Salt Analysis Cations r----III Group Zero Group Group I Group IV Grcup

-r---,

"

--- - -II Group

Group l{cagcnt

Radicals

--I

O.S. + NaOH + Heat Pb O.S. + Hel

+ I-hS

Cu

AF+,Fe:H
O.S. + NH4Cl

+ NH;OH +I-hS

NiL+ ,MnL+ , ZI'?~C02+

Anions

[Group' ~~._--_.
I
f

I ro .... ,.".
.i \..... :l>./lff-/.

__

I __ ---L-I . ':'" -.

+ cone.

H2SO4

r I
[_._
.

I ... Cu KMn04and heat piece so]n. 4)2 Mo04 ____ +IICone.HN03 + Heat Salt + Group
)1.:111

--

" ..... 'r- U1J. n.)L)~A

C2Ot;'2 .
.. '
1

Group ---- Reagent -'r----- Radicals NO ~---,--- ---~---_.----_ ,-, ),"".SO/'. S/...
._~
...

..

_~.-

\....\ PO/NO]' Br - , r S042 cr,

, CT,I3COO'
"

-r
I

+-

BaCb

Add

Add

III Group . IV Group

I -+-O.S.

10S --L (NH

Preliminary Tests
~-Test.

T ------observ~;tion .
"~~ __ . -; ~~.:_,-'---. ~. __ ~ _1

____

---, __

1. Physical Colour

Appearance

'I~ ---------.-------.----VhII.C 3111l'

I

_Jr~'en

-.

-'--I'~N'
1

~fNI-!.l' ev+
+

--::---J-

Ca~ ,
!

3ro\'m

FeJ+

r --Light pink SrndlofNH]

I

Rc.J

NH/
CH3COo-

S:ll'~ll of vinegar Sm~l] of rotten c~g' Colourless gas evolved

filllyj

I~~til;g

Violet

gas evolved

"

Crzlcklinr sound B'own

13.

residue
II I C(1"<'- ---I BaL+ I Cu"+ ~1+
--

Fbn;e Test

u_

Gr'~enish blue

red

ick red

r-Light green

-~

~,

Test ~ for Cations (Basic Radicals)

(1) Zero Group

~ O.S I

+ NaOH + Heat 1-::--.----------.-

[C)bservation I "Ii/hite Fumes

_ Inference with HCI t------------.---~-~-~+ NH/

LN_H--'4'-

L2:_~_', ._N_Te_s_s_ie_r_'_s_R __ ___a_~g~e_n_t U)_'r._o_v.PP.t. ~ __ . e ..I.l I __

(2) Fkst Group

--

..

O.S.-= Dil.HCI O.S Test -I- K2Cr04

I

O.S

-I-

KI

White ppt. Yellow ppt. fObserV<ltion LYellow p~_

PbL+ Pb2+

_._J

Inference Pb2+

'-

(3) Second Group

O~ Test

O.S + Dil.HCl + I-I2S Nl-LIOH(excess) O.S + K.jFe(CN;6

(4) Tjlircl GrouT)

Black ppt.

Deep Blue Observation

Brown ppt. -.-._-_-_-_-

IN+ l Inference
_-_J
Cu2+

Cu

=J
I

:) bservation Test -------------j_. White ppts gelatinou:-o ppt. Blue ppt. O.S + NH.jCI +NH~OH

1-

.I

AIJ+ Inference AIJ+

O.S

NaOH

O.S +- NaOH +Di1.HCI + Blue Litmus + NH.jOH

(Lake Test)

----Test

'.

------I-

O.S O.S O.S

-1-

NH.jCI +NHjOH KCNS K1Fe(CN)(~

'e --. ------>

-I-

-1------l_~)ark ppt.,
Blue

__ rown ppt.. B ~ nIooe! Red Observution

.~-

r Fe3+
'c'

. Inference --------

\+

Fourth

Group In ference

Ni

L+ L+

LTes~1-11c
~~~

')oln. is green) pt --r ~~)s~rvati~~:.Ni

L+

O.S. + DMG O.S.

+ NaOH

------1 Red ---r-;-:J

l~~-'-

LLight green

-r
_ ..

----.-

lck ppt

(if DIn. is etherial ---J3lue red) layer

\ Test .Blue + NH4C! O.S ppt H 2~ c
-O-.S.+ NaOH +NH40H.

.0,servation
__ ~
+-

Co

2+

I 0C Inference
C-:.----z+ L+

=J_ il'
L
I

O.S. + NH4CNS

+ ethe~---=.:I
Inference Mn 1+
MnTF

\ Test + Nl-L.CI +NH4.OH --- --TObservation O.S + I Buff ppt

\ H2~: . I

~.~. + NaOH L9.S. K3Fe(CN)6

_1 Brownppt =rSuff ppt

ppt

Mo

2+

Test + NH4CI a.s

,NH40H
G

'~-----T Observation + -r Dirty 'vhite

I
. --1.

Inference

~Z n

+--

~Il~'
L.............

g1~:-~~~~~~N-)6--------------1 ~-1~1-1~~e-hf-:I-~i-te-;)~t-I-~--'-e-I-Io "\~-'i

i white
~

PDt. . __ __ .. __

-J~~ ::
--

--------..J

.__ . __ ._

-_.

__________________

Observation [lest -~----a.s + NH4CI le B 2+ + 2+ Im'.1e 2+ ppt +NH40H S lrne C White

1

(NJ-l4)2C03

l
\

, r

Ca2+ BaLia Sr2+

-------Ba2+ Ca2+ Inference Sr2+

.. '

(wbite ppt dissolves in CH1COOH O.S. + K2Cr04 Flame Test O.S. + (NH4)2S04 Flame Test O.S. + (NH4)2C204 Flame Test (7) ;,ixth Gro'up

-_II ..

--tI Light green n White ppt

Brick red ---- l------,

_If Crimsonpptred White

i_

flan

I Tes.
I

-r
-~
1

Observation
I

Inference

Na2HP04 O,S -+ NH4CI +NI-L;OH

I White ppt

------fJMg2+
J

O.S 9S + NaOH + Nessler's reagent (NH4)3 ~04

Mg ---=T~ej)pt---------~~:----~~ White PPt.

m

*~~**********************

US1
Tests for Anions (1) First Group "st Group
Test Salt + Dil H2SO4
--

~Acid Radicals)

----------

Observatl -011 ime water milky vescence s,odourless Colourle~; gas t with effe! Changes White pp

I Inference C03C031-

C03L-

, _.' evolved gas Pass the evolved Gas Through Lime",gli lime water " water O.S. MgSO4 __ ~lgS04 ~

Tests

Salt + Dil H2SO4

L IhSO" S2-

O.S.+(CH3COO)2Pb

s gas withI--O~_~-r~~~: rotten-.-+,~.lourI Colourles egg smell

... "~~~--' ._+~- -..~-

~=

~)n

In fcrcncc S2-S2-- ----------

Cl-bCOO)2Pb O.S+ Sodium nitroprusside odium nitropn

~ Black ppt sside I Purple c~

Tests

~->.--~-,~ ~-

~~~ .,~

Observation 13rown gas Brown colour

i

Inference

Salt+Dil H2SO4 'll:l~:L~9-=L _ O.S.+Dil H2SO4+FeSO4 +Fe~;04 , dil. I-bS04 O.S.+Starch Iodide

N02N02_

:tarch iodide

-----

Blue colour

Tests : l'St -------d. P::SO.; Salt+Dil H2SO4

O.S.+Dil H2SO4+K2Cr2O7 '.' :\. H2SO4+KMnO4 O.S.+Dilidill-bS04 t- K;.~r20-;

--------

-.--- ---

-I. Observation-----l.

I
--1

Inference jC010l.Jlk.,s gas \-~it!1pl~ng-;;-l~t-Ts03z:------ --i smell Green colour Pink colour decolourisecl

so;:

,):.:dJl }-bS0<L+ K!v!nO I

sol
ClInference

==-d

(2) :)ccond GI-OUp

-

---

Tests

smell Salt+Conc H2SO4

O.S.+AgNO3 White ppt +excess Of NH4OH

I-Observation White g[ls "vith pungent Colourless ppt dissolves White ppt

Tests Salt+Conc. H2SO4 O.S.+AgNO3

Il~I0

--

Observation

I Inference

I
~

O.S.+CCl4+Cl2 Water ~:811 '(_-'O_l1_C_' _f-_Iz_S_O_'_1 _

\ ~N03

Pale yellow ppt

~::~~n watel~_~9n1J1ge

_B_r_-

(1).~., ~ + Ch 'CLI

gas '-,/-:t-h--p-ll-n-ge-n-.t-l_B_f_layern_ =_B=_r=_-=_-_=_-_=_-_=_-_=~ __ -_

-------4

. Salt + Cone. H2S04 ~;. + AgNOJ I Te:;t + CCl, + CI, water , O.S.

violet gas yellow pp~ ~~~ L~Jayer __ Observation -----'..

1

-[ _ _

I_I_-

I I

.r

---<

Inference
I

--

Te:;t Salt + Cone. H2S04+ piece & heat

Cu

---r-;--)ur
I

I lh pungclt Observatiori- -

- ---

N03N03N03Inference

brown gas wi - I smell

+eonc. H2S2i.~--! -B-~O-\-iVn-. -r-ill-_;;-',-LQJ;. + Diphenyl amine _ i Dark blue co:

a.s. +FeS04

Inference

-------------_I

C20/-

I ~'~;;(Cone + rrMn04 soln. O.~;. + CaCb

11280'+=

=: I ~i~~e~:~~:';\;_-d_ iSCharge~---__ -.l Whi~~

J
I

----jI C204~

Salt + Cone. H2SQ,_1 Te~;t O.~:. + nell.FeCI]

__

Smell of vinegar Obs~rvation ~ Red colour

CH3COO-+

Inference CI-hCOOC1-1;COO"

==-~_
.
u
---.
-"

__

I Red soll1. + exc~ss watcr_~-_.,-Brown Heat ..I

lppt

--- -

-._-1 ,
-~-'-.- --,

(3) No specific group

._. ------. Te~t O.~:. + BaCb

O.S.:....+ (Cf--hCqO)2Pb

---~'-r_:___----"------I

Observation ppt
pp_t

Inference
S042-=-

-------~-----

--

=:-~:White

Add ENOJ to white ppt

_1
!

: Ppt does not~lis~)lve

White
..

sc5;1SO,iL-

Test -------------O.S. + cone. HNOJ + Ammonium hea: lvl01ybdatc

--,-- ------Observation Yellow ppt

!

1,,1t'crence P04 JJ

&

a.s. + CO(NOJ)2
Add CI-IJCOQI-I to violet ppt

-nt YJolei..EP~_- __
i Violet ppt dissolves

.~

J- __

~ I eU4 .)_

~***********~~*********~*