tmZmenfausmif;om;acgif;aqmifqvdkif;wifarmifOD;ESihf

jrefrmjynf EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;aeY
==rif;wkdYigYcEmudk,fudkom owfvkdY&r,f? igY&JU ,kHMunfcsufeJY
&nfwnfcsufawGudkawmh b,fawmhrS owfvkdY&rSm r[kwfbl;/
rif;wkdYppfzdeyfatmufrSm igb,fawmhrS 'l;axmufrSm r[kwfbl;uG++
-qvd k i f ; wif a rmif O D ;
urmh b,fEikd if H b,fjynfol b,fvrl sK;d rSmrqdk urmay:rSm wnf&adS eoa&GU rarhaumif; rarhtyfb;l vdUk
olwUkd ud,
k w
f ikd f ausauseyfeyfeYJ wpfnw
D pfnw
G w
f nf; owfrw
S x
f m;MuwJh aeYx;l awG&w
dS ,f/ Oyrm vGwv
f yfa&;aeY
trsdK;omaeYpojzifh/
tm;vHk;odMuwJhtwkdif; jrefrmEdkifiHrSmvnf; tJovkdaeUxl;awG&Sdw,f/ tJ'DxJrSm trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeY?
awmfveS af &;aeY? jynfaxmifpak eY? tmZmenfaeY? vGwv
f yfa&;aeUawGuawmh olweYkd YJ twlwaJG ewJh jynf0h euf&iId ;f wJh
ordkif;t"dyg,fawGaMumifh ay:vGif xif&Sm;vlodrsm;w,f/
OD;ae0if;u oltmPmodrf;cJhwJh rwfv(2)&ufaeUudk awmifolv,form;aeUqdkNyD; owfrSwfcJhayr,hf
&nf & G , f c suf u &d k ; ajzmif h r S e f u ef j cif ; r&S d w J h t wG u f tJ ' D a eY u d k awmif o l v ,f o rm;aeY t jzpf
awmifov
l ,form;Bu;D awG ud,
k w
f idk rf ajymeJU olxal xmifcw
hJ hJ z q v ygwD0if trsm;pkuawmif rodMuao;bl;/
jynfolvlxk trsm;pkBuD;uawmh a0;pGajcmufygyJ/
&Spfq,fh&Spf ta&;awmfyHk 'Dbufydkif;rSm vlxkacgif;aqmifawGu jrefrmjynfolawGrarhaumif;
rarhtyfwJhaeYtjzpf topf xyfrH owfrSwfcJhMuwJh aeUxl;awG ay:xGufvmcJhw,f/ (r.q.v)vHkxdef;awG
vufcsuef UJ pufrw
I uov
kd f ausmif;om;udb
k ek ;f armf usq;kH wJh rwfv(13)&ufaeUudk jrefrmEdik if v
H t
l cGit
hf a&;aeU
tjzpf owfrSwfum vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunfarG;aeUudk jrefrmEdkifiH trsdK;orD;rsm;aeYtjzpf
owfrSwfwm pojzihf jzpfw,f/
tJ ' D a eY x l ; owf r S w f r I topf a wG [ m ol w d k Y & J Y & if x J r S m ==atmif ; yl + + jzpf a eY w J h qE a wG u d k
tjynf h t 0xif [ yf u d k , f p m;jyKrI &S d w J h t wG u f jref r mjynf o l w pf & yf v H k ; u vd I u f v d I u f v S J v S J
vufcHtodtrSwfjyKcJhMuw,f/ 'gaMumifh vlxkacgif;aqmifawG[m vkyfoifh vkyfxdkufwJh tvkyfwpfckudk
rarhravsmh vkyfcJhMuw,fvdkY qkd&r,f/
tckvnf; jrefrmjynfoal wGtwGuf txl;ojzifh jrefrmEdik if aH &;avmutwGuf txdr;f trSwaf eY waeYukd
rjzpfraeowfrSwfzkdY vdktyfaeygNyD? tJ'DaeYuawmh ==jrefrmjynfEdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;aeY+++ygyJ/ bmaMumifh
==jrefrmjynfEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;aeY++ owfrSwfoifhygovJ/
vl x k a xmuf c H r I r &S d w J h trsd K ;om;nD v mcH ? vl x k a xmuf c H r I r &S d w J h (2008) tajccH O ya'?
vlxak xmufcrH rI &Sw
d hJ (2010) a&G;aumufyw
JG &Ydk UJ aygif;pnf;xkwu
f ek f wpfcjk zpfwhJ vlxak xmufcrH rI &Sw
d hJ ta&cGv
H J
BuUH zGUH ppftpd;k &u ukvor* tygt0if jrefrmjynfow
l pf&yfv;kH udak &m Edik if w
H um todik ;f t0dik ;f wpfcv
k ;kH ud,
k yf g
qefUusizf q
D ef tmcHNy;D jrefrmjynfrmS Edik if aH &; jy em r&Sw
d hJ yHrk sKd ;zrf;Edik zf t
Ykd wGuf ==jrefrmjynfrmS Edik if aH &;
tusOf;om;r&Sdbl;++ vdkY i,foHygatmif atmf[pfaewJh tckvdktcsdefrsdK;rSm vlxkacgif;aqmifawG taeeJY
jrefrmjynfrmS Edik if aH &; tusO;f om;awG trSew
f u,fyJ &Sad ew,fqw
kd hJ yuwdt&Sw
d &m;wpfcu
k dk w&m;0if&&J &J if&h ifh
xk w f a zmf z d k Y t wG u f xl ; jcm;wJ h aeY w pf a eY u d k ==jref r mjynf Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;rsm;aeY + + tjzpf
owfrSwfaMunmjcif;omvQif taumif;qHk;enf;vrf; jzpfw,fvkdU ,lqw,f/
jrefrmEdik if rH mS Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;aeY bmaMumif&h o
dS ifo
h vJ / &Si;f ygw,f/ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG[m

jrefrmjynfolawG rarhaumif; rarhtyfwJh *kPfjyK OD;nTwfoifhwJholawG jzpfwJh twGuf olwdkU&JU aus;Zl;udk

tNrJatmufarhqifjcifrdMuapzdkY olwdkYtwGuf trSwfw& aeYwpfaeU owfowfrSwfrSwf&SdzdkYvkdtyfvdkYygyJ/
wu,fawmhjrefrmjynfacwftqufqufrSm tusOf;uscHcJh&wJh EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rSeforQ[m
rwlnDwJh,kHMunfcsuftoD;oD;udk b,fvdkyJ udkifpGJcJh ukdifpGJcJh rdrd&JU,kHMunfrItwGuf rw&m;rIudk acgif;iHkUrcH
tmcHzDqefcJhMuwJholawG trsm;tusdK;twGuf udk,fusdK;udk pGefU&Hkomru b0awG toufawGudkyg paw;NyD;
awmfvSefwdkufyGJ0ifcJhMuwJh BuD;jrwfwJh yk*dKvfawG jzpfMuw,f/ rw&m;rIudk acgif;iHkUrcHwwfMuwJh pdwf"mwfeJU
trsm;tusdK;udk o,fydk;vdkwJh pdwf"mwfawG&JU tusdK;quftjzpf tusOf;axmifawGxJ a&mufoGm;MuwJh
tcgrSmvnf; olwdkU[m rw&m;rIudk qufvufzDqef tmcHqefUusifMuw,f/ trsm;tusdK;twGuf wkdif;jynfeJY
vlrsKd;&JUtusKd;twGuf qufvufNyD; udk,fusdK;pGefU tepfemcH aqmif&GufMuw,f/ 'DvkdvkyfwJhtwGuf
tmPmydik af wGu olwUkd udk &kyyf ikd ;f t&a&m pdwyf ikd ;f t&yg jyif;xefpmG ESyd pf ufniS ;f yef;Muw,f/ 'gayr,fh olwUkd [m
rw&m;rI a&SUarSmufrSm 'l;raxmuf t&HI;ray;Mubl; / wcsdKUqdk&if toufudkawmif pGefUvTwfoGm;Mu&w,f/
ajym&&if axmifqw
dk m vlom;awG b0rul;bJa&mufaewJh avmui&Jb/J jrefrmEdik if rH mS awmh udv
k ekd aD cwf
zqyv acwf t usOf ; axmif a wG x J u vl U i&J x uf (62)ck E S p f aemuf y d k i f ; ppf t mPm&S i f a cwf
tusOf;axmifawGxJu vlUi&Ju trsm;BuD;ydkqkd;w,f/(e.t.z) ppftpdk;&acwf? BuHYzGYHppftpdk;&acwf
vlUi&JawGuawmh tqdk;wumh tqdk;qHk;yJ/ tJ'Dtqdk;qHk;vlUi&JxJrSmrS oD;oefUa&G;cs,f ESdyfuGyfcHae&wJh
Ed k i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;awG & J U pd w f " mwf e J U ,H k M unf c suf [ m rS e f ; qawG ; awmMunf h & H k e J U awmif
OD;nGwftav;jyKoifhwJht&myg/
txl;ojzifh acwftqufquf rdrdwkdY&JUwefzdk;&SdwJhb0awGudk ay;qyf&i;f um,du'ku? apwodu'ku
aygif;pkHudk cHpm;ae&ayrJh rw&m;rIxH tnHhrcH? tvHrvSJbJ? &J&J&ifh&ifh qufvufwkdufyGJ0if&if;? useftzdESdyfcH
jynfolawGtwGuf rD;&SL;wef;aqmifozG,f rm;rm;rufruf&yfwnfcJholawG? &yfwnfaeolawG&JU *kPfaus;Zl;udk
tNrJwoqifjcifatmufarhrdapr,fhaeYwaeY &Sdoifhw,fqkdwm tjiif;yGm;p&mrvdkwJhtcsufyg/ txl;ojzifh
'D u aeY v d k z d E S d y f r I t jyif ; xef q k H ; umvrS m ol w d k Y t wG u f *k P f j yKwJ h txd r f ; trS w f tjzpf
==jref r mjynf E k d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om; aeY r sm;aeY + ++qkdwmudk rjzpfraeowfrSwfoifhygNyD/
jrefrmEdkifiHrSm EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;aeU &Sdoifhw,fqdk&if b,faeYudk owfrSwfMurvJ/ b,faeYudk
owfrSwfoifhygovJ/
trsdK;om;atmifyGJaeY owfrSwfzdkU pOf;pm;Muwkef;u oDaygrif;ygawmfrlwJhaeU? q&mawmf OD;Owr
tzrf;cH&wJhaeY pojzifh tqdkwifoGif;rI trsdK;rsdK;&SdcJhw,f/ aemufqHk;rSm &efukefwuodkvfausmif;om;awG
wuodkvftufOya'udk qefUusifNyD; oydwfarSmufxGufvmMuwJh wefaqmifrkef;vjynfhausmf (10)&ufaeUudk
trsm;oabmwl owf r S w f v d k u f M uw,f / tJ ' D a eU[m usef t qd k j yKwJ h aeUawG x uf Ek d i f i H a &;t"d y g ,f
ydkrdkeuf&dIif;jynfh0wJh twGuf aemufydkif;rSmvnf; qefUusifuefUuGufol r&SdbJ jynfolwpf&yfvHk; nDnDnGwfnGwfeJU
todtrSwfjyK vufcHusif;yvmcJhwm tck ESpfaygif;(90) ausmf&SdvmwJh txdyJ/
EdkifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;aeU[mvnf; tJovdkrsdK;yJ jzpfoifhw,f/ EkdifiHa&;t"dyg,f teuf&dIif;
tjynf0h qH;k aeUomvQif tJ'aD eU jzpfzf Ukd xdu
k w
f efrmS jzpfw,f / Edik if aH &;t"dyg ,f jynf0h euf&iId ;f rIqw
kd hJ a0g[m&udk
EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;aeUqdkwJh a0g[m&eJU qufpyfjyD; tao;pdwfzGifhqdkr,fqdk&if tJ'Da0g[m&rSm tajccH
t*Fg&yfBuD; ESpfckyg0ifoifhw,fvkdU ,lqw,f/ tJ'gawGuawmh zdEdSyfol tpdk;&&JU aumufuspf ,kwfrm &ufpuf
Murf;MuKwfrIeJU tzdESdyfcH EkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;&JU 'l;raxmuf OD;rnTwf tmcH zDqefrIwkdU jzpfw,f/ tJ'D
t*Fg&yfEpS cf pk vH;k udk wpfcsed w
f nf; wNyKd iw
f nf;rSm jrifawGUEkid w
f hJ aeU[m Ekid if aH &; tusO;f om;rsm;aeU jzpfoifw
h ,f/
rdrduawmh tJ'Dt*Fg&yfESpfckpvHk;eJU jynfhpHkwJhaeU[m ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifqvkdif;wifarmifOD;

BudK;ay;towfcHcJh&wJh 'DuaeU ZGefv(26)&ufaeUuvGJNyD; wjcm;aeUr&Sdbl;vkdU ,HkMunfw,f/

csi;f vlrsKd ;wpfO;D jzpfwhJ qvdik ;f wifarmifO;D [m (1951)rSm arG;zGm;cJo
h jl zpfw,f/ w&m;0ifrw
S w
f rf;rsm;t&
olU&JUyxrqHk;EkdifiHa&;vIyf&Sm;rI[m (1969) uRef;qG,f ta&;tcif;rSm jzpfwmaMumifh olUtouf (18)ESpf
t&G,frSmjzpfw,f/ 'gu bmudkjzpfaeovJqkdawmh ol[m EkdifiHa&;vdIif;wHydk;awG jidrfoufaew,fvkdU ajym&r,fh
umvrsdK; tifrwefi,fao;wJh touft&G,frSmawmif rw&m;rIudk tmcHzDqefzdkU wm0ef&SdrSef; odcJholjzpfjyD;
tmcHzDqef&JcJholvnf; jzpfcJhw,fqkdwJh tcsufyJ/
aemufydkif;rSmol[m tvkyform;ta&;tcif;(1974-ZGef)? OD;oefYta&;tcif; (1974-'DZifbm)
ZGeo
f Ukd r[kwf a&Tw*d t
kH a&;tcif;vdUk odMuwJh tvkyo
f rm;oydwEf pS yf wfvnfta&;tcif;(1975-ZGe)f ? rdiI ;f &mjynhf
ta&;tcif;(1976-rwf) awGrSm OD;aqmiftcef;u@u qufwdkufyg0ifqifETJcJhw,f/ 'Dumv twGif;
axmif'Pfcsrw
S cf &hJ wm&Sd cJah yr,fh vGwv
f mawmhvnf; enf;o@ef trsKd ;rsKd ;eJU wdu
k yf u
JG kd qufvufqifEcJT w
hJ ,f/
'Dtcsuu
f kd Munf&h if qvkid ;f wifarmifO;D [m wpfyw
JG ;kd yJNG y;D rD;aoorm; r[kwb
f ;l / a&wufig;pif&ikd ;f r[kwb
f ;l /
trsm;a,mifvkdUa,mif tarmifawmifrSef; ajrmufrSef;rodolr[kwfbl; / aumuf&dk;rD; r[kwfbl;/ ppftmPm&Sif
pepfcsKyfNidrf;a&;twGuf ZGJebJBuD;pGm owdajymifajrmufpGm BudK;yrf;cJhol wkdufyGJ0ifcJholwpfOD;jzpfw,fqdkwm
xif&Sm;w,f/
vlxkaxmufcHrI (90.19%)&&SdcJhw,fqdkwJh (1974) tajccHOya'qkdwmBuD;eJU jynfwGif;jynfyudk
vSnfhpm;zdkU BudK;pm;aewJh rqv ygwDOuXBuD; OD;ae0if;[m qvdkif;wifarmifOD;&JU &J&ifhajymifajrmufwJh
vkyf&yfawGaMumifh txd temBuD; emcJh&w,f/ ausmif;om;awGtay: tNidK;tmCmwBuD;rm;vSwJh OD;ae0if;[m
qvdik ;f wifarmifO;D udk zrf;qD;Edik zf Ukd onf;Bu;D rnf;Bu;D BuKd ;yrf;cJw
h ,f/ olUtay: usa&mufvmEdik w
f hJ tE&m,fxuf
ppftmPm&SifpepfcsKyfNidrf;a&;udkom OD;pm;ay; acgif;xJxnfhxm;wJh qvkdif;wifarmifOD;[m aemufqHk;awmh
tzrf;cHomG ;cJ&h w,f/ ausmif;om;wpf&yfv;kH tay: tNiKd ;taw;Bu;D vSwhJ OD;ae0if;[m rdr&d UJ wlt&G,f om;t&G,f
xufawmifi,fao;wJh ( tJ'w
D ek ;f u qvdik ;f wifarmifO;D &JU toufu (25)ESpyf J &Syd gw,f ) ausmif;om;uav;udk
&oif&h xku
d w
f hJ w&m;Oya'qkid &f m tcGit
hf a&;bmwpfcrk S ray;bJ tusO;f enf;eJY ppfaq;Ny;D ao'Pfcsrw
S cf w
hJ ,f/
t,lcHwifNyD; 'l;axmuftnHhcHcdkif;cJhayr,hf qvkdif;wifarmifOD;u ==ppfzdeyfatmuf 'l;axmufrcHbl;++qkdNyD;
jiif;qefwt
hJ cg Mum;&ol taygif; tHMh ooGm;&avmufatmif wu,fyJ &uf&ufpufpufBuKd ;ay;owfjzwfcw
hJ ,f/
wpf e nf ; tm;jzif h ol U ud k zD q ef t mcH w J h ol tm;vH k ; ud k 'D v k y f & yf e J U tmPm&S i f B uD ; OD ; ae0if ; u
ppfaMunmvdkufwmjzpfw,f/ ajym&&if rdrdwdkU&JU arG;&myg vlUtcGifhta&;rsm;udk vdkvm;awmifhw aeMuwJh
jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvHk;eJU urmh'Drdkua&pD bufawmfom;tm;vHk;udk ppfaMunmvdkufwmjzpfw,f/
tJ'Dawmh tJ'Djzpf&yfeJU jrefrmEdkifiH EdkifiHa&;tusOf;orm;aeUudk qufpyfNyD; oHk;oyfMunfh&atmif/
qvkid ;f wifarmifO;D [m csi;f vlrsKd ;vli,fausmif;om;wpfa,muf jzpfw,f/ 'gayr,hf ol[m wkad wmif;wJh
olU&JU b0wmumv twGi;f csi;f vlrsKd ;rsm; ta&;oufouf? vli,fta&;oufouf? ausmif;om;ta&;oufouf
twGuf rvkyfbJ jrefrmjynfol wpf&yfvHk; iwfrGwfawmifhwaeMuwJh vltcGifhta&; 'Drdkua&pDa&; Nidrf;csrf;a&;
wkdUtwGuf wkdufyGJ0ifoGm;cJhol jzpfw,f/ 'Dwpfcsufu ol[m trsdK;om;a&; oauFwwpfckjzpfw,f qdkwmudk
jyoaew,f/ aemufwpfcu
k ol[m tifrwefi,fao;wJt
h &G,f uwnf;upvkUd rw&m;rIUudk tmPmqefUusicf o
hJ l
jzpfw,f/ 'Dtcsufu ol[m rw&m;rIudk acgif;iHkUrcHjcif;&JU oauFw wpfckjzpfw,fqkdwmudk jyoaew,f/
aemufwpfcku ol[m tmPm&SifqefUusifa&; t"duwdkufyGJ tqufqufrSm OD;aqmifyg0ifcJhw,f/ 'Dtcsufu
ol[m yef;wkdifqDta&muf csDwufzkdU jynfolawGrSm r&Sdrjzpf&Sd&rSm jzpfwJh ZGJvHkv 0D&d,&JU oauFwwck
jzpfw,fqdkwmudk jyoaew,f/ aemufwpfcku ol[m ao'Pfukd t,lcHr0ifcJhbl;/ 'Dtcsufu ol[m
touf[laom taMumif;w&m;twGuf ,HkMunfcsufudk rpGefUvTwfwJh pmr&D iSufpdwf"mwf&JU oauFwjzpfw,f

qdkwmudk jyoaew,f/
tJ'DoauFwawG&JU tpktaygif;jzpfwJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvkdif;wifarmifOD;[m 'DuaeY
&Snv
f sm;Murf;wrf;wJh 'Dru
kd a&pD c&D;vrf;udk cufcyJ ifyef;pGm avQmufvrS ;f aeMu&wJh jrefrmjynfoal wGtwGuaf &m
aemiftem*wf rsdK;qufopfawG twGufyg aumif;uifrSm xm0&xGef;vif;awmufyaewJh vrf;jy "l0HMu,fBuD;yJ
jzpfw,f/
jrefrmhEdkifiHa&;ordkif;rSm ,kHMunfcsuftwGuf rdrdwkdY&JUb0awGudk pTefYvTwfpaw;cJhMuwJh pTefYvTwfpaw;ae
MuwJh jrefrmEkdifiHa&;tusOf;om;awG[m tzdESdyfcHb0u vGwfajrmufvdkwJh jrefrmjynfolwpf&yfvkH; twGuf
*kPfjyKxkdufolawG pHjyKxkdufolawGjzpfovdk tmZmenfausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvdkif;wifarmifOD;&JU toufeJY
b0udk ydik ;f jyufcsu&f &dS dS pTev
Yf w
T pf aw;cJrh ?I aemufq;Hk xGuo
f uftxd &efox
Yl H 'l;raxmuftnHrh cHcw
hJ hJ &yfwnfcsuf
eJw
Y u
dk yf 0JG if pdw"f mwfawG[m tJ'*D P
k jf yKcH Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG&UJ pHerlemvnf;jzpfw,f/ rD;&SL;wefaqmifvnf;
jzpfw,f? oauFwvnf;jzpfygw,f/
'gaMumifh tmPm&Sipf epf&UJ tNiKd ;tCmwBu;D rm;rI aumufusp,
f w
k rf m&ufpufMurf;MuKyrf I jynfoUl qEukd
qefYusif ESdyfpufrIawGeJY &J&ifhwJh tzdESdyfcHjynfolawG&JU rw&m;rIudk acgif;iHkUrcHrI ? ZGJvHkv 0D&d,&SdrI ? ,HkMunfcsuf
cdkifrmpGJNrJrIwdkUudk wpfcsdefwnf; wNydKifwnf;jyifawGUcJhMu&wJh ausmif;om;acgif;aqmif qvkdif;wifarmifOD;
BudK;ay; owfjzwfjcif;cHcJh&wJh? tmZmenfyDopGm usqkH;cJh&wJh ZGefv(26)&ufaeU
eUrS wyg; jrefrmEdik if EH ikd if aH &;
tusOf;om;rsm;aeY tjzpfowfrSwfoifhwJh tjcm;aeYr&Sdbl;vdkU xifjrif,lqrdygw,f/
ppf t mPm&S i f p epf u d k &J & if h j ywf o m;pG m qef Y u sif w k d u f y G J 0 if & if ; tmZmenf y D o pG m
usqk H ; oG m ;cJ h & wJ h ausmif ; om; acgif ; aqmif qvk d i f ; wif a rmif O D ; tm; OD ; nT w f t av;jyKvsuf -

( atmifvTrf;rdk; )