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7-7-62
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7-7-62
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7-7-62 ukd rarh=ueJ@

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12

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qdv
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kd cf siyf gw,f? //

0if ; wif h x G e f ;
13/ 6 / 2011

13

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
EkdifiHa&;

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14

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32

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33

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34

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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35

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
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'Dae@ aG;aumufyv
JG eG f ArmjynfEidk if aH &;tcif;tusi;f rSm tpk;d
&opftay: =unfjh rifyt
Hk rsK;d rsK;d oabmxm;trsK;d rsK;d jzpfay:
aewm awG@vm&ygw,f? t&Si;f qk;H =unfjh rifenf;uawmh +y;D
cJw
h hJ a&G;aumufyw
JG @dk ('grrS [kw)f tckwufvmwJh tpk;d &opf
qkw
d mawG[m ppftm%m&Sipf epf om;pOf ajr;quf wnfwhH
atmif }uKd;yrf;wJjh zpfpOfxu
J tqifw
h ckr#om jzpfygw,f?
2008 tajccHOya'qkw
d mvnf; ppftm%m&Sipf epf om;pOf
ajr;qufwnfwhHa&;ukd &nf&G,f+yD; a&;qGJcJhwmyg? aG;
aumufyOJG ya'qkw
d mvnf; 'Doabmygy?J 'gq&dk if 'D&nf,
G f
csuef @J rw&m; tEkid &f atmifvyk +f yD; wufvmwJh tpk;d &u
aum b,fvt
dk pk;d &rsK;d jzpfrvJ?
orRw}uD;OD;ode;f pdeq
f o
dk u
l aum/ ppftm%m&Sif
pepfe@J bmrSrywfoufbJ rk;d ay:uusvmwJh rk;d usa$ uk,
d f
vm;? ppftyk pf [
k m &Spaf v;vk;H umv ol@tusyt
f wnf;rSm
a'guw
f marmifarmifudk rk;d usa$u,
dk v
f dk yGx
J w
k cf =hJ uwm rarh
=uyge@J ?
'Dae@ Armjynf&@J t"du ydyuQ[m ppftm%m&Sif
pepf&@J tpk;d &(toGiaf jymif;ajymif; rajymif;ajymif;/ abmif;bD
c|wfc|wf rc|wfc|wf) eJ@ ppftpkd;&qef@usifa&;tiftm;pk
toD;oD;tygt0if jynfov
l x
l }k uD;&J@ ydyuQ jzpf+rJjzpfaeyg
ao;w,f?
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yk*K~ v
d w
f csK@d e@J tzG@J tpnf;wcsK@d u v$waf wmfqw
dk m&J@ tayG@
tzufrmS om,mwmawG/ orRwqko
d &l @J 0rf;cswhJ ysm;&nf
pufpum;vk;H awGay:rSm ,pfr;l wmawG jzpfvmae=uygw,f?
tJ'u
D ae w&m;r#w+y;D rSeu
f efwhJ tpk;d &aumif;rsK;d jzpfvmEkid f
rvm;qkw
d hJ xifa,mifrmS ;r_rsK;d awG ay:vmygw,f? 'Dvl
awGxrJ mS wcsK@d u rSe;f csuef @J ErS ;f xGuf ruku
d rf eS ;f od&if jynf
ol@buf jyefvnf rsuEf mS rlvm=urSmyg? 'Dru
dk a&pDta&;
awmfykHbuf jyefa&mufvm=urSmyg? aejynfawmfwkd@/
v$wfawmfwkd@/ trwfae&mwkd@/tcGifhta&;wkd@

qkw
d mawG&@J zrf;pm;r_udk cHxm;&if; yifu
h t
l rd x
f u
J yk;d aumif
av;awGvdk ke;f rxGuEf idk b
f J ZmwfarsmoGm;&olawGvnf;
&SEd idk yf gw,f? v$waf wmfjyifyuae+yD; aemufvmr,fh a&G;
aumufyeJG @J trwfae&m&a&; ar#mrf eS ;f aeolrsm;vnf; &Sd
aeygo;w,f? 'Dvrdk sK;d a&G;aumufyaJG wG/ 'Dvrdk sK;d v$waf wmf
awGu jynfou
l dk b,favmuftusK;d jyKay;Ekid rf vJqw
dk m
tcsed u
f oufaojyrSmyg?
tpkd;&opfuawmh ol@tay: taumif;jrifol
rsm;av }uKdufavyg? tJovkd jzpfatmifvnf; olu
Ekid if w
H umrSma&m jynfwiG ;f rSmyg }uKd;yrf;aewmyg?
(2)
a&G;aumufyGJ+yD;aemuf wufvmwJh tpkd;&opf
yxrqk;H xrf;aqmif&wJh wm0efu ,k=H unfr_ wnfaqmuf
a&;yg? tpkd;&opf[m cktcsdeftxd 'Dwm0eftwGuf
vk;H yef;ae&qJyg? ppftm%m&Sipf epfu tpk;d &opfudk wif}uKd
trde@f csrw
S +f y;D ay;tyfxm;wJh wm0efuu
dk t&yfom; tpk;d
&opftjzpf Ekid if w
H umeJ@ jynfwiG ;f u jynfov
l x
l u
k dk t,kH
oGi;f a&; jzpfygw,f? ppftm%m&Sipf epf&@J &nf,
G cf suu
f u
dk
ppftm%m&Sipf epf om;pOfajr;qufwnfwahH tmif t&yf
om;tpk;d & toGief @J [efaqmif zk;H zd+yD; qufvuftyk pf ;dk
oGm;a&; r[kwv
f m;?
'gayrJh a&S@uzk;H aemufuay: jzpfaeygw,f? tpk;d
&opfudk yxrqk;H prf;oyfcsuu
f Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm;
v$waf y; a&;jy\em jzpfygw,f? tpk;d &opf Ekid if aH &; ZmwfcHk
ay: rsuEf mS zk;H pGy}f u;D eJ@ wufvmwJt
h cg Ekid if w
H umu trSef
wu,fvyk o
f ifw
h hJ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;rsm; v$waf y;a&;ukd
awmif;qkv
d m=uygw,f? wu,fvyk rf vkyf apmif=h unft
h uJ
cwfae=uygw,f? jynfwiG ;f uvnf; 'guydk J awmif;qkd wif
jyae=uygw,f? 'Dvdk taetxm;rSm olu rv$rJ a&Smifom
tusOf;om;awG v$wfay;vkdufygw,f? 'gayrJh ppfrSefwJh
vGwf+idrf;csrf;omcGifh r[kwfovkd v$wfoifhwJh EkdifiHa&;

36

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
tusO;f om; (tm;vk;H r[kwaf wmif trsm;pk) v$waf y;wmrsK;d
vnf; r[kwfygbl;? axmif'%frjzpfpavmuf av#mhay;+yD;
v$waf y; vku
d o
f al wGu Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;u rqkpd avmufe@J
trsm;pku &mZ0wftusO;f om;awG jzpfaeygw,f? &,fp&m
aumif;wJh tpk;d &opf&@J 'DajcvSr;f [m orRwqko
d &l @J tuef@
towf&w
dS hJ vkyyf idk cf iG u
hf dk azmfjy aeygw,f? vGwv
f yfwhJ orRw
opftaeeJ@q&dk if Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;awG wu,fvw
$ af y;Ekid &f if
ol@&J@*k%foduQm trsm;}uD; wufvmrSmyg? 'gayrJh wu,f
tm%mykid o
f u
l orRwqko
d l r[kwyf gb;l ? ppftyk pf ek @J ppftm
%m&Sipf epfom jzpfygw,f?
Ekid if w
H umhZmwfcaHk y:wufvmcsed f tpk;d &opf&@J t"du
}uKd;yrf;csuu
f awmh tmqD,rH mS tvSnu
hf s OuUae&m &,l
Ekid af &; jzpfygw,f? 'gayrJh tJ'gtwGuf tcktcsed x
f d tprf;
oyfcaH e&qJyg? tckvdk autkid af teJ@ wku
d yf aJG wG xwku
d f
vku
d af wmh a'owGi;f +idr;f csr;f wnf +idraf &;eJ@ jynfwiG ;f +idr;f
csr;f wnf+ird af &; vkyrf vkyq
f w
dk m[mvnf; tmqD,t
H vSnhf
us OuUjzpfa&;&J@ prf;oyfppfaq;csuw
f ck jzpfvmaejyefygw,f?
tpk;d &opfu t&yfom;tpk;d &[efaqmifxm;ayr,fh tmqD
,HrmS vnf; tcsuw
f csuu
f ol@udk yGiu
hf somG ;apygw,f? tmqD
,HtwGuf t&yfom;tzG@J tpnf; uk,
d pf m;vS,t
f jzpf tpk;d &
opfu apv$wo
f [
l m &Jt&m&Sd jzpfaewmygy?J jynfwiG ;f rSmvnf;
orRwu pifay:uae y&dowfbufvn
S +hf y;D rpm;&0cref; awG
ajymaewke;f yGaJ emufbufjzpfwhJ aus;&Gm/ &yfuu
G /f a'oawGrmS
ol@&@J zGm;zufawmf vlru
dk o
f m;awGu vlxt
k ay: xifovkd Akv
d f
usae=uwmawG yGix
hf u
G f vmaeygw,f?
tpkd;&opf&J@ ZmwdkyfeJ@ ADZtppftrSef yGifhuswJh
om"uawG trsm;}uD;yg? Armjynf&@J qufvufjzpfay:aewJh
ta=umif;jcif;&mawGuvnf; ol@Zmwdyk u
f dk wpcsi;f zGiv
hf pS f
jyooGm;rSmyg? tpk;d &opf&@J orRwopfu typf&yftzG@J awG
wkid ;f &if;om;vlrsK;d pkawGe@J ywfouf+y;D ol@red @f ceG ;f xJrmS b,fvdk
pum;vSvaS wGyJ ok;H cJo
h ;Hk cJh 'Duae@ KIA, KNU, SSA wk@d e@J
wku
d cf u
dk af ewJh wku
d yf aJG wGu ol@red @f ceG ;f pum;awGe@J vufawG@
jzpf&yfawG tqDtai: rwnfb
h J wvGw
J acsmaf wG jzpfaea=umif;
t&Si;f qk;H azmfjyaeygw,f?
Armjynfxu
J vwfwavm 'kuo
Q nf aomif;eJ@cs+D yD;
wkwjf ynfxJ xGuaf jy;&wJt
h csed /f Armjynfu 'kuo
Q nf 4 ode;f
ausmf jynfyEkid if aH wGrmS twd'u
k aQ &mufae&csed /f jynfwiG ;f rSm
qif;&J'u
k aQ wG ykrd dk eufid_ ;f vmaewJh tcsed rf mS yJ tpk;d &opfu
qif;&J'u
k aQ wG b,favmufavsmu
h somG ; w,fq+dk yD; ZGev
f 6
&ufae@u jrefrmtvif;owif;pmxJrmS twdtvif; xkwjf yef
um;0g vku
d yf gao;w,f? tJ'rD wkid rf D arv 20-21 &ufae@uyJ
aejynfawmfrSm aus;vufzGH@+zKd;wkd;wufa&;eJ@ qif;&JrGJawr_
av#mch sa&;tvkyf aHk qG;aEG;yGJ wck usi;f ycJyh gw,f? ynm&Sif
awGu ArmjynfrmS qif;&JraJG wr_ yaysmufa&;jy\emeJ@ pyf

37

vsO;f +yD; xku

d o
f ifw
h hJ tav;xm; *kjyKr_r&Scd w
hJ m umvwck
&Scd +hJ yDq+dk yD; axmufjycJyh gao;w,f? tar&duefvdk wkid ;f jynf
}uD;uawmif ol@wkdif;jynfxJu qif;&JrGJawr_jy\emukd
(jynfol 43 oef; qif;&JraJG wae=uw,f/ vlO;D a&&J@ 1 &mckid f
E_e;f u wkid ;f jynf0ifaiG&@J av;ykw
H yku
H dk ykid q
f idk x
f m;=uw,f)vk@d
yGiv
hf if;pGm/ wm0ef,rl &_ pdS mG a=unmcJah o;wmrk@d Armjynf
tpk;d &opfuvnf; jynfoal wG&@J qif;&JraJG wr_tajctaeukd
trSet
f wkid ;f wifjyoifyh gw,fq+dk y;D t}ujH yKcJ=h uygw,f? 'gudk
rsuf u G , f j yK+yD ; tpk d ; &opf u (2004-2005 ck E S p f r S m
qif;&JraJG wr_ 32 &mckid Ef e_ ;f &Scd &hJ mu 2009-2010 rSm 26 &mckid f
E_e;f ok@d av#mch sEidk v
f u
dk +f yDv@dk ('Dvdk usqif;w,fqw
dk EhJ e_ ;f [m
olrsm;Ekid if x
H uf rsm;aeygao;w,f) Ekid if w
H um tzG@J tpnf;u
uk,
d pf m;vS,af wGyg zdwaf c:+yD; tom;vGwf cyfwnfwnf
um;0gvu
dk w
f myg? +rK@d e, f 116 +rK@d e,f/ tdraf xmifpk 18660
ukd tdraf xmifpk pm;0wfaea&;tajctae pkpH rf;avhvmr_ppf
wrf;t&vk@d qkyd gw,f? (AD,uferfEidk if u
H qif;&Jtrd af xmifpk
wode;f ausmu
f dk avhvmpkpH rf; pm&if;jyKwmeJ@ E_id ;f ,SO=f unfyh g)
+rK@d e,fwckprD mS tdraf xmifpk 100 avmufudk olw@dk }uKu
d o
f vkd
ukvm;zefx;dk vk@d &ygw,f? qif;&JraJG wr_pEH e_ ;f qkw
d muvnf;
(Ekid if w
H Ekid if eH @J wEkid if H qif;&JraJG wr_owfrw
S pf EH e_ ;f rwl=uwm
rk@d ) olw@dk }uKduo
f vkd vkw
d ;dk ykad v#mh owfrw
S Ef idk w
f hJ tajctae
yg? ausmif;0ifciG hf pm&if;ay;r_Ee_ ;f wk;d wufvmwm/ rD;zGm;r_rmS
aq;0g;apmifah &Smufay;r_Ee_ ;f wufvmwm/ vk+H cKHpw
d cf s&wJh
aomufo;Hk a& &&Srd E_ e_ ;f wk;d vmwm/ uk,
d 0f efaqmif aoqk;H r_
E_e;f usqif;vmwmwk@d udk axmufjyxm;ygw,f? wkid ;f jynf
pD;yGm;a&;zG@H +zKd;wk;d wufatmif/ jynfoal wG&@J pm;0wfaea&;
jrifrh m;atmif pDru
H ed ;f opfawG pvk;H a&pawmif rvky&f ao;bJ
tpk;d &opf tckvdk um;0gvu
dk w
f m[m ol@twGuf um;0g
vku
d w
f mr[kwb
f J +y;D cJw
h hJ ol@aemifawmf etztpk;d & acwf
umvtwGuf um;0gay;aewmrkd@ tpkd;&ESpfckpvkH;[m
(twlwel @J tElE)l ppftm%m&Sipf epfyq
J w
dk m odomvSyg
w,f? wkdif;jynfwckvkH; qif;&J'kuQ}uD;pGma&mufae&csdef/
wkid ;f jynfe@J trsK;d om;&J@ *k%o
f u
d mQ nK;d EGr;f usqif;ae wJt
h csed f
tpk;d &opfu cgwidk ;f vkd tvdrt
f nmpm&if;Z,m;awGe@J vkycf s
vku
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f m olr@dk v@dk vky&f ufyav?
(3)
tpk;d &opf&@J 'Dvdk ,k=H unfrw
_ nfaqmufa&;um
vrSm(t,ko
H iG ;f umvqk&d if yk+d yD; ykaH y:r,fxifw,f) jynf
ol@tiftm;pkrsm;bufrmS vnf; tcGiahf umif;wck ay:vmyg
w,f? tJ'guawmh tpkd;&opfukd jynfol@vwfwavm
awmif;qkcd suaf wGe@J &ifqidk af &;yg? cifAsm; tpk;d &aumif;
jzpf v k d o vm;? jynf o l v l x k t ay: trS e f w u,f pd w f
aumif;apwem &So
d vm;? 'gq&dk if a[m'D jynfov
l x
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vwfwavmvkdtyfcsufawGukd jznfhqnf;ay;ygqkd+yD;
wku
d yf t
JG ygt0if enf;omefrsK;d pkeH @J awmif;qko
d mG ;a&;
jzpfygw,f?
trSew
f u,fu Ekid if w
H umua&m jynfwiG ;f uyg
tpk;d &opfudk awmif;qkcd suaf wG wifae=uwmyg? tpk;d &
opfudk 'Dawmif;qkcd suaf wGe@J prf;oyfppfaq;ae=uwm
jzpfygw,f?
ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygwt
D aeeJ@vnf; atmufyg
y%mrawmif;qkcd suaf wGudk wifjyxm;ygw,f?
(1) tvkyo
f rm;awG &ykid cf iG hf tjynft
h 0 &&Sad &;?
(2) awmifov
l ,form;awGukd taESmiftzG@J awG
tm;vH;k u vGwaf jrmufatmifvyk af &;?
(3) trsKd ;om;t&if;&Siaf wG ppftyk pf /k ppfAsLdk
u&uf vuf0g;}u;D tky"f e&Sirf sm; &J@ avmif;&dyf
atmufrS vGwaf jrmufa&;?
(4) pme,fZif;vGwv
f yfciG /hf tEkynm&Si/f twwf
ynm&Sirf sm;. wDxiG zf efw;D cGihf &&Sad &;?
(5) wwfoyd nm&Siaf wG&@J t}uH^m%frsm;/ pGr;f
tm; rsm;udk tm;ud;k tm;xm;jyKa&;?
(6) vli,fv&l ,
G w
f @kd &@J ynma&;tqift
h wef;udk
jri w
hf ifa&;?
(7) jynfo@l use;f rma&;udk tmrcHa&;?
jynfo@l bufu &yfwnfwt
hJ zG@J tpnf;toD;oD;
[mvnf; rdrw
d @dk tcef;utvku
d f awmif;qkcd suaf wGudk
rSeu
f ef jynfph pHk mG jyKpkjyifqifxm;oifyh gw,f? vwfwavm
awmif;qkdcsufrsm;qkdwm tckdiftrmawmif;qkdcsufrsm;
jzpfygw,f? vwfwavmawmif;qkcd suaf wGudk tajccH
awmif;qkcd suaf wGe@J qufpyfxm;zk@d vkyd gw,f?
'Dru
dk a&pD &&Sad &;qkw
d m tajccHawmif;qkcd suyf g?
toif;tyif;rsm; vGwv
f yfpmG zG@J pnf;cGi&hf a&;qkw
d m tajccH
awmif;qkcd sujf zpf+y;D vkyif ef;Xmersm; wckcsi;f tvku
d f e,f
y,fwckcsi;f tvku
d f tvkyo
f rm;or*~rsm;/ v,form;
or*~rsm; vGwfvyfpGm zGJ@pnf;cGifh&a&;[m tckdiftrm
awmif;qkcd suef @J vwfwavm awmif;qkcd suf jzpfygw,f?
vkyif ef;e,fy,ftvku
d f vwfwavmawmif;qkd
csuaf wG vkyo
f mG ;&rSm jzpfygw,f? vkyif ef;e,fy,frwl&if
rwlovkd vwfwavm awmif;qkcd suaf wGuvnf; rwl
Ekid yf gb;l ?
pufkHawGrSm vkyfcvpmwkd;ay;a&;utp
tvkycf iG f tE&m,fuif;a&;/ tcsed yf v
dk yk cf tjynft
h 0

&a&;/ tvkycf sed f 8 em&Dxuf rausmaf pa&;/ om;zGm;cGi&hf uf

&&Sad &; pojzifh ygEidk yf gw,f? pufw
Hk keH @J wkH vwfw
avm awmif;qkcd suaf wG rwlEidk yf gb;l ?
Ek d i f i H a &;tusOf ; om;v$ w f a y;a&;uk d v nf ;
vwfwavmawmif;qkcd suaf wGjzpfwhJ tusO;f axmifpepf
jyKjyifa&;tcsuaf wGe@J qufpyf awmif;qk&d rSmyg? axmif
0ifpm ykHrSefawG@cGifh&a&;/ pme,fZif;zwfcGifh&a&;/ vrf;
av#mufciG hf a&csK;d cGihf pwJh tcsuu
f av;awGutp axmif
wGi;f zdEydS rf u
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f hJ awmif;qkcd suaf wGtxd vwfw
avm awmif;qkcd sut
f rsK;d rsK;d ukd tckid t
f rmvkt
d yfcsuaf wG
t& wifjyawmif;qko
d mG ;&rSm jzpfygw,f? Ekid if aH &; tusO;f
om;rsm;twGufomru &mZ0wfr_ tusOf;om;rsm;
twGufvnf; awmif;qkdoGm;&rSmyg? olwkd@vnf; ppf
tpk;d &tusO;f axmifpepfatmufrmS vlrqefatmif tzdEydS f
cHae&olawG jzpfygw,f?
vwfwavmawmif;qkcd suaf wG wif&r,fh e,f
y,f rsm;vSygw,f? tvkyo
f rm;/ v,form;/ ausmif;om;/
w&m;a&;pepf/ ynma&;/ use;f rma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ukeaf ps;
E_e;f / pma&;pmcsD 0efxrf; pojzif?h
wcsK@d awmif;qkcd suaf wGudk um,uH&iS jf zpfwhJ t
vkyo
f rm;/ v,form;/ Ekid if aH &;tusO;f om;ponfw@dk u
uk,
d u
f ,
dk w
f idk f awmif;qk&d rSm jzpf+yD; wcsK@d awmif;qkcd suf
awGuadk wmh jynfo@l tiftm;pkrsm;u tckid t
f rm pl;prf; avh
vmum rSeu
f efwhJ vwfwavm awmif;qkcd suaf wGudk
owfrw
S af zmfxw
k af y; &rSm jzpfygw,f?
tpk;d &opf&@J ,k=H unfr_ wnfaqmufa&;umv
rSm vwfwavmawmif;qkcd suaf wGudk wifjyawmif;qkzd @dk
(tcsed af umif;jzpfv@dk ) tcGiahf umif;wck &&Sw
d m trSeyf g?
'gayrJh vwfwavmawmif;qkcd suaf wG[m 'Dumvwck
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40

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&if;u vltcsKd @uawmh Armhwyfrawmf&@J OD;aqmifra_ tmufrmS
usecf +hJ y;D tif;pdepf pfrsuEf mS ukd a&muf&v
dS mcJyh gw,f?
azaz[m tJ'cD si;f wyf&if; 1 / wyf&if;rSL; 'kAv
dk rf LS ;}u;D
[&efo,
D edk @J tvGe&f if;ES;D ygw,f? ol[m wku
d &f nfcu
dk &f nf
jynf0h +y;D tvGeu
f se;f rm }uchH idk af wmifw
h if;+y;D abmvH;k uefvnf;
tifrwef aumif;qkyd ?J (e0wacwfxw
k f wyfrawmforkid ;f pm
tkyrf sm;rSm ol@yakH wG ygvmwm awG@&awmh azazajymzl;wJh uk,
d f
cE<m odyaf wmif+h y;D / use;f rma&; odyaf umif;w,fqw
dk hJ pum;ukd
owd&rdw,f? wu,fu
h dk Avawmifw
h if;olyg? awmifay:om;
}u;D vnf;jzpfavawmh azazESajrmwopGm woo ajymvnf;
ajymavmufp&mygy)J ?
tJ'Dcsif;wyf&if;ukd azazu tawmf ta&;ay;
wav;wpm; qufqHygw,f? olwkd@wawG[m tajccH kd;
om;=u+y;D olw@dk tay: wef;wl&nfwl pdwaf pwemxm; qufqH
&if odyaf useyf=u+yD; bmckid ;f ckid ;f pdwaf &muk,
d yf g vkyaf qmif
=uavh&Sdw,f? aus;Zl;w&m;vnf; odyfodwwfolawGvkd@
azazu rSwcf sucf s ajymzl;ygw,f? wckyJ &Sw
d ,fw?hJ olw@kd u
odyt
f &uf}uKd ufawmh olw@dk wyf&if;u usi;f ywJh yGaJ wGomG ;&if
olw@dk wu
dk o
f r# aomuf&w,f? tJ'gwckyJ 'kuaQ &mufwmvd@k
azazu ajymjyygw,f?
tJ'cD si;f wyf&if;eJ@ ywfoufv@dk ararajymjyzl;wm wck
vnf; &Syd gw,f? olw@dk wyf&if;&J@ wyf&if;ae@(wyf&if;rsm;
tvku
d f rdrw
d @dk wyf pwifz@JG pnf;wJah e@ txdr;f trSwyf )JG yGv
J yk &f m
rSm azazukd zdwv
f @dk azazu oGm;wufowJ?h npmau|;&mrSm
'efaygux
f rif;eJ@ {nfch o
H wJ?h tJ'n
D pm pm;yGrJ mS acgi&f nfe@J vnf;

{nfch q
H ydk ?J azazu t&uf raomufEidk af yr,fh wjcm;wyf&if;
awGqkd awmif;yefv@dk aumif;ayr,fh tckcsi;f wyf&if;u wyfrLS ;
rsm;u 0kid ;f wku
d w
f mqkad wmh jiif;vd@k raumif;bl;? (olw@kd wu
dk f
wm raomuf&if olw@dk udk txifao;vk@d / olw@dk cifrifav;pm;
ovkd olw@dk udk jyefrav;pm;bl;xifrmS pk;d vk@d w)hJ 'ga=umifh azaz
vnf; olw@dk wu
dk o
f r# aomuf&owJ?h aomuf+yD; tdrjf yefvm
awmh um;uvnf; 0Dv*D spu
f m;av;qdak wmh avw[l;[l;eJ@ayg?h
avwku
d af v rl;aveJ@? tdrjf yefa&mufawmh a'gicf smpkid ;f ae+yw
D ?hJ
tJ'w
D ek ;f u azazu awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f rSL;tjzpf aewJh
r*Fvm'Ht
k rd }f u;D rSm u|erf wk@d t&yfu ppfajy;vmwJh aqGrsKd ;awGe@J
jynfah eygw,f? u|erf wk@d t&yfudk ygwu
D wyfrsm; (Akv
d &f x
J G f
OD;pD;wJ)h odr;f xm;wJh tcsed f jzpfygw,f? azazhbufu trsKd ;awG
a&m ararhbufu trsKd ;awGa&m tawmfrsm;rsm; a&muf+y;D ae
ae=uwmyg?
azazu tdrfvnf; jyefa&mufa&m vlrSef;ukd rod
atmif rl;aewm? tdrt
f ay:xyf wGw
J if&/ rl;rl;eJ@ xk;d tefawmh
pm;xm;wmuvnf; 'efayguaf wGqadk wmh tajy;tv$m; odr;f &
qnf;&eJ@ wtdrfvHk; tvkyf_yfoGm;=uwmayghav? azazukd
tdycf ef;xJ qGo
J iG ;f +y;D ckwifay:wif&kH adS o; ckwifay: tefcsvu
dk f
vk@d araru t}u;D tus,f a'gyo
G wJ?h 'ga=umifh azazu rl;rl;eJ@
ararhudk wawmif;yefwnf; awmif;yefaewm xyfcsn;f wvJvJ
jzpfaea&mwJ?h
tJ'aD wmh tdrrf mS ppfajy;cdv
k aH_ ewJh azazhtpfu}dk uD;
OD;}u;D yku ig-h rSyJ (OD;}u;D u pum;ajym&if twkid ;f av;/ txGm
av;eJ@ ajymwwfygw,f)? 'Daumifu rl;om rl;wm/ yg;pyfu
rde;f rukd wpdepf ed ef @J csurdk csb;l vk@d qJygowJ?h tJovkd jzpfczhJ ;l
a=umif; araru ajymjyzl;ygw,f?
tJ'cD si;f wyf&if;u wyf&if;rSL; [&efo,
D [
dk m 1949
ckEpS f arvtwGi;f rSm wku
d af e&wJh azmhuef&mG teD;u wku
d yf JG
(tif;pdef wku
d yf }JG u;D twGi;f u wku
d yf pJG Ofwck) rSm aygirf mS aoewf
'%f&m &&Scd yhJ gw,f? tJ'u
D ae ajcaxmufyyk v
f u
dk v
f mvk@d ajc
axmufudk q&m0efrsm;u jzwfz@dk pDpOfawmh ol aemifrmS abm
vH;k ruef&awmhrmS pk;d vd@k rjzwfb;l wif;cHaeygw,f? azazukd
vmta=umif;=um;vk@d azaz aq;Hv
k u
dk o
f mG ;+y;D azsmif;zsv@dk ol
ajcwzuf tjzwfcyH gw,f? 'gayrJh aemufusomG ;yg+yD? ajcykyf
a&m*g (Gas Gangrene) u aemufajcwzufudk ul;pufomG ;cJh
yg+yD? aemufajcwzufuv
dk nf; xyfjzwfvu
dk af yr,fh touf
ru,fEidk af wmhygb;l ? 'Dv@dk e@J wkid ;f &if;om;xJu tvGex
f ufjruf
+yD; owWAd swedW @J jynfph w
kH hJ jynfaxmifpo
k m;wOD; jynfwiG ;f ppf
twGi;f usq;kH oGm;cJ&h ygw,f?
ol@ae&mukd qufcw
H hJ 'kwyf&if;rSL; Akv
d rf LS ;Aefu;l [m
Akv
d rf LS ;}u;D tqifeh @J aemif rqvacwfrmS 0ef}u;D jzpf vm+y;D ,ck
touf 84 ESpcf ef@txd use;f use;f rmrm &Sad e wm od&ygw,f?
wavmuyJ *sme,fwapmifrSm awG@qHk ar;jref;cef;vkyfwm
awG@vu
dk &f ygao;w,f? azaz wkwjf zL wku
d w
f ek ;f uvnf;

42

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f

olygz;l ygw,f?
tif;pdew
f u
dk yf t
JG +y;D rSm usq;kH ol Akv
d rf LS ;}u;D [&ef
oD,u
dk dk zqyvtpk;d &u bG@J wck cs;D jrifah o;w,f? bmbG@J
qkw
d mawmh azazvnf; arhomG ;+yv
D @dk azazu ajymjyzl;yg
ao;w,f?
2? awmifyidk ;f wkid ;f ppfXmcsKyfrS axmufvrS ;f a&;
t&m&Sd (IO) Akv
d }f uD; pk;d rif;? ? azazu ol@ uk,
d af &;
twKy`wadW &;awmh touf 80 ausmaf eyg+yD? tawmf
arhavsmph jyKaeyg+yD? 'ga=umifh uk;d um;&r,fph mtkyf pm
wrf;rsm;ukd r=umc% jyefzwf&/ avhvm&ygw,f? u|erf
armift}uD; ukad tmif (atmifausmaf Zm) u a&$vD (w
kw-f Arme,fpyf+rKd @) rSm aeawmh olu Armjynfu xkww
f hJ
pmtkyaf wG/ *sme,fawG/ tukejf yef&mS +yD; yk@d ay;ygw,f? 'D
=um;xJ azazu a*guaf &m*g (tqpftjrpfuu
dk f a&m*gGout) r=umc% xwwfawmh ol@vufacsmif;uav;rsm;
a&mifa&mifvmwwfygw,f? u|efru a&aEG;tdwf
uav; xnfah y;+y;D vufacsmif;xdyu
f av;awG azmfxm;
wJh ok;d arG;vuftw
d u
f dk &Sm0,fay;xm;ygw,f? k;d k;d vuf
tdwq
f &kd if pma&;&wm tqifrajyygb;l ? azazu tJ'D
vuftw
d u
f av;eJ@ pma&;/ vufacsmif;av;awG emvm
&if em;+yD; a&aEG;tdwu
f av; uyfvu
dk f vky&f ygw,f?
wae@ azaz pma&;pmzwfvyk af ewJh tcef;xJudk
u|erf 0ifomG ;ygw,f? a&aEG;tdwf at;ae&if vJay;rvm;
qk+d y;D 0ifomG ;wmyg? azazu vufxrJ mS pmtkyw
f tkyu
f idk f
xm;+y;D ili}l u;D xkid af eygw,f? rsuEf mS vnf; tawmf ysuf
ae+y;D tem;uyf=unfah wmh rsu&f nfpawGawmif awG@&yg
w,f? u|erf vnf; azazpdwx
f cd u
dk pf &m wckck zwfr+d yv
D @dk
&dyrf +d yD; csucf si;f yJ rodcsiaf ,mif aqmifum azazvuf
xJu pmtkyu
f dk ,lvu
dk +f y;D uJazaz awmf+y?D em;=upk@d ?
awmf=um xrif;pm;awmhrmS ? tanmif;ajy tnmajy
tjyifxu
G f c% vrf;av#muf&atmifqk+d yD; tjyif ac:
xkwv
f m&ygw,f?
tJ'w
D ek ;f u azaz zwfaewJh pmtkyu
f awmh rk;d rk;d
wma&mpH&@J rkew
f idk ;f ukrd r_ tefwak vaomfqdw
k hJ pmtkyf
jzpf+y;D azaz pdwx
f cd u
dk &f wJh tcef;uawmh Akv
d }f u;D pk;d rif;&J@
usq;kH cef;eJ@ psmye tpDtpOfygy?J pma&;ol[m tJ't
D cef;
ukd tao;pdwf jc,fr_ef;xm;+yD; oleJ@ tvGef&if;ESD;wJh
rdwfaqG/ &Jabmf&JbufjzpfwJhtwGuf pdwfxdckdufpzG,f
a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f?
Akv
d }f uD;pk;d rif;[m rk;d rd;k wma&mpH (Akv
d rf LS ;}uD;
cifarmifaomif;) eJ@ w+rdK@wnf;om; (ppfuidk ;f om;) rsm;
jzpf=uum bD'aD t umvwGif twlwl wyfxaJ &muf+yD;

r*Fvm'HAk v
dk o
f ifwef; ('kw,
d ywf)/ *syefjynf bk&ifph pf
wuUov
dk f tajrmufwyf oifwef;pwmawG twlwl
wufcJh=u+yD; Armjynfjyefa&mufawmhvnf; twlwl
wm0efawG xrf;aqmif&if; tif;pdww
f u
dk yf u
JG mvrSm
yg0if jzwfoef;&wmawGudk a&;om; xm;awG@&ygw,f?
Akv
d }f uD;pk;d rif;[m azaz&J@ axmufvrS ;f a&;
t&m&Sjd zpf+y;D / H;k tzG@J e@J vu
dk af e&muae a&S@wef;oGm;csif
vScsn&f @J v@dk wylyw
l qmqm vkyv
f eG ;f vk@d azazu ol@udk
c&D;wkd xk;d azmufjcif; (Short Range Penetration)
ukd avhvmapzk@d apv$wv
f u
dk w
f myg? oGm;&if;vm&if;
at;&GmteD;rSm autif't
D dk ajymufusm;rsm;eJ@ wk;d +y;D us
qH;k oGm;&wmyg? 1950 azazmf0g&D 25 &uf ae@rmS yg?
azazu Akv
d }f uD;pd;k rif; vkyw
f mukid w
f m ao
oyfr_/ wnf+idrfr_/ pOf;pm;^m%f&ifhusufr_awGa=umifh
tvGeftm;ukd;+yD;/ ar#mfvifhcsufvnf; }uD;}uD;xm;yHk
&ygw,f? 'ga=umifh Akv
d }f u;D pk;d rif; usq;kH a=umif; =um;&
awmh kww
f &uf pum;awmif rajymEkid b
f J ikid u
f somG ;
rdw,fv@kd ajymzl;ygw,f?
'ga=umifh rk;d rd;k wma&mpHpmtkyrf mS tJ't
D cef;
ukd azazu jyefzwf&awmh pdwx
f cd u
dk rf w
d m jzpfygvrd fh
r,f? rk;d rk;d wm a&mpHu,
dk w
f idk v
f nf; tawmfcpH m;ylaqG;
&yH&k ygw,f? rd;k rk;d wma&mpH[m rdrb
d ufom;rsm; usq;kH
cef;ukd tJovkd &oajrmufatmif a&;ovkyd J olw@dk vuf
csuef @J usq;kH oGm;&wJh autif't
D dk ajymufusm;rsm;
ta=umif; a&;&mrSmvnf; uk%moufpmG a&;xm;
wmukd awG@&awmh jynfwiG ;f ppf&@J pdwx
f cd u
dk zf ,
G f ted
mHak wGudk qifjcifryd gw,f? nDtpfudk armifErS tcsi;f
csif; owfjzwf&wmukd pdwfraumif; jzpf[efawGukd
awG@&ygw,f?
rSL;ordef (Akv
d rf LS ;}uD; apmjrif)h &J@ bHb
k 0 }uHK
awG@&Zmwfvrf;rsm;qdw
k hJ pmtkyrf mS vnf; 'Doabm
xm;awG awG@&yg w,f? a=omf tckacwfvil ,frsm;
'gawGzwf+y;D oifcef;pm xkwEf idk yf gapvk@d qENjyK&ygw,f?
3? Armhaoewfuidk w
f yf&if; 5 rS wyfcrJG LS ; Akv
d f
rSL;vSaomif;?
? 1949 azazmf0g&D 28 &ufae@rmS
qifEcJ$ w
hJ hJ yGKd if0h rf;0rf;wl; (Point 112) awmifuek ;f odr;f
wku
d yf rJG mS wyf&if; 5 rS wyfcrJG LS ; Adv
k rf LS ;vSaomif;tyg
t&m&St
d &mcH t=uyfwyfom; 80 usq;kH +y;D 120 ausmf
'%f&m&cJhwJhta=umif;/ AkdvfrSL;vSaomif; usqHk;yHk
tao;pdw/f tJ'w
D u
dk yf u
JG ay;wJh oifcef;pmrsm; pwm
awGudk azaz u ol@&@J uk,
d af &;twKy`wdW pmtkyx
f rJ mS
tjynft
h pHk a&;+y;D yg+y?D

43

ta&;awmfy*Hk sme,f
rSL;orde&f @J pmtkyx
f rJ mS vnf; ol@wyf&if; 5 u
usq;kH oGm;&+yDjzpfwhJ &Jabmfrsm;ta=umif; tawmfjynfh
jynfph kH a&;xm;wm awG@&ygw,f? (Akv
d rf LS ;vSaomif; us
qH;k +yD;aemuf ol&bG@J tyfEiS ;f jcif; cH&a=umif; tJ'D pm
tkyx
f rJ mS awG@&ygw,f?)
'gawGuawmh azaz r=umc%ajymjyzl;wJh ole@J
twl wkdufyGJwkduf&if;u usqHk;ukefwJh &JabmfawG
ta=umif;yg? tJ'w
D u
dk yf aJG wGrmS ole@J twlwu
dk cf &hJ wJh
wjcm;olawGta=umif;awGvnf; &Syd gao;w,f? tJ'v
D l
awG ta=umif;awG/ wku
d yf aJG wG ol@ tawG@t}uKH awG ajym
qk+d yD;wkid ;f azaz&J@ ed*;kH csKyfpum;uawmhawmuf - 'Dt*FvdyfawG igwkd@wawGudk 'D
avmuf vGwv
f yfa&; vkcd siw
f ahJ umifawG tcsi;f csi;f wku
d f
=ua&mhq+dk yD; vkycf w
hJ m/ wk@d wawG *syefawmfveS af &;+yD;
awmh t*Fvyd af wGe@J awmh wcsw
D armif;awG@&OD;r,fv@kd
xifxm;wm/ odyv
f nfwahJ umifawG? olw@dk u vSrd x
hf u
G f
oGm;+yD; wk@d wawGom tcsi;f csi;f jyefwu
dk u
f secf &hJ wm?
odyef m=unf;p&m aumif;w,fumG qdw
k mygy?J
wcgwav odyf pdwftcsOfayguf[efwlyg&J@?
tckaersm; t*Fvyd u
f dk jyefwu
dk rf ,fw
h yfrsm; &S&d if/ ig aAmf
vHw,
D mvkyf ygrh ,fumG qk+d y;D ygvu
dk cf siaf o;&J@vk@d vnf;
qkw
d wfygw,f?
1948 ckEpS u
f ay:xGucf w
hJ hJ jynfwiG ;f ppf yxr
v_dif;vHk;[m e,fcsJ@ya,m*vdk@ azazu owfrSwfcJh+yD;
0ifa&mufyg0if wku
d cf u
dk cf yhJ gw,f? 'gayrJh 1962 Akv
d af e0if;
ppftpk;d & wufvm+y;D aemuf ay:ayguv
f mcJw
h hJ jynfwiG ;f
ppf 'kw,
d v_id ;f vH;k uawmh vlrsKd ;pHk (ucsi/f csi;f / &Sr;f pojzif)h
awmfveS af &;awGyg yg0ifvm+y;D Akv
d af e0if;u ppftm%m
&Si,
f E&m;ukd xde;f odr;f zd@k twGuf wk;d wufzEd ydS rf a_ =umifh
ay:aygu&f wm jzpfygw,f?
jynfwiG ;f ppfrmS yg0ifwu
dk cf u
dk &f wmukd toJem
vSygw,fqzdk ;l wJh azaz[m 1976 rSmawmh Armjynf uGef
jrLepfygwD OD;aqmifwJh jynfol@'Drkdua&pD awmfvSef
a&;}u;D xJ yg0ifvm&+y;D jynfwiG ;f ppfudk yg0if qifEcJ$ &hJ wm
1989 ckEpS f ygwD zkzd &Jjzpf oGm;csed t
f xdygy?J azaz[m
ol@b0ukd Armjynf tzdEydS cf H jynforl sm;b0eJ@ xyfwl jyK
xm;oljzpfv@dk (tzdEydS cf jH ynforl sm;qkw
d m uk,
d o
f mG ;csiw
f hJ

vrf;ukd aG;cs,yf idk cf iG hf r&Syd gb;l ) tkycf sKyforl sm;u t=urf;

zuf zdEydS v
f m&ifawmh acgi;f iH@k caH evd@k rjzpfb;l av?
1990 ckEpS rf sm;rSm wufvmwJh e0w/ ol@quf
cHwhJ etz acwfrsm;rSmawmh olw@dk &@J vkyyf akH wGudk =unf+h y;D
(txl;ojzifh 2003 'Dy&J if; tjzpftysuf t+y;D rSm) azazu
jynfwiG ;f ppf jyefvnf jzpfymG ;vmrSmukd pk;d &drpf mG eJ@ owif;
Xmersm;uwqifh r=umc% owday; ajym=um;ae
wwfygw,f?
tcktcg touf 90 ausm+f y;D use;f rma&;t&
vnf; ,kid v
f cJ snehf @J vm+yDjzpfwhJ azaz&J@ tJ'v
D dk pk;d &drf yl
yefpw
d ef @J Armjynf}u;D jynfwiG ;f +ird ;f csr;f a&; &+y;D trsKd ;om;
pnf;vH;k nD!w
G af &; wnfaqmufum tdref ;D csi;f Ekid if rH sm;
(txl;ojzifh ,ck u|erf ckv
d akH exkid w
f hJ Ekid if }H u;D vk)d qif;&J
jcif; wjznf;jznf; yaysmuf+y;D jynfot
l rsm; om,m0ajym
csrf;omapvkdwJh pdwfapwemukd u|efrtarGqufcH+yD;
'Daqmif;yg;ukd a&;vku
d yf gw,f?

vSausmfaZm
31-5-2011?

rSwfcsuf
1? rk;d rk;d awma&mpHe@J rSL;ordew
f @dk &@J pmtkyrf sm;[m 1980
ckEpS t
f wGi;f u xkwaf 0wJh ppfjyefr*~Zif;/ ra[oDr*~Zif;
pwmawG rSm yg0ifcw
hJ hJ aqmif;yg;rsm;ukd pkaygi;f xkww
f m
jzpfv@kd (tJ'u
D mvu azazu ygwx
D J jyefa&mufae+yD jzpf
vd@k ) azazemrnf razmfjybJ wkid ;f rSL;wk@d ppfqifa&;rSL;}u;D
wk@d v@dk om azmfjyxm;ygw,f?
2? e0wacwf wyfrawmforkid ;f pmtkyrf sm;rSmawmh
azazhemrnfudk azmfjyHrk u uk;d um;wJph mtkyf pm&if;rSm
vnf; azaza&;om;cJw
h hJ pmtkyrf sm;/ azaz&J@ tpD&ifcH
pmawGudk azmfjyxm;wm awG@&ygw,f? ('DumvrSmawmh
ygwzD kzd &Jjzpf+y;D u|erf wk@d vnf; jynfya&mufae+yaD v)?

azaz[m ol@b0ukd ArmjynftzdESdyfcHjynfolrsm;b0eJ@ xyfwljyKxm;

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44

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45

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u ausmif;q&mOD;atmifa0eJ@ tckautife,
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46

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ajymaewke;f / u|eaf wmfu "mwfyaHk wGukd wyk+H yD;wykH pdw0f ifpm;pGm
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ajymygw,f? Adv
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ajym=uqd=k uavh &So
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h u
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f qdik rf mS / oHy&k moD;av;awG vmvm
txl;tqef; jzpfaeyk&H w,f? [dw
k ek ;f uawmh Adv
k cf sKyfatmifqef; ta&mif;cdik ;f wm &Sw
d ,fvkd =h um;w,fAs? tbGm;}uD;u ole@J od
awmif rcif=unfe@J pum;ajym&mrSm wcgwav t*Fvyd v
f kd ajym wJv
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f ;l As/ b,f
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k aJ wmh u|eaf wmfvnf; taotcsmrodb;l ? tbGm;}uD;u
ta=umif;a=umif;eJ@ u|eaf wmf a&mufjzpfcyhJ gw,f? tpfu}kd uD; ae@wdkif;vnf; r[kwfbl;? wcgw&HrS-wywfq,f&ufrS wcg
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(Adv
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vdk@qdkoAs? tbGm;}uD;crsm 'gavmufawmif pm;0wfaea&;
a':a':ud,
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d ,fAs? tJ'g cifAsm;aum
usq;Hk &jcif; 9 ESpaf jrmufae@txdr;f trSwyf -JG vd@k yJ ajym&rSmyg? odovm; vd@k u|eaf wmfu
h kd ar;vmygw,f? u|eaf wmfrh mS tH=h o
1977 ckEpS f pufwifbm24 &ufae@rmS yg? rv$o
J m ra&Smifom beef; jzpfomG ;&ygw,f? w+ydKifeufwnf;rSm- a':a':wd@k rmS tdrf
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d J vcvnf; ay;p&m rvdk/ 'Dtwdkif; aeae&wmyJ/ rcifoef;eJ@
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a':[m tJ'ED pS u
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tusO;f qk;H tusO;f H;k vkyw
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avxD; Adv
k t
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&J@ZeD; a':cif=unf/ OuUocifZif&@J ZeD;a':=unf=unf/ a':cif +yD;awmh u|eaf wmfawmh rodb;l As- vdk yh J ajzrd&if; oufjyif;
rsKd ;nGe@f e@J um,uH&iS af ':a':a':cif}u;D yJ ygovd/k vli,fqv
kd v
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u|efawmfu tJ'Dta=umif;udk q&meJ@vufzuf&nf
a':a':w@kd aexdik &f meJ@teD;qk;H bke;f }u;D ausmif;u bke;f }u;D 3 yg;yJ qdik rf mS qkjH zpfwt
hJ cgrmS q&mhuv
kd nf; ajymjy&if; ar;=unfrh ad wmh/
ygygw,f? tm;vk;H aygi;f rS ta&twGuu
f 20 avmufyJ &Syd gr,f? q&mvnf; rodwu
hJ pd P jzpfaeygw,f?
a':a': a':cif}uD;[m ArmjynfueG jf rLepfygw&D @J vuf
wckaom pufwifbm&J h vv,f&ufw&ufrmS q&m
eufuikd af wmfveS af &;c&D;=urf;}uD;twGi;f / ocifoef;xGe;f eJ@twl &m*seu
f a':a':&J t
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h kd tazmfac:jyefwhJ
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kd &f vdk o
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orD;wa,muf/ om; ESpaf ,muf xGe;f um;cJyh gw,f? orD;t}u;D qk;H vl}uD;wpk[m a':a':&J t
h rd rf mS a':a':eJ t
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50

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b,fvkd vkyjf zpfrvJqw
kd m wdwu
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Adv
k t
f ;Hk armifuvnf; tar;cdik ;f vdu
k w
f ma=umifh vmjzpfwmrSe;f
u|eaf wmf rSwrf ad eygw,f?
a&mufa&mufcsif;yJ q&mu tJ'DudpPudk ar;awmh/
a':a':u vkyw
f mawmh rysurf uGuf vkyu
f kd vkyrf mS yJ? orD;u
r&Sb
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kd mawmh/ tck wcg
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'DtwGu-f u|erf bmom u|erf jyifxm; pkxm;wJh ydu
k q
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tqifajyovdk xnfEh ikd o
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k w
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rsm;vmwJt
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ay;+y;D ta&mif;cdik ;f / tJ'u
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pkxm;w,f q&m&J@? 'Dae@a&mufwmeJ@ tJ'D pkbl;av;xJu
&So
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awGtwGi;f rSm-Ekid if *hH %
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f
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k af e0if;u tck Ekid if *hH %
k &f nfbJG ah wG ay;ae
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wnf;vdv
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k af wmh trav; q&m&,f- rcif=unfu ocifatmifqef;
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rvJ
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t
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awmfw@kd [m jynfo@l w
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t}u;D }u;D udk ESpaf ,mufom; wa,mufwzufpu
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tJ'pD smyeae@uawmh vlawGuvnf; tifrwefrsm;
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1- 6 - 2011

51

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57

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(7 ZGe/f 2011)

62

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63

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64

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65

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79

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81

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2011 ckESpf/ Zlvkdifv(7) &uf

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