(converters)

19 , Henry Bessemer,

(. )
, Bessemer.

(Open hearth furnace SiemensMartin). , Bessemer Siemens-Martin
.
,
.

.

.
1 Basic Oxygen Process (BOP) ( Basic Oxygen

Steelmaking (BOS))
4,5%
.


. 0,1%. Basic Oxygen
Process (BOP) u
.
blast furnace iron + scrap

steel

2 Electric Arc Furnace Steelmaking (EAF)

scrap

steel

 Basic Oxygen Process

BOP
:

(Basic Oxygen Furnace).
(MgCO3/ CaCO3) (MgCO3).
2
.
1) Scrap
.

2)
.
CO CO2
:
C(s) + O2(g) > CO2(g)
CO2(g) + C(s) > 2CO(g)
2CO(g) + O2(g) > 2CO2(g)

3) . A flux of
calcium fluoride (fluorspar,) and "burnt lime" is then added.

 (CaF2) (CaO)

Si and
P, :
4P + 5O2 > P4O10
6CaO + P4O10 > 2Ca3(PO4)2
Si + O2 > SiO2
CaO + SiO2 > CaSiO3
.
, ,
.
4)
3
.
OK :
5)

6)
.

45 min.