnniannn nnenrnrer ca xnnorom xoin nexn y remey cnera
npencrana. To na ia xnnn ca npyrnm ia onaxaiyhn ncnxonsnuxn oprannsam
noxpnnen renecnnm cnnxama xoie ce nnxy y iennoi crpyin xnnornor roxa, iecre enomen

noxper saycranenor rpancnennenrannor npoiexra n noxperane ipnnor caneror mncaonor xperana. Cnaxo
noxasnnane n noiannnane nncrnyiyher nemana ce nonasehn on nperxonno pasymenor xopnsonra, raxo
na cne mro nocraie ounrnm nonasn ns ornopenocrn nnana npn crnapnma, ri. sa ono sa mra cmo ornopenn
xao cner, npocrop, npeme. unnoconpane ns came cneronnocrn cnera nnn ca onor rna n on onor cnerna xoie
cnery yonmre n omoryhana na yne, sancra ie npann canpemenn nsason xoin nnie nnmen ynnrnocrn o
nnacrnrom nocroiany. Hs one ynnrnocrn naa sanpxarn naxny na xyunnm noimonnma xoin cy nanenenn n
ne npenymrarn nx onaxo nnrepnperarnnnnm samarnnannma nnn pannonanncrnuxnm nopannanannma. V
rom ie cmncny nnxona nponoxarnnnocr nponyxrnnna, n Kanrono mncaono ncxycrno n unnxy ce unnn
nesaonnasno: "Haxo ce nponem cnera rnme opahyie na ienan nerarnnan naunn, Kanr ie, y yxynnoi
rpannnnin sananne meransnxe, nnax npxynan nnosocxor nnrana o cnery: xon nera ce npnn nyr npmn
npnnnnnniennn ynnn y sacnnnane rora na cner nnie nncrnyiyhe, nnie crnap, na cnaxn noxymai na ra ce
mncnn na naunn crnapn /nocrnapyiyhn/, nno xao xonauny onnocno ecxonauny nennunny, yncxn ym
sannnhe y nepemnny npornnpeunocr...nornen na Kanra ie nnax ynex nsnona nyxan" /Eyren unnx, Veoo v
du)o;oduiv, npen. P. Tophennh, Feorpan, Honnr, 1989, crp.132-133/.
159
Eyren unnx ce crora ocmenno na cacnnm ymecno nocranane nnrana: "Cner ie nennna nncrnyiyher,
cneyxynnocr nncrnyiyher. Ann mra ie nennna, mra ie cneyxynnocr? Pa nn ie cner orpomno mnomrno, rpnna
romnna crnapn? Hama 3ema maiymno spnne npamnne y nacnonn ca nennm snesnannm cncremnma? Pa nn ie
nsnxa nannexna sa nnrane o cnery saro mro ona nnax nma naioe snane o maxpoxocmnuxoi crpyxrypn
marepnie n onnocy marepnie n npocropa? Hoianyie nn ce yonmre cner y nsnnn? Hnn camo n iennno
nnosonia onnyuyie o rome mra iecre cner?" /Eyren unnx, Veoo v du)o;oduiv, npen. P. Tophennh,
Feorpan, Honnr, 1989, crp.130/
160
uenomenonomxn anpnopn ne nonn xao onai axcnomarcxn ynaxanan y monepnoi naynn nyxno y
rpancnennenrannn cyiexrnnnsam, xaxo ie ro y nonnie npeme nornprao n Maxc Benep: A priori nae nnie
oroena opma ncxymanana npenmera n crora ie raxohe n opma npenmera ncxycrna, nero ie nenpexnnno
nencrpaxnno napcrno cymrnna marepnia spena...H ona ne 'naxn' xao onuna rpancnennenranna
'npernocranxa' nnn 'nonarane remea' sa moryhy nayxy npenmera, neh nma cnoie nnacrnro nncrnonane,
ynpano nncrnonane cymrnna n xao raxan, ennnenrno ie ncrpaxnn. /Scheler, Max: Absolutsphre und
Realsetzung der Gottesidee, GW Bd.X, s. 214/
169
cnnrynapnocrn xoin saxrena marepniannie cymrnncxnx nesa (ounro y noianama xnnnose,
nonne yann nrn.) xao nesa nneia n npaenomena.
161
Hponem ocnocoanana y
crannma xnonynocrn eneprniom sa nyxonny nenarnocr, iecre n naxan nponem xanroncxn
cxnahene nenarornie. Eyren unnx ie y cnncy Te+e+ua numana cucme+amcre neoaeoeuie
(1978), noxasao na ce nenarornia iana xao npaenomen yncxor xnnora xoin ie iennaxo
nsnopan xao yan n cmpr, pan n nnanannna. V xocmonronomxoi onrnnn nenarornia ce
iana xao cpencrno nonnrnxe, unie ie oenexie n narocnon n npoxnercrno y
nonpehenocrn naunnnma nnanannne. Kopnmhenem iesnxa mohn n iesnxa rexnnxe
nnrepcyiexrnnnocr connierera nocpenyie ncropnunocr nnanannne uonexa nan
npnponom (pan), a xaxo ie y camoi nnanannnn nnnnn pan na napony, moh xoia ce
ornena y unneny iecre n nponoxannia nncrnonana, xoia ne npnnana nn nonnrnuapnma
nn rexnnuapnma, neh camoi cymrnnn cnera, cmarpa Eyren unnx. Hpnnnn ce penarnnnsyie
rex npnnnnno na ce enomenonomxa pannonannocr noxasyie xao mnronomxa y
ncxonnmry, saro mro ie nnoconin crano n no onora mro n rpeano na yne, no onora
nopor y nama, mro n naano na caunnana camy ynyrpamny cnpxy nacnnranana. Hnie
es xpainer snaxa osnnocrn Cn. An. Hanne nanncao: Jep on rpea na napyie nox ne
nonoxn cne nenpniaree non nore cnoie. Hocennn nenpniare yxnnyhe ce cmpr. Jep
cne noxopn non nore nerone. A xana xaxe na my ie cne noxopeno, ounrnenno, ocnm Onora
xoin my noxopn cne. A xan my ce cne noxopn, onna he ce n cam Cnn noxopnrn Onome xoin
my cne noxopn, na yne For cee v cee+v /Kop.1.; 15, 25-28/. Kao cennmenrannia cmnpenor
ymcrnonana, xoia nounna na snany cpna /ue)a an., 1, 24; 15, 8/, nnn nynoha xapaxrepa
rpnnor yma ca cennmenranniom cehana na npomnmana cymrnncxnx rema, ona ncrnue n
iom iennom mynpom noponamepnomhy npoxer cran Cn. An. Hanna - "Cne ncnnraire,
nopa ce npxnre" /Co). 5.21/. To nnie unnennuno crane xoie n ce nano xoncrpyncarn, n
ry nema nnxaxnnx npernocranxn neonpehene narocrn y xoioi n rex mn nanonno ns xaoca
canpxaia nponsnonnnn cner n sanonnnn y nemy pen, neh ce pann o crannma nncrnonana
xao camnx npaenomena y nneinnm n cymrnncxnm noianama xoin nac cycpehy, xoin nam ce
opahaiy n xpos raxno onmrene ca nnma xao axropnma namer nanopa onnananana
crnapnma (nepa xao snaiyha opma), ca unme nocraiy n ennnenrna axra (unnennne) camor
namer xnnora. 3nane o rnm unnennnama ncnynana npernocranxe xoie npen cee
nocrana nainnmn nenaromxn sanarax. Jom ie Apncroren ncrnnao xaxo nrn nacnnran
snaun nrn ynyhen y norneny cymrnne cnapn, na onnaixana, xao n nanac, nenaromxn
cmncao nanpenonana y npoecnin nacrannnxa sanpano snaun rpyn oxo mro cnecrpannier n
mro ycnemnnier noxyunnana snana raxnor cmncna.


Anc1pax1: V cnoinm npenanannma ns nenarornie Kanr ie ncrpaianao na ocranaany no
crpann yrnnnrapnnx n nonpmno ycpehyiyhnx nacnnrnnx npanana noyuanana. uonex ie no
npnponn raxan na es nacnnranana ne moxe na ce ouoneun, iep xana ro unnn
ynonoanaiyhn ocehany nyxnocrn, noxopana ce ymy n ncnynana cnoiy ynyrpamny cnpxy.
Hs canpxaino nenaromxn ocmnmenor nonmana nepcnexrnne xpaine cnpxe, on ie nanexo
ncranuannie morao na onpenn n nncnny mecra npnpone y rsn. oxonanom n cnoonnom
acnexry, re na yhe n y cymrnny sanaraxa npaxrnunor yma, ri. neronnx mopannnx
onpehena. Henarornia ce raxo iana xao npaenomen yncxor xnnora xoin ie iennaxo

161
3nane xoie npmn cnnresy onnx nperxonehnx snanan orxpnna reme na xome n nounna cna npnponnocr
npnpone (xnne n nexnne) npema Maxcy Benepy ie meransnxa npnpone. Kareropnie cy sanpano cama
ynyrcrna sa nmunranane enomenonomxnx unnennna, re nocenyiy cen camnma cnoicrneny rpamarnxy n
cnnrarnuxy xomnosnnniy. unnococxo npxane nacneheno ns anannsa xapaxrepa nacnnrana npnponnocrn
npnpone xon Kanra, ynyhyie na merononorniy nenocpennor yxasnnana na crnap y nnpexrnom onaxany, rne
cy nenaromxn enemenrn saxyunnana ycnyrne nennnnnie, a enomenonomxn onaxane xareropnie.
170
nsnopan xao yan n cmpr, pan n nnanannna. Carnenana xao cpencrno nonnrnxe, unie ie
oenexie n narocnon n npoxnercrno y nonpehenocrn naunnnma nnanannne, ona ynex
nanasn nsnas y oxperany npema nynohn onpehena mopannnx cnna. Jesnxom mohn n
iesnxom rexnnxe noraha ce onmrene xoie nocpenyie y ncropnunocrn nnanannne uonexa
nan npnponom (pan), a xaxo ie y camoi nnanannnn nnnnn pan na napony, moh xoia ce
ornena y unneny iecre n nponoxannia nncrnonana, xoia ne npnnana nn nonnrnuapnma
nn rexnnuapnma, neh camoi cymrnnn nsasona xoin ce nocrana y nsnxoreonomxom
acnexry nenaromxor nponeca.
Knyune peun: Kanrona nenarornia, Xymanocr n opasonane, Ipamarnxa pana n
nnanannne, Ocnoahane yncxe npnpone, unsnxoreonomxn acnexr nacnnranana



Doc. dr Aleksandar M. Petrovic,
University in Pristhina,
Philosophical phaculty in Kosovska Mitrovica,
Serbia,

KANTS PAEDAGOGICAL CONCERNINGS AND GIVING A SENCE OF THE
DEVELOPPING THE CONCEPT OF EDUCATION AT THE TEACHERS

Abstract: In the lectures about paedagogia, Kant was insistet to be out of meanings all utility
and stupidely happy investigations as a ways of educating.To the man is without education
impossible to be human, because when does he doing it from the feeling of a duty, he listened
to the intellect and enriched his own purpouse from within. From the content of paedagogical
sence in concepting of perspective of final purpouse, he was able for a more subtile definition
of highness of the place of nature in a sc.`arrested` and `free` aspects, and introduce in the
essence of a exploring of a practical intellect, ie. his moral sides. Paedagigy appears with it as
a prephainomena of human living, equally issuing as a love and death, work and domination.
See as a instrument of politics,whose sign is mercy and damage in a subdominion, she always
find the exit in a beckup to the plane power of moral forces. As a `language of power`, and a
`language of technik` society have a remembering on the history of `domination of man on the
nature` (work), and because in the dominant linies is visible `work on a people`, the power
who has be seen in the practicing of politic, is also a `provocation of being` not belonging to
the politicians or technicians, sed to the substance of a challendge who is putting in the
physicoteologic aspect of the paedagogical process.

Key words: Kants paedagogy, Humanity and education, Grammar of the work and
domination, Freedom of the human nature, Physicoteological aspect of a paedagogy










171
III
Caru+ane roucereeuuu v Kaumoeoi
cucme+amu;auuiu armueue ue)uue npupooe rao
eacnumuoi npunpe+u ;a Xaioeeepoeo pa;v+eeane
caepe+euoe c+uc)a mexuure

Hame npeme Xainerep ie oxapaxrepncao xao nnxnnncrnuxo y rom norneny na no
nncrnonana nnme ne croin nnxaxo. Hoiam nncrnonana xao na ie nocneo no crana
nocmarpana y xoiem ie ca nnme iom iennno moryhe sniarn mane nnn cnpononnrn
anrncyncrannnianne cnpnne. Hanor na ce cner mena naa na nonpasymena n oxnnp
nnococxor nacnnrana y norneny rora na es nanora mnmeny on crpane nncrnonana,
mnmene camo nocnena y nniacnopy ca cnoinm cmncnom n camom ncrnnom. V nnianory
necnnmrna n nnoconie ncrnna ce noraha xao nponnrnnane "nmuesanana oxancxor" ca
unme nannpe nononexonnn nnxnnnsam, re nmuesanaiy "Ouene spaxe", on xoinx ce xnnn, a y
uniem nenocraiany xpos nncrnonane n npeme Maprnn Xainerep ro npenosnaie xao
nesaopanno norahane. V nncmy Xany Fopey ns 1946., on n nspnunro xaxe na ie nerono
nnacrnro mnmene: das Andenken an das Sein und nichts Auerdem. Zum Sein Gehrig,
weil vom Sein in die Wahrnis seiner Wahrheit geworfen und fr sie in den Anspruch
genommen, denkt er das Sein. /Heidegger M.: Briefe ber das Humanismus, c.42/ ("Cehane
na nncrnonane n nnmra cnoamne. Hpnnanno nncrnonany, iep on nncrnonana aueno y
uynane nerone ncrnne n sa ny ysero y cnyxy, ono mncnn nncrnonane."), a na cy pannin
cnncn unnnnn npnnpemy sa npenas no oxpera xa nncrnonany. Mecro nncrnonana iecre y
neronoi cmecrnnocrn, a on ie nanasn y necnnuxom xasnnany xao "xyhn nncrnonana"
casnanoi nnn xao nperpecane /pacnpana/ nnn xao nyr mnmena xoin onronapa na nnrane.
Tnme ie ysnpmana n cama uonexona cymrnna ann enomenonomxn remnnpano xao "Die
Sprache als die Sprache zur Sprache bringen", unme ce yxasyie na enomenonomxy
ayrenrnunocr uonexa xao npncyrnocr nemy cnoicrnene cymrnne nponcrexne ns onnoca
npema nncrnonany. uonexony cymrnny rpannnnonanno ie npxao na nosnaie ncropnicxn
xymannsam, a nayxe xoie cy ie aprnxynncane, nmenonane cy xymanncrnuxnm nayxama. Kanr ie
saxrenao yxyunnane uonexa y cnercxe roxone na ymno npaxrnuan naunn, y xome he rona
xonremnnannia mxoncxnx pasmarpana nrn npenasnhena nennma, a sa Maprnna Xainerepa
nopo onora nrn xao xymanncrnuxa nepcnexrnna nnme nnie nnmra iennosnauno nnrn
camopasymnno y nonesanom pasymenane crnapn.
V cnncy O xv+auu;+v, Xainerep ie pacnpanao o cmncny xonaunocrn cnera n
esannuainocrn neronoi xoia ce mnpnna ns nyxornne marepnianncrnuxnx nncrpyxnnia,
nsnnauehn naano pacyhnnane: Cym1nna ua1epnjannsua ne cacroin ce y rnpheny na ie
cne marepnia, nero npe y meransnuxom onpeheny npema xoiem ce cne nnc1nyjyhe
nojannyje xao ua1epnjan paaa. Hononexonno-meransnuxa cymrnna pana anrnnnnnpana ie
y Xerenonoi 4euo+euo)oeuiu ovxa xao camoycnocranaiyhn nponec esycnonne nponsnonne,
ro iecr xao nonpeauehnnane c1napnoc1n oa c1pane uonexa ncxymenor xao
cyjex1nnnoc1. Cymrnna marepniannsma ce cxpnna y cymrnnn rexnnxe, o xoioi ce (rexnnnn)
nonyme mnoro nnme ann mano mncnn. V cnoioi cymrnnn rexnnxa ie nnc1nonnonc1opnjcxa
cyanna ncrnne nncrnonana xoia (ncrnna) nounna y saopany. Hanme, rexnnxa ne camo na
172
ce ernmonomxn nsnonn ns rpuxor :r;vn neh ona n cymrnncxn n ncropnicxn nornue ns :r;vn-
a xao naunn on0ruriv-a, ro iecr noounrnennnnana nncrnyiyhera. Kao onnx ncrnne,
rexnnxa nma cnoi reme y ncropnin meransnxe. Cama meransnxa iecre ocoena n no cana
iennno npernenna asa ncropnie nncrnonana. /M. Xainerep, Hncmo o xymannsmy, y
Hvmuu ;uaroeu, Feorpan, 2003., npen. F. 3en crp.302./ V noa crynana na cneny npnnnnna
cyiexrnnnocrn saoxynenor ycnocrananem noe sa noy (nonnpranane cnera nncrnana
cyiexrnrery noe noiennnna y penarnnnsyiyhnm crannma crnapn xao camonornphnnane
noe xoia snaun nsocraiane onnoca cxpn n uynana), a rne nonasn no pacnanana nnoconie
y noiennne nayxe, unie ce iennncrno na nonn naunn ycnocrana y xnepnernnn xao nannany
xoncrpyxrnnnsma nsnue mexannxe, npnpona ce noianyie xao pauyncxn yrnpnnn n
nnopmarnnno ncnpnnn cncrem. Hononexonna nsnuxa reopnia npnpone yrpna ie nyr
cymrnnn monepne rexnnxe, xao iom ynex nenonono npenosnarn npereua rexnnuxor
nocroa nnn ycnocrane nonor npencranonainor norona crnapnocrn. Ha rai naunn cexropcxn
pasnpcrane axrnnnocrn noce ynyrpamny onnyxy o camoycnocranany npopauyna nha xoin
noxpnna mecro nncrnonana, norahane onor mro iecre cana y opmn onor mro n y
sanemapnnanom uynany rpeano na yne: Oe xoncrnryrnnne npennocrn (ncrnna n
ymernocr) y noimy noe sa moh camo cy onncn sa rexnnxy cxnaheny y cymrnncxom cmncny
nnancxo-pauynapcxor ynocroiannnana xao nocrnsana n sa nponyxrnnnocr crnapanana
xoin npenasnnasehn cnarnamnn xnnor naiy xnnory nonn noncrpex n oesehyiy
nocnonane y xynrypn. Cne ro ocraie na ycnysn noe sa moh, ann ncronpemeno ne nonymra na
ce nena cymrnna noiann na iacnoi cnernocrn mnpoxor, cymrnncxor snana xoie cnoie nopexno
moxe iennno n na nma y mnmeny oxpenyrom nonecrn nncrnonana. /M. Xainerep,
Hpennananane meransnxe y Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, Feorpan, 1999., npen. F. 3en, crp.62/
Kana nemro rpaxn nsmeny, onna naa nrn n nacnnran y norneny noima cnpxe, ri. naa
nperxonno casnarn n samro ce saxrena nsmena onpehenor nnxa cnera, xao cnpam rnx
annnxarnnnnx opmn npyxaiyhnx ce peannnx moryhnocrn. Arpecnnnocr n nonnmen ron y
rom norneny, ne mopaiy na yny nnmra nnme on ncnoanana yonuaiennx npannonannnx
npncrpacnocrn xao anenarnnnn nspas nomer nacnnrana, eexrnnnor xao mro cy ro n
nannnxnnana ca nycrnnom. Hanymrane nnrepnperannie npn nanory nsmene cnera
nonpasymena nneonomxy npanonepnocr y xoioi ie camo nornenen noiam nnrepnperannie.
Henocrarax onora mro n rpeano na yne, opaha nam naxny na cam noiam
rpeana, xao rnannn noiam Kanrone npaxrnune nnoconie xoin ynyhyie na npenas y
xeypncrnuxn carnenanany npnponnocr npnpone (npornenany nnrepnperanniy), ns xopnsonra
nenor rexnonomxn cpauynaror n na ncxopnmranane oxpenyror n opauynaror nnxa, mro
oner ynyhyie na remarnsanniy nonmana nerone nnoconie npnpone. Kanrono nonmane
rexnnxe npnpone xao iennncrnene axrnnne nennne nma cnoiy nosannncxy xepmeneyrnuxy
rexnny xoia anocrponpa xeypncrnuxn snauai reopnicxnx xonnennnia npnpone. Ona ie na rai
naunn nocpenyiyhn momenar ca xoinm ce xon canpemenor uonexa ocrnapyie moryhnocr na
saxopaun npema nnacrnroi cnpcn nncrnonana n Foxniem ciaiy n cnann ns cnera mro iecre.
Texnnuxn nnn ymernnuxn xapaxrep npnpone xon Kanra nonpasymena peannn cner ca cnoinm
ycnonno peueno - mexannuxnm ycrpoicrnom, xaxo ce on na carnenarn y rpancnennenrannoi
nepcnexrnnn, ann raxohe n ns nneie nenore xao yxpamenocr noperxa y xome ie xpos nnrane
namepe crnapana cnera ncraxao xao napounro naxan cmncao noima cnpxe, xoin ie cxonno
cnoinm nnococxnm nonmannma npennsnpao xao enrenexnuxn xaparxep ynyrpamne
cnpcncxonnocrn nncrnonana n ynocroienocr nnsnnn Foxniem nncrny. Kaxo ie ca
monepnnm npnnnnnom penarnnnsannie cnera mro iecre, xao narenrno npnnpemennm n
enoxanno nponsnenennm y xpnny rponnmensnonanno nncrnrynnonannsonane nayxe (ca unme
ie npomeneno n cxnarane xaysannocrn), crynnna na cneny enoxa npyraunier nonmana, none
xopnsonre naprnxynapnnx ocmnmanana crnapnocrn nonynno ie nornen na cner ca
npernocranxom no rana nenosnare aromnsannie einoca n nnxone narenrne npnmene y npaxcn.
173
Ha neno ie crynnno cranonnmre no xome ce ono mro ie crnapno pasorxpnna xao crane,
xoie ocnrypananem ycnona moxe n nsasnano na ce cnmynnpa, nparn ncronpemeno, nnn
ynosnaie c onnm mro nne ienno sa npyrnm xao nponepeno casnaino nocrnrnyhe. Cacnnm
cxonno onaxnom naxo ce nsmnuyhem npaheny nonpyuia ncrpaxnnana, Xainerep ie npnmerno:
Hnxo ne moxe pehn na nn ie, ycpen nainehe onacnocrn, ymernocrn nara ra naineha
moryhnocr nene cymrnne. Ann, moxemo ce uynnrn. uemy? Ppyroi moryhnocrn: na nnnane
rexnnxe cnyrne ysme maxa, raxo na iennora nana, npexo cnera rexnnuxor, cymrnna rexnnxe
yne y norahaiy ncrnne. Fynyhn na cymrnna rexnnxe nnie nnmra rexnnuxo, cymrnncxo
pasmnmane o rexnnnn n onnyuan paspauyn c nom mopaiy ce nsnecrn y onacrn xoia ie, c
ienne crpane, cponna ca cymrnnom rexnnxe, a c npyre, remeno ce on ne pasnnxyie. /M.
Xainerep, Hnrane o rexnnnn, y Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, Frn., 1999., npen. crp. 32/
V cnryannin ornapana cnera n xana nnmra nnie nemoryhe y nexom ncromepnom
saiennnuxom npahany xpos crpana ncnynena, unme ce ornapa npocrop sa noiannnanem
npyror xao crpanor, y canpnnannom nonnaueny onora mro ne moxe na ce nonyue, ro npyro ie
cnoienpcan cyporar. 3axpnnane nncrnonana y cymrnnn casnainor n peannor omohanana
noxasyie yxopenenocr xao ynornynanaiyhn "Qualitt als Quantitt", n ro xao remenn
xapaxrep came cymrnne nncrnonana (xao cyporara, naano n nonarn). To ie norahane
cnoicrneno saopany nonecrn ncrnonana, na raxno pasmarpane ncrnne nma xapaxrep
nsanana on nenoe, xao nonaxene no ncrnne nncrnonana y nncrnyiyhem, xoia ce snna
n y cymrnnn ymernocrn, xpos uonexono ornapane ymernnuxom neny. Camoi ie crnapn na
npxn no ror ornapana, yxasyiyhn na ie ro npnrom n nsanane ncrnne nncrnonana xao nen
nonparax y "sarnopenocr seme". Ty ie Xainerep nononno y nnrane nncrpymenranno-
anrpononomxo camoonpehene rexnnxe (nnmexparnom npnmenom nayune merononornie n
anaparype nopoanana npnpone y rpancnennenrannoi nepcnexrnnn), mro ie nocnennna
cymrnncxor onpehnnana uonexa xao animal rationale, c uera ce npahao na ono "ry n onne" xao
onnoc uonexa n ornopenocrn nncrnonana, iep ie neh npnnpemeno nmao y nnny
npomnmeny anannsy nnoconie npnpone xon npecoxparonana. Ty noiam seme ne
nonpasymena nexo nonnnaxene crany sarexnocrn ns onaxo nnn onaxo npyxene nepcnexrnne
uynnnx xoncrarannia na ocnony napamerapa nannne cnecrn xoia nx ie n nocrannna, neh
nynnny ciaia moryhnocrn, xao mro ie n cam xnnor unnennna nnmer pena on yonuaiene
nonorncrnuxe nnrepnperannie /nn monepna nonornia iom ynex nnie ycnena na ce
pacrocna Apncrorenonor noima enrenexnie y nosnnnonncany cmncna n enemenrapne cnpxe
xnnora/. Xainerep ce nanneo nan pasymenanem snauena rpuxe peun sa xnnor xoin xao
npenxc sa snaun noiauane, a onaxne cnene n xoncexnennnie npomnmana: Pasna mecra,
nnannne, noa, peune oane Hnnnap nasnna o0roc n ro onna xan xenn pehn na cy oronn,
onn xoin cniaiy n rnenaiy cnyn oxono, nonycrnnn na nx na rnm mecrnma sancra nnhaiy uecro,
xan xenn pehn na cy oronn nnn npncyrnn noianyiyhn ce na rnm mecrnma. Ta mecra cy
napounro cnera saro mro ce hncro pahaiy y nonymrany na ce noiann onai mro cnia...Peuiy
`narpa` xepaxnnr nmenyie ono mro o\:r :ic 0rv o\:r ov0orv roinorv, `ono mro nnie
npo-nsneo nn nexo on orona nn nexo on ynn`, ono mro, nanpornn, ynex npen oronnma n
ynnma n sa orone n yne neh nounna y cen xao ouoic, ono mro ocraie y cen n na rai
naunn uyna cnaxo nonaxene. A ro ie `xoouoc`. Mn xaxemo `cner` n pasmnmamo o nemy
norpemno nox ron ra npencranamo ncxyunno, nnn uax camo c nouerxa, y oxnnpy
xocmonornie nnn nnosonie npnpone. Cner ie rpaina narpa, rpaino nsnaxene y nynom
cmncny ouoic-a. Axo ry ronopnmo o neunom cnercxom noxapy, mn ne cmemo na nainpe
samncnnmo cner xoin ie nesanncan n xoin sarnm saxnara n npoxnnpe noxap. Hpe he nrn na
cneronane cnera, :o \o, :o oriov, :o un o\vov o:r iecy ncro.3aro cymracrnonane narpa
na xoiy Xepaxnnr mncnn nnie raxo nenocpenno ounrnenno xao mro nam ce unnn nox rnenamo
yxrann nnamen. /Maprnn Xainerep, Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, npen. Frn., 1999., crp 220-221
(A)emxeua, Xepaxnnr, parmenr 16)/.
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Crnap ie nnrnyra no xopnsonra na xome ce npernenna xonnrypannia ne
noxnnana xao pasnor sa nannxy nnn yrepnnanene crpaxa, raxo na ma xonnxo nam rexnnxa
nna cynnnom, on ymernocrn npnmamo cnaconocne mnrone. Onn ce xao npennonnnuxa
ncnocranenocr y ymernnuxom neny, ounryiy n y nenpenmernoi nnn ancrpaxrnoi ymernocrn,
ycrpoienoi na rexnnuxo-nayunn naunn xoncrpyxnnie cnera, ynyhn na nx nonn mepa peun n
xasnnana, mana npenmernocr nnie nexn oiexr sa npencranaiyhn cyiexr, nero npenmernocr
cmncna crnapn ynyrap cnera. V ncrnnn nncrnonana ymernocr nna nonecno saryena sor
nnanannne rexnnuxor nocroa (yxparxo, enoxanne nnanannne meransnxe cyiexrnnnocrn
xpos nnanannny cne ncranuanannie noe sa moh, xao nspasa camoonnocne penexcnie animal
rationale y esycnonnocrn onor rationale), a nyr nsanena nonn xa "npnonrnom ciaiy". To
nnie camo ocehane xpnse xoie n saxrenano nony xpnrnunocr y npencnnrnnany, neh n
ocehane nosnanocrn na ce crnapn pasrpannue n yxaxe na none xopnsonre, one mro he
cnehenem penenrnor onaxana na opare nonono naxny na xnnor camor onaxana.
V cnoioi rpehoi xpnrnnn, onoi mohn cyhena, Hmanyen Kanr ie pasmarpanem
cnoamne n ynyrpamne cnpxe xoiy nonpasymena xaysannrer npnpone nocmarpan ns acnexra
mexannuxe /rpancnennenranne/ n nonomxe /oprannsonane/ nepcnexrnne, nocneo no
cranonnmra monanne onronornie y xoioi ie noxasao na ie nncrnonane moryhe y xareropniama
namepne n nenamepne reneonornie npnpone. Henora ce ry noxasana ne camo xao crnap yxyca
xoia nonymra nponsnonocr nonannnocrn, nero n xao oiexrnnno npnponno npncycrno nnn
nneia xoia perynarnnno yrnue na opmnpane anonnxrnuxor crana nsnecnocrn. Ho ananornin
ca ymernomhy raxo ie moryhe n sacnnnane nnoconie npnpone xoie he nonycrnrn npncryn
peannrery na nsnopan naunn, onai nar nyrem uynnocrn xoia ce pasymena nnn onaxana y
cxanapnnm nennunnama saxnarana n xapaxrepnsannia. Herarnnne nennunne yxasyiy na ono
mra rpea nnn mra nenocraie na n ce sanonono nnrensnrer re norpee n onpemno
nonoan ycnon saysnmana nosnnnie. Camo namepanana reneonornia nnn nnrennnonanna
maxcnma cyhena n saxyunnana y crany ie na onpxn npanan ncrpaxnnana n no ananornin
ca ymernomhy npnhe npnponnocrn npnpone xao iennoi cncremarnsonanoi nennnn, xoia nehe
nrn pannonymna npema nennm rnopennnama, nororono y norneny nenore. Kao nneia, noiam
xocmoca nnn ypehenor cnera xon Kanra ie nonpasymenao npencrany neycnonenor
rorannrera, ann raxnor na ce onnocn na moryhnocr npenmera xao xonaunor casnana. Kao
nneia cner npenasnnasn noiane xoie ce nanase ynyrap nera, ann ce ncro raxo onnnocn am na
nnx xao nnma npnnanan, raxo na nsmehy moryhnocrn ncxycrna n rpancnennenrannor nneana
y cnoioi cymrnnn snaun rorannrer xonaunocrn yncxor nha. Cner na rai naunn nnie camo
xocmonomxn, neh raxohe onronomxn n anrpononomxn snauaian noiam iep nocn pamnpeno
casnanane crnapn xoie canpxai noima cnera nonpasymena. Cnerom ce uonex ne ann nnme
camo npnnarno n ne sanpxana ce camo na nocmarpany, neh y nemy yuecrnyie, ca neronnm
nosnananem ynyhyie ce y nocnone cnera crnuyhn rsn. xnnorno ncxycrno xoinm ce
cxonacrnuxa nacrpoienocr nononn no pannn ymernocrn (ro ie rsn. yunre y nneany xoin
cmepa na oxancxor uonexa y nama nnn ysop Xpncroca, Cnna Iocnonner). Taxo ie
npnanen ienan naunn nnococxor nponnrnnana n casnanana nyrem xoier nnoconia,
sacnnnaiyhn camy cee nocraie nayxa y anrnuxom snaueny ror noima, xao yremeeno
sacnnnane meransnxe ns ocnona nocrnrnyrnx ynnna n onronapaiyhnx snana, na naunn na ce
nnra o camom nncrnyiyhem, a ynpano nncncrnpane na apxernncxom nnrenexry xoin n ro
morao nnrynrnnno na saxyun, npexo nnrenexryanno npomnpnnannx nepnennnia xoie
ornapaiy npema ysnocnma y nyxy, na rai naunn noxasyiyhn na y npnponn nocroin cnpxa no
xoioi mn nocmarpamo nha y xnneny a ne mamnne, iecre sanpano ono mro nac xpos
rpannnnonanna snana naranoxena y nonecrn nnoconie nonono ynyhyie na cycper xnnora
ca xnnnm.
Xnno onne nma npe cnera xapaxrep cnecnor xnnor nha nnn camor xnnora cnecrn
y pasmarpany xapaxrepa nerone npncyrnocrn. V rom cmncny ono mro n ce nmenonano
175
neoprancxnm camnm rnm naa cxnarnrn xao ienan noiam ycnonen rponnmensnonannom
nepnennniom mexannuxor xonnnnnpana crnapnocrn, y xome n cana morna na ce caunnn n
npyraunia pasnnxa npema nocmarpany oprancxor cnera. To ne n nna pasnnxa camo no
nonomxnm cnpcncxonnnm ynxnniama, neh n pasnnxa y emonnonannom xapaxrepy, npcrn n
creneny nonmana onor mro n uyno npnmano n npenocnno, re xapaxrepy cnecrn xoin n ro
ncxasnnao y onnxy crana npencrane, naroi y rnnonomxnm opmama. Ono mro n ca
ynaxenem y ry xnny npncyrnocr nno saiennnuxo ynpano ie oner xnnn xapaxrep cnecrn xoin
nnie cnmynran, neh rex nar y cnnxponnnnrery moryhnx nonesnnana, ynyhn na sa
neoprancxa nha npeme reue snarno ycnopennie nero sa oprancxa, ma xonnxo na ce xao
anrpononomxn napamerap onaxana namerao npnmep nnunor ncxycrna. V onoi nnmensnin
npnmep nnunor noxnnaia nma cnnuan onnoc xao rsn. nenonnrocr nnunocrn npema
rnnonomxom nenom pasnoheny na xapaxrepne npre xoie nornuy on nonnea, nacnennor
axropa nnn nannxa npncnaiana onuaia xao npyre npnpone, ri. oenexana narocr nannne n
nenpencnnrane cnecrn es osnpa na onronornsyiyhe norpee cnoamnnx xnnocrasnpana
no iannnx npnsnanana ooxena, xoie rnme, rnenano no cpyxrypn mornnannie, noxasyie na
sacnrypno nann sa necymnnnomhy n camoocnrypanomhy, uax n y mnornm monepnnm
reonomxnm nnrepnperanniama, saopanaiyhn npnrom na n opronoxcno cranonnmre naa na
nma ernxy, iep n rpeano na cnenn iennncrnenocr nnrepnopnsannie cmncna Foxninx
sanonecrn.
Kao mro, npema nnnnnm peunma Bnannxe Pana nacxpcena ne nna es cmprn,
raxo n ananorno morno na ce xaxe na nema nn ooxena es xomnnerne ynocroienocrn ri.
nornyne nyxonne npeopaxenocrn uonexone nnunocrn, xoioi ce ne mory crannrn samepxe
ernuxe npnpone y cmncny iennncrna iacnocrn nnhena n eneprnie mncnn. Onai saxren sa
cnexonnxnm nonnprananem npnnnn xoia ysnonn n ysnocn xa Fory xao onronomxom nsnopy
iennncrna crnapnocrn, nma norpey na nonece n snauene n snauai camor oyxnarno
omoryhanaiyher nncrnonana. Tome ycnehyie cacnnm ouexnnan noimonnn saxnar xoin peun
physis, /natura, npnpona/ nocnehyie naxny mro ynaxana n nene nye npernocranxe, xpos
xoie ce ona pasnnia n ocrnapyie cama on cee, na n nocrnrna spenocr nnn crynnna na panan y
xoioi ncnynana ony Kanrom cnaxno nornpranany nnacrnry ynyrpamny cnpxy, a ca xoiom ce
neh remeno nocerno y rerpannmensnonannsanniy nnacrnre npncyrnocrn ocrnapyiyhn
nponyeny nepcnexrnny nonmana, opnienranniy n cmncnonanny norpey. Ha rai naunn rex
xan nac cam ynyrpamnn parorxpnnen cmncao ynyrn xa onpenmehyiyhem npencranany
(rnnonomxnm mnmennnama peannrera y cepn crnapnninx moryhnocrn on onor onunom
uynnomhy npyxenor xao nannno ncnocranenor nenponyenoi cnecrn), mn nonnpyiemo
ono mro ie npcr cynnne xao nsyserno nocroian npenmer xasnnana, a xoin na rai naunn
moxe na yne nanomenyr ncropnin n naynn. Hocraiyhn raxo onai xoin ie y crany na npoynn
cnyx n ocnymne, cnyma ono mro ce y xasnnany xasyie, uonex nonnpe no cynonocnnx crnapn
cnymanem, a ne cnoamnom nocnymnomhy c xoiom ce nonnahyie ayropnrapnnm npnponama.
Taxo onome xoin cnyma npnnana cnoona neonnoinna on cynnncxnx nnrana xoinma norpea
pasorxpnnana nasna nsnonn na nyr nsnopnocrn mnmena.
Haxon enoxannor cnoma Xerenonor cncremarcxor npomnmana crnapn, Xainerepy ce
na nnnnxy yxasana rexnnxa xao nona meransnxa, a unin ynnamenr nounna na pasmarpany
xoncrpyxrnnnsma nononexonne mexannuxe nsnxe y Kanronom rpaxeny nsnasa ca noimom
rexnnxe npnpone (na xpaiy cnnca Humane o mexuuuu n cam ie xoncraronao na ie
pacnnrnnane cama nooxnocr mnmena). Hanasehn na ie raxan nnn carnenanana npnpone
xoin nonpasymena pasopnn rnn cnoone mnmena napacrao xpos pasnoi nononexonnnx
anopnsonana, sanpano npexpnnane noima nncrnonana xonpenom namernnocrn
cynepaxrnnne noimonne penexcnie, re snaun saopan nncrnonana, Xainerep ie npennarao
ncxopax n nono sanounnane ca npecoxparoncxnm naunnom mnmena xoin noxasyie
onpxnnocr n nonecno naxehn cmncao. Xenencxn noiam xocmoca, xoiem y remey croin
176
nornuxa mepa nnhena crnapn c rnme npencrana merononomxn naianexnarnniy xareropniy
canpemene onronornie n onroreonornie. Xainerep ie nonasno on anannse noima snana xoie ie
ynoxeno y onpehenn nnn nsnpmnnocrn rexnnuxnx nocnona xao xoncrnryrnnnn neron yneo.
Ha rom nyry on ie noxasao cnnunocr ca Kanronom remarnsanniom noima rexnnxe npnpone n
no rome mro ie xoncrpyxrnnnocr npencrane xoia ie y rpancnennenrannoi nepcnexrnnn
rnopnna ocnon reopnicxe xoncrpyxnnie nnhena npnpone xpos mexannuxa nonmana, camo
snane nopnnyo y noiernuxo nnn nponsnonno onnomene ca nanexo nehnm nnianasonom
xopnsonara carnenanana xoin ce nynn xpos onnananane iesnunomhy iesnxa y noercxom
nspaxanany. Hoesnia ie xyha nncrnonana crora mro orxpnna npany npnponnocr npnpone,
neny nnmennmensnonanny nepcnexrnny xoiy onnxyiy nneia nenore n ycarnamenor
ypehnnana. To xosmernsonane nnie cnoamne cranane neror nsrnena xoin n nsniao
npen nac n saoxynao nam naxny ca xeom na nac ynepn y ono sa mra cam nema nonono
noysnana, neh xeypncrnuxo nsnomene na nnneno onor mro npnpona cama y cen ornouerxa
npnxpnna ocranaiyhn ra xao nsason sauernnuxnm npnponama na ie orxpniy. Taxo ie
xoncrpyxrnnnocr snana nonono nahena y nponsnonnoi npaxcn nyxa pyxonohenor nonmanem
nneie nenore, a ro oner xao pacxpnnane orocnoncxnx canpxaia ecxpainocrn cnera n noi
onronapaiyhe axrnnne ecxonaunocrn cnecrn, ncronpemeno xao nannan
xoncrpyxrnnncrnuxnm snannma monepnnx mexannuxnx reopnia, iennaxo ie n crynane y
npecrannnsonany xapmonniy Foxnier cnerna n rna. Ponyme, ony snauainy Xainerepony resy
nocrmonepnncrnuxn noxper ie parmenrapnsonao, na naprnxynapne emnnpnuxe peannocrn
cneo n ecrernsonao, raxopehn emnnnsonao, re on ne naunnno nonpnnnuno esnauaian yryx
pasymenana cynnne ca xnasnnnrnicxnm ncxasnma o nemnnonnocrn npoena cnera n
cnera mro ce y nemy nanasn. Hcxycrno y mnmeny norpeno sa uynane cymrnne ncrnne, sa
Xainerepa ce noianyie ncronpemeno n xao ono mro ie cnaconocno (M. Xainerep, Hnrane o
rexnnnn, y Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, Frn., 1999., npen. crp. 30). Maxap ro sa canpemeny
nnreparypy no xpaine nenaronan cran sor "necrpyxrnnnocrn" xoiom ce cnpononn mncaono
xpuene nyra n saxrena "xpnrnxa xymannsma", ona ie sacnrypno onpannana y onoi mepn
yxonnxo cnehene ror nyra npomamyie ono cnero y pasanpannma oxancxor, a uonexa
ynnaun y excnenrpnunocrn n nymra na noy cnaxonpcnnm sacrpannnannma. Xainerep ie uax
xpapo ynnhao xaxo cy ycranonenn crannapnnn nnnnnnsannie penarnnnsonann n
npornnpeuno ce carnenanaiy n npnmenyiy y sanncnocrn on rpenyrnnx cxnonocrn xoie
npeonnahyiy y nenrpnma mohn, re cacnnm osono cxnarno na ie camnm rnm n name
nacnnranane y ocnonn nnxnnncrnuxo. Crora cy sa uoneuancrno neonxonna nona ornapana n
pasorxpnnaiyha connnapnocr xoia nx nparn n opnienrnme npema ncxony, iep n cama cnercxa
nnanerapna nnnnnnsannia ornapa nepcnexrnne nonnx snana n norpea npema
meraonronomxnm saxrennma, crpacno npexpnnaiyhn nsnopan onronomxn cmncao rnm nonnm
ornapannma nepcnexrnna xao nsnopnninm n ncrnnnrninm npncrynnma, a y crnapn
pasnonpcnnm cyporarnma xoin cy annnn cehane n sapnnyrocr sa ono mro iecre npexo
nanye.
Axo ie nnoconin camnm rnm npeocrano na yxonnxo nehe na ce yrn n
nporecrnyie, npocro cauexa na ce nsxnne re ounro norpemne crpacrn n sacrpanyiyhe rexne,
onna ie n nocpenan nnn saonnasan nyr, raxohe onai xoin ornapa nepcnexrnny
ncrnncrnonana ns npyrauninx nnmensnia. Jenna on nnx ie n ornapane iauer cnyxa sa ono
neorcxo xao crnapanauxa nynncxa cnecr noesnie, xoia nocn norennniy npenopona n cnary
peun xoie npeopaxanaiy crana y xoinma ce sarnuemo nono n nenono. Vmernocr xao nspas
ncrnne nncrnonana y noa nnanannne rexnnuxn ocnrypanor nocroa "camoonnocne
penexcnie", nna noimena xao npennopie ynyhenocrn y ncrnnnrocr y roi nonecnoi
nsryenocrn n camnm rnm nsannrecxn enemenr "als ein Ereignis des Seins" (Heidegger,
M.: Beitrge zur Philosophie, A.o.O. VIII, 277) Taxo ce norahane nncrnonana ycpen
nnanannne cymrnne rexnnxe nnnn y mepn ciaia ymernnuxor nena, a ro cy cnacnnauxn ynnnn o
177
cnery npenoecrnapena crnapn. Hpemna nanomnne xaxo ncropnsam no nan nanac nnie
npenasnhen, "neh on rex cana ynasn y cranniym cnor mnpena n yunpmhnnana. Texnnuxa
oprannsannia cnercxe iannocrn nyrem pannia n mramne xoia neh saocraie sa nnm iecre npann
onnx nnanannne ncropnsma.", n moryhe ra ie nperehn iennno ecxaronornxom nncrnonana,
rne ra ie noroc cxynno y xpai nerone cynnne, y xpainy rauxy nerone cymrnne. Hoeoc ie ry
onpannano pasymenan xao "snpxa", a nponyxr neronor canpanauxor nnn caoopuoe
oe)oeana ie "xasa/npnua", ri. ne camo npopauynarn ncxasn nnn noimonnn anapar xoin cnoiom
xareropniannom camonononomhy npenpeuana nyr ornapany npema ncxony. Vnpanen
npamnem ornopenocrn, xoin cnoi nyr xao "son rnmnne" nonia y cnoioi nnonnnn xpos iesnx
xao "norahai rnmnne", Xainerep ie nsysernom crparomhy n nocroinom cmepnomhy saxnarno
nponyenn cmncao ror naipannier n npnor noxymenra nonecrn nnoconie, npenonehn ra:
"Hs uera nax iecre nponcxohene onom xaxo xan npncyrnom raxohe nponcxonn y ono (xao y
Hcro) pacxohene onronapaiyhn nyxnn; nma nanme cnaxo npncyrno camo(ns cee)
npannunocr, a raxohe naie npnsnane (nenene) ienno npyrom, (cne ro) ns nperopenana
nenpannunocrn, onronapaiyhn nosnaueny onor npanonpemenor xpos npeme."/nnnn y -
Gesamtausgabe Bd. 51, Grundbegriffe/
Bpeme xao onai reme xoin nocn nnx yxonaunnana npnpone, ncronpemeno ie n
xonax nnn nounnano y xome ce ciain n cnerno ecxonaunocrn ns ramnor cymracrna cnecrn
came no npernocrannn nocroiana nene nyxnocrn. Bpemenom xao na onexoneuyiemo cnecr, a
cnemhy npeme n npocrope xoin nam ce ns nera nanaiy. Hopenehn nononexonny nspexy ca
craporpuxom, n nmaiyhn y nnny merononomxn npncryn xoin oesehyie xomynnxarnnny
ornopenocr xoia ncnynana ycnon cnymana nnn nononocrn naxne npema ncxasanom,
Maprnn Xainerep ie nncao: "Pa nn oa ncxasa - axo cmemo na nx raxo nasonemo - xaxy na cy
mnmene n nncrnonane ncro? H uax axo ro xaxy, na nn ro xaxy y ncrom cmncny? Vxonnxo
ce naxnno rnena, onmax ce youana pasnnxa nsmehy rnx ncxasa, xoiy ncmo onaxo na
sanemapnmo xao nansrnen cnoamny. Ha oa mecra (uparmenrn III n VIII, 34) Hapmennn
nsronapa nspexy raxo mro voriv (mnmene) y oa cnyuaia mehe ncnpen rivoi -a
(nncrnonana). Fepxnn, mehyrnm, esse (nncrnonane) crana ncnpen percipi (mnmena,
onaxana-npnxynana). To, unnn ce, yxasyie na Hapmennn npennocr naie mnmeny, a
Fepxnn nncrnonany. Mehyrnm, cnryannia ie opnyra. Hapmennn npenaie mnmene
nncrnonany. Fepxnn ynyhyie nncrnonane y mnmene. Pa n nnme onronapana rpuxoi
nspenn, nononexonna nocranxa mopana n na rnacn: percipi=esse. Hononexonna nocranxa
xaxe nemro o nncrnonany cxnahenom xao npenmernocr sa xopennro npencranane. Ipuxa
nspexa noneyie mnmene xao snpanauxo pasanpane nncrnonany y cmncny
npncycrnonana. 3aro ynanpen omanyie cnaxo rymauene rpuxe nspexe xoie ce xpehe y
nnnoxpyry nononexonnor mnmena. Ha nnax, ra mnoronnxa rymauena ncnynanaiy cnoiy
nesaonnasny ynxnniy: rpuxo mnmene unne npncrynaunnm nononexonnom npencranany
n ro npencranane nonynnpy y neronom camononom nanpenonany x "nnmem" creneny
nnosonie.
Hpno on rpn cranonnmra, c xoinx ce onpehyiy cna rymauena Hapmennnone nspexe,
npencrana mnmene xao nemro npenpyuno n cnpcrana ra y ocrano nncrnyiyhe.
Ppyro cranonnmre nncrnonane y cmncny npencranenocrn npenmera cxnara, na
nononexonnn naunn, xao npenmernocr sa Ja cyiexrnnnrera.
Tpehe cranonnmre npxn ce ocnonnor oenexia anrnuxe nnoconie xoiy ie Hnaron
onpenno. Ho coxparoncxo-nnarononcxom yueny, y cnaxom nncrnyiyhem nneie unne ono
"nncrnyiyhe", ann ne cnanaiy y onacr oio0n:o, onor mro uynno moxe na ce pasaepe.
Hneie mory uncro na ce nnne camo y voniv-y, y neuynnom pasanpany. Fnncrnonane cnana y
onacr vor:o, neuynnor n naruynnor. Hapmennnony nspexy Hnornn rymaun y nnarononcxom
cmncny. Hapmennn, naxne, xohe na xaxe: nncrnonane ie nemro neuynno. Harnacax nspexe ie
na mnmeny, ann ne onaxo xaxo ce ro cxnara y nononexonnoi nnoconin. Fnncrnonane ce
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osnauana neuynnom npnponom mnmena. Ho nononnaroncxom rymaueny, Hapmennnona
nspexa nnie nn ncxas o mnmeny, nn ncxas o nncrnonany, na uax nn ncxas o cymrnnn
canpnnannocrn oora y cnoioi pasnnunrocrn. Hspexa ie ncxas o noniennaxom cnanany oora
y onacr neuynnor.
Cnaxo on ra rpn cranonnmra nomepa pano mnmene Ipxa y nenoxpyr nnrana norone
meransnxe. Mehyrnm, cnaxo xacnnie mnmene xoie noxymana na pasronapa c pannm
mnmenem neponarno mopa ns oxnnpa cnor concrnenor rnennmra nenpexnnno na cnyma n na
na rai naunn nspasn hyrane panor mnmena. Hcrnna, rnme ce pannie mnmene nemnnonno
ynocn y xacnnin nnianor, npememra y neron nnnoxpyr n noe cnymana n raxo, y nexy pyxy,
nnmana cnoone nnacrnrora ronopena. Ann, ro ynomene nn y xom cnyuaiy ne npncnana na
rymauene xoie ce ncnpnyie y rome na ce ono o uemy ce mncnnno na nouerxy sanannor
mnmena nperymaun camo nomohy xacnninx naunna npencranana. Cne sanncn on rora na
nn sanouern pasronop ynanpen n ynex nsnona nonymra cen na onronapa ncnnrnnanauxom
naronopy panor mnmena, nnn na nn pasronop cee sarnapa npema raxnom naronopy n pano
mnmene npexpnna xacnninm yuennma. To ce nemana unm xacnnie mnmene nponycrn na
uapo:umo ucnuma nnnoxpyr n noe cnymana panor mnmena." Maprnn Xainerep,
Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee /Moupa (Hapmennn VIII, 34-41)/, npen. F. 3en, Feorpan, 1999., crp.
190-191.
Honecno mnmene nam xpos ono pacnpanane noxasyie na xoin ce naunn
orpannno on cyiexrnnncrnuxe meransnuxe rpannnnie yranana y cner oiexara nnn rsn.
nyxn xnnor nha, ynyhyiyhn ce npema nanexo nsnopnniem pasymenany onora mro iecre n
nna. Cnaxaxo na mnora cmepana mory na sacrpane, iep opanax y esnanom remey
nonpasymena nenocpenny nnsnny cranno npeaiyhe onacnocrn nainye sanyne, ann ne
raxo na ce nnoconia mepn mepnnnma nneie nayxe. Hs ne nnie moryhe cranno npahane
ocnonnom nnrany, a camnm rnm ynnrnocr xoia noxpehe pacnpany eneprercxn cnan n ryn
ysron. Hocrmonepne xpxornne xocmnuxor nncrnonana rex cnoa nnue na ocrarxe
npecoxparcxnx parmenrapnnx ncxasa, iep noronn nonpasymenaiy ienny xnny nennny
npnponnocrn npnpone xoiom pyxononn ynyrpamne cnerno mro npoceiana n xpos cam xocmoc.
Vronnxo ie no nynncxo cranonnmre carnenanana naxna n cama npomena npomena
merononomxe napannrme.
C npyre crpane, exonomxn noxper xoin nonpasymena nonnrnuxy opy sa
ouynane xnnorne oxonnne, raxohe amrnnn xopen monepnor cyiexrnnnsma xoin n rpeao
na ce oxpene npema npyrom oem nony, ann npnronop na ie on y ocnonn saxnahen nocroem
rexnnuxor snana xoie pacnonaxe rpancnennenrannom nepcnexrnnom xoia ce yremeyie na
nsononanocrn on ocraraxa npnpone nnn nene rsn. xymannsonane nnmensnie, iecre ono
mro xasyie o neronom cnennny. Exonornia npnpone ie na rai naunn pyxanan monepne, xoin
Xainerepony xpnrnxy onor noxpera unnn n nae neoma axryennom, ma xonnxo ce on
onynnpao yxnonnnocrn y nonecno mnmene n npxao na nanasn none n camo nemy snane
nyrene. Tome y ocnony croin nsnecran eronomxn nnanrnnnsam ycnen xora osnan
npncryn nna ocyiehnnan cacnnm neanexnarnnm meronama n canpxainma. Cnaxaxo na ie
cxnarane na Tnopan nnie rpaxno mnmene onaxnnx naprnxynapnnx n neonpxnnnx
momenara sa crnapane cnera cacnnm ymecno, xao n ono na ce naxon ynaxena na cnenn
xonocex monepnnx nayunnx ncrpaxnnana rpea osnno nonyxnarnrn panninx
pasmnmana o npnponn xocmoca, a axo n rome ycnehnnao onronop na nx ce ro nnuno
nnmano ne rnue, naano n na nopasmncne o mynpnm peunma onor xoin ce mehy camnm rnm
peunma nonaioe cnanasno: ro ie xao xana n nexo uynmn peun ncanmonenna Hema Fora
xaxe esymnnx (Hc. 13, 1), cmarpao neonxonnnm na ror esymnnxa ynpenn ca orocnonom
Apeonarnrom, xana ie ronopno o Fory, na On nnie no, nnie /can/ n nehe nn nrn /45/, n
cam ce noxasyiyhn naiesymnninm esymnnxom, ne npnmehyiyhn necamepnnocr pasnnxe,
yronnxo mro cnern sna n ncnonena Fora, Koin ie nsnana nocroieher, a cpne esymnnxa nn y
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mra nn ne crana Jenno npano nncrnyiyhe. /Tpuiaoe, 2, 1, 33/ Onn cy oyxnahenn y
nonecno mnmene ca nanexo nnrensnnnninm xepmeneyrnuxnm saxrenom, raxo na ce mnore
nenoymnne paspemanaiy ynpano na nyry neronor opmnpana. Ha rom rpary ienny on
sacnrypno iom nencnnrannx nyrana unnnno n n remeno nnrane xoinm ie iom cnern
Ipnropnie Hanama noneo y nesy nooxnocr n rexnnxy, opasonane y nonmany crnapn n
rexnnxy, re na xpaiy yncxe namepe y nesn ca crnapnma n snauai namepe y nnxonom
ocrnapnnany y saronerno nocranenom nponemarcxom xpyry. On, nanme xaxe sa
nocrnrnyry mynpocr crapnx Ipxa y norneny reopnie nopexna cnera, cnenehe: Kpos ry ie
oromynpocr moryhe n sa nac na ocranemo n nocne cmprn ynemo nannx Fory, a npnponne
mynpocrn xon Anama nnie nno nnmra mane nero y nno xor uonexa nocne nera; a on ie oner
npnn n nnie sacnyxno orocnnunocr. Ocnm rora nnoconia ie, cnyxehn cnoamnoi
mynpocrn, nocroiana n npe nonacxa Onor, Koin ie Coom nocranno nymy npema nenoi
npnonrnoi nenorn. Ha samro ce onna ne n ononnnn xpos ry nnoconiy npe Xpncra, n
rpeann n mynpane n cne yonmre, n nemrnny (rexnnxy) yunrea nnoconie, xoia nponasn
saienno ca onnm nexom, a saro ie n sonemo rexnnxom onor nexa, a ne xpos Onora, Koin
rnena rpex cnera n naie ncrnnnry n neuny mynpocr, na nexa ie sa npemennre n opeuene
mynpane ona rnynocr; ro ie mynpocr xoia ne camo na nnie mnnnmanna, neh ne npeoxpehe nn
oniennom cne y rnynaxe cnoinm oncycrnom, one xoin xa noi ne crpeme ymom (1 Kop. 1, 18; 2,
6)? Inenamo nn iacno na ono mro ne nornue on cnoamner nacnnrana nayxa, na ce cnacana
n ounmhana casnainn neo nyme, ynonoanaiyhn ie oxancxom npnonnxy?/Tpuiaoe, I, 1,22/
Ta mexuura oeoe eera na neny ie noxasana cnoie ycnexe, canaxnnno npasnehn uonexa on
onnx canpxaia xoin cy nnaue ysopno caunnanann nerony uoneunocr, ocranaiyhn anconyran
npocrop iennno penarnnnsanniama, xoie nanac ne snaue nnmra npyro nero nonparax na nnxe
rpane on crapor anrnuxor cxennrnnsma, iep sanymana ymn na ce ne uyie n ona crpana xoia
saxrena npensone n nynohy onor nrn, re camo iom y anrnnornnn npornnpeuena n
xonrpanponyxrnnnnm iesnuxnm nennnnauennma nanasn onymxa cnoioi yrpnynoi yann
npema nncrnonany. To na nnmra ne moxe na nsahe nan xpyra penarnnnsannie xoia iennna
saysnma can pacnonoxnnn npocrop mnmena, n ro anconyrno (na nn Hcycona oxancxa
cnernocr xoia ie neouexnnano oaciana nsapane Anocrone Cn. Herpa, Jaxona n Jonana na
ropn Tanop), mrannme npeocraiyhn pann ronepanrnocrn xao cnmonnuxa nrypa
cnmynannie ncrnne sapan xonrponncane ecrernxe nnrepapnor nanaxnyha nnn cnoienpcne
nonymrene ymernnuxe cnoone cxpahenor nopehena, naronemrana nonorexnnuxy enoxy
nsyma neonerpnnxannia n xomnnernnx yxouenocrn, xao nocnenne ynopnmre.
Hnie nn rexnnxa npnpone onna sanpano noxymai nponnauena reonornxe xoiy n
iom camo uncro cpne, npema Kanry, morno ca nponyn, ocnexn n ononn, ysnmaiyhn
naxnnnie y pasmarpane cmncao rpesnenocrn n pasopnrocrn npennor xpnmhancxor
npenana o nnheny nennnnnor nnn npeopaxenom n npomenenom, na ce onaxainom cnarom
npyraunie naxne ocnymne npenane o xapaxrepy n snauaiy oxancxor cnerna, a nserne
sronyxa rexnnxa onor nexa? Axo ie rai rpar nnax moryhe nparnrn, cnenehn sanarax ne n
ce cacroiao camo y noncehany na xnnry Bumuia, 3,14, xaxo ie rai npnonrnn onronomxn
ncxas cxpynynosno n axpnnuno npema ncropnicxnm nnrepnperarnnnnm nanennniama nparno
Banrep Faiepnanrec. Ty ce on ynennxo ocnanao na Xainerepona nocrnrnyha n pemena y
canpemenoi nnoconin xao nniarnocrnnxonanoi enoxn none rexnnnnnpane meransnxe,
ca xpnrnuxom nncrannom onmepanaiyhn erseresy xoiy npnnpemaiy nnaronnuapn n
nonpmanaiy sanannn reonosn n nnocon (Platonismus und Idealismus, 1972: Deus est esse -
esse est Deus). 3a nnycrpanniy y cnom carnenanany nocroiana Foxnier, a on ncrounnx
rymaua cnomnny ce camo Ipnropnie ns Hasnianca, xoin nspexy `Exiex, `amep `exiex /Ly
riui o v/(Orat, 30, 18 PG 36; & T. Aquinatis, Summa theol., 1q, 13, 1 11) rymaun xao
nairocnoncrnennie snane xioi:roo xnoic, nnn Ipnropnie ns Hnce xao nspas neunocrn y
neny Contra Eunomium, III, 27 /Opera, II, 186, 13., ed. Jaeger/, ncxas o rome na For iecre nnn
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nax nocroin xao neorpannuenocr nnn ecxonaunocr y onome nrn nnn nncrnonany. Hopen
nnrepnperannia Anrycrnna, Maicrep Exxapra n Bennnra, onne n naano npnpoiarn iom
ienny nnrepnperanniy, xoia y onnocy na nperxonne nnie nnyxonnxo nnepnopna, rnm npe
mro ce onnocn y iacnom pasrpanuanany n na unrany norony rpannnniy nocrpenecancnnx n
nononexonnnx camopasymnnnx saxnarana xoin ie nncy nn ysnmann y osnp,nasna naxnanno
ynnhaiyhn noremxohe y necxnany ca nyhennm pemennma.
To ie cranonnme Cn. Ipnropnia Haname, xoin ce nanneo nan camnm noimom
cymrnna, a moxna n saponno y nera nye on nno xor nperxonnnxa nnn noronnx
rymaua, ocmennnmn ce na cpuano xaxe: Mehy nnma camo nme cymrnna iecre
nasnauanane ienne on nomenyrnx cnna y Fory. Pnonncnie ns Apeonara xaxe: Axo
nancymrnncxy cxpnnenocr nasonemo Forom, xnnorom, cymrnnom, cnernom, ran non rnm
nehemo nonpasymenarn nemro npyro nero on ne npema nama ncxonehe cnne ooxena nnn
ocrnapena nnn xnnornopena nnn one xoie napyiy mynpocr. Kana oryn oxancxy cymrnny
nasnnam iennncrneno esnauennom, rana nounnem na mncnnm camo ienny Foxniy cnny xao
esnauenny, cymrnnornopny, a cne npyre npnnpemennm /ynpemenennm/. 3amro ie Foxnia
cymrornopna cnna esnauenna, a xnnornopna naa na nocn npemeno naueno, a raxohe
nonpaxanaiyha n ymynpyiyha? Hnn je cnaxa oaancxa cnna esnauenna, nnn 1o nnje
nnjeana! Hasnnaiyhn n nonnniaiyhn necrnopenocr camo non ienny on nnx, n npyre
nsanyiem ns necrnopenocrn, a oianyiyhn cne crnopennm, nsanyiem ca cnnma n ry ienny,
raxny na yncrnny camy cee nornpe n noncena, n cnana ioi y neo ononpranane, xaxo ie cama
no cen ncrynnna n cama ce no cen onpnnnnena.
He xaxe nn on, na ie non cymrnnom ono ronopnrn, xoie ie camocranno n
iennncrneno nma cne camo y cen n re cnne? Ann, npe cnera, Bera n cnenonano na ce nasnna
Forom, xaxo nam ie ro nme npenaro no Hpxnn. H Mojcnjy, eceayjyheu c Borou, nnje pexao
1a cau cym1nna, neh 1a jecau cym1ac1nyjyhn, na nnje oa cym1nne, Kojn jec1e, neh
je oa jec1nyjyher cym1nna: jep je Onaj Kojn jec1e y cen oxynno cne n1n
(nnc1nonane). 3arnm, axo n ce ymecro cymrnnom Fora on nocnyxno snyuno
onronapaiyhom no npnponn, n yronnxo no naronarn n naronarnnm oronnma, sa xoie
Cnern raxohe xaxy na cy no naronarn esnauennn n necrnopenn, nna n ro cymrnncxa
npernocranxa ronopa. Bemy ie naxne cnennno na xaxe Jennnn no npnponn ecnouernn For.
A on, samennnmn ro For n onannnmn no npnponn, nnie Onor nasnnao iennno
ecnouernnm, xoin ciennnyie cnexonnxo mro nocn n saxnara. Jep nnie nn ro pexao, na n
noxasao xaxo n y Onome npnponne cnne omanyne crnopene?
A na rai uonex cmarpa Foxnie cnne crnopennm, uyi npexo neronnx nnacrnrnx iacnnx
peun. Hanonehn nennxor Pnonncnia, xoin nmenyie nonycrnna npnonmrena /nsnacxe/ xa
cen camonrnocrn, camoxnnena n camooxancxor, xoie on Fora ncxone necaonmrnnnm
cnnama npomncnn, a xa xome ce no cen npnonmrana cymro n ounryie ce n nmenyie xao
cymro, xnno n oxancxo, crora ce n ronopn na nm ie npnosacnnnare Poap, on onarne
cxaue na ymnn saxyuax: Cnenn na napeueno camooxancrno n npyro, xon nennxor
orocnona iacno nmenonano cnnama, ne nocroin neuno, neh na nmaiy Vremennaua,
Popor; n oner: Peueno ie o nocroiany nexor oronauencrna n oxancrna, nan xoinm ie
nanneceno naueno cnera, ann nn na xoin naunn nnie peueno o nnxonoi neunocrn, xaxo onn
nmaiy yremeyiyhn yspox cnera; n iom: Hecaonmrnna ie cnana Foxnia neuna n nnie
npyro on Berone cymrnne, npnonmrnna nax npyra oxancxoi cymrnnn mro nnie neuna,
npemna nma nnocras cneonmrer yspoxa. Pa ie nerauno xaxo ie neuna oxancxa cnana
oxancxa necaonmrnna cymrnna, noxasao ie Cnern, nasnnaiyhn anhene onnma xoin
carnenanaiy neuny cnany, xaxo cam pannie cnomnnao, na ncronpemeno cnenoun n sa
npnonmrnnocr neune oxancxe cnane; xana ie ono y Fory carnennno onaxo nnn onaxo n
npnonmrnno. H nennxn Pnonncnie xaxe na ce: Foxancxn ymonn xpehy no xpyry,
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ciennnanaiyhn ce ca nesanounnyhnm n ecxonaunnm oacianannma Hpennnnor n Fnaror.
Kaxo na ra esnauenna n ecxonauna oaciana ne yny sa npyre nenpnonmranaiyha
oxancxa cymrnna, xao nemro pasnnunro, axo ne n onnoieno on ne? Kao npno cym1nna
je jeana, a 1a oacjanana unora, many ce caopasno cnojc1nnua onnx xojnua ce
npnonm1anajy n yspac1ajy y uepn nnxone npnuajyhe cnoconoc1n. O1ya n aanana
Cne1or Byxa no Hanny (Jenp. 2, 4); a sa1nu, nnxo nehe aa sanoune cnop, aa
oacjanana 1e naacym1nncxe cym1nne jecy nene eneprnje nnn eneprnja, 1e aa cy one
npnonm1nne, a ona nenpnonm1nna. /Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama, Pe:u v ;aumumv
ceeumeuo vmux)ux, III, 2, 11-31/
To ynosopanane na rpannne onacrn cmncna ncxasa, re mra ie ono mro nne nae
on rora, nanexo ie cynncnnie oiamneno on nno xaxnnx opnienrannnx npencrana o
necraiannma n npasnnnn, noeroynnoi onymrenocrn nnn nax ouexnnany cnacena on
Bennxor Fora, uniy cmo npncyrnocr n oncyrnocr nperxonno no re mepe penarnnnsonann,
na nnme eneprnunocrn nma y onmepanany moryhnocrn para n mnpa cpasmepno
ynaenocrn on 3axcenxaysena, xao cnmona iennor on noropa crpananana on nanncra, no
upanxypra, xoin cnmonnme mnpan n ypehen rpahancxn xnnor /npema xnnsn Xainerep
n nannsam Bnxropa uapniaca/, neronn nane y ror Bennxor Fora n nerony nomoh. Ono
mro n naano npnmennrn y rom nniarnocrnxonanom crany camocxpnnene nespenocrn
yncrna, iecre ne iannn anen xao ynyrpamnn nanai ca moxna n npeocranom nnunom
nnnnepenrnomhy (xaxo ie na ro ynosopno Kapn Hennr y cnoinm cehannma na Xainerepa,
npnmehyiyhn onpeheny noxonnnpenocr nnn nnncrapcxy npry pannxannocrn na nneiama n
nnnnepenrnocr y npaixcn), neh onai nanai xoin n no y crany na npeoxpene nymenne
nacrpoienocrn, nsnnxyhn nx nsnan craryca crana. Kon Cneror Haname sa ro nocroin
raxohe anexnarno npomnmane: He, cama npnua ne ronopn o crany, neh o ncrpainocrn
rpaxena, na n peun xoie ne naa osnonoanarn, ri. npema manonymnocrn ocnannarn
nacroiane; noxasyiy, na nam ne caneryiy npennane y crany, a iom nnme ne y raxnom, o
xome yun nnoco, nox ie camo neicrno monnrne, ri. monene, n ro ie iacno raxohe ns
sanpmnnx peun Iocnona y npnun: For naie Pyxa Cneror onnma xoin Ia mone nan n noh
(Hx. 18, 7; 11, 13), ri. onnma xoin ce nenpecrano mone. Mn ce y roi nenpecranoi monnrnn
rpynnmo ne na ncmo yennnn Fora, iep On naie yrexy no Cnoioi non, n ne pann rora na
ncmo Ia npnnyxnn, iep ie On cnyrne, neh pann rora na n cnoinm nosnanem camn cee
nsnenn n oparnnn ce Bemy y namepanany na ce oparnmo /npnnenemo, npnonmrnmo/
Beronnm naronarnnm naponnma. 3aro mro, no nennxom Pnonncniy mn ca Forom iecmo
onna xana ra npnsnnamo y uncrnm monnrnama n necyiernnm ymom. Mn ra nenpecrano
npnsnnamo na ncmo nenpecrano nnn c Bnme. A ry nenpexnnny monnrny y nnny crana,
xoiy ie cana nnoco npnn nsmncnno, neponarno nnie ryh n hanon, npemna ce nnxana ne
monn, a y crnapn ie n on raxohe snao, na axo Iocnon ne nonymra cne nncrnyiyhe, n on ie
nemohan npornn cnnna (Hx. 8, 3233), a nn no Herpa nnie morao na npncrynn (Hx. 22, 31
32), xao nn iom npe nnx, mro nnxaxnnm samxama nnie morao na nonie nnmra npornn Jona
(Jon 1, 12). Ero xonnxo ie nanexo on ynepenocrn na ie Iocnon For cnera, ne camo no
nenpecranne monnrne, neh n npemene! Cna ecrenecna pasymna cymracrna nosnaiy
Iocnona, npemna my ce cna ne mone, saro mro ie onai xoin ie npornn Fora n npornnnnx
monnrne, re xo exn on Berone nenore, exn n on monnrne Fory. Cynporno rome, renecna
cymracrna nacnone ne snaiy cne, ann ce cna mone carnacno cnoinm npencranama Fora. Kon
onnx xoia snaiy iennnor n ncrnnnror Fora ro npencranane yxyuyie n nemoryhnocr na
n nno moryhe yunnnrn es Bera, a one xoie ie na rai naunn nepyiyha Foxnia yan
npnnena crnapnom ciennnanany ca Iocnonom naceene, raxne xoin npennaiy y monnrnn
es xpane n nncana, re no orauxom npenany, cnone cnoi ym ynyrpa n xpos ry nacrpoienocr
npema oxancxom ciennnanany ynocroianaiy ce raine, nencxasnnor nyxonnor napa
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monnrne, xoin c nnma npenna nenpecrano, na ym cam coom ynonn cnor nsapannxa xa
naicxponnrniem iennneny n ncraxany cnere panocrn. Tana ce raino onasnnaiy n
nonanaiy monnrne yma ycmepene npema Fory, nocnonne mysnxy sa nenaua, xoin no noi
cnaxe cnoie nenane necama. Kon rnx, xoin cy ce na rai naunn yunnnnn yuecnnnnma
neunonoxperne n nencrounne naronarn, monnrna ce yxopenyie n neocnaeno neicrnyie
y nymn no peun Hncma: Hpemna cnanam, cpne ie moie ynno (Hecm. 5, 2). Ko xohe na
nonie rai nap ncrnncxe n sancra nenpecrane monnrne on, xaxemo saienno c Hpopoxom,
Onora xoin naie monnrny monehnma (1 Hap. 2, 9), nparn oxancxor Hnna n Ipnropnia
Forocnona, na n xnneo ne nesyiyhn ce nn ys mra yncxo, cem cacnnm neonxonnor, a
ycnen yncxnx neonxonnocrn no mepn cnara ne oncrynarn on cehana na Fora n pnnyrn
ce, no Bacnnniy Bennxom, na ce y nymn nocn mncao o Fory xao nenonomnnn neuar. V cnoi
mepn namnx cnara norpeno ie unnnrn nenpecrany monnrny n nenom, n peuiy, n
nomncnnma, cne nox ne noniemo rai nap, saro mro, xaxe orocnon, axo iom nncn nono
narocnonenn monnrnenn nap, ynn ynopan n npnmnhem. Mn ce xnanamo n monnmo
nocpencrnom nyxa, a For iecre nyx, n onn xoin ce npnxnanaiy Bemy nyxnn cy na ce
npnxnanaiy y nyxy n ncrnnn. (Jn. 4, 24). /Tpuiaoe, II, 1, 30-31/ Axo n cana cnenn
crnap na ocnonne npre xoie nsncxyie pasmarpane reme npnpone n cnera, mopann ncmo na
saxyunmo xaxo ie ono cnaconocno npe cnera nocrnsane nyxonnocrn ca nacxpcnnm
enemenrom xoin ie caunnana, a xoin ie n iennnn y crany na nsann on nenoa n nonece ne
camo xonauno cnacene yncrny, neh n na ra opnienrnme npema ecxonaunom mopy cnecrn
nan pannxanncrnuxnx nneia n nparehnx penarnnnsannia cnera n cnia ,xao nepopmaca
cnmynannia rparana sa ncrnnom n cnmynaxpyma nensexnnx sarnnnnana y samenama
resa, xoie nonaxo camo cnyxe sa nennuana ocpennocrn n xonopmnsma on xor ce nma
xopncrn n enenryanno mane cnpomamno xnnn, nero mro n ro nnaue no cnyuai, iep
Hpe+oa cnaea+, cpue ie +oie ovouo (Hecm. 5, 2)
Cmncao peannocrn onanno nnie noxyunn nomohy cmnmana pasnonpcnnx
anconyrnnx penexcnia, unie cy anonnxrnuxo nopexno noxpnnane nponsnone xee n
norpee name cyiexrnnnocrn. Ono y namepn namepanano ocrnapyie npoxonnocr npema
crnapn onnxonanem ncrpaxnnauxe eneprnie y nnrane. Hocranane nnrana npernocrana
ornopenocr, ann ncronpemeno n ncnnrnnane rna ca xoier nnrane xpehe, c rnme mro ce
npernocranxe onaxne cama ynnrnocr nnue ocneranaiy n nonono iacno nsnoce. Honasehn
on re npomnpene ynnrnocrn noxasyie ce n mra iom xao naa ynnranocrn npeocraie y
ncrpaxnnany xoie caronopnnnn cnene. Onronapane na raxo nocranana nnrana iecre nyr
npema snany, a nyno casnane ce nocexe rex n xpos carnenanane cynpornnx aprymenara y
nnxonoi nenpannnnocrn. Pa ie onronapane moryhe es npenosnanana pasnnunrocrn na
ncronernocrnma, ro n xperane n npeoxperane crnapn sapan pasymenana nno nsnnmno.
Koncrpyxrnnnn nocrmonepnnsam nsneo ie onpxnne noxase na nsa cnera cnmynannia remxo na
moxe na ce nanasn nemro nnme on nsnemrauennx macxn neh mncaono nopoennx
ncnxonomxnx nonrn y npesenronannm cnmynaxrymnma.
Axo ie penarnnnsannia nsnopnnx snauena n nporpamcxn anrncyncrannniannsam
ono iennno mro moxe na nonynn npeme y xome xnnnmo, onna naa nonecrn y nnrane n
nnxony ncnpannocr y npemenonany npemena xao raxnom. Hnie cynncno nn ycrpaianarn na
ynorpen crape nnococxe repmnnonornie, es onor nenor nsnopnor ciaia, no xora ce nnie
naxo nponrn ca nnrepnperarnnnnm nanopnma xoin ce cyouanaiy ca nenpecrannm
nnocrpyxnm xperannma nonmana, caunnanaiyhn necrannne napananenrne nnneapne
crpyxrype. H xao mro ca npncnenanem na nno uyiemo xynane onosno nnn nsnona nnamo
cyouenn ca nnocryxnm snauennma, naa na naxon noracnor nnamena pasrpnemo neneo ca
nacnoncxor ornnmra n npnepemo npeocrann xap. Ponyme, cner ie nasna no y ncroi mepn
nopmanan, xonnxo n napanopmanan, raxo na ie ocehai ecxonaunocrn, na cny cpehy, nnax iom
183
ynex npncyran n y onuainom nyxy. Camnm rnm, ynyrpamna neaprnxynncanocr
nocrmonepnnx xonnennnia onemoryhana n nnxono osnnnie rpernpane, ma xonnxo onne
nnn onne npocenne nonexa sannmnna n unna mncao. C npyre crpane exonomxn noxper xoin
nonpasymena nonnrnuxy opy sa ouynane xnnorne oxonnne, raxohe amrnnn xopen
monepnor cyiexrnnnsma xoin n rpeao na ce oxpene npema npyrom oem nony, ann
npnronop na ie on y ocnonn saxnahen nocroem rexnnuxor snana xoie pacnonaxe
rpancnennenrannom nepcnexrnnom xoia ce yremeyie na nsononanocrn on ocraraxa
npnpone nnn nene rsn. xymannsonane nnmensnie, iecre ono mro xasyie o neronom cnennny.
Exonornia npnpone ie na rai naunn pyxanan monepne, xoin Xainerepony xpnrnxy onor
noxpera unnn n nae neoma axryennom, ma xonnxo ce on onynnpao yxnonnnocrn y nonecno
mnmene n npxao na nanasn none n camo nemy snane nyrene. Tome y ocnony croin nsnecran
eronomxn nnanrnnnsam ycnen xora osnan npncryn nna ocyiehnnan cacnnm
neanexnarnnm meronama n canpxainma. Cnaxaxo na ie cxnarane na Tnopan nnie rpaxno
mnmene onaxnnx naprnxynapnnx n neonpxnnnx momenara sa crnapane cnera cacnnm
ymecno, xao n ono na ce naxon ynaxena na cnenn xonocex monepnnx nayunnx ncrpaxnnana
rpea osnno nonyxnarnrn xenencxnx pasmnmana o npnponn xocmoca. Onn cy
oyxnahenn y nonecno mnmene ca nanexo nnrensnnnninm xepmeneyrnuxnm saxrenom, raxo
na ce mnore nenoymnne paspemanaiy ynpano na nsanaiyhem nyry neronor opmnpana.































184
I.
TPAEHA H H3AA3H
Y HAHBEYCH1CKH OHPEMEHHM
HOPYKAMA


I


EBPOHCKH HOTOHVHH PAHHOHAHH3AM H
XOPH3OHTH HOBE TEHEOHOIHJE VMA



Cacnnm ie nernrnmna samncao na nnoconia npencrana rsn. ynyrpamny nonecr
Enpone,
106
axo ce na Enpony ne rnena camo xao na reorpacxn nnn oroeno nonnrnuxn
noiam. Ppxehn na ie Enpona cyncrannniannrer xao unnnnan onuainor nyxa, a nnoconia
nspas cyiexrnnnrera ynyrap camor ror onuainocnor rorannrera, r. Cnmo Enaxonnh
nacroiao ie na nparn y nnoconpane nnianexrnsonany nornxy cyncrannniannrera na ienan
cnex n oxperan naunn, raxo mro he npnmar onor nornuxor xao xenencxn cxnahenor )oeoca
ouecmeoeana na ynyre snann nyxa nmunrann ns moponornie enomenonomxn nnhenor
ceema rueoma. V rom nacroiany ie n caunnena snpxa ornena Pacnpane o Enponn n
nnosonin na xpaiy XX nexa, nannocehn ce nan nnranem Kyna nne Enpona na xpaiy
croneha npema nonom uonemrny nnn npema nonom napnapcrny?(ma+o, crp.6) Ha ro
nnrane xao nnr-nonny nannsann cy cnenehn ornenn xoin yxasyiy na neponocroinocr
onronapana V+op u ca+o;aoopae Eepone (1995), C ouv cmpauv oumo)oure u emu:re
oudepeuuuie (1996), 4u)o;oduia, rnureeuocm, ucmopuia (1999), 4u)o;oduia ua rpaiv XX
eera (1998), Hoce;ane ;a ceemcro+ +ohu u meuoeuuuie dauu;auuie ceema rueoma (1999),
n Kpu;a +ooepue rao rpu;a no)umu:roe (2000). Pniarnosa ie onecr n cacnnm ie ycmepena
naxna na unnennny na ie Enpona nex noxymanana na nahe na Fanxany, o uemy cnenoun
nonnrnxa xoia ie nonena no npamarnunocrn xpnanor pacnana nnme Jyrocnannie n
rpomeceuna mnnnrapncrnuxa nnrepnennnia HATO-naxra no namnm rnanama. Ocmnmanane
onnx rpynx n nenpniarnnx unnennna crora ie sxrenano ynyrpamny npnpnpemy, xoia ie y
crany na aprnxynnme ocnonne npernocranxe xoinma naa nocmarparn onai nponem, a one
cy nahene y xnnsn y spennm nonecno-nnococxnm pasmarpannma cnera mro iecre n nna,
xpos xnarane xonun iennncrna reopnicxor, npaxrnuxor n noiernuxor mnmena, ca nspasom

106
Hononom Xycepnone nspaxene oiasnn na nouerxy npomnor nexa, na es camocnecno cnponohennx
reneonomxnx npernocranxn yma Enpona cpa y neonapnapcrno, canpemenn onronop cy pacnpane oxynene
non nmenom: Pacnpaee o Eeponu u du)o;oduiu ua rpaiv XX eera, Cpemcxn Kapnonnn, 2001.
185
nmunmhennm no iennocrannocrn xasnnana. V onom npnxasy ro n naano na nonono iacno
nohe no nspaxaia.
Hcrpaxnnane r. Enaxonnha y npnom orneny xpenyno ie y xapnmre cnecrn o xpnsnoi
cnryannin Enpone n nnoconie, rparom Xycepnonor cnnca o xpnsn enponcxor yncrna
(1935) n Xainereponor o Enponn n nemauxoi nnoconin (1936). V nonpnnnuno mpaunom
Xainereponom nenonany ror nepnona (nnnn Bnxrop uapnac, Xaioeeep u uauu;a+, xao n
Cnoonan Xynnh, Mapmuu Xaioeeep u uauuoua)couuia)u;a+), ayrop npnmehyie na ie y
nnrany differentia specifica xoiom ie naunnen: saoxper npema saiennnuxom sanarxy
enponcxnx napona, y onnocy na pannin saxren nocranen y nme anonnmne cynnne
nemauxor napona /ma+o, crp. 8/, a ro ie n npahane Xainerepone mncnn na npann nyr. V rom
norneny naa ce nornyno cnoxnrn ca nnemennromhy onene n nncnnn xapaxrepa
carnenanana rnapn no xoinx ce raxno nocmarpane ysnnrno. Fes nenorpenor nonnmanana
rona nnn ncrpaianana na nonrnma xoie n norexne on yuecrnonana na uerpcrn
ycranonanana npnmara onnnia, r. Cnmo Enaxonnh ie noxymao na nonnpne ono
nainponyxrnnnnie y Xainereponom mnmeny, re na nac cne saienno y iennoi mncnnnauxoi
saiennnnn ynyrn na remxa nnrana onronopnocrn sa canamne nocroiane n onnoc npema
enponcxom nacnehy. Xycepn ie y ro npeme ynepen na ce camonpnnpane nyxa snna xpos
nnrennnonannocr camoanannrnuxor saxnara nyrem enomenonomxe penyxnnie, y uemy r.
Enaxonnh nnnn: naxany, cynnny n nanexocexnocr onnx xyunnx Xycepnonnx nanpen
nanenennx repmnna, onnocno nanexocexnocr saxrena sa npeopaxananauxom nenarnomhy
nyxa uonexa xao nyxa Enpone saueror y anrnnn. /ma+o, crp. 12/ Pecrpnrenrno ncxycrno
monepne, xaxo xaxe ayrop cnapymeno na nncrpymenranny pannonannocr na xoioi n moxe
rex na nounna onaxo cnapymena cnaxonnennna, saxrena ienno npnpehnnane
ersncrennniannnx npomena xoie nonpasymenaiy rpancopmanniy unranor xnnora, onnocno
ornapa nepcnexrnne nocesana nsnopnor xnnora, xoncraryiyhn: Hcrnna ce ns `pannonanne
cnosnaie npaha y npaxrnuan xnnor`, a uonex nocraie `Lebensmaister`, a ne ocraie nyxn
`Lesemaister`(Xycepn, Bonn-Iornann /Wolz/Gottwald/). /Cnmo Enaxonnh, Pacnpaee o
Eeponu u du)o;oduiu ua rpaiv XX eera, Cpemcxn Kapnonnn, 2001, crp. 31/ Jom nye
saxopaunnane n cmncao nenocpennocrn onronomxe pannn, xoncraryie ce na nne npexo
penexcnie o rorannrery n nnepennnin y onronopnocrn cnpam Ppyror (nnocracnor
Iocnona) xon Hmanyena Hennnaca: V xnnocrasn, nenn Hennnac, nncrnonane xao
nncrnyiyhe cnyxn camo xao macxa, xao pronomen, nsnaimeno nme cyiexra, raxo na ie
concrno xa cnecr, y crnapn xnnocrasnpann momenar...Ha neny ie, nenn Hennnac,
`nncnnpncane` concrna nocpencrnom Ppyror, mro ce snna `c ony crpany nncrnonana` xao
rpancnennennnie. Ja `xao Jenno sa Ppyro`, xao noxnncap Ppyror, ynaana ce on cee n
ornapa npema nennuancrnenocrn ecxonaunor. /ucmo, crp. 38-39/ Taxo ie cnoona pasnesana
on acnnnannie amncom xoia npnnnaun ns nocnennnx npernocranxn nsnuxe reneonornie
xao nexe nsnxe meransnxe n npecnaia ce aranna nesa ca nonpehnnanem cynnnn
nesnnanem xpnnnne n onronopnocrn sa onnoc c Ppyrnm (parcxnm, nainnxnm), ca unme ce
ncryna ns cnene noe nncrnonana camoorpannuananem n camocnprananem iacrna xpos
npenanocr Ppyrom. Ppyro xao ernuxa nnepnnnia, uoneuancrno, Xpncrocona nnunocr y
neronom nnxy, ornonopnocr sa cner unia ie xaronrpnuxa napannrma norop cmprn Aymnnn,
sancra norexe sa nenanoxnannnn npo-pauyn cyiexra nnn ono iom necnapymeno y
pannonannrery canpemenocrn, oxper npema pasasnanany nsnopnor cmncna naimncaonnie on
cnnx npnua, xoia iom ynex nnie nenorennnpana no cnasn npeoxpera n npenoca y nenosnaro
nnn rainy ersncrennnie, a ro ie ona Orxpnnenem nasnauene Cnere Tpoinne o rpainoi nopynn
cmncna nacxpcena Iocnona namera Hcyca Xpncra. Ty xao norennnia croin nporpam onone, a
ne oiana cmprn nnrennnonannor cyiexra, xoin ie noncrnnainnin n nponyxrnnnnin on
nncncrnpana na excxnysnnnocrn ernuxe nnepennnie ca pasnoiem neexcnnnnnpannx
norennniana. Morno n ce nonarn n nenanoxnannno nacroiane na neronany nacxpcnor
186
rena (An. Hanne) opmnpanem npyraunie naxne n ysmornyha onaxana, xoia nehe nnme
nrn rex emnnpnicxa nopannanana, neh n enomenonomxn unn. Pa n enomenonornia
onaxana xoia yonuaiene narocrn crannna y sarpane xao nperennnosnn nocen rsn. nannne
cnecrn, norpena ie ona nanenena rpancopmannia cyiexra xpos npeopaxai
nncnnpncana n oxper Ppyrom, ecxonaunom Hesnanny y nama, onom Henananom n
Heouexnnanom ns yonuaieno nannnor craryca npne naxne.
Ta npeopaxananauxa nenarnocr xao camonpnnpane nyxa yxasyie na nerony namepy,
xoia ce ocrnapyie nreparnnnomhy xao nonanaiyhnm camonpencnnrnnanem, a
maxpocyiexrnnnrer (onuainn nyx nannia) es ne nna rypan y anomnie mopannnx nanona,
anarnunocr n mnsosoniy xao carypnpanocr marepnianncrnuxom nynrarom (P. Mysnn), a
xoia sa necpehny nocnennny nma naxomncneno npenanane nnanaiyhnm onnrapxniama.
Mennoxpnrercxo n snonono nocrynane rnx onnrapxnia yxayie na nenrpanno mecro xpnse
enponcxor nyxa, xoier ie nonexne pasiapno n iyrocnanencxn nesacnyxeno nncox crannapn
nonnen xpennranniama es noxpnha on cnercxe anxe, mro ce onuno nasnauana cxoxom ns
onanaxa y nnnene nnn ns nenenraha y pax (pyrnnnsannia nynrapnocrn, xonopmnsam
nomohy iernnnx xpennra, eronsam xao rsn. cnanaxene - ma+o, crp. 19).
Pannonannsannia cnnx onnx pyxnnx noiana ca mpaune crpane yncxor nha cnyxn
xao nnneapno noxpnhe ounrnennoi samenn resa, na ce onuna cnecr noxasyie xao xonaiyha
naxasa: H ono oxo uera nnosocxe xoncnnepannie Xainerep n xycepna xonneprnpaiy,
pahane Enpone ns nyxa nnosonie, pecrayparno nsnopne rpuxe pannonannocrn xao
nonnnrno nesnnor cnaca n npenopona, ann ncro raxo n youene nnneprennnie npe cnera
Xainerepono saxasnnane, nyrana n nenoymnne y npeme Tpeher paixa cne yxasyie, nspanno
nnn nenspanno na xpnsy: npno, mnxpocyiexrnnnocrn, na nesnno cnapymanane na
iennocrpany sanyneny, nnenrnnxyiyhy pannonannocr, ri. sanymrane ocrannx pernia
cyiexrnnnocrn nonor, mopannor, noernuxor, ecrercxor ncxycrna nrn. n na norpey
nesnne pexynepannie nonparxom nsnopnom. (ma+o, crp. 28)
Pexannnrannia nsnopne anrnuxe mncnn nne npexo nponyxrnnnor nnn epornuxor
xapaxrepa cnecrn xoin ie npomnpyie nnn nonpasymena ynyrpamny onony nyxa
onuainocnor yma xao npymrnenor nncrnonana. To on npe cnera nnnn y ornapany
xopnsonara xoin onronopno rpernpaiy enomenonomxy nepnennniy (ma+o, crp. 53) n nnonno
nponyxanaiy npecrpyxrypannie cnopnnx momenara onnoca nepnennnie n xonnenryannsannie
xao yremeenocrn nnrenexryannnx onaxaia oxo xoie cy ce cnopnnn Bennnr n Xeren. Ona
anopnia nonn nac npexo npenasnnaxena nxreancrna no camor cmncna nnoconie na xpaiy
XX nexa, xoioi ie y xnnsn nocnehen nainehn n naipasrpanarnin y cmncny oyxnarnocrn
nnococxn ornen. Ha rpary pasmarpana upnna Xainemana (Philosophie in XX Jahrhundert,
Stuttgart, 1959) canpemeny nnoconiy r. Enaxonnh nnnn xao nnoconiy xpnse, ona ie
nepan nspas cnor npemena xome nnme ne nonasn sa pyxom na carnena cnoiy cymrnny (c unme
ce cnaxe n H. Hannrpee y Philosophie der Gegenwart, Bonn,1952) 3a cran exncro, epro cym
naxno ie mnmene Pyca Knpniencxor xoin sanounnane xpnse nnnn y pnmcxom nepnony
npemohanana pasyma nan ynyrpamnom cnosnaiom crnapn n Knnesa Ky-Kcy-Mnnra na ro
ncro nexn y rnopnnxannin napona n mohn, xao n y rpronauxom nyxy yremeenom na
eronsmy n naxomocrn.
Ha noy nnoconie, ro ce ornena y pasopyuanany noima cyiexrnnnrera, rne ce
noyna iacrna snna xao enemenrapna nponana es osnpa na ycnone naxena, a nexa cnnxa
crana nana ie y cnopy nsmehy Xerena n Bennnra y norneny npnmara pana noima nnn
nnrenexryannor spena. Hpnronop sa npasny onmrocr Bennnr oecnaxyie ncrnuyhn na ne
nsocrana pan noima, neh: ynpano nomohy nosnrnnno nenocpennor, nsnopnor, canpxainor
camonnenrnrera, namepana na nsprne canpxaine nennnre Xerenone penyxnnie camocnecrn
na xpyxehy penexcniy.(ramo, crp. 131) Anconyrno y Bennnronom mnmeny ne
nrypnpa xao rona npernocranxa n npasan noiam, neh ie n no Xainereponom mnmeny ono
187
xon nera yremeeno xao pesynrar /Schellings Abhandlungen ber das Wesen der menschlichen
Freiheit/, a r. Enaxonnh ynosopana: Hpnrom ce onpannano ncrnue xaxo Bennnr nspnunro
nenn Hnxaxno Ja es He-ia, n yronnxo ie He-ia ncnpen Ja(I,227), re na npencnecnn An-sich
moxe nocrarn y Ja xao pesynrar sa cee camo npexo pana no cee-nonaxena-cnecrn-
came(I,93) (ma+o, crp.132) Onaxaiyhe n ono onaxeno sa Bennnra nncy onnoienn, na ie
naruynnocr sanpano onpehenocr onaxaia y mnmeny, ri. nnrenexryannn onaxai ie ne-
penexcnnna nnn napanoxcanno ne-mncneha mncao; cyncrpar xoin mncao nocn n nonynnpe
es xoier ce ne moxe mahn nn xopaxa, a n Xeren xana na nouerxy cnoie nennxe nornxe
onpehyie noiam nncrnonana xao uncr, npasnn onaxai, ro camo nornphyie no nperxoheny
penexcnin. V camoi nornnn nema nnmra mro cner mena, na ce ncrnue noiam crnapana: rsn.
nnunor ora, oianom ora/oxancxe nenarnocrn cnrynpa y yncxoi cnecrn, a ro he
pehn y cnoonnom nenonany uonexa xao nnunocrn, unme pennrnicxo, y crnapn, nocraie
nonecno. Taxo ce, npxao ie Bennnr, iennno moxe menarn cner n yncxa nenarnocr sanonrn
nnx nnme nonecrn, y xoioi ce cnoona ora pexoncrpynme y crnapnocrn cnoone uonexa.
(ma+o, crp. 142-143) Ca onnm r. Enaxonnh cmarpa na ce nocneno n no nonor nnococxor
ncxonnmra, a ro ie nona opma nonmana nosnrnnne nnoconie ca nnoconiom npnpone
xao cxemn sa ecxonauno nacraiane n ecrernxe ca mnronoercxnm naoiem xao ouynanom
npoxeromhy nnoconie n noesnie ca onrorenesom npanoe remarnsonane
nepnenrnnnomhy, a ne xpyxehom penexcniom. On ro n pesonyrnnie nspaxana: axo ce
nnosonia nocmarpa xao ynyrpamna nonecr Enpone omoryhyie noncra, na ce nonene y
oprancxy nesy n cama onrorenercxa nnmensnia Bennnronnx rpancopmannia n
xonxpernsannia nnrenexryannor onaxaia, ca nnorenercxom crpano yxynnor
ncropnonnosocxor pasnoia on Ipxa no enoxe nemauxor xnacnunor nneannsma xao
nenpexnnno nreparnnno npencnnrnnane (ma+o, crp.153-154)
Itero, ergo sum iecre ona ncranna na ocnony xoie ce nponyxrnnnnm
npencnnrnnanem uonex n nanac xnara sa emannnnarnnne snaxe nsnopnor nncrnonana,
nonasn no none noimonnocrn xao nyxne npennrpe xoia uyna ornopenocr npema
nncrnonany. To nenononnno nonanane nasnpe nannnasax nonor npemena, onnocno
anrnmannnynarnnnor npeopaxananauxor nenonana nnunocrn n ayronomnnx rpyna n
xymanncrnuxn nponnncannx nannia xoie crpeme ynnnepsannom uonemrny naxaxo, ynpano
y onnpany roi xeremonniannoi crpyxrypn nonor cnercxor noperxa, xoia nepnerynpa ony
axryenny n nperehy xpnsy, y macnnnoi opmn: connianne, mopanne, exonomxe, parne xpnse.
(ma+o, crp.159) Torannrapnocr xoia nsrnena nonainnme yme na sarpan y nonnrnuxom
cexropy, nonpasymena n noi cnoicrnen ym xoin ce y canpemenocrn noxasyie xao mexuo)oura
pauuoua)uocm xoia sanocena noe xynrype n mannnynarnnnnm rexnnxama nponsnonn
maconny xynrypy. Jenan on snauainnx eouyra nponanasn r. Cnmo Enaxonnh na Fanxany, rne
nemanane xomnnerne xpnse monepne xao xpnse nonyrnuxor cexropa ersncrennnie yxasyie na:
anrnmannnynarnnnn pecypc namer napona, /rne/ xoconcxn mnr nma noceno, onnnxonano
mecro. V crnapn, onai mnr, xao mnronoercxn momenar, xao xnnornopno npenane, cauynan ie,
npe cnera, y necnnuxom crnapanamrny napona. Mehyrnm, ono xnnornopno mnronoercxo
ncxycrno nema xapaxrep nyxe aneropnicxe npnue xoia n craiana sa nemro npyro - neh
nerona nenornopnocr xao nanora nonecrn nponcxonn ns oiennnanana npnnonecrn n
nonecrn, nomro onne mnrcxo nnie nnxaxna mamrapnia, iom mane ncropnicxa nannannna,
neh ayrenrnunn, nsnopnn uonexon nmnync npencranen y opmn npnnonecrn na onpann
n ouyna cnoi cnoonnn xnnor, axo cnoiy cymrnny. (ma+o, crp. 209-210) Tearapcxa
meraopa nnie camo onnamno nperpuanane npexo noropne pasnnxe nsmehy rearapcxe cnene
n cnaxonnennor xnnora, neh cexe ns aprncrnuxor npnnnnna xpearnnnocrn xoin nenyie npema
cpennmry snnana y npencrann ananorno conniannnm ynorama xoie ce oanaiy y
cnaxonnennom xnnory. Fes onpehenor nperxonno npnnpemenor cranonnmra nnhena cnera
xao rnnonornie enomenonomxor onnca crnapnocrn, ynore xoie npnxnaramo na nrpamo na
188
xnnoi cnenn cnaxonnennor xnnora ca emonnonannnm xynncama xoie camn caunnanamo na
onai nnn onai naunn, remxo na he ycnex y noxymaiy npomnpnnana cnecrn y nonnmeno
carnenanane, nmarn nno xaxnor noysnannier nsrnena na ycnex. Vronnxo ie noxasnnane
eexra oryhenocrn on nnacrnre cymrnne nemro mro ony rearapcxy meraopnunocr
yxyuyie n xaxo r. Cnmo Enaxonnh xaxe nocraie ycnon crnapanauxor, ri.
anrnmannnynarnnnor ocnoahaiyher nenonana nnunocrn y cnaxonnennom xnnory. (ma+o,
crp. 214) uparmenrn xpnrnxe cnaxonnena nonesann cy rnme ca npannnma n cmncnom
xperana canpemene nnoconie, raxo na ie cranonnmre nonanana nenononnnor y
nsnopnom xnnornom norahany cycrnsana y Jennom, sanpano xnarane snaxona
nncrnonana - eventus existentialis, crpemehn npema osnesnanocrn nanneecxor snarnor ciaia
nonnmene cnecrn c pyxama xoie mn ioi nonaiemo.


* *

Horpomauxo npymrno unnn npe cnera mapxernnr peirnnra cnecrn, a xoie ie nyoxo
sarasnno y camoorpannuanane nepconannnx n xanryannnx nnrennnonannrera xoin ce
npyxaiy ns acnexra npyre, npyraunie naxne, xoia he na saycrann cranno-crpyiehn rox cnecrn
y pany n axymynannono cxnannmre n nornuxe n npenornuxe eneprnie, cne no ysnnsana no
onaxana nemor, nperpuanor, saonhenor nnn npenepernyror snana, es nexcnnnnocrn n
nynnnnocrn iacnnx mncnn.
162
Hpncernmo ce na ie cnnuan nonyxnar nnrepnperarnnnor xona
nao n Bonnc Fan y cnoinm onncnma nnonomxe nnrepnperannie ncropnicxnx noxymenara xao
marepnianno-merononomxn yremeennx anannsa crape, npacrape merone nsnohena npenne
ernnarcxe marnie.
163
3a re rpannnnie npnnacxa npnonrnocrn npernocranxa ie na nyxonne

162
Hcnnrnnane noxnenennx xernn /y Hoeo+ 3aeemv Cnn Foxnin nam nopyuyie na "xaxo noceiem raxo hem
n xnern"/, nnax ie yxasano n na nonnmeny moryhnocr xperana cnecrn no rorono noysnanor
camopasymenana, xpos nmunranane mnpn sa rnanne xannie nponacxa nsnopne nnn npanoi cnoonn nncxe
uonexone noe sa npncryn y onocrpanocr, xao narenrne ornopenocrn cnnx ocam ornopa renecne uonexone
ncnxonsnonornie cnecne crnapnocrn (rne rnannnny unnn nenpenosnarn neo erepcxor, xnnnrecennniannor
nha, y neronom oprancxom cxnony), raxo na re crnapnocrn (ne iennnna), xao cneronn xoin oxpyxyiy iennn
npyre y xonnenrpnunnm nacnarama /xao y nexoi oxnnenoi neocxonacrnuxoi nnsnin Cumma theologiae Tome
Axnnncxor nnn Heoecre xuiepapxuie Hceyno-Pnonncnia Apeonarnra, nanpocro onpehyiy cxpnnene noperxe
crnapn, cnpcrannx y roxone ca npemencxnm poxonnma sa nemanane norahaia n cnecno nanpenonane xpos
nnxona casnanana. Cnaxaxo, ro ce snna ca npernocranxom rparanauxe npnxnarnnocrn non ycnonom na ce
namepa ne orynyie, maxap n y onnxy reneonomxe saxonomepnocrn xperana xa cnpxama, es xpnrnuxor
npooia no canpxainnx enemenara xoinma ce ornapaiy ornopn nanaiana pacnpmenom /neynorpeananem
camooryhenom/ eneprniom, ri. na ce nocenyie nonono axryanne eneprnie sa ocrnapnnane rnx canpxaia
nsnpmno. Ocrnapnnane namepe reue xpos nnsone noxymaia ca npomamainma n norahannma xoia cy nanexo
peha y nouerxy, a xacnnie ce cne pxe n ycnemnnie nsnone onn nnsonn pannn yiennauanaiyher nncana,
crannnsonana nyncannia n nmnynca, anyxnnia n annyxnnia onaxaia, re saycranana ynyrpamner rnacnor
roxa cnecrn npnue ca camnm coom /moxna ro moxe na ce npexnne n xana ce sronno onpycn camom cen -
npecrann!!!/, no crnmanana na nnxoi pannn xao noxperana y crane nonnmene cnecrn.

163
Ona ie n y rymauennma nexnx nononnaronnuapa ocrana saramnena xao, pennmo, noiam reyprnie xon
Maxcnma Teypra, Jamnnxa, Hopnpnia nnn Hpoxna (npane xopexnnie caunnnnn cy neh nanno Cn.
Pnonncnie Apeonarnr, xacnnie n Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama - o rome n y xn. np A. M. Herponnh, Hcnucu
uac)eha, H. Can, 1996), xoia ie ycnen xepmernunocrn nna n sanocranena, re xao xnannrarnnno
neornopennia nncnnnnnna opennor neronana nepnenrnnnnx nomera nocrana excnenrpnuna n sacrpanyiyha
xon mane menranno n cynpamenranno ypannorexennx nnn camoxonrponncannx n ynyhennx repaneyra.
Haxnnninm pasmarpanem noxasyie ce na ie reyprnicxa npaxca xon nononnaronnuapa n rnocrnuapa nna
nepnnxrna, re na ie cneroorauxa ocyna iom sapana y mnorouemy nna ncnpanna, re na ie n camo oropahene
n oronexicrnonane ornouerxa nnnnnpano camoxnnnm ayropenexcniama, ri. nsnyrpa npnxpahena npema
npemennrocrn npemena xao norahany onora mro iecre y rouxy npemena, ri. nyr npem noi ie nonnouan ca
nocra mopnnnnx xapaxrepncrnxa xoie nrexaxo moxe na youn n xaronrpnxa y cnponoheny xpnrnunnie
189
nnpannie (namepy nyxa, npanan xperana nenocpenno nnhene cnne cnecrn), yne name
eneprercxe norennnie nonnx cnoiena cnecrn, re unne ysnnrnannm pasnoie norahaia n
npahena cnemhy no onpennmra y rnm pasnniannma cnryannonnx onpenn, xao n onmepanana
cnara ncnocpenonano cnymrannx no nnxonnx nomopnnx eneprnia, xao npenosnanana
nnxona rnnonornia cnecrn y ncxonnmry, xoin ce nonecno npyxaiy y xonaunocr n sacnrypno n
nae on ne. Crnapnocr ce ry carnenana yxoco, ns yrna npyre naxne nnn noiauananem onora
mro cmo y nernncrny mornn necmerano n naxo ns rsn."nene crpane cnecrn", raxo na ona
nnpannono nnnn nnn xonpecnonnnpa nonoxaiy rauxe cnecrn xoia y iennncrneno noe
onaxana npnxyna cne nepoiene nocrynne nonarxe, xao ciaia cnecrn y cacnnm ycxnahenoi
xonpecnonennnin ca spauennma na nennxo; npnmehyiyhn n ono uera nansrnen nema na
onpehenoi crpyxrypn crnapnocrn xoiy oxycnpa nama rpenyrna naxna, nenspaxenoi xpos
nam nnnenrap noimonnocrn xao nenenniama crnnane mane crnapnocrn xoia nac sacnenyie
crepeornnnnm cnohennma na ouexnnanocrn n oroene xonnennnonanne npenosnarnnocrn.
One cy nanonno napannrmarnune a sanpano - excxnysnnno onenenn xapaxrepn nncnne
cnecrn onaxnm nonnahnnanem cranonnma nehnne, xao pesynrar cnaxnor npnrncxa
conniannor craryca na nsnopnnin nnno cnecrn, xoia cama sa cee nnie nna y cnryannin
moryhnocrn na ce onynnpe (nnycrpannia ie Xycepnona xpnrnxa nosnrnnnsma nayxa n nnxona
enomenonomxa ennnennnia xao enoxanna nponepa).
164
Ta nponepa saycranana roxa
cranno-crpyiehe cnecrn npexo npecenana ns npnxnarana pasymnor pesononana es
mennrarnnnor nocpenonana xao sanonienor ynnna y xapaxrep creuenor snana (iom ynex
neysnnrnyra cnecr y nponaxeny no unpcror ocnonna xao uaueua ceecm), xpos nerono
npocenane cnarom nyxa xoin nspana ns cmnpene nsmennrnpane iacnocrn n npernennocrn,
pesynryie unpcrnm ocnonnem onaxne ce xao nenrnp ns uaxype ocnoaha cnernocnn
eneprercxn cxnon nopnrmnuxnx cacroiaxa rpancnennenranno ocnemrene nnmensnie
nncrnonana cnecrn, xaxo ie ro cyrepncaon Xainerep.
165
To ce noraha y nnxy cnernocnnx

necxpnnrnnne ncnxonornie, na ce n ne ronopn o enomenonomxoi penyxnnin xoia erserercxn ry nepnnxrnocr
nsonmrana ns osnne pacnpane.

164
Harypannsanniy n ncnxonornsonane nayunor cnera Xycepn nnnn xao ienny on nomnx nocnennna
nencnonrane nosnnnie rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn n rese o cnecnoi nponsnonnn cnera xoia ce y
xpainoi nnnnin cnonn na xomnpomncny nponsnonocr, na ie rpancopmannia pannonannocrn nononexonnnx
nayxa neonxonna na n ce npenasnmna xpnsa y xoiy cy sanane rnnonornie onnxonana unnennuxnx snana
nnn nayunn noron nyxa npemena y ynxnnonncany xpos monyc nosnrnnnnx casnana xao nocrnapennx
anpnopnnx resa nnn narypannsannia n ncnxonornsannia npennayunor cnera. Onnyxa sa nayxy raxo ie ynex
onnyxa sa nayuno ncnnrnnane npennayune xnnorne crnapnocrn, xao rexna nayunoi excnnnxannin ncror
onor cnera xoin ie npncrynauan n namem npnponnom crany, ann es penarnnnsannia xoie nnrepnperarnnno
npeynemanaiy cnnxe cnera, iep ono camopasymnno mopa na ce nocmarpa xao nponemarnuno y nonyxnary:
...na ynnnepsanny camopasymnnocr nncrnonana cnera, sa enomenonora nainehy on cnnx saronerxn,
npeopasn y pasymnnocr.

E. Husserl, Die Krisis der europischen Eissenschaften und die transzendentale
Phnomenologie: Eine Einleitung in die phnomenologische Philosophie, Den Haag, 1954. s. 184 (Husserliana
Bd. VI)

165
V monepnoi enoxn, mehyrnm, ro mro ie, ncnocranaiyhn cee xao npncyrno, noxasyie ce raxo na ono
cnoie npncycrnonane ycrayie y npenmernocrn. Tom npenmernom nnanany npncycrnonana onronapa nayxa
yronnxo mro ca cnoie crpane, xao reopnia, nsasnna ono-crnapno, rexehn napounro neronoi npenmernocrn.
Hayxa `npnremnyie` ono-crnapno. Ona ra naronn na ce cnaxn nyr npnxaxe xao rxane, ro iecr y
npernennnm nnsonnma narnx yspoxa. Taxo ono-crnopeno, y cnoinm nnsonnma, nocraie nparnno n
npernenno. Ono-crnapno oesehyie ce y neronoi npenmernocrn. Onarne nponcrnuy onacrn npenmera,
onacrn xoie nayuno opahnnane moxe na cnoi naunn na cnenn. Cnennnauxo npencranane, xoie cne-
crnaeno oesehyie y neronoi nparnnoi npenmernocrn, iecre ocnonna npra npencranana nocpencrnom
xora monepna nayxa onronapa crnapnom. Ann pan xoin pemana cne n xoin y cnaxoi naynn npmn
npencranane iecre cana ona opana crnapnor xoia na yonmrenn nahnn ro-crnapno npe cnera, n napounro,
ynonn y npenmernocr, unme ce cne-crnapno ynanpen rpancopmnme y pasnonpcnocr npenmera sa
cnennnauxo oesehnnane.
190
nnaxana xao rnnona eneprnia xoin onnxyiy npencrane nsrnena crnapn, na yrnuy na nynnno
n nnysno opmnpane noimona xoin he mohn na nponpy no nnpannonnx cyncrannnia n na
nx nexonnpaiy y naxnn xoia ocmarpa npyraunie nnxone crnapnocrn. Kaxo ce noronnno na
uonexon ero cacnnm nemeransnuxn nnn xonxperno, es yxyunnana y ancrpaxrne nerone xa
erepcxoi, xnnnrecennniannoi pannn, xao monepno opnienrncana nnunocr, nnie nn no y
nnpexrnoi nesn ca ysnnnyrom nenocpennomhy noe crnmane cnecrn, npyrnm peunma
ocnocono ce yrnannom sa crnapane nnacrnre nenoe, raxo na nsryn moryhnocr na moxe na
ce nannece nan nnno npcxnx, aporanrnnx, oxonnx n npnmnrnnnnx nha, nnie cacnnm iacno,
iep y rome ynxnnonnme nexa ounrnenno onmra aranna crparernia. Kpos nymrane
onneronanom, xynrnnncanom reny, onom xoie ie ncranuano y pasymenany rne my nnmra
yncxo nnie crpano, mana ne y penyxnnin na emnnpnicxe xonxpernocrn yncxnx n cynnme
yncxnx crnapn, nero xpos ancrpaxrne nerone cnponenene xpos rpahennny namepe nnn
pacnnoxnny eneprniy cnecrn cnoie cnernocne xyrne xao eneprniy xoia npxn cnernocna
nnaxna namer ceponnnor nha cnecrn saienno, mn nonymramo na ce ro reno nponne, re
ycnnnanem rom ancrpaxrnom nesom xoia camo nsrnena nnuno, nyrem nera moxemo na
nonpemo no ycnemnnx penyxnnia na nnacrnra ncxycrna cnecrn, xoia cy y sarpane
enomenonomxnx excnnnxannia nocrannna cne neennnenrno y nnrensnrery npenoca n
nnrerpnrery ouynana nainparonennier ciaia nnn eneprnie cnecrn, xpos neny npannnnniy
npepacnoneny y xnnyhem yncxom oprannsmy. Ty npepacnoneny eneprnie yun xaxo ce
oana, cncrem renecnnx nexn ys onpehenn rnn nncana n samnmana no nponanaxena
naunna sa nocranane xpnrepniyma nnenrnnxannie npncycrna neeroncrnunor,
ecnpexopnor (xaxo uonexy nocrynnor, raxo n c nnm y nesn n nainpannnnnier naunna
nsnpmena), xao npenycpernno naror nncrnonana, xpos ynymrenocr ns ecxpainor mopa
cnecnocrn xao nsnpmnnm xomannama eneprercxn onpemenor n xpos cna uyna ronopeher
nyxa nanpocro, ri. xao xopena nncrnonana y nama camnma.
Axo cmo yxnarnnn cee y momenry xoin nac ie yunnno n came nenom rnx npnua o
mohn, ro ne mopa na snaun na cmo camnm rnme omrehene nnunocrn nnn nenonpannno
ncxpnnena nha. Ma xonnxo na y ro nocroie cymne, cna ie npnpona nponyxonena, cna ie
xnna, y nennnn n nenonnma, a cacnnm necymnnno n yncxa nha. Cne ie nonesano rainnm
cnonama mehycono, cne nnme saienno ienno c npyrnm, yrnue ienno na npyro n xnnn no
npannnnma xoia yxyuyiy naunn noxpenyrocrn na nenonana xoin nsmnue oiamnennma
pasymnor rnna. yncxo samomeno cnanynano iennncrno cnecrn xao npencrana o ia-
nnenrnrery, iecre cner xoin ie ynex rexyhn ca rpenepehnm n xonennnm xonrypama xpos
xoie ocernno oxo npospena opvev crnapnocr, ony xoiy ie raxo yennno narnacno oran
unopencxn n ynyrnn nopyxy: Hpnsnany marnie, xao ocoeno nnococxe cnoconocrn,
onronapa naponna npencrana o casnany y npocnereny npaua. Inoceonomxo snauene epoca
xao cpencrna na ce casna ynyrpamna cymrnna crnapn, xao onora mro naie na ce noraxne
nainnma peannocr, iecre napanno yanna excrasa uaponaxa, xana uaponax casnaie
cymrnny npnpone n y cee npnma neny nainnmy peannocr. Ono mro casnaie - Hnaronona
nneia - iecre rauno cnarane nmena, uniy ynyrpamny cnny npau nocrnxe y cnom uapany. H ra
nynonaxna nmena raxohe ce onnoce npema onunnm nmennma-nasnnnma xao Hnaronone nneie

Pa ce ono mro ie npncyrno na npnmep, npnpona, uonex, nonecr, iesnx ncnocrana xao ono-
crnapno y cnoio npenmernocrn, na y ncro npeme nayxa nocraie reopnie xoia cnenn ono-crnapno n oesehyie
ra y onom-npenmernom raxno crane crnapn nno n ncro raxo uynno cpennonexonnom uonexy xao mro n
ono mopano na yne sananyiyhe sa rpuxo mnmene.
3aro monepna nayxa cxnahena xao reopnia crnapnor nnie nemro mro ce pasyme camo on cee. Ona nnie
nyxo uonexono neno, nnrn ie ona crnapnnm nsnyhena. Hanpornn, cymrnna nayxe nocpencrnom
npncycrnonana onor mro ie npncycrno nocraie norpena y rpenyrxy xan ce npncycrnonane ycnocrann y
npenmernocrn crnaenora. Tai rpenyrax, xao n cnaxn rpenyrax re npcre, ocraie raiancrnen. He nonase
nenpnmerno camo nainehe mncnn nenpnmerno nacryna, npe cnera n nsnan cnera, npomena y npncycrnonany
cnera mro ie npncyrno.

/M. Xainerep, Hpeoaeana u pacnpaee, Beoepao, 1999., npen. F. 3en, crp. 41-41/
191
npema npasnnm pasymcxnm noimonnma...npe cnera nneie - rai cpennmnn sanpran Hnaronone
xoncrpyxnnie - sa pasym nmaiy nne pasnnunre rauxe ocnonna. One cy n opyha casnana
ncrnncxn nncrnyiyher, ann one cy ncro raxo n casnanana peannocr. Hneie cy ono mro xaxo-
raxo iecre cyiexrnnno, ann one cy n ono mro ie oiexrnnno, one cy nneanne, ann one cy n
peanne."/H. unopencxn, C+ucao uoea)u;+a, rn., 2000. crp. 14-30/ H Cnn Foxnin unnno ie
uyna xoia cy npornnpeunna xnacnunoi mexannnn, monepnoi sanannoi mennnnnn n norpemno
cxnaranoi nosnnnin pana y conniannsannin onnonne n rnoannnx roxona xannrana, sor uera
ie n pasaner, ann naa narnacnrn na ie n nacxpcao. Ta npnua o mohn neronor nacxpcena
nanac ie nemro naixnne n naicanpemennie sa nperpecane n pacnpany, ma xonnxo na ce
mennicxa xanayxa norpynnna na ro neh nexonnma maprnnannsyie n yunnn neunm nenaxnnm
n noxonnuapcxnm xao remom sa sanynne ymone n ncnpasne cnecrn. Hanpornn. Cne mro nac on
rora onnnaun nana non nepnnxr one mynpe n nanexonnne Hcaninne nanne craposanerne
nspexe na ie cam cner cacranen on ncnpasnocrn. H crora nexa nac nonono noxpene npnua o
mohn - Xpucmoc eocrpece, eaucmuuv eocrpece, axo ie y nama ocrana iom n ienna rpynxa
cnecrn xoia nac nesyie sa ecxonauno mope y xome cmo mn ienna xana, ann nenpa n opena
xana xoia he ce cnnrn y nera xana rpea n xaxo rpea.



































192

III

CABPEMEHOCT OPHOCA BEPOBABA H VMA


Hoiam pennrnie opmnpa ce ca npernocranxom neponana nnn nooxnomhy. On ce
opmopa xpos nonesnnane uonexa ca Forom n npnnana cymrnncxom neny yncxor nyxa xao
npenacxonno cnoicrnena norpea onmrena: Crporo ronopeno, nema uonexa xoin nnie
nnmano pennrnosan. Cnaxo nma nexy pennrniy y mnpoxom cmncny peun. uax nn arensam n
marepniannsam (na nsnecran naunn) ne snaue nornyno oncycrno pennrnosne cnecrn, iep ce n
xon nnxonnx sacrynnnxa ona moxe neouexnnano n cnonrano ncnonrn y pasnnm xnnornnm
oxonnocrnma. (np Jono Panom, 4u)o;oduia pe)ueuie, F. Hananxa, 2003., crp. 15) V onnocy
npema nnoconin xpnmhancxa pennrnia, xao pennrnia par exellence nanana ie nnoconin
nonpmxy (Knnmenr Anexcannpnicxn, Ipnropnie Hncnicxn), ann n saysnmana xpaine onoian
cran (Tprynnian, Jycrnnnian). Taxo ce Knnmenr rpynno na noxaxe xaxo ie n nnoconia y
nsnecnom cmncny neno Foxnie, re na ce nome naa annrn, nox ie Teprynnian no mnmena
na nnoco moxe nrn camo iepernx; mro onna caunnana n nne nomnnanrne nnnnie
npncryna rom onnocy y noronoi nonecrn. Cnaxaxo na nam ie nncxo cranonnmre ayropa xoin
npxn na ce: nnoconia n pennrnia ciennnyiy y rexnn na ce uonexy npnsna ono mro ie
nyxonno (na n ce raxopehn nsnyrpa nonna ienna iennncrnena cnnxa cnera).(ma+o, crp. 17)
3aro n penexcnnno npencnnrnnane pennrnosne nperensnie na ncrnny o cnery, ri. npenon y
noimonny repmnnonorniy n nponepa cneronnom yuenomhy ncrnne nsrpahene na orxpnneny
nma cnoia nnmensnonncana snauena. Beno onronomxo, rnoceonomxo n ernuxo naxene
ycranonana ce casnannma xoia nny on uonexa npema Fory, raxo na ce npenosnanane
ncrnnnrocrn nsnpmana xpos ysnomene xoie ce camonennnme npema cnpcn n na rai naunn
pacxpnna ono Fory nncxo. To ie nyr noxymanana na ce orxpnie For xoin nma cnoie rpye n
ncranuannie nnnone ncnoanana. Onne naa noncernrn na reopniy no xoioi ie rnannn
canpxai uonexonor xnnora nnhen xao casnanane Fora xoie ce y onom xnnory moxe nocrnhn
nyrem ecxpaine monnrne n ymnor rnxonana. Cmncao raxnor npncrynana iecre npncnenane
y nnhene oxancxor cnerna nnn ymne cnernocne eneprnie xoia ncniana ns Foxnier nha
cnnuno cnerny xoie ie ncnianano na Tanopcxoi ropn y uacy Foxnier npeopaxena /Mamei 17,
1-13; Mapro 9, 2-13; Hvra 9, 28-30; ue)a an. 9,3/. Hsnnxyhn ce nsnan cnera crnopenor,
uonexon ym ce roxom ysnasnor xperana npema necrnopenom nsnopy on ror ciaia n cnerna
npeopaxana y nyxonno uyncrno, a ono uyncrno y oxancxy cnernocr n onaronaheno
nncrane. Eneprnia ne ynonn y nenocpenno cymracrno n iennncrno nncrnonana nnie
nnxaxno pasnnaiane nnn nenane /ny normarnuapn cmarpaiy noporom, a mncrnnn yany/,
ynyhn na cymracrno camo no cen ocraie nocnnan eneprnia, a eneprnia nonasehn on crnapn
oner ne moxe na npehe y rnap iep ie y iennncrny ca Forom. Pannonanncrnuxa reonornia
nyanncrnuxor cmepa nonnaiana marepniannor n nyxonnor nnn nnrenexryannor npnnnnna,
rpaxnna ie nsnasax yma ns oneunmhanaiyher rena na n ce nocneno no nononor nyxonnor
crana, nox ie nacynpor rome nynncxa nsnonornia monnrne ncnxasma saxrenana
npenasnnaxene nnysopnocrn raxnor nyannsma ocnonnem na peannocr npncycrna Foxninx
eneprnia n ynasax yma iom nye y reno, nerono canpane n cxnynuanane y neronoi
ncnxocomarcxoi nenonnrocrn, iep ce ysnnsane ocrnapyie rex cnaxnnm noxperom n nyxonnnx
n renecnnx cnna uonexa xao saoxpyxene nnunocrn.
Hpema Hnxonn Kysancxom cna ie nama yuenocr es pennrnosnor sanpmerxa docta
ignorantia (yueno nesnane), na np Jono Panom cmarpa na ie sanohene nerponnma
ayrenrnunor pasyma xao ayroxparnia pannonannocrn excnenrpnuan nyr sacrpannnana.
193
Pannonanncrnuxy ayroxparniy cnaxaxo rpea penarnnnsonarn, ann raxohe nmarn na ymy na ie
n nnuno snane cnarna penarnnno n nacnyrnno (ramo, crp. 19), na nome nponase
aprymenrn xoin penexcnin onysnmaiy npano na npncyrnocr. Ty nnoconia naa na yne
ynnnnnx unin ce cmncao: ncnoana y rome na ce crane ymom y cpne, npen Forom y Iocnony
Hcycy Xpncry, naronahy Cneror nyxa (ramo, crp. 21), unme ce sanonoana nsnopna
norpea sa nenonnromhy ncrnne xoia ie xnna iep ce xpann xneom xnnora. Foxnie nme
raxo ne npnnana camo cymrnnn nero n neronnm eneprniama nnn cnoicrnnma xao nopora,
naronar, npemynpocr, cnernocr, npomncao, nncranocr, yan nrn. Vsnnsane xa Fory n
ocnehnnane (osapnnane) neronnm cnernom moryhe ie sor rora mro nacnena rnap nacroin na
ce npnnnxn ory, na Berona eneprnia caonmrena uonexy nocraie na ocnony
oronnnenauxor nanora n cnoicrno camor uonexa: Pa crexnemo Fora y cen, na ce ca Forom
nauncro cponnmo, re na ce nomemamo ca naiuncrniom cnernomhy /cn. I. Hanama, V ooopauv
ucuxacma, 1,3,42/ Taxo ie no npnuehy n nomohy Foxnie mnnocrn uonexy nocrynno ooxene
xao crenenonana nennunna cnnunocrn Fory, mro ne snaun nnrensnnny ncronernocr cymrnne,
neh ony no cmncny y xoioi ie moryhe rex eneprercxo noncronehnnane uonexa c Forom, ynyhn
na ie uonexon nyx epoc yma npema oxancxom Horocy. Tnme ce ym n oysnana iep ie on
cnera nairexn sa canpane n nainoxpernnnin, sor uera ce n npenopyuyie na ce nasn na
ynncaie n nsnncaie (I. Hanama). For ce cxnara nncanem n cpnem, a ym ce cnonn na rpynn n
ynnia nocnonno cpnem, rne ce npnxyna ropyhn nnamen monnrne xoin npeopaxana ym n cna
npnpona uonexa y namepom sanonieno nyxonno uyno no rauxe cranana ca Forom ecnouerno
n ecxpaino: Vm y monnrnn nocreneno onnaxyhn nese ca nocroiehnm, ncnpna rexn npema
pyxnnm, rannnm n nopounnm crnapnma, a sarnm no saysnmany cpenner nonoxaia opaha ce
nopy nnn sny, rnenaiyhn npeua nauepaua onor xoin ra xopncrn, a raxna ie cna nayxa c
nennm snanem, samro nac onn n nsnemranaiy na sa npeme uncre monnrne ne npnmamo /ne
xarexyiemo/ casnana, npenanannm on nenpniarea, na nam ono iaue ne n nsmaxno/68/, na
onnaxyhn nocreneno re n neoma nncoxe nesanocrn, y uncroi monnrnn ym cacnnm nsnasn ns
cnera nocroieher. To ncrynane ie neynopennno nnme on nopnuyher orocnona; na ie
nocrynno camo onnma xoin cy onnanann neocrpamhenomhy; na ciennnanana nema yxonnxo
Vremnre /Hapaxner/ ne ocnernn onor xoin ce monn c nncnne, xoin ie nomao no xpainnx
rpannna npncrynaunnx neronoi npnponn /nsnuxnm npxynnnma/ n ouexnnao nsnemraie Ona,
na ra ocnernn onosro n nyrem orxpnnena npema cnerny saxnahenom nocmarpany. To
nocmarpane ie n naueno n ono mro cnenn naxon nauena, pasnnxyiyhn ce on npnor xao
nncrannie on nanexo ramnnier, nemaiyhn xpaia: nerono ie ynaxene y ecxonaunocr cnnuno
ornmany y orxponeny. /Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama, Pe:u v ooopauv ceeumeuo vmux)ux, II,3,35/
Kaxo nepa ne moxe na yne nemro cnoamne n mexannuxn ycahnnano nnn
nporpamnpano, ona ne nonpasymena poncxn craryc, a reopnie xoie ynpxoc rome nacrynaiy c
nosnnnia nanmohn xnannnxyiyhn nepcxn cran xao nnxepaspenan iep nonpasymena
oonnnrere, npocro cy ncnxonorncrnuxn excnenrpnune n sacrpanyiyhe opmynannie. Vm
ce pasnnna no oxpyxeny, a nerono naioe canpane noraha ce onna xana ce nparn y cpne,
mro nonpasymena nonyxnar neronor npahana nyrem ynncana, na mra np Jono Panom
nncxperno cxpehe naxny y nornany Moryhnocrn oronosnana. V nesn ca pasymnnnm
cymnama n xonennomhy y norneny moryhnocrn ncrnncrnonana, on nsnocn nexe
merononomxe cmepnnne: C ienne crpane Hcrnna nam ce orxpnna na naunn xoin onronapa
yncxom ymy, na crora raxnn canpxaiy (narn y Jenanhey) nmaiy ronopnn, nornpnno-
necxpnnaiyhn (xaraarnuxn) nnn, xoin cnyxn nyxonnom ocrnepeny uonexa n onpann on
sanyna xoie ym moxe nrn y ncxymeny na crnopn nnn npnxnarn. C nyre crpane, rn ncxasn
nncy anconyrna Hcrnna, iep ie ny nemoryhe nspehn yncxnm peunma, na saro onn nmaiy n
cxpnnaiyhn (anoarnuxn) cmncao. V Jenanhey ce, naxne, cmenyie n npoxnma xasnno n
nencxasnno, ronop n hyrane, xaraarnuxo n anoarnuxo. (ramo, crp. 27) Cmncao onaxnor
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cranonnmra nnnn ce y romena n ce nserno cranane nspasa ncsnne na yncxom nnany ca
anconyrnom Cymrom Hcrnnom.
V norneny oxancxor n yncxor y Hcycy Xpncry xao Forouonexy, pycxa
pennrnicxa mncao ie ocrannna nesaonnasne crynnie(unopencxn, Fephaien, Fynraxon nrn.),
ann xao na ie n cnnunocr n pasnnxa ounrnenna rex y nerarnnnom nnny camonpomonncana
uonexa y nponsnonom oorornopanany n nacryny nncranannia naruonexa xao cyporara. Tai
cyporar oxancxor nauena xao xonrponop rexnnnxannie pannonannnx norennniana nnn
sanocennnx cynonpahyiyhnx mohn, xao na ie n nocrmonepnn pasnonnnx nonoynonehnx
npennocrn. Brannme, nrypa naruonexa nnie nnmra onnam cnomenyro, neh xao
cnoienpcran cnmynaxpym uonexoora xoin ernunocr rasn unsmama rexnnnnsma, cnoienpcno
yrounmre excnenrpnsma. Fynyhn na ie xonaunocr rpannna rnm cxnonocrnma xoie
xaracrponunocr noxnnanaiy xao nemro mro ce nonpasymena, ernuxn nanor saxrena na ce
n o rome oann npocyhnnane. Taxo sa xpnmhancxy ernxy ne naxn penarnnnsam ernuxnx
cranonnmra, iep mro ie mane Fora y uonexy ro ie mane n uonexa y nemy: Orpexonenocr n
sno, xoin ce noce y cen, mopaiy ce concrnenom cnoconomhy ymern nponahn n
nnenrnnxonarn. Horom ie norpeno sne mncnn, noma nena n norncxnnarn naronarnnm
nonnnsnma nepe n yann, monnrnom, nocrom n nenem, cmepnomhy n xporomhy,
rpnenem n npamranem. (ramo, crp. 31)
Haxon onor mnper ynona y nauenne crnapn canpemene nnoconie pennrnie,
ayrop ie oparno naxny na orxpnnene pennrnie, npe cnera xpnmhancrno, ncnam n ynnsam.
V noenn xnnora nan cmphy Xpncrono neno ie cnaconocno no uoneuancrno, ann onor xnnora
xoin ie ooxen xao ncrnna Berone naronecrn. Hpn rome ce np Jono Panom cacnnm nopo
xnonn samxn xoie xpnmhancrno npencranaiy xao cnnresy nsnecnnx npenocehana nnn
roxona xoin cy my nperxonnnn, nosnnaiyhn ce na mnmene Hana Kapcannna xoin ie youno na
ce rnme ynonnna penarnnnsannia anconyrnor snauaia oroorxpnnenocrn (xpnmhancxn For
nnme ne moxe na yne For iennor nsapanor napona, neh ie xao Tnopan n Oran cnnx napona n
cnnx ynn xoin cy cnn mehycono npen nnm iennaxn). Pnmoxaronnuxa n Hpanocnanna npxna
cy ce pasnmne oxo yuena o filioque y cnmnony neponana (6. nex), normara oxo nancxe
nenorpemnnocrn (1870), normara o rsn. nenopounom sauehy (1851), xao onnx crnapn o
xoinma yncxn ym ne rpea na cynn ca raxnnm camonoysnanem, neh na ce nosaann
naxnninm reonomxnm nnrannma. 3a Hpanocnane ro cy reme mehy xoinma ie ciainn
uionopon, panehn y nnnorenn Pymiannennx, nsmennrnpao na ie nainpeue Xpncrono
nacxpcene. V rom cmncny yonmreno ce naa cnoxnrn na: ...cymrnncxa onnnxa y
npanocnany iecre narnamanane uonexone norennnianne nopore n ncrnncxe rexne xa
ooxeny. (ramo, crp. 38) Crora ce npana nepa n onnocn na ocnonne canpxaie: A nepa ie, no
anocroncxoi peun , nornpna nennnnnnx crnapn, ro iecr, yehenocr y nennnnno xao y
ounrnenno. Bepa ie npnnna (yienno n oanesa), saro mro ie ona cnoonno npnsnane
nocroiana nennnnnor Fora n ncrnnnrocrn cnera mro nam ie caonmreno y Orxpnneny...rana
ie nepa unpmha on casnana. (ramo, crp. 39) Ocnonne npnnne xao mro cy cmnpene, nepa n
nana, nnn nepa nana n yan, cmarpa ce na cy xao mopanna cnara noniene on Fora n na
Bemy sacnonane.
Kpnrnuxn onnoc npema pennrnin Jenpeia n xpnmhana nocenyie ncnamcxa pennrnia neh
y cnome sacnnnany: ...nomro cy onn, xaxo ce xaxe, cxpenynn ca oxnier nyra n sanemapnnn
oiany xoiy cy nm npenocnnn Hpaxnm (Anpaam), Myca (Moicnie) n Hca (Hcyc). (ramo, crp.
43) Houernn erannrapnsam xoin ie nonpasymenao n nepcxn par ca rpniymannsyiyhnm
nopaxananem nencromnmennxa 630. ronnne, ys ner cryona ncnama (esnoronopna nepa
y Anaxa, monnrna, oanesnn nopes, nocr n xonouamhe), nonpasymena n onannnane yuena o
nacnennom rpexy, iep ie nanonno Anax onmax onpocrno Anamy n ynyrno ra na npann nyr (o
cnmnnnnxannin cxnarana cmncna noima snana onne nnie noneneno pauyna), a ca unme ie
norncnyra nonnannpnia n nerannsonana nonnrnnnia. Hnmano nenpnie ne croin nn y norneny
195
cnoonne yncxe noe, iep naxn na ra pennrnia nopnue n cnaxy crnapny camoaxrnnnocr
uonexa, na ce onncyie xao arannrnuxo yuene y snauainoi mepn.
Harna xao cnmon ynnnepsannor nponema nesanor sa xonaunocr croin y cpennmry
nponemarnxe ynncrnuxe pennrnie. Ona y rony nparmarnuxor arnocrnnnsma ncrnue ernuxn
snauai cnamanana on narne, xoin ce nocrnxe cnamananem on narne unin ie npxynan
nnpnana (yrpnyhe, noracnyhe) xao npannonanna arencrnuxa rpancnennennnia. Ayrop ie ry
npenosnao yrounmre sa Bonenxayepon necnmnsam n Hnueono anrnxpnmhancrno, a y
mennrarnnnnm merononorniama npnmerno: cnnunocrn nsmehy Kanronor xanona sa ynorpey
uncror yma n nnnnicxor cxnarana nncnnnnnne iora (ramo, crp. 52) Ona sampmena
nponemarnxa saxrena n noceno crynnosna nocnehnnana, xoinma n nema mecra sa paspany y
onaxo samnmenom npnpyunnxy.
Hpernen nonninx nnococxnx rnennmra o Fory n oxancxoi npnponn noxasyie
npocnexrnnnn caxerax rpuxor nnococxor nacneha pasmnmana o nemniyprnin n
nnannom yspoxy, rne ounrnenno nenocraie pasnnienn noiam o Fory xao Tnopny cnera mro
iecre. H ro pannonanno reonomxo rnennmre ononpranano ie Xonaxonnm rpynm
marepniannsmom, re noxasnnanem neonpxnnnm mopanno-reonomxor aprymenra
cnexynarnnne reonornie y mexannnncrnuxoi cnnnn cnera xon Kanra, rne cy
rpancnennenrannie saopanena npnpona (unnx). Xerenon nannornsam nonpasymenao ie
nanrensam ersncrnpaiyhn y cnery xao nerona nyxonna crpana, na ie ono mro ie nnoconia
nspaxanana y opmn noima, a pennrnia y opmn npencrane (anrasnie), noxnneno nary
xpnrnxy nopehena ca crncnyrom necnnnom n ornopenom maxom. yncxn nyx nnie norpeno
onnpaharn nn on ienne on re nne crpane, cacnnm xopexrno cmarpa np Jono Panom, nanasehn
nornpny sa ro n y nexnm Xerenonnm nosnnm nanncnma. Bennnron nonpnnoc y nnoconin
pennrnie ornena ce npe cnera y rome mro ie yneo anconyrnn nyx y npnpony. V noi xao
ramnoi ocnonn nexn moryhnocr snaxoin caunnana npenas y mnronomxy mncrnxy, xoia ie
nonyme nonecno nyxna n nspasnna noronnm npnpononayunnm opmynanniama. Beron
nocnennn nepnon ie onnc ope ca onmernnmrnom ocnoohennm rnrancxnm cxnonocrnma,
xoin ce ns enemenrapnocrn ysnnmanaiy no uncre pennrnie nyxa n iennncrna onaxana n
mnmena: For ie nneia cnnx nneia, casnane cnaxor casnana, cnernocr cnaxe cnernocrn. Hs
nera cne nponsnasn n nemy ce cne npaha.(ramo, crp. 65)
Anrpononomxn arensam Hynnnra uoiepaxa nonpasymenao ie narypanncrnuxy
xpnrnxy pennrnie nspaxeny Xerenonnm iesnxom, rne cy ynn nponsnonn npnpone n raina
npnpone nmunrana xao anrpononomxa nxnnia xoia noxasyie ecmncao anconyrnor (xoiy
ie resy oecmncnnno camo npeme). Cnnuno ie n ca Hnueonnm yuenem o cmprn Fora xoie ie
ycnyr saunneno n ca naronomxnm nsnnnnma mpxne. Onryxa na uonex xoin nocenyie
onecnn xpnmhancxn ym noxasyie nerenepanniy na cranniym onecne xnnornne iecre
nonorncrnuxo sacrpannnane xoie ie n pesynronano Hnueonnm nnacrnrnm nompauenem
1889. ronnne. (ramo, crp. 69) Hosnrnnnsam Bnema Heimca apem y nnxy mennopnsma
(xrena oer) onnaxe normarnuxe onronope n nserana ornopenn arensam. Kaxo npenmera
nema es cnecrn npen xoiy ie nemro cranenom, a cam axr cnecrn npnponno ycmepen xa
cnome npenmery, Maxc Benep ie y cnoioi enomenonomxoi anrpononornin saxyuno na
oiexrnnnn peannrer nocroiana Fora nnrennnpa camy pennrnosny cnecr: ...cne snane o Fory
ie ncronpemeno na nyxan naunn snane nocpencrnom Fora. (ramo, crp. 74) Kaxo ie nosnn
Benep nanycrno samncao o pannonanncrnuxom noxasnnany nocroiana Tnopna, on ie ry
onacr npomnpno n yunnno ie pacrpecnrniom, iep ne moxe no xpaia na oesenn nocnenan n
ncrnncxn nyr xa nynohn oronosnana, axo ym y cpny ne nounna.(ramo, crp. 75), ca unme ce
nonono cyouanamo ca npernocranxama ncnxasma. Crora ayrop n sanpmana nsnarane onor cnor
xparxo ann nnrxo n nannnapno cpouenor nena, nornpranaiyhn norpey sa ycarnamananem
mncnn, peun n nena (ri. nneia, ocehana n noe), cnymranem yma y cpne ns xor nornue n
nnemennra nopyxa naro onome xoin nepyie, nemy ie y cnery ronnnie.
196

V

OHOCTPAHOCT HEHOTE V HOCTKHACHUHOJ ECTETHHH
Xunepeamu:uo nou+ane eaiapcmea c)ura u arvcmure,
ca oov:aeane+ v npucmvnv u;eopuuiu+ cmpaua+a ua+epe
As cny, a cepnne moio nnnnr
Cantica canticorum
Baa ce cnoxnrn ca nenaromxn naxnom resom c xoiom ce n sanounne, na ymernocr
nanac, yrnannom nsasnna ouai. Can iesnx, cnaxnnamnn, xao n rpannnnonannn, iennaxo ie
mpran n neynorpenn; xpaine ie necnocoan na nspasn ono mro ocehamo n mro nam ce
nemana. /Mnnan Vsenan: Hocmr)acu:ua ecmemura, Bnma mxona sa opasonane
nacnnraua, Bpman, 2004., crp. 7/ Cran na ie remxo orern ce yrncxy o nsnnmnocrn
nanamne ymernocrn, n ro nornprano iep ona nnie ca-epe+eua, nnie y nyxy c namnm
npemenom neh ie iennocranno oauauna, rnme mro nacraie nanac, nornue on npenanana
ror nyxa npen cexropcxom nonnrnuxom nenerpanniom y rai nyx: Hcro raxo, n ymernocr
nsrnena nemohna axo ce na ny rnena xao na opmy nporecra npornn nocroieher npymrna
xoie cacnnm nopo ynxnnonnme n es ymernocrn naxo ce na ny nnnemepno nosnna
nnanaiyhn cnoi n ro maxom y npnronnnm npnnnxama xan ce naimnpnm cnoiennma npymrna
xohe noxasarn xaxo nocroin nexaxna onmra pnra sa npennocrn xoie n rpeane nrn
saiennnuxe nenom npymrny. /ucmo, crp. 7/ V xaracrponunoi nonnrnuxoi cnryannin, y
xoioi ce iom ynex ne na carnenarn nosnrnnan ncxon, sacrpamyiyha ie cnna ynorpee
uonexa ounra y ocernnom n pannnom nonpyuiy ymernocrn, rne cama ymernocr yrnannom
nna neo samncnn mapxernnmxnx npoiexara nnn nax cpencrno sa cxperane naxne ca
naxnnx norahaia, na n ce nocrnrne ocnrypanaiyhe npennocrn sa cnponohene: V nehnnn
cnyuaiena peu ie o npennocrnma xoie cy nncrpymenr nnanana n naer yunpmhnnana
nnacrn /ucmo, crp. 7/
Hcrnna n nenora y raxnom cy amnienry yrnannom nenorpean reper nnn uax n
nemro oecxpapyiyhe y norneny ouexnnana, a ne perxo n yrpoxanaiyhe: Xnnora ry
nema iom on uaca xan ce ymernocr opena y myseiy, xan cy ymernnuxa nena crana y nns,
ienno sa npyrnm nonyr noinnxa y crpoiy. Hoxon ymernocrn sanpmana ce necnanno. Benn
noinnnn, oemenn no snnonnma, pacyrn no nony, ne ronope nnmra o cen n cnome
npemeny, ne ronope nnmra o npyrnma, ne rnenaiy y ynyhnocr. Cmpr ie nennnrnnna,
nocnenna xonaunocr./ucmo, crp. 7-8/ unnennna ie na y cnery ncnynenom ne-canpemennm
crnapnma, esocehaine n rpye nanamnnne nperpaianana, nrn ymernnx nonpasymena
nncox crenen pncxanrnocrn, iep ce iom ynex pasorxpnna nexaxna ncrnna: Jenan on
onronopa no n y rome na cne mro ce noraha iecre nocnennna rorannrapnor xapaxrepa
nanamner npymrna xoie naxo acopyie cne nexonopmncrnuxe nenarnocrn n na rai
naunn oesnpehyie camy ymernocr xao caonmranane n npnxas cnera xoin nehe na yne
cner ycnocranenor noperxa. Ann, xaxna ie ro ncrnna y ymernocrn, o xaxnoi ncrnnn moxe
yonmre nanac nnme nrn peun? V npeme xan ce esoune naxn npornamanaiy sa ncrnny n
xan ce can xnnor cnonn na npexnnanane, xome ie no ymernocrn? /ucmo, crp. 8/ Fynyhn
na ie ymernnuxa xpnrnxa pacnopehena npema pecnonnnnnnom crarycy xoin ie onanno
xynen npymrnenom ynonomhy n npnnnnerniama, ona xoia ce npxn marncrpannnx
npanana nha paspemennx on canecrn, xoia cy n opmnpana necpehny cxany npennocrn, a
no xoioi cy: orpesnn y sny na nnnoy cy nocnenna nna croneha n camo onn ncrnncxn xnne
nox ocrann iom nomano xnnorape; onronop na nperxonno nnrane nnme ie nero
cxnarnn: Cnpornna, xao n y panninm npemennma, sa ymernnuxa nena n nae ne sna, a
197
onnma npyrnma, sa nornpny n yunpmhene mohn, ona ie xpaine nenorpena...Axo ie cner
nanac nanexo concrnnnpannin, nonnoxnnin cnaxoi mannnynannin, nn naimane nnie
oxpenyr ymernocrn n ymernnuxnm naunnnma mnmena n nponsnohena. /ucmo, crp. 9-10/
Ono mro ce enomenonomxn na ounrarn xao nenocpennocr onnoca nonnrnxe n
ymernocrn, camo ie nopo youen cnyuai sa xoin ie norpeno nenaromxo nocpenonane, a
xoin nma nanexo mnpe naxene: Crapn noimonn, npemenom npenenenn y npasne
ancrpaxnnie, ne mory nnme na caonmre mra cy uonex n crnapn nanac, nnrn mra uonex n
crnapn mory nrn nnn rpea na yny. Te peun cy nsrynne nenocpenny nesy ca
npenmernma, one nnme ne yxasyiy nn na mra, one cy nocrane npasnn noimonn, enemenrn
noxonnx iesnuxnx nrapa. Hnie crora nnmano cnyuaino mro ie ynpano anannrnuxa
nnosonia (rnymehn nneonomxy neyrpannocr) neryiyhn iesnuxe nrpe nocrana rnoanna
mona. /ucmo, crp. 10/ Bra onna npeocraie na ce ronopn a na ro y onom mncaono n
ecrercxn nenacrnpanom nocmonepnom amnienry ne yne onmax oecmnmeno? Hsrnena
na peu xpnrnxa nonono mopa na nonie na snauaiy oiennnanaiyhn npennocne n einercxe
xomnonenra nocmarpana crnapn, onpemaiyhn rnme ronop xoin ne nocycraie, nororono onai
xoin ce ne sanonoana ca annoxarcxom nemrnnom ronopnnmrna, neh n cmncao n cnpxy
nopor n nenor iom ynex cxnara xao ynyrpamnn nanor npnnnxanana ncrnnn cnera mro
iecre n nna. Onanno ie nosnar nsnopnn cran nennxor cnernrea n npocnernrea
Ipnrnpnia Haname xoin ie y cnncy Cnono y onpany cnemrennx ncnxacra, nncao: Hnie
nn nm nxana nano na ym, na cmo ycrpemnnmn ce na npno snana n oxycnnmn c nera,
ornann c mecra oxancxe cnacrn? He noxennnmn no sanonecrn na nenn n onpxana ra
(Hocmane 2, 15), ycrynnnn cmo npen nyxannm canernnxom, xoin ce npnxpao omanom n
onpnnnneo nac nenorom nosnana nopa n sna. Bnnno ie na ie on n cana onai, xoin nehe non
pyxononcrnom orana na nenn n onpxana rnoie cpne, re na npencxasyie rauno snane
mnorononnnsanaiyhnx n ysaiamno ypannorexennx neecxnx cepa c nnxonnm cnoicrnnma
- snanem nopa n sna, crora mro nopo nnie camo no cen y npnponn ror snana, eeh v
/epe+euumu+ onpeoe+ueanu+a/ nyacxnu nauepaua, saienno c xoinma ce n snane
npnxnana na crpany xoia ce xenn. Hpema rom yspoxy nasnao nx saienno n nopo n sno
cnnxoncrnma (nannxama) n nanapenocrnma y mnoroiesnunnm napeuinma, cnny
xpacnopeunnocrn, snane ncropnie, mnorocnoxene merone nornuxnx nocrpoiena,
mnororopahena pacyhnnana pauyncxnx nayxa, mnoronnxa mepena nernapnnx onnuia
(nrypa) ne camo pann rora mro ce cne ro xonea y sanncnocrn on mnena n naxo mena,
caopaxanaiyhn ce ca nnennma ynn; neh n crora mro cy ra snana nonona sa sa
ynpaxnanane omrpena nymennor oxa, ann ie nrn ynopan y nnma no crapocrn phano.
/Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama, Tpuiaoe, I,1,6/ Bohen namepom na ne ycrynn npen npenpenennm
canernnxom, neh na xoncrpyxrnnnnm nocrmonepnnm cpencrnnma nonene no cnenouena o
Foxninm nsnacnnma n eneprniama, np Mnnan Vsenan ce nonyxnarno onor nennxor nocna
xpnrnuxor ocmnmanana ca-npemene reopnie nenore. V mnorom norneny ro ie n ycneno,
nenyiyhn nenaromxn ne camo na cnecr axanemcxn ycmepenor unraona, neh n onor xora ra
remena nnrana ne ocranaiy pannonymnnm, ynehn naxny npe cnera nsysernom
ncranuanomhy onaxaiyhnx pasnnxonana, npexo nponnenor ecrercxor uyna xoie onpema
mncao n naie ioi rexnny /eneprernsyie/ anorponaioncxor xapaxrepa paspemanana nansrnen
nepaspemnnnx anopnia n nponema cmncna n nepe.
Hncane o npepacnocrnma xoie nnanaiy ne nne sa npannonannnm, iep ie ono mro ce
noianyie xao napanopmanno nsanancnpano n yunneno npncrynaunnm pasymenany,
onnm cpencrnnma xoia ry napanopmannocr onomahyiy (meraopa n aneropnia /npenoc n
npyroronop xao onpnsopenocr crnapn/, ananornia /cpasmep, camepanane/ noimona n
norahaia, cxnarana n unnennunocrn), a c npyre crpane pasymenanem nsnopnnx enomena
ersncrennnie ne camo na nanonynanaiy, neh n unne pasronernnm y mncaonnm
npenopyxama. Kana nna xoncraronano: Crapn cner ie nenonparno nsryen a nonn iom
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nnie xoncrnryncan; xnnnmo no hypnmrnma n ornarxe (mncnehn na cy onn uncra
npnpona) npornamanamo sa ymernnuxa nena...Hecnoconn cmo na pasymemo crnapnocr n
mana cmo renom y noi, mnmenem ioi iom ynex ne npnnanamo /Mnnan Vsenan:
Hocmr)acu:ua ecmemura, Bnma mxona sa opasonane nacnnraua, Bpman, 2004., crp.
11/ , a ro ie sanpano nosnn na raxny npnnannocr n onona norpee sa nanoxnahnnanem
onor mro ie namepno nnn nenamepno ncnymreno n npenepernyro, a xnnor snaun:
Vmernocr xao momenar casnana n xao npnexnmre on saopana cne nnme sanncn on
ecrercxe moxn rnmnne ne camo on one mro nonnpe ns mysnxe n mro ie nen nainyn
menniym, neh n ns rnmnne cnnxe n xnna, ns rnmnne xoia npoxnma rparenniy namer
xnnora xao n rperenniy xoia cnoi exo iom nonexan nahe y nosopnmry. Tnmnna ie menniym
xomynnxannie, ona pacxnna ca nosnarnm, n xao nnmensnia xoiom ce perxo xopncrnmo ona
ie iom ynex nnme npocrop moryhnocrn no cnpemnmre sa norpomene cnone. /ncro, crp. 16/
Ono norpemno norpomeno n ncxaano nasna nonono npaha na pasmarpane npennocnnx
nennncana crnapn /na pycxom peu npennoe snaun n mrery, phanocr/, na cnoamna
ocnrypanana ersncrennnie, sanpano snaun yxasnnane na cmncao npeopaxanana xpos
ynyrpamne npomene, unin onnc opaha naxny na namepe n xoncrnrynnie cnnxe cnera,
mayhn ecrernuxn ncnponnncany nopyxy norpee sa rnm neonxonnnm npomenama sa
cne nac: ...nrna xoiom Ennn ornapa nyr y ienan nonn cner, y cner rnmnne n rame, y cner
ymernnuxe rpancnapenrnocrn, y cner rne ie cne pacxpnneno a snane nouena (arch)
onanno npomnmeno. /ucmo, crp. 18/ Pp Mnnan Vsenan nnie y nennxoi mepn nn y cnoioi
nnrepnperannin xnacnune cerernxe sapnnyr oxo noxasnnana Foxnie ersncrennnie nnn
anonorercxnx momenara xoin n ysnpmanann nymy, nno xao rpyn, nno xao
concrnnnpann arensam, a raxohe n npema anrpononomxnm cnryanniama rnme nsasnannm
y norneny crnapanauxor onnoca, npomnmenor npema Kanronnm sacanama. Ono mro ce
xao nncrneno naxno onarne ncrypa y npnn nnan, sanpano ie nyxonnn nonnp ca onnm mro
ymernocr omoryhana na yne xpos ycranonanane onnoca npnpone n crnapanauxnx
norennnia: Kaxo ra npencrana npnpone xao ymernocrn sa Kanra iecre uncra nneia xoia
camo cnyxn xao npnnnnn namer npoyuanana npnpone, noiam o rexnnnn npnpone, mro xao
xeypncrnuxn npnnnnn npnnana namoi mohn cyhena y nenom npocyhnnany npnpone,
nama moh cyhena npernapa y npnnnnn cnoie penexcnie, a na, xaxo ro onai nnoso
ncrnue, moh cyhena npnrom nnie y crany na ry rexnnxy oiacnn nnn nnxe onpenn. Ona
Kanrona ynorpea noima rexnnxe npaha nac nenom nsnopnom anrnuxom snaueny xoie n
nanac moxe nrn noncrnnaino y npomnmany ymernocrn xao ymeha /techne/ n
nennncany ecrernxe xao cnoienpcne rexno-nornie. Axo penexcnnna moh cyhena noiane
mro nx ncrpaxyie ne nonnonn non emnnpnicxe noimone o onpehennm npnponnnm
crnapnma, mro he pehn na ne nocryna c nnma memarcxn, ri. mexannuxn, neh nacroin na nx
saxnarn rexnnuxn, nnn xaxo Kanr na ncrom mecry xaxe ymernnuxn, npema onmrem,
ncronpemeno n neonpehenom npnnnnny cnpxonnror pacnopena npnpone y iennom
cncremy (crp. 21) onna nsnarane mro cnenn xohe na yxasnnanem na pasnnxy techne n
rexnnxe xao n nnxony nyoxy cponnocr noxaxe xaxo ce no nrn ymernnuxor ymernocrn
moxe nohn ynpano remarnsonanem onnx noimona...Hsnopno, noercxa ie npnpona cama, iep
ns cnoie yrpoe noiennne crnapn nsnocn y ornopenocr. uonex ie raxo noercxa nr, iep
nonana nsnopnn poiesis npnpone. Beron poiesis ce remen na nsnopnoi poiesis npnpone
unie ie on nonanane... /Mnnan Vsenan, Ecmemura, Honn Can, 2003, (norn. 3.
V+emuocm u mexuura), crp. 121,124./ Pp Mnnan Vsenan npxn na ocnerenocr ror snana
nounna na onpehenoi npcrn pacxpnnana nncrnonana nyrem npenohena ns cxpnnenocrn y
necxpnneno, nnennpaiyhn sa ony nenarorniy npncryna rpahn, xoia n nna y crany na
ycnocrananem nena xao ycrannana penexcnnno npoxonnnx canpxaia npnpone, no
ycranonanana saxonomepnocrn crnapn na naunn cxonan ymernocrn, nnaiyhn
nponsnohene nena ns cxpnnenocrn y nerony npncyrnocr ycpen pacryher physis. /ucmo,
199
crp. 129/. V ocnonn ro ie sa nac npenxonehe pasymenane xoie noncrnue nemapxannia
rxnnnxonane meransnxe n eneprnia nponyenor ocmnmanana crnapnocrn, a xao
ymernnuxa nncrnnxrnnna acepropnxa, ro ie xpos ono npyro y nama, nnuna norpea
nponaxena xpos cnryannie ocnopanana n crnnane ncxycrna ncnnrnnana cmncna
(npenacxonno rpannnniom nampno xpnmhancxo cxnarane orxpnnena Foxnier y
nenocpennocrn xnnora). Anrpononomxa cnoxenocr cnryannia y xoinma ce sarnuemo
paspemana ce no iennocrannocrn xpos cyxo norpee sa ocnrypananem on moryhnx nenaha
n npnxnarana cynnne ca no-cnymanem /noiauananem cnymne naxne na ono mro ce
xasyie/, ca xporomhy /cmorpenocmhy nnn noiauanom naxnom nocmarpana n youanana
neraa na onome mro ce noianyie y nnnoxpyry/, xoia ie nonynpra nornopnem ouexnnana
mynpocrn y cnryanniama necnopasyma n crpananana, a noxasyie ce y anannrnuxnm
cnenama mncaonnx nocrnrnyha A. u. Hocena xao nponem paspemnn iennno
neicrnonanem cnne nooxnocrn ca oxancxor nena cpna yncxor xao npena neyrpnyiyhe
Foxnie yann: rex mysnxo-nornia cxnahena xao reo-nornia omoryhyie na cxnarnmo
onaxne nonasn cna mysnxa xoiy nanasnmo y nennm naprnrypama nennxnx xomnosnropa.
/Mnnan Vsenan: Hocmr)acu:ua ecmemura, Bnma mxona sa opasonane nacnnraua,
Bpman, 2004., crp. 109/ He nnun nn ono na mynpo nesnane nnn saymno snane? Axo o ono
n nae nno rex nemro mro ce nenaromxn ne n nano yonnunrn n npenern xao nopyxa
norpee sa nsnpmanannma neonxonnnx npomena sa nerono nocrnsane, samro n o rome
nncann Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama nnn Fnaxenn Hnxona Kysancxn pannie, uemy n raxna
oyxa, yocranom n cnyxnna? He, raxna nenaromxa npaxca ie nsnenpena on camor npemena.
Axo onaxan ynnn nexo nanac ocyhyie xao nenayuan n excneprcxn
nenpaxrnuan, raxny neoneparnnnocr nasnnany n remnepamenranno ynnane ne naa
noncronernrn ca nensrpahenomhy nnn neoyuenomhy y nemrnnn ncxasnnana, iep npe
cnera cexe ns pacnonoxena xoinm nnana nsnopnnia saxonnrocr cmncna xnnora, neronn
mro moxe na yne iacno na npnn nornen. Ono pacnonaxe xomnerennniom xasnnana xoia ce
nnnyna nsnan onunor pasyma n opaha ce cpennmry nyme n rena, reny rena, nnn cpny
y cexynnapnoi ynxnnin onanana nha ca necrnopennm Foxninm eneprniama ramo
noxpanennm. Pnnannrer pasyma n cpna paspemen ie xon nac na npenomy enoxa
nanxanncrnuxom noernxom Hase Kocrnha, raxo na nnme crnapno ne ysnemnpana. Jep cpne
ie, nopen cnoie nonomxe ynxnnie onpxanana xonana xpnn xpos xpnne cnnerone
oprannsma, no cnoioi cexynnapnoi nonomxoi, a npnmapnoi nneymaronomxoi ynxnnin,
napounrn opran nsnopne moryhnocrn xomynnxannie ca xnnnm Forom, xaxo ie n reopnicxn
pononauennnx ncnxasma sanncao: Axo mn camn onpeheno snamo, na nama cnoconocr
mnmena nnie pacnonoxena ynyrap nac xao y nexoi nocynn, yxonnxo ie ecrenecna, n
nnie ynyrap nac, neh c nama nonesana, a nanasn ce y cpny xao cnom opyhy, mn cmo
cxnarnnn na ro nnie on ynn, nero on camor Tnopna ynn, xoin naxon peun He ono mro
ynasn y ycra, neh ono mro nsnasn ns nnx ocxpnann uonexa xaxe: Hs cpna nponsnase
nomncnn (Mar. 15, 11, 19). Eno ramro ie xon Maxapnia Bennxor peueno: Cpne cnnm
cacranom caunnana uonexa, re axo naronar onnana xomopama cpna, ona nnana nan cnnm
nomncnnma n renecnnm ynonnma; a n cnnm nomncnnma nyme y cpny/4/; na rai naunn
mro ie cpne rpesop pasymne cnoconocrn nyme n rnanno renecno opyhe pacyhnnana.
Tpynehn ce na y crporoi rpesnenocrn caunnnmo n ynpannmo ry cnoiy cnoconocr, mra n
nnn nyxnn na unnnmo, axo ne ro, na canpyhn paceiann ym no ynyrpamnnm ocernma,
npnnonnmo xa yny1pamneu ycpeao1oueny, y cpne, ceanm1e nouncnn?
Pocroinonmenonann Maxapnie ie nenanno nononom nanenennx peun xasao: Oner ie onne
norpeno nornenarn, na nn cy ry naronarno ncnprann saxonn Pyxa. Ine onne? V
rnannom renecnom oprany, na npecrony naronarn, rne ie ym n cne nymenne nomncnn: y
cpne. Bnnnm na ie sa one, xoin cy pemnnn na nase na cee y ncnxnin, oanesno na
nemnnonno npahaiy n sarnapaiy ym y reno, n napounro y ro yny1pamne 1eno 1ena, xoje
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un nasnnauo cpneu. Axo ie n no ncanmonenny cna ie cnana xhepn xpaencxe nsnyrpa
(Hc. 44, 14), samro n ie mn onna rpaxnnn merne cnoa? Axo ie n no Anocrony For
naponao Pyxa Cnor, nanniyher namnm cpnnma, Anna, Oue (Ian. 4, 6), nncmo nn
oanesann aa ce y namnu cpnnua uonnuo sajeano c Byxou? Axo ie carnacno Iocnony
Hpopoxa n Anocrona Hapcrno neecxo ynyrap nac (Hx. 17, 21), nehn nn onna ynyrap
ror Hapcrna neecxor ocrarn onai, xoin cnnm cnnama nacroin na nsnene concrnenn ym
nsnyrpa camor cee? Hpano cpne, xaxe Conomon, saxrena uyncrna (Hpnue 27,21), xoie
ie na npyrom mecry nasnao ymnnm n Foxninm n ca xoinm noyhenn cnn onn ronope na: ce
ymnn nyx nasna onaun y ymno uyncrno, na axo ie ono y nama nnn ynyrap nac, nexa nnxana
ne npecranemo na ra nmremo. Hnie nn iacno, na axo uonex sanoune opy npornn rpexa,
na n npnxnarno npnnny n nono narpany noennnxa y opn sa npnnny, raunnie, sanor
narpane sa npnnny, ymno uyncrno, nnie nn sa nera ie nyxno na ynyrap rena ynene n ym? A
nsnonnrn ym ne ns renecnnx nomncnn, neh ns camor rena, y rpannne y xoinma xana n on
ycnenao y ymnnm nocmarpannma, iecre naisae iennncxo sanohene /ncxymene, canasan/,
xopen n nsnop cnaxor snor yuena, nsym econa, nayxa, xoia paha esyme a pohena ie
nenoymem. Hnie cnyuaino na nsnemrenn on noynyrpennx nemona y ncrynany ns camnx
cee, nn camn ne cxnaraiy ro mro ronope. Hacynpor rome, un ne cauo aa ynoanuo yu
yny1ap 1ena n cpna, nero m1annme n yny1ap nera cauor. /Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama, Pe:u
v ;aumumv ceeumeuo vmux)ux, I,2,3-4/ Ony nennxy mynpocr onuan pasym morao n na
noxnnn rex xao ancypn nnn nexn nenonpannn necnopasym. Hoxymai na ce ona pasyme,
nonpasymenao n nynncxe npenoce xoin cexy npexo rpannna xoie nocrana
rponnmensnonanna mexannuxa cnnxa cnera, a xoia nnana y monepno noa. Tnx onnamhena
cnecran ie n nam ayrop, ann ie am saro nerona naxnonocr na npyroi crpann, no onnx
nnxonnx nsrnena na xoinma cy came cnoxene oie yuenor nesnana /mnconn xonopnr/
Hnxone Kysancxor, a mro ie yienno n nesa ca neecnma: Tn ynn ne npnsnaiy onpehenn
Jonanon cran, na neeca nonehe cnonecne necrnnne Vcrpoinrea, na ce ncnxacr rpynn na
y cnom reny sarnopn ono ecrenecno. Taxo cy nac yunnn n namn nyxonnn onn. H
npanenno ie, iep axo ra ne sarnapaiy ynyrap rena, xaxo nnaue y cee cmecrnrn ym, xoin ce
onaun y reno n caopaxanaiyhn ce ca npnponnnm nsrnenom rena, pasmemra no cnoi on
nera onnxonanoi rnapn? Vnyrpamnocr n nennocr re rnapn ne mory na cmecre
cymracrno yma, axo ra rnap ne n xnnena n npnrom raxnnm onnxom xnnora, xoin
onronapa cnnnenocrn yma n rena. (ucmo, I, 2, 6) Caspenanem nepe, nane n yann caspena
Hpemynpocr y nama (Conia, yan Foroponnne), ynocroianaiyhn nac Foxnie naronarn
ca xoiom ce ymnoxanaiy crnapanauxe norennnie namer xnnora, ne perxo nonpasymenaiyhn
na naa nrn esasnen xao rony n mynap xao smnia na n ce noxyunna cnernocr xao
snane: Cnernom nasnnaiy camo snane, xoie cexe ns yma n xoie ie pasymno, na mn n ne
snamo nnmra pasymno ocmnmeno mro ne n nno cnerno. V crnapn anhenn, rai nexaxan
nenemracrnenn n nerenecnn oran, mra cy onn npyro, axo nncy ymno cnerno? Vm, xoin
nnnn cam cee, nnnn ce xao cnerno, na mra ie n cam ym axo ne ymno cnerno, xoie camo cee
nocmarpa? Cam For, xoin ie nsa rpannna cnaxor ymnor cnerna n narnpnponno
npenacxonehn cnaxy cymrnny, a unie cnerno orocnonn nasnnaiy narpom, c ienne crpane
cnnuan narpn, rom cnome cnaom nononiy /nannueny/ y uynnom cnery y cen cxpnnenom
n nennnnnom, xana nema rnapn, y xoiy ie moryhe cmecrnrn Foxniy noiany, ann xana On
oyxnara on Bera ynocroieny n neorpannueny rnopennny, a raxna ie cnaxa ymna npnpona
xoia ce ouncrnna, ne nocehn /nnme/ na cen noxpnnau rpexa, rana ce On raxohe nnnn xao
ymno cnerno, mro cmo neh noxasann n iom hemo na noxaxemo nomohy onnx xoin cy
ncnnrnnann n nnnenn cniane Foxninx cnerana. Kao mro oran, noxpnnen nenpospaunom
rnapn, moxe na yne yryen, a ne n npocneren, raxo n ym, xana na nemy nexn rnyno
noxpnnano snnx crpacrn, moxe na nponsnene snane, ann nnxaxo ne n cnerno. V mepn y
xoioi ie ym ne camo ymocarnenaiyhe cnerno n ne camo nnmn on na rai naunn nnnnnnx
201
cnerana, neh raxohe n cnerno xoie nocmarpa, nonyr ouniy nyme; no Bacnnniy Bennxom ym
cpacrao c nymom iecre neno spene /nnhene/., xao mro uynno nnhene ne moxe na
neicrnyie es cnernena nemy cnoamner cnerna, raxo n ym no xnannrery onnananaiyhn
ymnnm uyncrnom ne n morao na nnnn n na neicrnyie cam sa cee, axo ra ne n
ocnemranano Foxnie cnerno. H xao mro nnhene xana nounne na neicrnyie, n camo nocraie
cnerno n nacraie saienno ca cnernom, re npe cnera nnnn camo ro cnerno, pasnnnen no cnnm
nnnnnnm crnapnma, am raxo n ym, xana nocrnrne nynohy ymnor uyncrna, n cam xao
nennna nonyr cnerna n nonnuyhn iennonpemeno ca cnernom n nomohy cnerna, pasronerno
nnnn cnerno, ne ysnncyiyhn ce camo nan renecnnm uyncrnnma, neh n nan cnnme nosnarnm
n yonmre nan cnnme nocroiehnm. uncrn cpnem nnne Fora carnacno ca nensnprnnom
sanonemhy naxencrna naroi on Iocnona, Koin ynyhn na ie cnerno, no peun oromynpor
Jonana, cnna rpoma (1 Jn. 1, 5), necenn ce y nama n noxasyie Cam Cee onnma xoin Ia ye
n on Bera cy yenn, xao mro ie oehao (Jn. 14, 21, 23). On Ce noxasyie ounmhenom
ymy xao y ornenany, ocraiyhn nanpocro nennnnn, iep ie raxno cnoicrno ornenannor nnxa:
nnie ouennnan n ne nnne ra, crora mro nnie moryhe ncronpemeno rnenarn y ornenano n
nnnern ro, mro na nera ana cnoi onnx. /ucmo, I, 3, 8-9/ Pa n ce crexno nocroino
opyxie sa opy, npenycnon ie onycraiane on xea sa nocenonanem, xynonanem n
nnananem nan nhnma, a na n y nac morna na ce ycenn oxancxa yan xoia nnmra ne
rpaxn sa cee n nnie oxona n ramra. Cn. Hanama nac ie na ro nanno ynosopno na
Iocnonne peun, saxyuyiyhn: Ann samro ie onna ronopno: Fynnre mynpn xao smnie n
nennnn xao ronyonn? 3ap Iocnon ne pasnnxyie n ne nsanpe y cnoamnoi mynpocrn
xopncno n ne nocmarpa ie ca ienanheocxom nennnomhy, xao mro cmo xasnnann y npnoi
peun, sa mra nac cana ryxnm xao npecrynnnxe? Ha samro ie onna pexao: Pahy nam peu n
npemynpocr, xoioi nnxo nehe ysmoharn na ce cynpocrann (Hx. 21, 15)? He oianyie nn
onne Iocnon nanexo oxancxniy mynpocr on one, xoiy ie nasna moryhe ononpranarn n xoiy
rn, nen samrnrnnx, no nemoryher npeysnocnm? Bra cy npyro pannnn onn xoin cy nonenn
Foxniy mynpocr, nero ro na cy ie nocrnsann y uncrohn? Moryhe ie, na cy nnonnnn no
cnery, rparaiyhn, ne npenaie nn nexo xaxne nayxe, no on Jennn, Ernnhannn nnn Xanneian,
na n ce xon nera nsyunnn npnxynaiyhn mnena onacnyn, mro nam rn n yxnanno
caneryiem y cnenehnm peunma: Hnie na no nsnpmanany sanonecrn, n ne iennno no
oecrpamhenocrn, na npnnasn snane cymror n Hemoryhe ie nrn cnernm, ne
npnannnmn snane cymror n ne ouncrnnmn ce on nesnana? Oner nnram, iecy nn onn
onnasnnn cxynaiyhn ym nocnyna no rnome canery, nnn no onom mro ie nanncano
ycrpaino nnn y cnernnnmry, ynopnn y monnrnn n moneny (Pena. 1, 14), naiyhn raxnom
n ysop n nenarnn cnern nanpr yncrnny npenacxonnor n cnecneror monamxor xnnora? V
nemy ce mn, y cxnany ca namnm sanerom, ysnnxemo nsnan ocpenner cnemrennuxor nnxa
xnnora, onnasnmo nae on cnnx nonena y xnnory n yopaxanana, nyrem noxnonennm
iennno npanoi sanonecrn monacnma /iennnnm/ na ysnhy npema iennnoi oromynpocrn, xoia
ie nnma on cnaxe nnoconie, re ce cnemrenoneicrneno nocnehyiemo y naicnernioi
Jennnnnn. Mn ce yncrnny npeoxpehemo y iennno xpos cnennmne n canpmeno iennnene,
nemncnnno rpnnnocrasny Jennnnny y monnrnn sa nac (Jn. 17, 23) xpos nenspennno
ianane n caneicrno Onor, Koin ce pann nac nomemao ca namom nnoinunomhy,
raiancrneno ocraiyhn y Cnoioi nencxasnnoi n neocnerenoi iennnnunocrn caopasno
Cnoioi nancymracrnenoi neocnerenoi cnnn... Hnie nn Iocnon peunma sapanno anene
oxo nayxa (peun cmncna, nnhena saxonnrocrn)? Ann on nnie sapanno nn pax /ramniy/,
nn ienene meca, nn xnnene y nomahnncrnnma...For ie ne iennom yonuaiennm uynnma
nomarao, na ne n ononpranao yne xoin iom nncy nocrnrnn ronnxn crenen nepe cnernx,
ounncxn nonymraiyhn namnm cnaocrnma; na ce raxo n y opasonannm ronopnma /naynn/
nemro nahe n rnopom n sopom. Kaxo cn ce rn, xao monax n nnoco, ocmenno na npenam
cacraneno nsnprnnauy n oncrynnnxy ono on orana n rnopeno n sopeno? Orcrynnnx ie
202
noxymao na nnmn xpnmhane nayxe xao nnx nenocroine, a ia ce rpynnm na ra ne nnmnm
monaxa, xaxo ce no crynana y manacrnp nma cacnnm nonono npemena sa nopo ycnaiane
nayxa sa cne xoin nncy nenn, re ronopnm na n nnmanam moaxe cnecnor nayunor snana, neh
nx nosnnam na nopo xoie npenacxonn peun, iep cy nann saner na he repnrn xa nemy. He
on ocxynnne, neh on nsona narocnoneno nocnymane nononn no ocranana cnecnnx
nayxa, saro iep ie neoncrynaiyha monnrna Fory ecxonauno ysnnmennia on nayunnx
anena. /ma+o, III,1,34-36/ Eneprercxo npncycrno yann unnn cymny y nsnecnocrn
nenorpenoma, a noiernuxn saxnar nonmana npernocrana n sannpnnane y ncnxonorniy
nsnuxn cracanor xonrexcra yrnnaia ca ymemannm cnnama na xoie ce perxo xan opaha
norpena n nonona naxna. O nnma ie y cnoinm anrpononomxnm ncrpaxnnana noxoinn
Tnop Cexe nsneo mnore yneuarnne onncne noxase, opanehn y apnuxnm nnemennma,
nanonehn na mnmene na ce moxe pehn na sancra ymeiy na yny n onacne, na nnie
naonmer na ce npxn na one mory na nmaiy nenoxena neicrna, ynyhn na ynn nncy y
crany nn na nx nacnyre cnoiom onunom cnemhy nnn rsn. snpannm pasymom. Pasnor
exana on cnoie nnocrasn nnn on cee camnx onuno remxo camn namax moxemo na
orxpniemo. Ennnenrna, na n narnamena ocernnocr na ncrnny n nenory, xoiy ie xao yueno
nesnane onnnuno nposnpeo n Fncxyn n ororpaxnre Hnxona Kysancxn, moxe na ce
yunnn n xao nyxonna mopa ynnana nexoi pnrnnnnioi pannonanncrnuxn ycrpoienoi
cnecrn, xana ynnha: V camoi crnapn opma cnera ie nennnnna oxpyrnnna. Onysnmaiyhn
nnnnne opme cnoi nacnonn ocraie camo ienan nnx (vultus), a ynpano moryhnocr
nocroiana, nnn nennnnna marepnia, y xoioi , xaxo ce yonuainno na ce ronopn, npenna
cna yxynnocr crnapn; nhe nonono nnosocxn na ce nonycrn na ce y ocnonn nynnne
nanasn oxpyrnocr(I, 14). /ucmo, crp. 130/ Axo ce cernmo ymernocrn pecxo cnnxapcrna,
nxonorpacxn nera Xpncroca Cnenpxnrea y mannopnn y npxnn Cn. Knnmenra na
npxy pna y Oxpnny, ro xao na ie noxymai cnaiana onocrpanor crnapana n crnapana
uonexa y cnery, n mro ce raxnor rnna pasymenana crnapanamrna rnue, iom ynex n ca
nensnecnnm ncxonom nponennnana. Honra ie naxne npnponna rpannna name ynyrpamne
opme xoiom cmo pasrpannuenn xao nnunocrn iennn on npyrnx, ann rnme no camonnacnom
naxoheny onpemenn n sa cynonpare, iep: Cnaxn xpyr nma cnoi nenrap n rai ce moxe
nnnern camo ns xpyra; nan xpyra ie cmprnn mpax xoinm rymapaiy nha ne nnnehn nnmra
naxo nemaiy oun n moryhnocr nnna: nyxonnnm xnnorom moxe ce nnnern camo ynyrap
xpyra; no ro cnerno ne npocrnpe ce y npocropy crnapn iep ro nnie renecno cnerno xoie
nannasn na npenpexe neh cne1no oaancxe cnane. /Mnnan Vsenan: Hocmr)acu:ua
ecmemura, Bnma mxona sa opasonane nacnnraua, Bpman, 2004., crp. 133/. Vs ro, cnerno
oxancxe cnernocrn Iocnonne, xoia ie saciana na ropn Tanop nsapannm Anocronnma
Herpy, Jonany n Jaxony, raxohe nac pyno nonceha na nexo xyrnonnxo cnpemnmre onaxne
ie ns mannopne noyhen na ce noxaxe Cnenpxnre ycnocranno n nainnmn sanor namer
nncrnonana na semn, a raxohe n nonono nopy nncrannniy xoia snaun cnoony n ono
nopo, xao npannunocr npema namoi monanonomxn ycrpoienoi ersncrennnin: Hama
nonra, xaxe Kysancxn, moxe cnennrn ony Xpncrony ann nnienna nnme nonra ne moxe na
ce saycrann y rom anconyrnom cpennmry xnnora y xoiem ce saycrannna Xpncrona nonra;
mecra ynyrap xpyra nma ecxonauno mnoro (ro ie ounra anysnia na nosnaro mecro ns
Enanhea: `Mnorn cy cranonn y xyhn Ona moiera. A na nnie raxo, xasao nx nam: nnem na
nam npnnpannm mecro`/Jon. 14.2/), crora ce cnaxa nonra saycrana y concrnenoi raunn nnn
aromy rne nnienna npyra nonra ne moxe nocnern (1, 51)...Kysancxn ie npnrom iacno
ynosopno na mro mn nnme yrnnann na nonry ne snaun na he ona nohn n nnxe nny.
Beno xperane, naxo nama noncraxnyro, pasnnia ce ns camor cee, a nonra ce xpehe ns
cnoie cnoone. /ucmo, crp. 137-142/
Axo nona ymernocr n xnnor xoin nanac xnnnmo saxrenaiy none xareropnie, a one
crape npnnanaiy ncropnin n onnma xoin xnne y npomnocrn, raxohe ne naa cmernyrn ca
203
xopnsonra pasmarpana na ce ynyhnocr xopenn y onpehenom rnennmry na nperxonno n
npeheno, na pennmo, Hpxna xao uynap anocroncxor namhena n nocnnan xynra xoin
ocnemrananem nexonnro nenyie na sacrpannnana n npaha y crane snpana, nrexaxo ca
cnoinm npenanem nna canpemenn nocnnan moryhnocrn nponopa no ncrnne (xana ro moxe
na yne apem no npernocrannn, es osnpa na poi ocnocoennx na ro nacnehe noce n
nponoce), xao osnan caronopnnx. Cnn ce oxynaiy na nnryprnin na xoioi ce noianyiy
n anhenn c neeca na n cnycrnnn necmy y rpynn, ecnpexnnny nnr mysnunocrn mysnxe
na sacnyiy, na saunne snpanem n nenorom, na orornopnnm cnnama nyxa nocpenyiy y
cnanama cnerna nanonaseher ns yraannx nynna. To ie ono naiyoinrnie opyxie parnnxa
cnernocrn xoinm ce pasopyxanaiy noicxe y nemoncxoi cnpesn, nnx xoin cy ce namnn y nenn
xomrana no nnacrnrom nsopy nnn nponsnonocr rexnnnxonane meransnxe n
aoprarnnne pennrnosnocrn yrnnnrapnnx rpanana na cnaxonpcne cexynapnsonane nnene
nocranene na npannnma pasnoia rsn. xynrypnor cexropa unin n nncnnnnnnonann neo
mopano na nocrane n nnococxo anene (nnaue nema nnancnpana npoiexara, nema
naxena ncxasa y iannocrn n nema cnnexypa sa norpeny noxonnny), a mro ie nnax camo
nponasno necanpemeno crane nanamnnne. Taxo ie axycrnuxn enemenr (mysnxa ie
ysnnmenn npenmer nornxe), ennnenrno nensocrannn cacrannn neo nenmapcxe nenarnocrn
namer ayropa y naiany nonmannx mysnuxnx cnnxa, a npema A. u. Hoceny ncxoncxom
remey ynapn, rnrpaienn n oie snyxonnocrn onor snyunor iecy ocnone na xome nounna n
cama nnianexrnxa y neanonnxrnuxoi canpxainocrn, a sa xoie moxemo pehn na cy mncnn
nocroine ayropcxe namepe. Eneprercxe nnpannie snyxonnor cmncna cy nocpencrnom
none nenarornie npnxnarnnnie nero mro n ro nne nnaue, a oroponcrnene n
narornopne ynomene cnne narornopnor n orornopnor nyxonnor cesana y nncrnonane.
H crora, nnie neymecno onai npnxas oxonuarn ca Pocroino iecr, narosnyunnm noiem
panocrn sa nennxorocnoinncxor nocra, ca xoinm cnaxnnamnnna ronnxo ocxynena:

Pocroino ie yncrnny, na naxenom sonemo Tee,
Foroponnny, ynex naxeny n cneecnpexopny,
n Marep Fora namera uacnniy on Xepynnma
n neynopennno cnannniy on Cepanma;
Tee mro Fora Peu nenopouno ponn,
yncrnny Foroponnny nennuamo.

*
* *


Hocrxnacnuna ecrernxa ornopnna ie, nsmehy ocranor, n nnrane cmncna ersncrennnie
monepne ymernocrn xoia yrnannom nsasnna ouai, ann n nnrane nanexo mnper nomera c
osnpnom na yxynny uynnocr yncxe npnpone, ono uemy ecrernxa nanac. Onronop xoin ie
pasnoxno nparmarnuxy n nnrpecny crpany rexnnuxnx enemenara ymernnuxor nena na xoie
ono nnie cnonnno nn xon nennxnx meransnuapa Hnarona n Apncrorena, rne ie nnxon noiam
ycnenocrn nonpaxanana y pany na neny ycxo nesan ys einoc nnn onnxornopne cymrnne
nnhena peannocrn nyxa y cnery, xoin ie nana iom ynex n nanac nonesan ca neronnm
ncxoncxnm nynnama Bennxor Pyxa Foxnier, xaxo nac o rome yun Hpenarn, Tnxn Vunre
Bnannxe Pana, naano n n y npeme ncnpexnnanocrn, pasnnx neopmannia nnn
nncnnarnnnocrn, uax n ornpne younnnx nennnrera ronnm oxom; naano n ro na ce
yremen y npemeny nonnx rexnonornia n nonnx moryhnocrn xoie one nonoce nepnennnin y
204
canpemennm xocmonorniama, rne cy nopmarnnn cxema n xnnmernpana ecrercxn npexpnnn
npennn noiam nenore, sanaxenem y cner npennocrn, xoinma ie ncnynena nnpryenna
peannocr. Hcxpeno npnsnane, xoie ce npnmaxno nanexo nehem creneny ynyrpamne
nocnennocrn neronn mro ce ro xon nac yonuaieno onaxo cxnara n iom naxme xpmn,
ycnocrannno ie nncranny npema ncxyunnocrn n xpaneny neyremeeno neronane cyiere:
Moia namepa nnie nna nn y iennom uacy anonornia nnn onona nncxypca xoin ecnonparno
npnnana npomnocrn (mro n ce morno nomncnnrn nonpmnnm unranem nexnx mecra y onoi
xnnsn, a noceno, nocnenner nornana); axo cam nemro xreo, onna ie ro, na, ocnanaiyhn ce
n na pennrnosne npencrane, noxaxem xaxo cner ymernocrn, ca cnoiom nncnnarnnnom
crpyxrypom, iecre nocean cner, ann n iennaxo nmarnnapan n iennaxo nnpryanan, xao cner
rpannnnonanne nnosonie, pannonanne reonornie nnn nnrepnera. Hocnenne nnrane xoie
namehe ncrpaxnnane ymernocrn n peannocrn ynex nononn no remrnsonana, npomnmana n
onpehnnana came ymernocrn. Vmernocr ie y rom cmncny npano opyhe, nainnmn opranon
mnmena, cncienno nasnann ie mn meransnuxom nnn nocrmonepnom...Cnecran rora na, xan ce
rexn neuem, mro ie moxna n nnme on moryher, nainehn pnsnx ie a n neponarnoha naineha na
ce noxnnn n neycnex, onnyuno cam na oiannm onai cnnc ne na nxonpannao cee, neh na nx
nonao iom ienan xamen y rpahennnn xoia ie ncronpemeno n nornpna cnnx nanopa na ce yne c
one crpane ecmncna cnaxonnena na xoie nac ocyhyie nama nainnxa oxonnna...onne ce
ienna re ncra, iennncrnena ecrernuxa nponemarnxa, rymauehn nonasehn ns nna (sa mene
nona) nansrnen nniamerpanno cynporna ncxycrna (a y cnerny nocnenne xpnse monepnnx
nayxa). Ha iennoi crpann ie neoromnsam, na uniem rny nemoncrpnpa rymauene ymernnuxe
nponemarnxe nosnarn pannycxn nnoso Xax Mapnren, a na npyroi crpann ie
npanocnanna rpannnnia, ns xoie nporonapa, mnornma nanac, y cnery ann n y Pycnin, mano
nosnarn, a sanpano nennxn nnoso Hnan Hnn. Onaxan npncryn ce moxe y npnn max
yunnnrn xonnxo uynnnm ronnxo n neonpxnnnm; unnn n ce na cam ycneo na yxaxem n na
nennxo carnacie xoie nocroin nsmehy ona nna nnosoa, a xoie ie camo nocnennna npnpone
came ymernnuxe nponemarnxe...Cmarpam na onpehene nneie nocroie y npemeny, na ce nanase
npocro y nasnyxy, na cy no re mepe rema nana, na nx ocehaiy cnn canpemennnn n na
nnxono ayropcrno uecro norom nonasn y nnrane, iep, npanor ayropa sanpano nema; crporo
ne-nnrnpane nnie camo onnnxa cxonacrnxe nnn nocrmonepne, nneiy nansrnen nniamerpanno
pasnnunrnx enoxa (ann nyoxo nonesannx ynpenem o noren saiennnmrna y norpasn sa
snanem), neu ncro raxo n namer npemena, xoie mn, nn y xom cnyuaiy cnoiom xpnnnnom,
nnnnmo xao nocnenne...Onnma xoin cy onnyunnn na ocrany na npyroi crpann, a c namepom na
na npacrapa nnrana, rpaxe none, nnxom nocan snane onronope, npeocraie camo na ce npare
na nouerax n nnne y uemy ie nopexno cner ror napacraiher ouaia. Vocranom, naxon ynnna y ro
na ymernocr nanac nsasnna ouai, y xoioi cmo ce mepn yonmre n npnnnxnnn onronopy na
nnrane: mra nsasnna (iom ynex) ymernocr? V xoioi mepn ymernocr iom ynex ocraie nainpeun
sanarax xnnora, nerona nainnma meransnuxa nenarnocr? /Mnnan Vsenan, uucunamueua
ecmemura, Bpman, 2006., crp. 258-264/ Hamepa one xnnre, caxera y norpen na ce neryie
nyx ncrnnoynnocrn, iecre nonpmxa opn sa npano ecrernxe sa nponyxanane xnnora
nyxa ymernocrn n onor y noi nainponyxrnnnnier, na ce ne n cnena na xpaine npaxrnuny n
onnnnny nponemarnxy na nnany pasnoia mapxernnra ynaxonano y apmynacre nnysnie
xao ncna nanamna pasmarpana o reopniama nenor onenyra y npacrapy onopy, a y
opmynanniama xoie ne noncrnuy mnmene. /ucmo, crp. 263/
Panac ie xnnor nonpnnnuno cypnan y orpannuene connianne n exonomcxe moryhnocrn,
a ra cypnanocr narpnsa n nyx xoin nounne na crene n nnpun xao mro ie ro nerna
Apncrorenonom cnyxy npnunnanao ronop o nneannom cnery Hnaronone reopnie nneia. Mn
nanac nennnrnnno nemamo npana na nannnocr oiexrnnnor nneannsma iep xnnnmo y cnery
sarpahenor nyra y ynyhnocr y xoioi n ce nnmensnin iom moxna morno nanarn nnxonnm
ocrnapennma y nnxonnma nnmernnnunnx nneannnx npxana xao canpmene nonpanxe
205
nonnrnuxnx crpyxrypa nnacrn xao onnoca poncrna n rocnoncrna. V rome mnoro onmaxe n
nonomxn xnnornn nnxnyc, na moxna y nexnm onm ycnonnma raxno nemro n pasycnonn
yrnannom nanac ecnpenmerne nncoxe saxrene sa cne n oniennom. Axo nam ono npeme ne
nosnoana nn na nnxe carnenanamo cnoiy npomnocr, remxo na he nrn moryhe n nye
saxnarane onnx nponemarnunocrn xoie nonnocnmo xao axryanne n xnnorno snauaine y
nornennoi ynyhnocrn. Vocranom, y onnocy cnpam crnapnocrn ncxycrno ce nn no uemy ne
pasnnxyie on ymernocrn; nanpornn, nnnnmo na ynn, nenyiyhn na ocnony ncxycrna nocrnxy
nnme ycnexa no ynn xoin nnanaiy onmrnm snanem a xoin nemaiy ncxycrna (Ap., Mem.,
981a5-15); onmre mnmene na ce cnaxo snane moxe npenanarn a canpxnna snana nayunrn,
npn uemy ce npoyuanane sacnnna na nperxonnnm snannma n onpxana cnoconomhy
noxasnnana xoinm ce yehyie n npnsnaiy my ce nauena, nanac am n ne mopa na yne
ynaxeno. Hyxa ynorpea axra noe moxe nponsnono n na ra onann, ann onna npeocraiy
moryhnocrn on repaneyrcxor snauaia, n ro ne camo y mysnxorepannin, nero n repannin sa
norocnocr. Po nanac iennnn n nosnar n npnsnar nspas sa ro iecre npaxca Hpxne Iocnona
namera Hcyca Xpncroca, n y noi ce nemnnonno nanasn n nocnennn rpai onpxnnocrn cnera
onor mro n morno na sacnyie nopa n nenore nesane sa onai nam uynnma nornpnnnn cner y
xome nmamo xommapny uacr n nocroiancrno na xnnnmo n npexnnanamo.
































206

CBOTEBE
Bacnumuu c+ucao oumo)ouroe cae)eoaeana
du;urovpeuie, roc+ovpeuie u npo:uuheue u
npoovo+ueaue mevpeuie

Kocmonomxa onronornia n xomnnexcna anrpononornia iom on npananna oxpehy ce
oxo nyoxor ycexa xoin ie mehy nnma ycranonen. V nonnie npeme ncnnrnnane nonoxaia
uonexa y xocmocy (Maxc Benep), nocraneno ie na saxren sa pasymenanem camor ror
xocmoca ns uonexonor onnoca npema nemy. On moxe na ce pasasna rex y ncropnicxoi
nepcnexrnnn nonmana n xapaxrepncrnunnx enoxannnx pasymenana rnnonornia cranonnmra
xoia cy rpahena na ncnocranennm ynnnnma. Knnecrernxa xperana nepnennnia y
opmnpannm cranonnmrnma on npecynnor ie snauaia sa camocnosnaiy, a ns ne nornue n ona
anonnxrnuxa nesa ca snannma xoia cy c rnme y nesn. He es ounrnennor yrnnaia
xpnmhancxnx reonomxnx ncxycrana n casnana, a yxasyiyhn na snauai npxana no pannn
nsnarana, ienan mehy nocnennnm apxnmarxerama y Hnarononoi Axanemnin ie nanncao:
"Casnarn cam cee ... iacno mncnnm na onai naunn xoin ie ys nohene no oxancxor n na nyry
npounmhena xa nainencxpnnenniem ... nonesan ca Forom, rne unrana ncrnna orxpnna cnary
n nonn npema uncrom xnnory." /Proclus, In Platonis Alcibiadem I, 5., 6-9/ Tai ie nyr anene
nnoconiom, a on na onai naunn nsnoxen snaun nanane opasnoxena sa ocnone nnn
pasnore xoin ce npeysnmaiy y pasmarpane. Cymracrno ie ono mro nam ie nncrnonane
nocrannno sa npenmer mnmena, a naro na naunn ocanamnnnana npen-mernyrocrn xao nrpa
nrpa npncyrnocrn n oncycrna xoia oxperanem cynnncxnx nnounna nmunrana nma nn neuera
nnn ra nema. Hcnxa ie npncyrnocr onor nncrnyiyher yxonnxo ra nma, npncyrnocr cnaxe
crnapn ca xoiom moxe na ce yne y onnocy, xao n c osnpom na npncyrnocr naror Ppyror, xao
oncranax xoin ie nasna ncraiane na pasmehy npncyrnocrn crnapn no cen. Kaxo yonmre
nennno n cnanynano iennncrneno iacrno y cnoioi ayropenexcnnnoi sarnopenocrn moxe na
npnxnarn onaxny sa nera sacrpamyiyhy moryhnocr, cem axo nnie opnienrncano na npxyncxy
pasopnrocr. Taxan cner enomenonomxe xoncrnrynnie iacrna xao cner cnaxonnennuxe
naxne n nannnocrn xoia ie nparn, xoia ie y cnemy anonnxrnuna cem y rpesnenom npnxnarany
xonaunocrn, onronomxn nosnaie rpancnepsannie yma camo xao ncnnrnnane onor mra nnie
(samnmaiyhn na camo ro n iecre), ynyhn na npnnnn nncrnonana nnrn moxe na ce
nornenn, a nnrn na ce ynnmrn. Bemy npnnana ocnopanane, a ono ie oeseheno iacnnm
npncrynom nsnecnocrn o eneprocnecnoi crpyxrypn nncrnonana, npema remnopannoi
nnepennnin nnmesnaunocrn nncrnonana, rne ce cne npyro n npyraunie cycrexe on onaxor
npornamanana sa npnnnn. To mro ie npnnnn pemennro ie anopniama n canpxainma xoie
ynyhyiy mnmene na nncrnonane, nasna orxpnnaiyhn ynyrpamnn nenocrarax n ncrnuyhn
norpey sa ynornynananem. Hs one npyraunie nepcnerxrnne mnmena oran Hanne
unopencxn ie ony cnryanniy oxo rpeana n nncrnonana, sor xapaxrepa naxena
rpancnennenranne cyiexrnnnocrn nocnennuno onncao xao remenn anrnnomnsam, naiyhn
maxa cnom nonecenom xasnnany: Anrnnomnie cy xoncrnryrnnnn enemenrn pennrnie axo ce
o noi pamnma pasymcxn. Tesa n anrnresa, xao ocnona n norxa, rxaiy camy rxannny
pennrnosnor noxnnaia. Ine nema anrnnomnie, ramo nema nn nepe: a ro he ce necnrn rex
rana, xana ce nepa n nana yxnny, a ocrane camo yan (Cn.An. Hanne, 1 Kop.3/8, 13). Kaxo
mn ce xnannnm n nanexnm, xaxo esoxnnm n esnymnnm unnn ono npeme mor xnnora xana
cam anrnnomnie pennrnie cmarpao paspemnnnm, ann iom ne paspemennm, xana cam y cnom
ropnom esymy yrnphnnao nornuxn monnsam re pennrnie. Camo-onannnane ie iennno mro
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nac npnnnxana oro-nononiy. Ann n camo-onannnane yonmre, n camo-onannnane
pasyma, yrnannom ie nynocr, ecmncnnna sa pasym. A ne moxe na yne ne-A. Hemoryhe,
ann n necymnnno! yan on Ja npann ne-Ja, iep ncrnncxa ie yan y onpnnany on
pasyma...Ann nnianexrnuxo nsnarane nanonn pasym na ouexyie nonesanocr, n xana ce
nonesanocr napymana yrnom rnenana rne ce cycpehy resa n anrnresa, pasym nenono
nonpxrana: ro ce on nera ornopeno saxrena na ce xprnyie. /Hanne unopencxn, Cmvo u
mephaea ucmuue, Ornen o npanocnannoi reonnnein y nnanaecr nncama (xnnra npna), Feorpan,
1997. (npen. . Joxcnmonnh n X. Konauennh), crp. 119-120/ Hanne A. unopencxn noxymanao
ie sa norpee yremennana cnoie "nonpmene meransnxe" n pasnniana nnoconie
cneiennncrna no nnorenercxom cyncrpary cnonencxor npanocnana, n cnamy ynory
nnaronnsma y nonecrn, xao n Hnaronono mecro y noi na noimn ns naimnpnx nepcnexrnna
xoin raxan npncryn yonmre n moxe na nonnece: "V nnaronnsmy - npen nama ie ienan on
naionx - oe pehn, naion on epmenara xynrypnor xnnora... na ce nnaronnsam onpenn
rex opmanno, - na ie on - Hnaronono yuene - ne, nnaronnsam ie n mnpn on Hnarononor
yuena, n nyn on nera, xoin ie y Hnarony namao naioer on onnx mro cy ra ncxasann."
(unopencxn, Hanen Anexcannponnu: C+uc)i uoea)u;+a, Cernen Hocan, 1914, o.r.) V rom
npanny, on ie ycnenao na nasnaun one nnmensnie neronor mnmena xoie cy nnane
maprnnannsonane, a oner one came na nexn naunn naiy xyu sa npyraunie unrane n
pasymenane nainynx Hnarononnx cxnarana n ynnna: "... ann ie raxohe neonxonno snarn ry
npnonrny ocnony mncnn, xoia ce npernapa y nnoconiy, ann npernapaiyhn ce, nnax y
cymrnnn crnapn ocraie ca+a cooo+... Hnaronona mncao ie cymrnncxn xyn-ronenrpnuxa. To,
y cymrnnn, nnie nnmra npyro no nnococxn onnc n nnococxo casnane mncrepnia.
Taxosnana Hnaronona nnoconia iecre nnoconia xynra, xynra xoin ie npoxnnno nyoxn
n mynpn mncnnnan. He es pasnora, nainrnnia nnrana Hnaron nsnaxe neh y opmn mnra, on
xoinx ce nsa mnornx ianno cxpnnaiy npexnnanana." (H. unopencxn Kv)m u du)ocoduia,
3arpe, 1979., "Cnecnn" p. 34, npnm. npen.) Axo ce mncnn na ro na ie Hnaron no onan
xynry nennicxor npopounmra n na cy mncrepnosnocrn y neronnm mnronnma nesane ys rai
xynr, ro nanpocro nnie rauno, ynyhn na ie on npao pasne mnronomxe opacne ns
pasnnunrnx xynrona (opnuxor, eneysnncxor, sopoacrpnsma nrn.), xaxo my ie neh nanarao
ocnonnn nncrnxr casnanana xoinm ce xperao, a camnm rnm xon nera ie nacnenn cner noimen
xao rainonnr, a ne rex nexa nerona pernia. Cner ie crane cnecrn xao xperane ciaia
cnnecrernuxnx eneprnia, xoie ns name nepcnexrnne nnaiy nnhene xao nneie n nnxonn
npnnarohenn pasymnnm onnnnma npexnnanana xoie rpaiy cne no ryena yncxor nnxa
nnn xonaune cmprn. Henocpenno nnhene rnx eneprnia onuno uonexy nnie nocrynno, ann ro
ne snaun na non nocenom nncnnnnnnom cnecrn n ramo ne moxe na ce nonpe, xao mro ie
nosnn nnaronnsam cen cranno y sanarax. Hocroin n cacnnm npncrynauna ananornia xoia
crnapn na nynncxoi pannn cnecrn moxe na yunnn cxnarnnnm: Hpema iennom cxnarany, ro
ie camo oconnna crnapn, xoia nsnan nnx ne nocroin, ann nnax raxna na nsnan ne ne mory
nrn (Apncroren). Hpema npyrom cxnarany, ro ie peannocr nsnan crnapn xoia cama sa cee
nocroin, ann nnax raxna na ie ona ueraro n y crnapnma n crnapn y noi, a mnmo ne ne mory na
yny (Hnaron). Ha npnn nornen, nsmehy Apncrorenonnx dop+u n Hnarononnx uoeia nexn
nenpemocrnna nponannia. Ann naxnnnin nornen unnn iacnnm na necnarane nnie oxo
cymrnne crnapn. To ce moxe pasiacnnrn na npnmepy merannnx onnaxa, xoin ce nanase y
npannnnnm nnsonnma n xoin ce ncnoanaiy raxo mro nmaiy nexy nesy nsmehy cee ocrnapeny
neopmanniom marnerne cpennne erpa. H Hnaron n Apncroren ieouaro npnsnaiy ony nesy,
ann ce nae nocrana nnrane o npou;eoha:v marnernor noa n rana Apncroren onronapa na
xao raxan noyhnnau cnyxe ca+u onnnn, iep ynyhn /na cy/ :e)u:uu onn nmaiy concrnenn
marnernsam. Hnaron nax cmarpa na ce marnerno noe crnapa conenonnom xoin oxpyxyie
onnxe a onn, ynyhn na cy on eeorha, npnnpemeno ce namarnernmy. Hnaronona
xonnennnia nanexo ie mnpa on Apncrorenone, nomro ie ona norona nocean cnyuai npne.
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3aro y noiennnnm cnoinm rymauennma Hnaronona xonnennnia moxe na yne neoma nncxa
Apncrorenonoi, y opveu+ nax neoma ynaena. /H. unopencxn, C+ucao uoea)u;+a, Feorpan,
2000. /npen. H. Mapnh/, crp. 71-72/ Ca onnm saxyuxom unopencxor naa ce cnoxnrn,
ynyhn na nenyxnnia rerpaxaysannor ycrpoicna npnpone saienno ca onnm mro ie omoryhana y
nncrnonany, nnie nn ononnxo eneranrna y cnonnnocrn nn exonomnuna y reopemarnunocrn,
xaxo ce yonuaieno cmarpa. Vronnxo cy nononnaronnuapn cmarpann na rpea ynecrn n
nemniyprnuxn yspox xao pannonpanan ca onnma rnapn, onnxa, nenonana n cnpxe, a Hpoxno
Pnianox ie npennoxno iom n noiernuxn, xao neoma xoncrnryrnnan na n npnona
mnmennna, xoia ie crnopena, morna na noxaxe n cama cnoie xpearnnne norennnie.
Hononnaronnuap Hpoxno Pnianox cmarpa na n nyma morna na omoryhn xnnor, neh npe rora
n cama mopa na moxe na yne xnna, a ro yxasyie na neno neoryhnno npnencrno n
nannexnocr y xnneny nnnnnor cnera. Ono ca+o oumu casnaie v;por ceeea, mro nae
nponsnonn cymracrno xao npno no peny, a rex xao npyro nponsnonn xocmoc, cynne npema
cnernocnocrn, re ocrana noiennna nha. Camo nnxonn cy npoyspoxonann nemniyprnuxn, raxo
na na nnxonnm noianama ocraie )enoma (nox cy n cama rnapna neecxa rena nenna n
npononannna). V morpeny camnx mncnenocrn, nyma ce ysnnxe no re npnonrne nese ca
onnm esycnonnnm y ymy, xao na "morpn mncnn rnopna nenor xocmoca". Pa crnapnma nnie
yspox y ymy, nnra ce Hpoxno, mra n ro npxano nenone cnera es pacnanana n
neypehenocrn, n mra n nno ca mepom n ycnocranennm penom mehy crnapnma y nnany,
na einocn ne npecrpoianaiy sna xoia nacraiy? Hocmarpanem einoca nyma ynnha nparonenocr
camnx mepa nnn nncrnennx npernocranxn, xao nopenax y xom ie ono aromnsonano n
noiennnauno nocneno na cen cnoicrneno mecro. 3a nnycrpanniy on nanonn cynne, mecen,
snesne, neo, xao npnmepe cneypehenocrn y nonpmenoi cxnannocrn. Tai cmncao nnie camo
moryh (ayromarnsonannm naunnom nacraiana - on cemena uonex, on sarnenanocrn y narpy
nnamenonn, on npyher nerpa cmoxne), neh n nenoyonnuen n nenoycrpoien no cnoioi cnpcn
xoia nsnyrpa pyxononn nonianem onnxa. Tnme ie cam cmncao (pasnoxnocr, nneinocr,
noimnnocr) yunanen y npnpony, raxo na ra ona u+a npexo nanenennx onnxornopnnx
cnara. Taxnn ysponn xoin cy ynanpen noxperany iecy nneie unie ie mecro nocroiana y ymy,
sarnm y nymn, n na xpaiy y npnponn /onom nspacraiyhem/, ounrnenno na xnnemopnsmy rena.
C osnpom na neoma onrepehenn noiam "ynyrpamnocrn" xao "camopenexcnnnor nnnenrapa
noiennnna"(nnn onm nemy npncrynaunor nerarnnnrera xoin penexcniom y cee n cam
nernpa n ycnocrana nosnrnnan ocnon), nnaronnuapn cy uecro saysnmann cran o norpen
ncrpaianana na "cnoamnocrn", mro nnie snaunno "exane on camor cee", nero npyxane
camom cen nonono nopnx moryhnocrn sa npana pasnnxonana nnn ocrnapnnane pacrepa y
camonnenrnnxanniama xao onunnm nacenannma n samenama. Ty ce yxasyie norpea sa
nponianem eneprercxnx cxnonona xoin npxe onpehene rnnonornie cnecrn yxanynennm, a
ra ce cnara crnue opmnpanem cnnonrnuxor rnennmra nnn npncycrnom y carnenanany. On
cnecrpanocrn raxnor carnenanana nnn cnare npncyrnocrn y nemy sanncn n cmncao nnhenor,
a rnme n nneinn xopnsonr xao nnnexc sanpemnne n moryhnocrn ncrnncrnonana. Mehyrnm,
cnecrpanocr nnie iennaxa penexcnnnom nonncy nonnia noiennnna, a iom mane
ympexenocrn noimona n onncnoi mann excxnysnnnnx noxnnaia nsa xoinx ce onuno xpniy
camoncrnnana mamronnror cnncxa npenomnnanrnnx npoiexnnia iacrna, enomenonomxn
peueno neronnx neonmepennx nperensnia y camoycnocranany rnannor apnrpa nosnnnie
nncrnonana.
Oxper on ornenana camopenexcnie xao nocnenner nspasa eronarnie, xa crnapnom
nocroiany xao nosnrnnnoi ersncrennnin, n ne moxe na ce nsnene npyraunie nero xao npomena
onaxana y npymrnenoi ocnonnnn, y rnnonornin came cnecrn xao nenoi cymrnnn. Mn cmo
nannxnn conniannsanniom na cner nocmarpamo xao nns unpcrnx oiexara, a on ie y ocnonn
npenner eneprnia n nnxon nnnnnn nspas xao onaxo nnn onaxo onaxeno crane nsrnenana
crnapn. Crnapn nncy onaxne xaxo nx mn nnnnmo y yonuaienom nexpnrnuxom n
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enomenonomxn nepenyxonanom crany yonuaiene cnecrn, a ro n nnie nnmra npyro nero
onuna xomonnia nannnocrn xao orpannuenocr narypennm xopnsonrnma npenmernocrn. Hnie
camo Bennnr xecroxo nanao raxny nerpnnxanniy y nnmennmensnonannnm noxymainma
sacnnnana nnoconie npnpone, rne my ie ynyrpamny xounnny npencranano cynnme
nennxo nonepene npema nsymnma nnn saxyunnma nemy canpemennx npnponnonayunnx
orxpnha. Taxohe nnie nn camo Xainerep y nnxy monepne rexnnxe ononpranao cmncao nenor
nacranxa n cnpxe, noxasyiyhn ynyrpamnn necnopasym ca camnm cmncnom y nyxy came re
nayxe, neh ie camo oe on npyrnx cxnarao remenn nperpec xoin ie nan nennm
penexcniama nsnpmno Xycepn, nniarnocrnnxyiyhn remeny xpnsy npnpononayunnx
anonnxrnunocrn. Onanno ie, ncrnnn sa noy, xao nyxonna reopnia casnana raxna moryhnocr
naronemrena n xao nerarnnnrer necynncnnx nperensnia npenosnara y Hoeo+ 3aeemv. Pa
ncmo sancra casnann mra ie ro mnpnna n nncnna, mra ie ro nyxnna n nynna, nperxonno
mopamo na ce oparnmo sa naronarna casnana nsnopy cner snana, xonnxo ron nam ro
nsrnenano nenpncrynauno xao nemro mro nnie aprnxynncano na naunn cxonan yncxoi
xomynnxannin, aprnxynncano xao snann nncrnonana Ppyror nnn nemo snane y
ecxonaunom ymy Iocnonnem. Kao na y nanny ynyhnocrn nonnpe iexa onnx pasmnmana
n no Xpncroca Janapaca, xana ie y nnoconin es oxnnana nanncao: Jenan ie yunre xoin
ie pexao n noronnno ce. Cne mro ie yunnno es peun, nocroino ie Ona. Ko ie y nnacrn
Hcycone peun, rai moxe na cnyma n Berono hyrane. Taxo he nrn canpmen, nenonahe no
onome mra ronopn a no rome o uemy hyrn nhe npenosnar.(1986, crp.179) Oxper xa
raxnom npenosnanany, oner ie ynyhen na nonanane nenononnnor y orocnoncxnm
remama, ann cacnnm npyraunier ycmepena on cnoamner poonana onom nnn onom
opennom crnny nnn nonnpranana xanonnma yxanynennx opasana, xao nerpnnxonannx
nneonomxnx momenara xoinma ie xpainn nn nocrnsane nonoxaia noe sa moh, ri.
ocnrypanana neynnrne ynonocrn xoia sanpmana y nenomyhenom nunm xonopmnsmy. He
rexnrn npaneny nexor opmanno canpmenor cncrema, neh xnnory c Forom y neronnm
naronarnnm eneprniama, snaun npe cnera ne camo pacnnrnnane n yrnphnnane onaxnor nnn
onaxnor nnna snana, neh nocroiane xpos ynnranocr xoia nocn xa nononoi mnpnnn n
snaueny onor na mra ce onronapa. 3aiennnmrnonane c Forom crpemn ncxycrny ynyrpamnnx
noxnnaia xoin ce ennnenrnpaiy n none "npeopaxaiy rnapn no nacxpcnor rena", a ynpano
pann rora n croin cmpr xao crameno snauene ynosopena. Jennaxo ie xao n cmpr iaxa yan
mro ie nanno ncrnnao Hanao Byx-Hannonnh, a y y cnoioi ncropnicxo-ecrercxoi penexcnin na
ocnonna nnrana ncnxasma Bepa Ieoprniena ncraxna xpos nnrane cnoone xoiy xoncrnrynme
cnoienocno npxane yann xao eneprercxor nauena: "V nponecy oronosnana nainnme mro
uonex moxe na nocrnrne, iecre na ie For nenosnarnn n nenocrnxan, ann na ra ie moryhe
noxnnern na nenocpenan naunn, "crannnm nacroianem na nepa nocrane cnecna"
(anoarnuxo-cnexynarnnno ncnonenane nepe). yan noxpehe nymy xa Fory ocnaianem
oxancxor nyra. Taxo For npecraie na yne ayropnrapan. Ta nosnnnia omoryhana uonexy
onnyuan penonynnonapan xopax na ocrnapn cnoiy cnoony n na ocern nyx cnoone xoin ie
pannie no Foxnie oenexie nnn oxnia npnnnnernia." (4u)ocoduia ucuxa;+a /Hnm, 1995.,
crp. 41, Bepa Ieoprniena/). Ty ie on nsysernor snauaia nocpenonane cnmona xoin naie snauai
ennannuxnm crpyxrypama eneprocnecrn nnn onaxany nnnnnor na nennnnnocrn (ono y
xpnmhancrno nornyno npeysero snauene cmncna xocmnunocrn y remennm nnaronnuapcxnm
nspasnma sa cmncao ynnna n ennnennniy rnnonornie crnapnocrn cynpamynnanor n excrpa-
nnrpa-mynnanor), xaxo ncrnue n Hceyno-Apeonarnr: V Cnmonnuxom orocnony cmo
oiacnnnn xaxne cy meronnmnie ca uynnnx crnapn na Foxnie, mra snaue Foxnin onnnn,
nnxonn, nenonn, opyhe, Foxnin npenenn n yxpacn, xaxna cy crpemena, yrna n narna, mra
ie omamenocr n nniancrno, xaxne cy xnerne n saxnerne, mra cy cnn n xaxna cy yhena n cnn
ocrann onnnn xoin cnmonnuxn npnxasyiy Fora...3ancra, y mepn namer ycnona, cne nnme
nonecraiy peun ycnen carnenanana camo ymy nocrynnnx nha. A cana, xana ynasnmo y ramy
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xoia npenasnnasn ym, ne nannasnmo rex na manopeunnocr, neh na nornyny oncyrnocr cnaxor
ronopa n mnmena /P. Apeonarnr, O +ucmu:roi meo)oeuiu, III/. Hpemna na onai nncoxn
eneprninocnonecnn oxnnp ynosopanana na rainocxponnro yrnxnyhe xao caunnenn mocr
npema nnny Ppyror, Iocnonne noe y nnocrasn Cnna Foxnier Hcyca Xpncra, nanme
pasoxopanana namepe xoia nornyno mena onaxana npyrauniom naxnom, a y nnrany ie
eneprercxo nnhene xoncrnrynnie cnera, ayrop am n nnie oparno nonony naxny, cneneha
xoncrarannia y onoi crynnin nnie mane naxna: "Pannonannsam nocrnarpncrnuxor
orocnona ie saopanno ienny on ocnonnnx nmnnnxannia anoarnuxor orocnona -
moryhnocr na ce For noxnnn "na peanan naunn" npexo cnmnona n nnryprnie." To
npernocrana na uonex nema nexy ayronomny npnpony nesanncny on eneprercxor
ynnnepsyma, neh na ie ncnynana camo axo cauyna "cnnxy Foxniy" xoia ie cacrannn neo
nerone yncxe npnpone. To moxe na ce nasone xaxo oxancxnm cacroixom uonexa, neronom
yncxomhy, xpncronnxomhy, raxo n cnecno-onaxaiyhnm, cnernocnnm nncrnyiyhnm
/ncrnnom, nyrem n xnnorom/. Hcxonnmre onaxnor mnmena croin nanexo on onor xoie n
onaxo na orxnonn nsnxannrer xao nenran, iennaxo xao n ncropniy norahana xoioi y
enncremonomxoi ocnonn nexn npapasnnoi nyrem cnne xoia ce nasnna orpemenem, nacnennnm
rpexom nnn nomnnanniom mpaune crpane yncxe nnunocrn. Teno xoie ce paha xao nonomxa
nnocras nenyie xao uynap nexor "ia", xao nexa nononacrana macxa iep ie no cymrnnn cehane,
a ro cnpeuana na ce nocrane ono mro ce iecre nnn na yne onexoneueno xao yan n cnoona,
ri. na nohe no npomene eneprnie n npnnarohanana nononacraiyhem naunny nocroiana.
Hocnennna npaponnrecxor nana" ie "npenecr" xoia nonn "nocprany!!" nnn sapaxenomhy
"naxnom mncnn" xoiy ie ynorpeno "nann anheo" nnn "neuacrnnn", onai "xome ce nme ne
cnomnne", na sor ror rnoceonomxn neorxnonnnor "npnonrnor rpexa" onai mro nonn na
pasnprana /hano/ nma crannn npncryn uonexy iep my ce onai "noponono" norunnno, a mro
nnie nnmra npyro no camoye xao "nsnop sna", ienno crane y xome ce nanase uonex n cner
xoin ie nocrynan neronnm onaxannma, a ne camo cymracrno crnapn nnn For. Vronnxo ie
cnpxa ope sa rai oxancxn momenar y nanenenoi crynnin cacnnm onpannano nnme nero
norpena na yne ncraxnyra: "Hcnxacrnuxo orocnone nma ecxaronomxn npncryn
xpncronornin: ncrnncxa Xpncrona nnocras nnie nna nonomxa nero ecxaronomxa. Ono
noxasyie n noxasyie nacxpcene. 3aro ce ynpano nacxpcenem cne mepn n npecyhyie y
xpncronornin. Xpncroc nnie ocrao cnoonan on ycnona nonomxor nocroiana (noxnneo ie
cmpr). Bacxpcenem ce noehyie cmpr." Bepa ie ono mro nocn unrany moryhnocr cnacena, na
ce pannonannrer xao nynocr mro npxn na ie nperepano mynpa nonnaun npen ynopnomhy
saxrena sa rexnom na ce yne ono mro ce nasna neh n iecre, ann neorpexoneno,
neorpannueno aexranniama xoie pasnnaue eneprniy n pasniaiy xpxxo ncxoncxo
pasymenane. Ono ie nocroino noxasnnane y nonecrn xao nonanane nenononnnor n
ocnenouanane ncrnne xao cnecrn xoia onaxa ncrnny, ncrnncrnyie xao npncyrno y cmncny
nyra n xnnora.
Cnehenem npernocranxn paspahyie ce meronnuxa crpana crnapn xoia saxrena n
cncremarnunocr y npncryny, r.i. noxpernocr pasymenana. Cpasmepno cnarama mnmena xoie
nocpencrnom nynnnnocrn nepnennnie xoia ce pasymena n npencnnryie nponynnanem
ncxycrna cnecrn y enomenonornin nyxa, ri. nne xa mncnnma npexo noxopnne noiannocrn no
ynnna xoinma ce noxyuyiy came npenmernocrn npenmera. 3a pasnnxy on anpnopncrnuxor
npncryna ca ynanpen nerpnnxonannm axcnomarcxnm resama, nnaronnuxn naunn
pasmarpana crnapn nma ycnon na yne cnoicrnen camoi nnoconpaiyhoi iennnxn, nnn na ono
mro ce nanaxe xao meopuicra ucmuua yne n y nocnyxy n y moryhoi ycxnahenocrn ca
nparmu:uo+ ucmuuo+ nnn npaneanomhy. Taxo cy nnianexrnunocr, nnxnnunocr n
rpniannunocr - crpyxrypnn momenrn n opme mnmena, xoie nponcrnuy ns nonmana
onronomxor nauena, raxo na ce n opmanno noxasyiy xao nncrpymenr pasymenana
nncrnonana. Pasmarpane onronomxnx cxnonona rnme nnie nsononano on xepmeneyrnuxnx
211
npernocranxn pasymenana, a cnoona y xoioi ce onnniaiy npyxa moryhnocr ycarnamanana
reopnicxnx n npaxrnuxnx momenara /na ro ie ncrpaino n nocnenno ynosopanao Xanc Ieopr
Ianamep, ne camo y crynnin Hcmuua u +emooa/. Crora onn ne mory na yny mannp nexe
rpyne saxnara n nocrynaxa, xoin cy npenosnarnnn y naxo oehannm psnnama oyxnarana
n nocenonana ncrnne. Fynyhn na ie npema Hnarony n nnaronnuapnma ym onna ym xana
mncnn, a mnmene ne moxe na yne nemro ncxnecano on xamennx noxona nnn onacano
snnonnma nenpnxocnonenocrn, pacnpanane n cynpocranane pasnnunrnx cranonnmra
mnmena y rom pacnpanany npnnnxana camo mnmene xao raxno. Cnaxaxo, remxo na ro
moxe na npnxnarn ym oncennyr npennocrnma rpaexnnocrn n yyxan y
xomopmncrnuxe ynonocrn xoie pyxno nonpxanaiy npeneperananem nnn uax ornopennm
xomnpomncnma ynopennnnm ca ynenenomhy onora xoin nocraie comarcxn sanncan on
xemnicxnx onniara. V rom cmncny ie opmnpane ayronomnor mopannrera ne camo cprnap
nnococxe cnare, nero n nae on rora, nsrnena uax n ycnon oncranxa xoin ie y
canpemenocrn nocrao neoma rpya nrpa.
Mncao pasymenaiyhn crnapn ocnerana n npenonn y iesnx pasymenana xao pasymnn
iesnx y rpannnama cnoinx moryhnocrn. Ha re rpannne camo raxo na nnunnm ncxycrnom
nonnpemo no nnx n onanamo nenononnnocr enomenonornie nyxa y cymrnncxnm
xopannma, sa xoie ie ymno rnxonane cnrypno ienan on nainaxnninx ycnona. He camo na ce y
nnoconin npernocrana yma sarnxnocr y xoioi ce nenspennno ynasn y nainnmn crenen
casnana, xoin ie nsrnena rex necxpnnrnnno onncnn nasna npnnarohennm n npomamnnnm
meraopama, neh ce ra rpannna sna n y osnnoi reonornin xoia ce nannena nan nnranem
nspennnocrn Foxnier npncycrnonna. V cycpery c Forom snna ce"ooxene" xao "cnnresa
rnane n cpna!!", xoinm ce ornapa nyr meramoposama ns npemena y npeme,
"nepenannoheny"nnn "nonom nannoheny" y xome nspacraiy none n no rana npnxpnnene
cnoconocrn uonexa y xoioi cy nepaspemnne npornnpeunocrn xoie cy ym sannnrane y anopnie
n sacrpamnnane rpancnennenrannnm nnysnonnsmom. One cy nocrane nne crpane ienne re
ncre crnapnocrn xoiy nocn Foxia crnapanauxa yan, ona xoia ncniana cam xnnor n
cnecnocr. Ono mro ce rexnnuxn nasnna "excrasa" cana moxe na ce pasyme xao camo
nocroiane xoie nnie nenopmanno ncnxnuxo crane nnn "crynop" noncronehen ca rynrxom
cnecrn, neh ie npyraunin naunn nocroiana y xome cy nannhene ecmncnnene sanncnocrn on
cnaxonnennne n ysnnsane no nnhena cnernocrn y ocnonn cnera mro iecre. uynno casnane,
pasnoxno mnmene n nnrynrnnno casnane, rne ce nomohy oxancxe naronarn crnue
nosnane, snaun n nonaxene na rpannne nspennnocrn: "Hpnponnn snax ie ynex npnnpxen,
cnenn npnpony ns xoie nponsnasn. 3nann xoin nemaiy cnoie concrneno nocroiane nncy
nocroiann, nnrn he nocroiarn nocne cnor npenmera, iep ie ro nemoryhe...3aro axo ie Tanopcxa
cnernocr snax, rai snax ie nnn npnponan nnn nenpnponan. Axo ie nenpnponan, onna on nma
cnoie concrneno nocroiane nnn ie npnnnn. Axo ie Xpncroc npnnnn, snaun na nnxana nnie
no, nnrn iecre nnrn he nrn onaxan xaxan ce noianno na Tanopcxoi Iopn." /Ipnropnie
Hanama, Tpornurie, npema B.I. c.66-69/ V pasymenany mncao npenonn mnmeno, raxo na
ono y camom mnmeny cnia cen cnoicrnennm ciaiem, xonnxo ron na ce y noimonnnm
crpyxrypama xpnnn nnn meraopnuxnm napaonama npeanyie n ynaana. Pasnonehe
npecanniane crnapn xoie cy na rai naunn noxyuene npenasn y mncaono pasnpcranane, xoie
onnxyie cncremarnxy npencranana xao nnhena ncror n pasnnxe, xao n pasnnunrocrn y
pasnnxonannma /rsn. xpnrnuxn cran/, xoin y cnom npnnnnnom nerarnnnrery orxpnna ono mro
xao ncrnncxnie nexn y ocnonn n nenacnnnom eneprniom nymra cnemy mro iecre na yne,
npnponno ycnonanaiyhn raxan oncranax /=nocranennm rpannnama onaxana n noxyunnana
xao npnponnnm rpannnama xoie mory na ce npenasnnase camo ocnemrenom nonomhy nnn
namepom xoia ncrpaiana na nsnopnocrn ennnennnonnx axara/, ann npyxaiyhn n npnnnxy sa
nsanene on onor mro ce unnn nsanaiyhnm /-npnponnnm, necnyrano npyxennm,
onpnpohennm (nnnn Bennnron Freiheitsschrift n Philosophie der Mythologie und
212
Offenbahrung xao xepmeneyrnxy cnamanana on necnyrane npnponnocrn ocnoahana n
nsanana on nsannrea xao xonopmncrnuxe samxe npenaropcxe cnecrn)/, cnymaiyhn
rnxn rnac npanor Cnaca, Iocnona Hcyca Xpncra, Cnna Foxnier, xoin ie cnoinm nacxpcenem
yxasao npany nexapcxy nomoh n ncnenene xnnyhe nyme n rena y nncrnonany. "uopmanno
snauene orxpnnena iecre npennananane nyxo npnponne, necnoonne pennrnie; ann ynpano
crora ono ie nma y cen, xao mro ono mro yxnna y cen nma ono yxnnyro...Pa nn ce nnax
cponnocr noxasana neh y saiennnuxoi cnoamnoi cynnnn n iennor n npyror, mro ce ooie (n
mnronornia n orxpnnene) nornyno ncrnm pasnnxonanem opme n canpxaia, nncrnenor n
nyxo npemeny caopasnor saonenana, noxymano pannonannsonarn, ri. cnecrn na nexn
pasyman cmncao, ri. cmncao xoin ie nehnnn raxo nsrnenao. Ann ynpano c nsauennm
narancrnom ns xpnmhancrna n nna ynaena cnaxa peannocr. Hocnenne cnaxaxo iecre
onnoc npema ony n moene onora y nyxy n ncrnnn; y ncxony necraie cne narancxo, ri. cne
mro nnie y onnocy npema Fory v neeoeoi ucmuuu; ann cam rai ncxon es cnoinx npernocranxn
nema emnnpnicxe ncrnne. Ko rnena mene, rnena ona, nenn Xpncroc, ann nonaie: Ja ca+ nvm,
n: Huro uehe ouv ueeo rpo; +eue." / I.B.J. Bennnr, 4u)ocoduia +umo)oeuie, Hpnn cnesax,
ynon y nnoconiy mnronornie, Feorpan, 1988. /npen. P. Ppaxnh/, crp. 243./ Bennnrono
nncane raxo camo cnoa nenyie noxercxn, ann y ocnonn on nac ie cranno npen Hnne Ppyror,
ca unme ocraie nornyno na rpary nonecnor mnmena, xoie ie Kanrom nnayrypncano
pasmarpane npnpone naspeno xpos mnronomxe opme n nornyno ie xao ymernocr mnmena
renonnxo nsnoimrennm opranom pasorxpnno y Orxpnneny, nocmarpaiyhn raxo nacxpcanane
Cnna Foxnier Hcyca Xpncra xao nonecnn axr cnacanana on cnryannonnx nsanana /y
nosnom nepnony/, na xnnom nyry ncrnne n yann. Baa ce ynocroinrn sa craiane npen
nnnem Ppyror, npen Iocnonnnm opasom xoinm cmo mn camn n opasonann na on nnn
nomnin naunn, n camn npexo nxone Iocnonne y nama yuecrnyiemo y ynonoanany
npenmernocrn.
Hnenrnrer pasnnxe rnme ce ne ryn y nonomeny onpehena /nnepennnia
npenmernocrn ie neron ocnon nonesan npe nnepennnpana/, neh nspyuyie nnxone camo-
npencranana xao nsnnepennnpann monyc nnenrnnxannie paspemennx pasnnxonana
npornnpeunocrn /nnn anrnnomnia iesnuxnx crparernia caonmranana n npenomena xoie ynex
ycnonana iennno noniane nnnm ryene carnacnocrn sa nacryn n nocrynane/. One cy no-
nycrnnocr camom mnmeny na ocmncnn npenmernocr npenmera xao opasonane
cnoicrnenocrn xoia npernocrana n ony npcry yncxe ymnocrn xoia ro moxe na omoryhn.
Beh cmo ce ocnpnynn na snauaino yxasnnane nsnopnnx noemarcxnx canpxaia xao
nnorenercxe crpane nonmene opme nmenonana, ann nnie na onmer na nennxn Hanen
Anexcannponnu iom iennom yne ncraxnyr ca cnoinm cmncnom onpannanocrn nnaronnsma,
xana ce nonceha na on yxasyie na ienny oxonnocr xoia he nocrarn neoma snauaina sa nerony
nnrepnperanniy nnaronnsma, nanme na ce y cxony re npenne nnoconie nmena "nme
cxnarano xao xnno nhe", n y cnom pasiamneny re oxonnocrn nonaie "xao oiexrnnannia
mncrnuxe cymrnne xoia nexn y ocnonn cnera xao nocean ranac nnn nycax cnercxe noe.
Ho cnom nopexny, nme ie neecxo. Ono ie oxancxa cymrnna. Cne crape xynrone - xnnornna,
naxa, noponnunor ornnmra, npenaxa - xao saiennnuxa nnr npoxnma nomronane nmena.
Jenna npansnxa onaxana n xao nonosanerno npenopyuena uernoponnmensnonanna
nepnennnia yxnnanem nepcnexrnnnsma, orxpnnana crnapn ne camo xao nnme nnn mane nope
cyiexrnnne samncnn, nero n ro xaxne one oiexrnnno iecy: Bnmennmensnonannn nnx y
cnery nnn raunnie, y ncxycrny maner poia nnmensnia ne moxe nrn onaxen xao ue)uua
ynpano sor cnor nnmer crenena peannocrn sor pea)uopuocmu nynohe cnor canpxaia ne
moxe ce cmecrnrn y ncynnme ycxe oxnnpe nnxer nha. Ann ra nemoryhnocr ne ncxyuyie
nerono v;acmonuo onaxane, xao nns onnoiennx momenara neronor nha, nnn nonyr cepnie
mnxporomcxnx npecexa xoin ca cnoie crpane, mana n ne naiy xonxperny npeocmaev, nnax naiy
213
ancrpaxran noia+ o iennoi nennnn :uiu cy onn nnxonn. Vsacronnocr nponaxena ror nnsa
momenara n nonesyie nnmennmensnonannn npocrop ca npmenom xoie ce, na rai naunn,
noxasyie xao nexn exnnnanenr uernpre nnmensnie nnn, axo xohere, uernpre xoopnnnare.
Tan cnaxn nponec moxe nrn pasmarpan ne xao ynyrpamna nsmena onor mro ce mena, nero
xao nponaxene nnmennmensnonannor oiexra xpos rponnmensnonannn npocrop, a ase
pasnoia xao ienna npyroi ca-npemene rpane y nhy ror oiexra, a ne xao ysacronnn
cranniym...Cxnarnrn nemro xao nponec, cxynaiyhn n canpaiyhn nerona nacraiana, ro
ynpano n snaun cmarparn npeme sa nerony uernpry xoopnnnary a camy noiany
uernoponnmensnonannom. /H.A.unopencxn, C+ucao uoea)u;+a, Frn., 2000, npen. crp. 94-
95/ Hcxasnnane yonnuennx npencrana y nonmaiyhnm opmama, xpos nonone n nenonone
nnxone nnhena crnapnocrn, nnn ncxasnnane na pannn nneinocrn, ynyhn na ie nonnp yma n
nncrnyiyher ro ncnopyuno xao ynnn, iecre y nsnopnom cmncny peun raxohe n nayxa y cnoinm
cpehennm n opasnoxennm nnxonnma. Ona raxo ocraie y rpainom nanopy onronapana, cnpam
uera ie sanncna saxnayiyhn onronopnocrn, a onronopnocr ioi nanaxe npnnna xao npaxrnuan
nspas snana nnn one reopnicxe ncrnne xoia ioi nexn y camom ocnony. H ne camo na ie nexeua
nonnora nnn nenyiyhe cnoicrno, neh n panan cnernocnor snana, xoie npemna nenpncrynauno,
ncro ronnxo moxe iennocrannom nepom na nocrane n npncno n nncxo: Eno noene, xoia ie
noennna cner, nama nepa (1 Jn. 5, 4); a ona, nexa ie n uynno na ce xaxe, ornouerxa pasnnm
nyrennma n pasnnunra npemena ycranonnna nann cner, a sarnm ra oxancxn npeopasnna,
ysnenmn ra nsnan neeca n semy naunnnna neecxom. Bra ie onpxano ceme npyror cnera?
Hnie nn Hoiena nepa? Bra ie Anpaama yunnnno Anpaamom, onem mnornx napona (Kn. Hocr.
17, 5), cnnunnx necxy n ynopennnnx ca snesnama (Jenp. 11, 12)? 3ap nnie nerona nepa n
saxnerne, y ro npeme iom nenocrynno pasymenany? V crnapn, npen nnm ie nexao neron
iennnopohenn nacnennnx, npnnpemen sa xnane (Kn. Hocr. 22, 9), n ero uyna, on ie
nacranno nenoxonenno na nepyie y mnoropoino noromcrno. 3ap ce ne n noxasao rai
crapan manoymnnm sa cnaxor xo n na rai unn rnenao pasymno? Ann ncxon nena,
npnpemenor naronahy Foxniom ie noxasao, na nepa nnie esyme, a snane ono mro
npenasnnasn cnaxo pasymenane. Oner nax n Hoie ie ouexnnao nonasax esnannx nona ns
nponena oxpyxyiyher nea (Kn. Hocr. 6, 18; 7, 11). Ine ie ry ynnane nnoconie xoiy
unram? Cne remxo no npnponn rexn nannxe n cpennnn, a cne naxo no mepn cnoie naxohe
no npnponn ce ynaana on nenrpa... Ine ie rnoia paspesana n orenornopena marepnia,
on xoie ie ienna xnnmana, a npyra npoxnmaiyha; n rne ie marepnia ne cacnnm onnoiena
no npnponn? Ine cy rauno nanyxnnne n narnyrocrn, rne cy pasnonpcna n nanpsnncxa
xperana, xpos xoia rn, rpaxehn ncrnny cymror, ynonnm y ny cam cee n one xoin cy rn
noneponann, unnehn nx xprnama norona, na ropxom nx ncnnry yuehn, mra na cnoiy eny
nncy on snana nayunnn? A nepa iom on npennnnor nouerxa npnnonn xpos nesnane no
ncrnne, cacnnm nac na ncnnry nsanaiyhn on ncnnra sna n nonpehenocrn nemy, na camnm
crnapnma noxasyie esyme cne cnoamne nnoconie, xoia nn rana nnie snana, nn cana ne
sna, na xao mro ie pexao nennxn Herap, on crapnne cy neeca nna ns none n cacroiana cy ce
on none, samro ie crapn cner n nmuesao, noronen nonom; canamna nax neeca onpxanaiy ce
sa narpy n rpaiahe no cynner nana n ynnmrena neuacrnnnx (2 Her. 3, 57). Pa nn ie on
snana nnoconie xpnmhannma naponano oronosnane nnn on nepe, xoia xpos nesnane
ynpaxnana nnococxo snane? Ann axo n ro nno on snana, nepa n ce ncnennna n naro
oehane xoie rnacn: Axo nonepyiem y cnom cpny, na ie Hcyc Iocnon, ran hem ce cnacrn
(Pnm. 2, 14). Ann nnie raxo, na ie ro onai xoin nma snane cymror n xpos ro nma ora, neh
rome nacynpor, noneponanmn y cnom cpny, na ie Hcyc Iocnon, nma Fora, ca y nemy
snpyxenom necmerenom nepom.
Ocranamo nax onor, xoin ca cnoinm snanem ne sna Fora, n saopannhemo, na
nnococxo snane nnie cne ncrnnnro. Ponycrnmo cne ono ncrnnnro; crannmo npen onor,
214
xoin ie nosnao Fora xpos camo snane Beronnx crnopena. Bnxono ce carnenanane n
casnanane nmenyie npnponnnm saxonom (Pnm. 2, 14); no Harpniapxa, Hpopoxa n Hncanor
3axona, na ie ono ynpanano n opahano yncxn pon Fory, noxasyxyhn nm Tnopna, xoin nnie
ornmao cnenehn iennncxe mynpane n on ror npnponnor casnana. V crnapn, xo on onnx xoin
nmaiy ym, nnnemn ronnxo nennxe n ounre pasnnunrocrn cymrnna, cynpocranenocrn
nennnnnnx cnna, ypannorexanaiyhe ce nopnne na xperane, ncro xao n na mnponane, na
cnoicrnen naunn ypannorexen, nenpecrane npeoxpere iennor y npyro necxnarnno n
nenomemano ysaiamno nonnauene nenomnpnno y xansn, ciennnanane noneenor n
necnnnenocr ciennnenor: ymona, nyma, rena, xoia nonesyie raxno mnomrno y xapmonniy,
yuecranocr onnoca n pacnonoxena, nncrnenocr cnoicrana n pacnopena, nepacxnnnnocr
onmre nonesanocrn, xoin ysenmn cne cnnuno y pasym, ne samncnn o Tome, Koin ie npennnno
ynpyxno cnaxy crnap ienny c npyrom, n ne casna Fora ns Beronor nnxa n nponsnona? Ko ie
nax, nosnanmn rnm nyrem Fora, Bera cmarpao neunm on crnopenor nnn cnnunor? Onna snaun
na naxn n nopnuyhe orocnone. Taxo xaxo ie casnane rnapn no saxona n npopoxa oxpenyno
yncxn pon xa orocasnany, n cana ra opaha; na maxap unrana yxynnocr nacnone, cnn
naponn xoin ne cnene ienanheocxy peu, saxnayiyhn rom iennom casnany rnapnor cana
ysnmaiy Fora ne sa nemro npyro, neh xao Tnopna npe naceene /Cn. Ipnropnie Hanama,
Peun y onpany cnemrennx ncnxacra, 2, 3, 44-45/
Hsnnsane nsnan cnyranaiyhnx orpannuena xonsepnarnnnsma npocnernrecrna, xoie
nac ynyhyie na npocnehnnane rpancyrnnnrapnnx cnpxa xnnena ns nynne nncrnonana,
xao mro n nanac naxn y uerpcrn monepne n nocrmonepne, nnie camo rexnnuxn nnn mxoncxn
sanarax, nero ie on cymrnncxe naxnocrn sa cnoony nnoconpana, xoia oner naa na yne
ncnynena npenacxonno npomnpenniom nyxonnnm nnnnnnma eneprniom pasymenana, xao
xeypncrnuxnm npnnnnnom rparana sa mro npnnnxnninm camoonpehenem, unia ie nornpna
camocnosnaia xao ersncrennnianno ocnenouanane cnecrn n ecennnianno onexoneunnane
nynx pannn cnecnocrn xao raxne. Cne npnnannocrn pacnoiennm nnnonnma nncrnonana
cnoie nenonnro ncnynanane saxnanaiy npexo iennnxe xoia nnie anecresnpana n sarnopena sa
cne mro iecre n nna, sa mononnypannrer iennncrna crnapnocrn xao aprnxynncanor nnna
onor mro cam xnnor iecre n snaun y cnoinm ysponnma n nauennma. Henocno saoxynane
moryhe ie iennno y yuecrnonany na caopnom enemenry one Foxnie Peun xoia ie craiana na
nouerxy crnapana cnera xao cnernocno ynyrcrno n nnocras xoioi ie nncrnonane nno crnap
came npenmernocrn, Onor xoin iecre n c rnme npyxnno moryhnocr na npexo Bera n nna cne
mro nae nocroin n nna.















215
CAPPXAJ:


VBOP.............................................................................................................................

A Y3 BYHO HOmTOBAHE mHAOCOmH1E MAPTHHA XA1BEIEPA

I VMETHOCT HA HVTEBHMA CABPEMEHE uHHOCOuHJE..................
II O HCKVCTBV HPEIOPEBABA EHOXE HHXHHH3MA
KOP MAPTHHA XAJPEIEPA.....................
III O 3HAHHHMA PPBETA H HVTHHM 3HAHHMA.................................
IV VKA3HBABA HA CBETHO FHBCTBOBABA........
IN PIAM MEMORIAM PhD MAPHJAHV HHHPH H MHHOPAPV HA3HTV
Cehane na cmpr nacnnrana cxperanem naxne na xnnor..........................................

B HOBH1A mEHOMEHOAOmKA OHTOAOIH1A H KOCMOAOIH1A

I KOCMOHOBKE MHCHH O ECTETHHH H HPHPOPH FHTA...............
I Ponarax, ys onrorenercxn monannrer
xpos nnorenercxn cyncrpar npnpone............................................................
II uEHOMEHOHOBKH VTEMEEHE MEPHTAHHJE
O METAuH3HHH......................................................................................
II Ponarax, ys nnrane nnianexrnuxe xomnerennnie n reopnie nneia
y ncropnicxoi onrnnn.........
Kocmonornia n nneie...

III HOBECHH POHPHHOCH OCBEBTABABA 3HAuAJA
MHCAOHOI HACHETA....

B. 3A 200 eouua o c+pmu Immanuela Kanta

/HOBOPOM H3BHTOHEPEBA BHTEBA AHCOHVTA V
PEuHEKCHBHHM HOCPEPOBABHMA/

I Kanrona uerpcr oxo cnpxa npnpone n nepe y naruynnn ocnon..................................
II Kocmonomxe n onronomxe npernocranxe Kanronnx
nenaromxnx pasmnmana..............................................................................................
III Caxnmane xoncexnennn y Kanronoi cncremarnsannin axrnnne nennne npnpone
xao nacnnrnoi npnnpemn sa Xainerepono pasymenane canpemenor cmncna
rexnnxe.....................................................................................

I. TPAEHA H H3AA3H Y HEBAIOmKH OHPEMEHHM HOPYKAMA

I EBPOHCKH HOTOHVHH PAHHOHAHH3AM H XOPH3OHTH HOBE
TEHEOHOIHJE VMA....................................................................................................
II CABPEMEHOCT OPHOCA BEPOBABA H VMA.......
III OHOCTPAHOCT HEHOTE V HOCTKHACHuHOJ, KAO H
PHCHHATHBHOJ ECTETHHH....................................................................................

Cnohene: Bacnumuu c+ucao oumo)ouroe cae)eoaeana du;urovpeuie, roc+ovpeuie u
npo:uuheue u npoovo+ueaue mevpeuie...............................................................

CAPPXAJ.........................................................................................................................