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Ana Physio Lecture
Ana Physio Lecture
Anatomy study of the structure and shape of the body and its parts Physiology study of how the body and its parts work or function
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Figure 1.1 Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Figure 14.4 Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION
CHEMICAL
CELLULAR
TISSUE
ORGAN
SYSTEM
ORGANIS MAL
Directional Terms
y INFERIOR (L., lower) a structure lower than
another. y SUPERIOR (L., higher) a structure higher than another. y ANTERIOR (L., to go before) toward the front of the body. y POSTERIOR (L., posterus, following) toward the back of the body. y DORSAL (L., dorsum, back) synonymous with posterior y VENTRAL (L, ventrum, belly) synonymous with anterior. Arellano3University College of Nursing / CA 1 Cluster 6
Directional Terms
y PROXIMAL (L., proximus, nearest) closer to the
point of attachment to the body than another structure. y DISTAL (L., di+sto, to be distant) farther from the point of attachment to the body than another structure. y LATERAL (L., latus, side) away from the midline of the body. y MEDIAL (L., medialis, middle) toward the midline of the body.
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Directional Terms
y SUPERFICIAL (L., superficialis) toward or on
the surface. y DEEP (Old English, deop, deep) away from the surface, internal.
Planes
y SAGITTAL (flight of an arrow) runs vertically
through the body and separates it into right and left portions.
y Midsagittal divides the body into equal right and left
halves. y Parasagittal towards the side of the midline, divides the body in unequal right and left portions.
ground and divides the body into superior and inferior parts. y CORONAL (frontal) - runs vertically from right to left and divides the body into anterior and posterior Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 9 portions. Cluster 3
Sections
y LONGITUDINAL a cut through the
longitudinal axis of an organ. y TRANSVERSE a cut at a right angle to the longitudinal axis. y OBLIQUE a cut made across the longitudinal axis at angle other than a right angle.
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Body Regions
y APPENDICULAR includes the limbs and their
girdles y Upper limb arm, forearm, wrist, and hand; attached to the body by the shoulder or pectoral girdle. y Lower limb thigh, leg, ankle, and foot; attached to the body by the hip or pelvic girdle. y AXIAL consists of the head, neck and trunk. y Trunk divided into the trunk (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
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Body Regions
y APPENDICULAR includes the limbs and their
girdles y Upper limb arm, forearm, wrist, and hand; attached to the body by the shoulder or pectoral girdle. y Lower limb thigh, leg, ankle, and foot; attached to the body by the hip or pelvic girdle. y AXIAL consists of the head, neck and trunk. y Trunk divided into the trunk (chest), abdomen, and pelvis.
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Abdominal Quadrants
RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT LEFT UPPER QUADRANT
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Abdominal Regions
RIGHT HYPOCHONDRIAC EPIGASTRIC LEFT HYPOCHONDRIAC
RIGHT LUMBAR
UMBILICAL
LEFT LUMBAR
RIGHT ILIAC
HYPOGASTRIC
LEFT ILIAC
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Muscular
Allows locomotion Maintains posture Produces heat
Figure CA Arellano University College of Nursing /1.2c 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Lymphatic
Returns fluids to blood vessels Disposes of debris Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Respiratory
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Reproductive
Production of offspring
Figure 1.2k Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Inorganic compounds
Lack carbon Tend to be simpler compounds Example: H2O (water)
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Bases
Proton acceptors
Neutralization reaction
Acids and bases react to form water and a salt
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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pH
Measures relative concentration of hydrogen ions
pH 7 = neutral pH below 7 = acidic pH above 7 = basic Buffers Chemicals that can regulate pH change
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA Figure 2.11 1Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Carbon and hydrogen outnumber oxygen
Insoluble in water
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Proteins
Made of amino acids Contain carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
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Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Enzymes
Act as biological catalysts Increase the rate of chemical reactions
Figure 2.16 Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Figure 2.17c
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The Nucleus
y Control center of the cell
y Contains genetic material (DNA)
y Three regions
y Nuclear membrane y Nucleolus
Figure 3.1b Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
y Chromatin
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Cytoplasmic Organelles
Figure 3.4 Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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y Active transport
- The cell must provide metabolic energy
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Diffusion
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y Sol tes re lipid-sol le teri ls or small enough to pass through membrane pores
y Facilitated
y Subst p ssi
pr t i c rri r f r
f Nursi g / CA 1 -
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Figure 3.9 Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Osmosis
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Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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y Cytokinesis
y Division of the cytoplasm y Begins when mitosis is near completion y Results in the formation of two daughter cells
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Stages of Mitosis
y Interphase
y No cell division occurs y The cell carries out normal metabolic activity and growth
y Prophase
y First part of cell division y Centromeres migrate to the poles
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Stages of Mitosis
y Metaphase
y Spindle from centromeres are attached to chromosomes that are aligned in the center of the cell
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Stages of Mitosis
y Anaphase
y Daughter chromosomes are pulled toward the poles y The cell begins to elongate
y Telophase
y Daughter nuclei begin forming y A cleavage furrow (for cell division) begins to form
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Stages of Mitosis
Figure 3.14; 1
Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Cluster 3
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Stages of Mitosis
Figure 3.14; 2
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body
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The EPIDERMIS
y Composed mainly of 5 layers:
> stratum corneum: outermost, cornified (keratinized) > stratum lucidum: present only in thick hairless skin > stratum granulosum: impermeable > stratum spinosum > stratum basale: (germinativum) constant cell division y Nerves: found in the epidermis- for pain and temperature sensation
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Keratinocytes
y most numerous (85%) y secrete keratin y provides the barrier
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Melanocytes
y found in the dermis
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Langerhans cells
y members of the immune system, and functioning
Merckel cells
y found in the basal layer and functions as
mechanoreceptors.
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The DERMIS
y loose connective tissue, mainly collagen and elastic
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Subcutaneous Tissue
y Contains adipose tissue and larger blood vessels and
nerves y May contain the base of hair follicles and sweat glands y Functions: caloric reserve, heat insulator, shock absorber
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Hair
y arises from hair follicles which are epidermal invaginations y Associated arrector pili muscle causes goosebumps
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Nails
y like hair, are modified stratum corneum y keratin of nails is harder than that of hair y stratum basale of the nail area continuously proliferates and rapidly keratinizes y white cuticle of nails is called eponychium
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TACTILE SENSATION
y Pacinian Corpuscle y Meissner s
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Pacinian corpuscle
y found within the
dermis and hypodermis y surround nerves and look like onions y function as mechanoreceptors for pressure & vibration.
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Meissner s corpuscles
y present in the dermal
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Ruffini Corpuscle
y Thermoreceptor
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Krause Corpuscle
y Thermoreceptor
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Skeletal system
y 206 bones y Axial skeleton= 80 y Appendicular
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functions
y Supportive framework y Protect vital organs y Hemopoiesis or blood cell formation y Storage of minerals y Act as biomechanical levers
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Types of Bone
y According to location: y Axial found along our midline axis y Appendicular found in our extremities
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diaphysis and metaphysis) Example: (upper) clavicle, humerus, radius, and ulna (lower) femur, tibia, fibula *include metacarpals, metatarsals and phalenges y SHORT BONES- (lack a long axis and are typically cuboidal) Example: ankle and wrist bone *sesamoid bones-embedded in tendons (patella) y FLAT BONES- thin and usually curved, two layers of compact bone separated by spongy bone and marrow Example: sternum, ribs and skull bone y IRREGULAR BONES- don t fit any other classification Example: vertebrae, hip bones,ofsome CA 1 - bones Arellano University College Nursing / skull
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y According to shape: y LONG BONES- (longer than they are wide, epiphysis,
Classification
y
1. 2.
y
1. 2.
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Types of cells
yOsteoblast- precursor cells yOsteoclast- bone destroyers yOsteocytes- mature cells
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Classification of Joints
y Synarthroses- barely movable or
nonmovable (SUTURES, GOMPHOSES,
SYNCHONDROSES)
TYPES OF MOVEMENT
*origin immovable *insertion movable
y flexion - bending, decreasing the angle between 2 bones y extension - straightening out, increasing the angle between 2 bones y abduction - moving the bone away from the midline y adduction - moving the bone toward the midline y rotation - moving the bone around central axis y circumduction - moving the bone so that the end of it describes a circle
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forearm so that the radius and ulna are parallel, posterior to anterior y pronation - moving the bones of the forearm so that the radius and ulna are not parallel, anterior to posterior position y eversion - moving the sole of the foot outward at the ankle and intertarsal joints y inversion - moving the sole of the foot inward at the ankle and intertarsal joints
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forward on a plane parallel to the ground y retraction - moving a part of the body backward on a plane parallel to the ground y elevation - raising a part of the body y depression - lowering a part of the body y plantar flexion - pointing toes (as a ballerina) away from the body y dorsiflexion - pointing toes toward the body y opposition move thumb to touch fingertips
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y Bone maintenance
1. Local stress-stimulates bone formation 2. Vit. D- inc Ca by increasing GIT
absorption 3. PTH- inc blood Ca by inc bone resorption 4. Calcitonin- inhibits bone resorption
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Bone repair
y Hematoma & inflammation y Angiogenesis and cartilage formation y Cartilage calcification y Cartilage removal y Bone formation(3-4 mos.) y Remodeling( mos.-yrs)
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Muscles
- tissue composed of fibers or -
cells able to contract causing movements Maintains posture Stabilizes joints Generates heat highly vascular, excitable, conductive and elastic
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crossed y Have at least two attachments: ORIGIN (proximal) and INSERTION (distal) y Muscle an only pull; they never push y Contraction moves toward the origin
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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
1. FACIAL MUSCLE- facial expression - frontalis: raises brow, wrinkles forehead -obicularis oculi: closes eyes -obicularis oris: kissing muscle -zygoamticus: smiling muscle 2. MUSCLE OF MASTICATION - buccinator -masseter -temporalis Arellano3University College of Nursing / CA 1 Cluster
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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
3. NECK MUSCLE -platysma: downward sag of mouth -sternocleidomastoid: rotates head, prayer muscle, head flexion (if both contracts) 4. ANTERIOR TRUNK MUSCLE - pectoralis major -intercoastal muscles: external (for inhalation), internal (for exhalation)
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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
- Muscles of abdominal girdle: rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis 5. POSTERIOR TRUNK MUSCLE -trapezius -latissimus dorsi -deltoid
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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
6. UPPER ARM MUSCLE - biceps brachii- elbow flexor -triceps brachii- elbow extensor 7. FOREARM MUSCLE - anterior compartment: flexors and pronators of wrist and hands - posterior compartment: extensors and suppinators of wrist and hands
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SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
8. HIP MUSCLES -gluteus maximus: hip extensor -gluteus medius: hip adbuctor -iliopsas: hip flexor - adductor muscle: hip adductor 9. FEMORAL MUSCLE -Quadriceps (knee extensors): rectus femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius - hamstring (knee flexors): biceps femoris, semimembranosus, semitendinosus Arellano University College of Nursing / CA 1 Cluster 3 112
SUPERFICIAL MUSCLE
10. MUSCLE OF LOWER LEG - tibialis anetrior: dorsiflexion, inversion -fibularis: plantar flexion, eversion - gastrocnemius: toe dancer muscle, plantar flexion
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Tendon
- attaches muscle to bone - provide durability and conservation of space - made up of tough collagenic fiber
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ligament
binds joints together, connects articular bones and cartilage
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cartilage
- non vascular tissue - can be permanent or temporary - found chiefly in the joints, thorax, larynx and trachea
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Bursae
- Sac containing fluid that are located around the joints to prevent friction
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The Skull
y 8 cranial bones y 14 facial bones y 6 small bones in
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Neurocranium
Viscerocranium
y Maxilla y Nasal y Zygomatic y Mandible y Vomer y Lacrimal y Palatine y Inferior nasal concha Arellano University College of Nursing / CA
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skull
Sutures y Coronal- bet. Parietal & frontal bones y Sagittal- bet. 2 parietal bones y Lambdoid- bet. Parietal & occipital y Bregma- intersection of coronal & sagittal- ant. Fontanel y Pterion- where sphenoid, parietal, frontal & temporal bones converge y TMJ
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tissue or cartilage that occur at the angles of the parietal bone y Anterior closes at 1218 months y Posterior closes at 34 months
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malleus or hammer articulates with eardrum incus or anvil articulates with malleus & stapes stapes or stirrup articulates with oval window
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Face
y Scalp- frontalis & occipitalis y Ear- auricular y Orbital rim- orbicularis oculi y Nose- nasalis y Neck-platysma y Lips- labii superioris, zygomaticusdepressor labii/angularis,
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Neck
Bones y Cervical vertebrae- atlas,axis & C3-C7 y hyoidy Larynx y cricoid
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Neck
Anterior Triangle y internal jugular v. y Carotid a. y Vagus n. y Hypoglossal n. y Hyoid ms. y Submental nodes Posterior triangle y Accessory n. y Branches of brachial plexus y Subclavian a y Subclavian v.
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maintain flexibility, absorb shock; outer annulus fibrosis, inner gelatinous nucleus pulposus
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Thorax
y ribs
1-7= true 8-10= false 11-12= floating y Sternum Manubrium Sternal angle of louis Body of sternum
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Muscles y Internal intercostals- ant, inf y External intercoastals- post, inf y Subcostalis y Transversus thoracis
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11 intercostal n., 1 subcostal n. y Intercostal arteries-12 pairs of post and ant, =11 inter, 1 subcostal y Intercostal vessels y Lymph drainage
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Abdomen
5 lumbar vertebrae y Ilium- iliac fossa, tubercle & crest y Pubis- symphisis, tubercle, crest Surface anatomy: y Linea alba- fr xiphoid to pubis y Linea semilunaris- bilateral, lat to rectus abdominis y Inguinal groove
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y Muscles
Anterior y Extrernal oblique- ant, inf y Internal oblique-post, inf y Transversus abdominis y Rectus abdominis Posterior y Quadratus luborum y Psoas major-chief flexor of hip y Iliacus- joins psoas
y Transversalis fascia- lines abd cavity, deep inguinal
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y y y y y
butterfly ASIS = anterior superior iliac spine, important landmark PSIS lies deep to a dimple ischial tuberosity part we sit on symphysis pubis fibroelastic connection between two pubic bones acetabulum depression for the head of the femur greater sciatic notch opening for sciatic nerve lesser sciatic notch obturator foramen for obturator nerve linea terminalis, or pelvic brim separates false pelvis above from true pelvis below
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Pelvis
y Pelvic girdle- anteriorly bounded by hip bone, posteriorly by
sacrum and coccyx y Pelvic cavity Major (false)- above pelvic brim Minor (True)- below y Pelvic diaphragm- muscular floor Levator ani- pubococcygeus, puborectalis, iliococcygeus coccygeus
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Female pelvis
y Broader and more shallow y Pelvic inlet is larger & more circular y Ischial spines are shorter with greater distance bet them y Greater angle bet the pubic bones y Adapted for a baby & delivery Arellano University College of Nursing / CA
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r Extr
ity
y Consists of 30 bones:
y Humerus y y y y y
upper
arm Ulna - forearm Radius - forearm Carpal bones - wrist Metacarpals - palm Phalanges - fingers
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Upper Limb
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upper leg or
thigh Patella or kneecap Tibia & fibula lower leg or shin Tarsal bones back part of foot & heel Metatarsals main part of the foot Phalanges - toes
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Lower extremeties
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AEROBIC
E MAXIMAL LOW FAT , L CO E, PROTEIN ATP+ CARBON DIOXIDE + WATER
NO. OF ATP PROD CED PEED OF ATP PROD CTION B TRATE END-PROD CT
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The GIT
The wall is divided into y Mucosa y Submucosa y Muscularis layer (inner circular and outer longitudinal) y and Serosa/adventitia
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Fig. 16.2
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GENERAL FUNCTIONS
Ingestion of food into the mouth Moves food along the digestive tract Mechanically digests the food into small particles Chemically digests the food into simple molecules y Absorbs nutrients into the portal and lymphatic circulation
y y y y
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The MOUTH
yExtends from the lips to the
orophaynx yInitial digestion of carbohydrates occurs here (salivary amylase) yContains the teeth, tongue, palate, salivary glands and tonsils
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Salivary glands
y 1. Parotid= secretes purely serous,
Stensens duct y 2.Submandibular/submaxillay= secretes mixed saliva, with Whartons duct y 3. Sublingual= secretes mixed saliva, with two ducts- duct of Rivinus and duct of Bartholin
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The Esophagus
yMuscular collapsible tube
extending from the pharynx to the stomach yWith upper esophageal sphincter and lower esophageal sphincter y10 inches long
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The Esophagus
yFunction: to propel
The Stomach
y J-shaped organ in the
epigastrium y Contains four partsthe fundus, the cardia, the body and the pylorus
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prevents the reflux of the contents into the esophagus y The pyloric sphincter regulates the rate of gastric emptying into the duodenum y Capacity is 1,500 ml!
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Small intestine
Characteristics: yProvided with mesentery yPresence of villi yPresence of plicae circularis yLined by simple columnar y20 ft (6m) long
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that finalize the digestion of all foodstuff y Enzymes for carbohydrates disaccharidases y Enzymes for proteins dipeptidases and aminopeptidases y Enzyme for lipids intestinal lipase
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Large intestine
Characteristics y Presence of haustra y Presence of taenia coli y Presence of appendices epiploicae y No villi y With mesocolon on the appendix, transverse colon and sigmoid colon y 5 ft (1.5-1.8 meter long)
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Anus
yThe anal canal is the last portion of the tract, surrounded by an internal and external anal sphincter
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The Peritoneum
ySerous membrane lining the abdominal cavity yParietal peritoneumabdominal wall yVisceral peritoneum- visceral organs
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Fig. 16.3
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The Peritoneum
yRetroperitoneal organs are found posterior to the peritoneum- kidney, pancreas, duodenum, ascending and descending colon, rectum
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Mesentery
yThis is a peritoneum folded upon itself extending from the organ to the abdominal wall
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Accessory organs
Pancreas yA pistol-shaped organ both an endocrine and exocrine gland yParts: head, body and tail yDucts: major is Wirsung, minor is Santorini
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Pancreatic secretions
1. Bicarbonate- to neutralize the acidic chyme from the stomach- stimulated by secretin 2. Pancreatic amylase- for carbohydrate digestion
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Pancreatic secretions
3. Pancreatic lipase- for fat digestion 4. Trypsin and chymotrypsinfor protein digestion
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Accessory organ
Liver yLargest internal organ yLocated on the right upper quadrant yWith right and left lobes
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2. Synthesizes proteins 3. Synthesizes globulins 4. Synthesizes Clotting factors 5. Secreting bile 6. Converts ammonia to urea 7. Stores Vitamims and minerals 8. Metabolizes estrogen
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Accessory organ
Gallbladder yPear-shaped organ on the right upper quadrant below the liver yParts: fundus, body and neck ystore & concentrate bile
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Movements
Mouth and esophagus: Deglutition y 1. Voluntary phase- food bolus is pushed by tongue to the pharynx y 2. Pharyngeal phase- reflex action y 3. Esophageal phase- peristaltic waves moves the food towards the stomach
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Stomach movement
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Fig. 16.12
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Regulation of stomach secretions 1. Cephalic phase- stomach secretions are initiated by the sight, smell, thought and taste of food
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Regulation of stomach secretions 2. Gastric phase- secretions are produced upon stomach distention
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Fig. 16.22
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Major functions
yEliminates wastes yControls blood and fluid
The Kidney
y Retroperitoneal organ surrounded by
capsule and fats y renal cortex ( where nephrons are located) y renal medulla ( where collecting ducts are found)
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The Nephron
y Functional unit of the kidney that produces urine by filtration Composed of
y Efferent arteriole y Glomerulus y Afferent arteriole y Bowman s capsule y Convoluted tubules- proximal, loop of Henle and
distal
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abdominal aorta yRenal vein- drains into the inferior venal cava
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Renal pelvis
y Funnel-shaped expanded portion of
the ureter y Formed by the calyces y Collects urine from the kidney
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The Ureter
Left and right y long slender tube y w/ smooth muscles and transitional epithelium y w/ innervations from the sympathetic and parasympathetic
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the pelvis y Lined with transitional epithelium y With thick detrusor muscles
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Fig. 18.17
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Urethra
y Tube extending from the urinary bladder to the
y 3 parts in Males
1. Prostatic urethra- most dilatable 2. Membranous urethra- least dilatable and shortest 3. Penile urethra- longest
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Renal Physiology
Urine formation y 1. Urinary blood flow y 2. Glomerular filtration y 3. Tubular reabsorption y 4. tubular secretion
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solutes ySecretion- water, glucose and amino acids ySecretion- H, K, crea, drugs
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The testes
y Male gonad housed in the scrotum y Divided into lobules containing tubules
and cells y Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules y Leydig cells secrete testosterone
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Spermatogenesis
y Begins during puberty y Occurs in the seminiferous tubules y Spermatogonia---MITOSIS ---primary spermatocytes---MEOSIS---secondary spermatocyte---spermatids---go to the epididymis--- spermatozoa
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Ducts
1. Epididymis- coiled tube 2. Vas deferens- long tube from the epididymis to the seminal vesicle 3. Ejaculatory duct- formed by the union of the vas deferens and the duct of the seminal vesicle
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Glands
1. Prostate gland- glandular and muscular tissue produces slightly acidic fluid (20% of semen) 2. Seminal Vesicle- convoluted pouch, secretes alkaline fluid and fructose (bulk of the semen) 3. Cowper s glands- secrete mucus for lubrication
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Fig. 19.5a
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External genitalia
1. Scrotum- two chambered sac contains the testes 2. Penis- erectile tissue consists of two corpora cavernosa and one corpora spongiosa y With 3 parts- bulb, shaft and glans
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SEMEN: y contains spermatozoa and fructose-rich nutrients. y During ejaculation, semen receives contributions of fluid from
y y y y
y Average pH = 7.5 y Ave. amt.= 2.5 -5 ml. It can live with in the female genital
tract for about 24 to 72 hours. y (60-200 million/ml of ejaculation ave. of 400 million/ ejaculation ) y 90 seconds- cervix y 5 minutes.- end of fallopian tube
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organ covered by the peritoneum y Two parts: y CORTEX- follicles are found y Medulla- connective tissue
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Fallopian tubes y Bilateral ducts extends laterally from the uterus 4 parts 1. Infundibulum- funnel shape, with fimbriae 2. Ampulla- widest part; usual site of FERTILIZATION 3. Isthmus- narrowest part 4. Interstitial or Intramural- embedded in the uterine wall FUNCTION: Transport of ovum
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Fig. 20.2
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The Uterus
y Pear-shaped organ with a cavity
3 main parts 1. Fundus- upper dome-shape part 2. Corpus or Body- broad part 3. Cervix- narrow lower part
y Isthmus- junction between the body and the cervix
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The Uterus
The uterine wall is made up of three layers 1. Epimetrium- superficial part surrounded by the perimetrium 2. Myometrium- thickest muscular part 3. Endometrium- inner layer y FUNCTION: Fetal development in pregnancy
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The endometrium
3 layers of the endometrium 1. Stratum Functionale
y Stratum compactum y Stratum spongiosum
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Uterine ligaments
y Broad ligament y Round ligament y Cardinal ligament y Utero-sacral ligament
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Fig. 19.8
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Vaginal canal
y Connects the cervix to the vestibule y Fibromuscular canal lined with mucus and covered with hymen y The remnant of hymen is called CARUNCULAE MYRTIFORMIS
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External genitalia
1. Vestibule- space between the labia minora 2. Pudendal cleft- space between the labia majora 3. Clitoris- erectile tissue, homologue of penis
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External genitalia
4. Labia majora- thick fold of skin, homologue of scrotum 5. Labia Minora- thin fold of skin devoid of hairs 6. Mons pubis/veneris- elevated area above the labia
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Mammary gland
Modified sweat gland y Consists of glandular and adipose tissue y P-rolactin y O-xytocin y P-rogesterone y E-strogen
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MENSTRUATION:
y Menstrual cycle/ female reproductive cycle- 30-80 cc (60 cc ave.) of blood, epithelial cells and mucus are being discharged y 21-35 days
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Maturation of Oocytes:
y first formed in utero
- 5 to7 million; y first 5 months in utero - 2 million immature oocytes per ovary y at birth - 2 million in BOTH ovaries y 7 yrs of age only - 500,000/ovary y 22y/o only - 300,000/ovary y Reproductive age only - 300 400 oocytes y Menopause - none
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Fig. 19.14
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OVARIAN Cycle
Consists of three phases y 1. Pre-ovulatory : follicular phase y 2. Ovulatory phase y 3. Post-ovulatory : Luteal phase
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becomes grafian follicle with primary oocyte y FSH increases initially then decreases because of estrogen increase
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releasing the secondary oocyte y Due to the LH surge y MITTELSCHMERZ- pain during rupture of follicle
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Fig. 19.11
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Hormonal cycle
1. Menstrual phase y Decreased Estrogen, decreased progesterone, decreased FSH and decreased LH 2. Proliferative/ Pre-ovulatory phase y Increased FSH and Estrogen in small amounts
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Hormonal Cycle
3. Ovulatory phase y Increased FSH, Increased LH (surge) Increased Estrogen 4. Post ovulatory/luteal Phase y Increased Estrogen, increased progesterone, decreased FSH and LH
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