Abstract:

Due to their importance in industry , thus in design processes material properties such as toxicity and recyclability , the designer should be fully aware of these aspects , the moral side is important here also , since these products affect human life directly . This report presents some of the known toxic and non toxic materials, then the new trends of recycling process.

Table of contents:

Page number 1 2 3-7 8 9 10

subject Abstract Table of contents Toxic Materials Things That Can't Be Recycled General guide on what cant be recycled References

Toxic Materials
Toxic materials are substances that may cause harm to an individual if it enters the body. Toxic materials may enter the body in different ways. These ways are called the route of exposure. The most common route of exposure is through inhalation (breathing it into the lungs). Another common route of entry is through skin contact. Some materials can easily pass through unprotected skin and enter the body. Ingestion is another, less common, route of exposure in the workplace. Ingestion often occurs accidentally through poor hygiene practices (e.g. eating food or smoking a cigarette using contaminated hands). Toxic materials are often used in the workplace. The table below lists some common workplace materials that meet one or more of the criteria to be considered "toxic" as well as some of potential heath effects associated with that chemical. Keep in mind that toxic materials can also be found in consumer products that come into the home - always read the warning labels and safe use instructions before using any products.

Chemical Name Methylene chloride

Potential Health Effects/Symptoms Associated with Toxicity (Note: not a complete listing of symptoms)

Mild central nervous system depressant. May cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion, unconsciousness and death.

Isopropyl alcohol (2-propanol)

Causes skin and eye irritation.

Mild central nervous system depressant. High vapour concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination, and confusion. Very high exposures may result in unconsciousness and death. May be irritating to the respiratory tract.


Acetone

Causes eye irritation.

Swallowing or vomiting of the liquid may cause aspiration (breathing) into the lungs.

Mild central nervous system depressant. Very high concentrations may cause headache, nausea, dizziness, drowsiness, incoordination and confusion. Causes eye irritation.

l-Limonene

Swallowing or vomiting of the liquid may result in aspiration into the lungs.

Causes moderate skin irritation. May cause allergic skin reaction.

Acetaldehyde

The vapour is irritating to the respiratory tract. May cause lung injury. These effects may be delayed. Causes severe eye irritation. May be fatal if swallowed.

Hydrogen peroxide (>35%)

Whenever possible, it is always best to avoid using a toxic material either by eliminating its use (by changing the method or process for example) or by substituting the toxic material with a less hazardous material. Unfortunately, it is not always possible to find a non-toxic substitute that still does the job effectively and safely. When considering substitution, the first step is to obtain the Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDSs) for all possible substitute materials. Find out about all of the hazards (health, fire, chemical reactivity) of these materials before making any changes. Caution must be exercised so as to avoid introducing a potentially more hazardous situation. Choose the least hazardous materials that can do the job effectively and safely. Learn how to work safely with them, too.

Additional list that includes toxic materials: Alumina - Dust is a nuisance to lungs Asbestos - Causes particularly nasty, incurable fibrosis if inhaled. Barium Carbonate - is a dangerous form of barium, as it forms a soluble chloride in the stomach and accumulates. It affects muscles, in particular the heart, increasing its excitability, leading to high blood pressure and internal bleeding. Will penetrate the skin. Not recommended for food ware, as it may leach. Borax - chronic exposure can cause asthma, diarrhea and skin conditions Cadmium - Used as a pigment in glazes.Can cause respiratory diseases, osteoporosis, cancer and other problems. Carbon Dioxide - If the oxygen level falls, hearing will decrease, pulse and blood pressure rise. Carbon dioxide forms during combustion firing processes. Carbon Monoxide - combines in the body with the hemoglobin in the blood and reduces the availability of oxygen to the body. Symptoms such as headache, dizziness and fatigue appear in healthy people when 10% of their hemoglobin combines with carbon monoxide. Can lead very quickly to drowsiness, then death.Forms during heavy reduction firings. Chromates and Chromic Acid - may be cancerous. Will also enter the body through the skin. Cobalt Oxide, Carbonate - can cause liver damage and dermatitis.Will enter the body through the skin. Copper - salts are irritants to the skin, eyes, and mucous membranes. Inhalation of copper dust and fume results in irritation of the respiratory tract.

Dusts - in all forms in the studio should be avoided. They accumulate over the years and cause emphysema -- not a nice disease to have. Take special care with silica. Ferrous Sulphite - can be fatal and should be avoided. Fiber Blanket - especially in the fired state can shed invisible floating fibers that have similar effects to asbestos. Gases - from salt kilns and reducing kilns, can cause respiration trouble or even acid corrosion of lung tissue. Gum Arabic - may cause asthma and eye inflammations. Iron Chromate - may lead to acute pneumonia and cause lung cancer. Iron Oxide Dust - is poisonous for children and can cause "iron pigmentation" of the lungs, supposedly benign but contentious. Kaolin - similar to silica. Lead - is an accumulative poison. It can be stored in the bone structure for years before a fatal dose is accumulated. Beware of raw lead forms, such as white or yellow lead, which are extremely toxic. Use lead frits instead. Do not use for tableware. Liquid Petroleum Gas - can cause headaches, numbness, chills and vomiting, but is a greater risk as explosive than inhalation. Magnesium Oxide - is considered noxious, but general rules for dusts still apply. Manganese - can lead to brain damage and eventually death. Will penetrate skin. Mica, Muscovite, Vermiculite, Lipidolite - may contain traces of asbestos. Inhalation of dust - will lead to lung irritation and coughing, possibly cancer, pneumoconiosis, dyspnea.

Nickel Oxide - can cause cancer. Will cause skin irritation ('nickel itch').Will penetrate skin. Platinum - may cause asthma. Potassium Dichromate/ Bichromate - is very poisonous. Can cause kidney failure and is cancerous. Avoid all contact! Not recommended for tableware! Selenium - affects the liver. Silica - is ever present in clay materials. Repeated inhalation will cause potentially fatal silicosis, or 'potters' asthma', a form of emphysema. The molecule (especially when fired) has a 'hook' which attaches itself to the lung wall and accumulates and irritates. Sulpher Dioxide - is a strong lung irritant and can form when firing soluble metal salts. Talc - similar to silica Tin Oxide - can result in ' stenosis; supposedly a benign condition. Titanium Dioxide - causes pulmonary irritation in chronically exposed workers. Uranium Compounds - cause kidney damage, not to mention the radioactivity. Vanadium Pentoxide - can cause anemia; it is a respiratory irritant. Zinc Oxide - primarily a nuisance dust, but exposures to high concentrations can result in respiratory system effects. Zirconium - contact of the skin with zirconium or zirconium compounds has caused skin granulomas in the form of linear streaks of small papules; also causes pulmonary granulomas after prolonged exposure.

Copyright 1997-2010 Canadian Centre for Occupational Health & Safety.

Things That Can't Be Recycled

Certain Plastic Water Bottles Many people make a point to recycle their plastic water bottles. However, just because all types of water bottles are dropped into recycling bins doesn't necessarily mean they can be recycled. An easy way to tell whether a water bottle can be recycled or not is to look at the bottom of the bottle. There is a number present that ranges from one to seven. Water bottles that display a three or a five cannot be recycled in most jurisdictions throughout America. A three indicates that the water bottle has been made from polyvinyl chloride, a five means that it's been made of polypropylene, two materials that are not accepted by most public recycling centers.
1.

Polyvinyl Chloride There are numerous plastic-based products that cannot break down and cannot be recycled. Like the plastic water bottles, many are made out of polyvinyl chloride, or PVC. PVC is a polymer that can be found in window frames, pillows, carpet backing, mattresses, children's toys, medical tubing and water pipes--all of which cannot be recycled if PVC is present. There are some districts throughout Europe that currently recycle PVC-based products, however, the United States has yet to implement such a program. Consumers can recycle these products at vinyl recycling plants
2.

Plastics and Other Items There are a number of other items that are made from plastics and polymers that simply cannot be recycled. These include common packaging items such as tissue paper and styrofoam peanuts. The plastic packaging commonly used in super market items such as sour cream, cottage cheese, butter, frozen meals and large petfood bags,
3.

also are not recyclable. Most plastic picnic accessories, including plastic plates, utensils and cups, will never break down, nor will most planting pots, batteries and motor oil containers. Even containers made from more durable and long-lasting plastics, such as cups, lids, tops and reusable containers, cannot be recycled.

General guide on what cant be recycled

* Paper and cardboard covered with wax or plastic (such as juice and milk cartons). * Polystyrene. * Glass tableware, containers, mirrors, windows, Pyrex, light bulbs, crystal, and ceramics. * Hazardous waste - broken glass, sharp objects, batteries, paint, oil. * Plastic shopping bags and bread bags - but you can use these to bundleup material for recycling. * Plastic wrap. * Grade 3 - 7 plastic, including ice cream, margarine and yoghurt containers and currently PLA bottles . * Aluminum foil, sheets and food trays. * Disposable nappies.

References:

Toxic materials: -http://www.ccohs.ca/resources/ - http://www.lakesidepottery.com

Material that cant be recycled: -Source: http://EzineArticles.com/?expert=Darla_Blackmon

By Nellie Day, eHow Contributor

-http://www.ronz.org.nz

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT APPLICATIONS IN MECHANICAL DESIGN DR. FIRAS JARRAR

TOXIC MATERIALS MATERIALS THAT CANT BE RECYCLED

AMR M. DARAGMEH 0076445 LAITH A. NSOUR WALEED A. SHREIM 0078376 0076467