Dai Cuong in

CHNG 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1
I. Lch S phat trien cua nganh in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
Johannes Gutenberg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3
Qua trnh hnh thanh va phat trien nganh in Viet Nam . . . . . .5
Thi phong kien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5
Nghe in ch uc hay nghe in TY-PO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7
Ky thuat in OFFSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .8
Nganh in cach mang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9
II. San pham in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
II.1. Sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .11
II.2. Tap ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12
II.3. Bao ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
II.4. Brochure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13
II.5. Cac san pham in khac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
III. Phng tien truyen thong ien t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .14
IV. Truyen thong a phng tien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .15
V. S phan bo va t trong th trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .17
VI. Cac khuynh hng va vien canh trong tng lai . . . . . . . . . . .19
VI.1. Nhng thay oi trong khu vc in truyen thong . . . . . . . . . . . . .19
VI.2. S ket hp cac phng tien mi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .20
CHNG 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .25
I. Trnh bay trang, nghe thuat trnh bay ch, thiet ke o hoa .26
I.1. Ch in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Nguon goc ch in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .26
Phan loai cac bo ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
Thiet ke kieu ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .29
I.2. Nghe thuat trnh bay ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .31
Dan trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
I.3. Thiet ke o hoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .35
Cong viec thiet ke trong the ky 20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .36
II. Cong oan trc in (che ban) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Cong nghe sap ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37
Anh co tang th va anh net . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .39
Che tao khuon in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40
Che ban ien t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41
III. Cong oan in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44
IV. Sau in (thanh pham) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48
V. Trang thiet b ky thuat so trong qui trnh san xuat . . . . . . . .50
VI. Chuan b . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .54
3
Muc luc
CHNG 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
I. Cac phng phap sap ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
I.1. Sap ch thu cong (sap ch ch) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .57
I.2. Sap ch dung may Monotype va Linotype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
I.3. Sap ch tren t phim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
I.4. Sap ch bang may vi tnh: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
I.2. Dan trang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
II. Phuc che ban mau mau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
II.1. Khai niem chung ve mau sac . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58
II.2. Nguyen tac c ban cua qua trnh phuc che bai mau mau . . . . .61
a) S o phuc che bang 3 mau ly tng CMY . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
b) S o phuc che bang 3 hoac 4 mau thc te. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62
II.3. Phng phap phan mau ien t trong phuc che bai mau mau . .64
Nguyen ly phan mau dang Analog: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .64
III. CHE BAN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .65
III.1. Che ban bang phng phap quang c (Analog) . . . . . . . . . . . .65
Mot so ky thuat c ban trong che ban Analog: . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70
III.2. Che ban t may tnh ra phim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .71
Cong nghe Che ban t may tnh ra phim CtF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .73
III.2. Che ban t may tnh ra ban (Ctp) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74
III.3 Che ban t may tnh ra may in (Computer to Press) . . . . . . . . .75
III.3 Che ban t may tnh ra t in (Computer to Print) . . . . . . . . . . .76
IV. CHE TAO KHUON IN BANG PP QUANG HOA . . . . . . . . .76
IV.1. Che tao khuon in Cao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
IV.1.1. Che tao khuon in Typo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
IV.1.2. Che tao khuon in Flexo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .77
IV.2. Che tao khuon in phang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .78
IV.3. Che tao khuon in lom (khuon in Ong ong) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .79
IV.3. Che tao khuon in li . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
CHNG 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
I. Tong quan ve ky thuat in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .83
II. Ky thuat in dung ban in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .86
II.1. Phng phap in cao, in Flexo : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
In Typo : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .90
In Flexo : . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
Letterset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .92
II.2. In lom (in Ong ong) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93
II.3. In phang In Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .99
II.4. In li (in lua) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .103
III. Ky thuat in khong dung ban in (NIP) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
III.1. In Tnh ien . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106
4 Muc luc
III.1.1. Tao hnh anh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
III.1.2. Nhan mc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
III.1.3. Truyen hnh anh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
III.1.4. On nh phan t in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
III.1.5. Lam sach ong quang dan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .107
III.2. In Phun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .110
III.3. He thong in c ban cua k thuat in NIP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112
CHNG 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
I. Giay in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .115
II. Mc in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .116
II.1. Mc in Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
II.2. Mc in ong ong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
II.3. Mc in Flexo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .118
III. Verni trang bong san pham in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
III.1. Verni goc dau (Print Varnish) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .119
III.2. Verni goc nc (thuy tnh) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .120
III.3. Verni UV . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .121
CHNG 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
I. Cac ac iem chung cua cong oan thanh pham . . . . . . . . .123
I.1. Cac ac iem chung . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
Gia cong be mat san pham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
nh hnh an pham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .123
I.2. Cac san pham cua qua trnh thanh pham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
I.3. Nhng iem can lu y khi gia cong sau in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
Chon quy trnh cong nghe thanh pham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .124
San xuat mau th va kiem tra . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
Kiem tra anh gia chat lng t in trc khi gia cong . . . . . . .125
Van e nh v trong qua trnh gia cong sau in . . . . . . . . . . . .125
II. Gia cong be mat an pham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
II.1. Gii thieu cac phng phap gia cong be mat . . . . . . . . . . . . .125
II.2. Trang phu (can lang) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
Cac dang trang phu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .126
II.3. Dan ghep mang len t in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .127
II.4. Ep nhu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .128
II.5. Ep chm noi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .129
II.6. Tang cng o bong hay tao van (nham) cho t in . . . . . . . . .129
III. ong sach ba mem va ba cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
III.1. Cac khai niem chung ve ong sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
Cau tao cuon sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .130
III.2. Quy trnh ong sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132
III.3. Cac cong oan gia cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
5
Muc luc
Chuan b trc khi gia cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Vo va cat t in thanh cac t gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .134
Gap cac tay sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .135
Ep cac tay sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Hoan thien tay sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Bat cuon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137
Hoan thien ruot sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Ep gay ruot sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Xen ba mat ruot sach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140
Qua trnh gia cong hoan thien cac ruot sach ba cng : . . . . . .140
San xuat ba cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
Vao ba sach ba cng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
IV. Thanh pham cac dang bao b hop giay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
IV.1. Gii thieu hop gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .141
IV.2. Quy trnh thanh pham cac dang hop gap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
IV.3. Cac cong oan gia cong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .142
Can be : (nh hnh hop dang mat phang kho trai) . . . . . .142
Gia cong ca so hop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
Gap dan hop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .144
6 Muc luc
6huong |
Tong quan va nganh In
I. LIrh 8u phaI IrIan rua nganh In
Trc luc chnh thc phat minh ra nghe in th t in khac go a co
TrungQuoc. ay la bc tien quan trong so vi cach sao chep bang tay.
In khac go c ap dung vao the ky th 9, ngi th khac cac net ch,
hnh ve len tam go, phan co ch th noi len cao, phan khong ch th c
khoet lom xuong. Khi in ngi ta phu mot lp mc mong len be mat tam
go, at t giay len, dung mot cai gat bang xng hoac bang go a mai
nhan, gat nhe len tren t giay.
Cuon sach co nhat c in bang ban khac go la cuon kinh Kim Cng
in nam 848 cua ong Vng Gii c phat hien nam 1900 n Hoang
tnh Cam Tuc (Trung Quoc)
Nam 1048 ong Tot Thang (Trung Quoc) sang tao ra ch ri bang at
set. So vi ban khac go ay la mot bc tien bo nhng cha co y ngha
cong nghiep.
Nam 1314 ong Vng Trnh ngi Sn ong (Trung Quoc) sang che
ra ch ri bang go. Nghe in t Trung Quoc truyen sang Trieu Tien.
Trieu Tien a tao ra ong mo e uc ch thay cho viec khac. Ch in
bang ong c uc ra.
Nam 1436 ch in bang hp kim ch c s dung gom ch, thiec va
antimoan (ch la thanh phan chnh chiem 60%- 85%, nhng ch la kim loai
mem, nen cho them antimoan (Sb) la kim loai don chiem 12%- 29%, thiec
7
| Tong quan va nganh In
Hnh 1.1: Mot trang hnh anh tm thay trong Kim t thap Ai Cap, in tren giay papyrus
(Sn) la kim loai deo, chong g
tot chiem 2%- 7%).
Cuo i the ky 15 Trie u
Tie n a s du ng h p kim ch
mo t ca ch ro ng ra i va a in
c nh ng bo sa ch l n.
In ch r i la mo t b c
tie n kha l n trong qua trnh
pha t trie n cu a nga nh in
sa ch. No co u ie m: de
tha o g , thay o i va s a
ch a c. Khi s du ng
xong co the tha o ra e s
du ng cho nh ng la n kha c.
Cha u A u a u the ky
15 a p du ng phng pha p in
kha c go . To c o pha t trie n
ra t nhanh, e n gi a the ky
16 a a p du ng phng
pha p sa p ch t nh ng ky
hie u rie ng le . O ng Johan Gutenberg ( c), Caxchioro (Ha Lan),
Pampilo (Y ) c coi nh nh ng o ng to cu a nga nh in Cha u A u
v ho a cu ng mo t lu c pha t minh ra qua trnh in. Ng i co co ng
a c bie t la Johan Gutenberg. Nga y 21-6-1440 la nga y Gutenberg
kh i co ng in sa ch.
"Gutenberg c cong nhan la ong to nganh in Chau Au. Ong a a
viec sap ch ri bang nhng thoi kim loai vao ap dung, e co the in c
nhieu tai lieu hn. T o nen van hoa the gii bat au mot giai oan phat
trien mi. Trc ay ch co in khac go han che trong viec in kinh thanh th
nay phng phap in cua Gutenberg lam cho gia thanh ha va sach c pho
bien rong rai trong nhan dan.
Ma y in do Gutenberg sa ng che co 2 ng i ie u khie n: Mo t ng i
cha m c le n khuo n in ba ng ba n cha co hnh ca u la m ba ng da. Mo t
ng i a t gia y le n ba . Tre n ba n a t gia y co ghim 2 ca y kim e co
nh gia y va la m da u cho nh ng la n a t gia y tie p theo.
Sau khi a a t gia y va cha m c xong ng i ta o ng na p khung
xuo ng ba n a t gia y. Na p khung co ta c du ng: gi cha t kho ng cho t
gia y ri xuo ng va che nh ng cho kho ng in e gia y kho i dnh m c. Sau
khi o ng na p khung xong, xoay ba n a t gia y e p le n khuo n in. Sau o
a va o ba n e p in. Quay cho ba n e p xuo ng e e p in. Sau o quay ba n
e p le n, a khuo n in ra ngoa i. D ba n a t gia y le n m na p khung ra
va la y t gia y a in ra."
8 aI ruong va san xuaI In
Hnh 1.2: Tranh ve Sai Luan, ngi khai sinh
nganh giay Trung Hoa, TK 2 TCN
1ohannas uIanbarg
Gan 350 nam, ke t nam
1440 cho en au the ky 19
phng phap in thu cong
nay khong thay oi.
Nam 1446 phng phap
in ong ong ra i, ngi ta
che tao truc in ong ong
ba ng ca ch kha c le n o
nhng hnh anh, net ch
ca n in. e n the ky 18
phng phap an mon hoa
hoc e che tao ong ong
mi c ap dung.
Nam 1798 phng phap
in offset ra i do o ng
Alois Sennefelder (6-
101771) phat minh ra tai Praha (Tiep Khac).
au the ky 19 in li c ap dung trong cong nghiep det e in hnh
len lua va in nhan len cac kien hang.
Cuoi the ky 19 lnh vc gia cong ong sach c c gii hoa. Cac loai
may, dao, may gap, may khau lan lt ra i.
9
Hnh 1.3: Johannes Gutenberg
Hnh 1.4: 'Ban ep nho' Gutenberg
|0 aI ruong va san xuaI In
Hnh 1.5: Gutenberg ben ban sap ch ch
Hnh 1.6: Mot xng in Nga vao au the ky 19
Sang the ky 20 cong nghiep in phat trien nhanh, manh. Cac loai may
moc c hoan chnh, mc o c kh hoa va t ong hoa cao.
Cuoi the ky 20 ky thuat ien t, tin hoc c a vao cac lnh vc sap
ch, tach mau ien t, khac truc in ien t, cac may in cung c trang b
he thong ien t, ieu khien t ong.
Ve toc o may in t ri :
Cuoi the ky 18: 150t/gi
Cuoi the ky 19: 400 - 800 t/gi
Cuoi the ky 20: 15.000 t/gi
May in cuon: 50.000 vong/gi
Ve nguyen vat lieu: giay c san xuat t the ky 13 bang phng phap
c kh nhng en au the ky 19 mi c hoan thien, t o giup cho nganh
in phat trien nhanh.
Nam 30 cua the ky 19 phat minh ra qua trnh nhiep anh, muoi bac
AgBr.
Nam 50 cua the ky 19 phat minh ra tnh nhay sang cua muoi Bicromat,
rat quan trong cho qua trnh lam khuon in.
Sau nam 50 cua the ky 19 ky thuat in mau phat trien do phat minh ra
viec phuc che mau t 3 mau c ban: vang, xanh, o canh sen (yellow,
Cyan, Magenta).
ua Irnh hnh Ihanh va phaI IrIan nganh In o VIaI ham
ThoI phong kIan
1) In bang ban khac go ma xa kia thng goi la nghe in moc ban hoac
nghe khac van in. Theo s sach ta con lu gi c th Nha s Tin Hoc la
ngi a lam nghe khac van in sm nhat kinh thanh Thang Long e in
cac loai sach kinh Phat cho cac chua chieu vao the ky XII (ong mat nam
1190 i Ly Cao Tong).
2) Nghe in ban khac go c phat trien va nang cao thi Hau Le do
Tham hoa Lng Nh Hoc khi xng vao the ky th XV. Ong ngi lang
Lieu Chang (nay la Thanh Lieu) huyen Gia Loc, tnh Hai Hng. Sau hai
lan i s sang Trung Quoc, ong tm hieu sau ve nghe in ban khac go. Khi
ve nc a co cong truyen day lai cho dan lang Lieu Chang. Nhng an
pham c khac in hoi o, ngoai kinh Phat, con co nhieu loai sach ve van,
th cua cac danh nhan. Nhieu th khac van in con c trieu ve Thang
Long e khac nhng sac ch, sach s cua trieu nh. Sau o lai in cac sach
truyen van xuoi, th ca pho bien kinh thanh.
3) Tiep o, nghe khac van in c hnh thanh mot ni rat noi tieng,
en nay van con, la lang ong Ho thuoc huyen Thuan Thanh, tnh Ha
Bac. Nhng ay nghe khac van in lai chuyen ve cac loai tranh dan gian.
Nhieu ngi khac van in a tr thanh nghe nhan sang tac cac tranh co gia
||
tr nghe thuat dan toc ac sac nh cac tranh: am ci chuot, anh ghen,
Hng da v.v... Pham in dung cac loai chat lieu san co a phng vi
cac mau o (son), vang (qua danh danh va hoa hoe) en (la tre), xanh (r
ong) va nhat la chat trang iep (vo so) v.v... tranh ong Ho c nhan
dan ta a chuong, tranh ban chay nhat la vao dp Tet co truyen. Nhieu
nc tren the gii anh gia cao tranh dan gian ong Ho.
4) Nghe in ban khac go phat trien ra nhieu ni trong ca nc nh: Sai
Gon co Phung Du Phng tc la xom Dau, nay la An Lac. Ha Noi, Pho
Hang Gai co them dong in tranh Hang Trong, eu dung ban khac go.
Cho en cuoi the ky XIX, au the ky XX nghe in ban go khac Thang
Long hnh thanh ba dong:
a) In kinh Phat cac chua chien.
b) In sach s, sac ch cua trieu nh.
c) In sach, truyen, va bang ch Han, va bang ch Nom. Nhng tac
pham Han, Nom qu bau cua ong cha ta en nay van con c lu gi nh
cuon: Kim Van Kieu, Luc Van Tien, Thach sanh, Chinh phu Ngam hoac
Vu Trung tuy but, Lnh Nam chch quai, Nam Dc Than Hieu, Y Tong
Tam Lnh v.v...
Tac pham c in bang ban go sm nhat thi Lng Nh Hoc la tap
th Tnh Tuyen Trinh Gia Luat thi nay van con gi lai c Th vien
Khoa hoc xa hoi Trung ng.
5) Th khac va th in ban go khac thi bay gi (t the ky XII en au
the ky XX) co nhng ac iem:
a) Phai biet ch Nho (ch Han, ch Nom) va sau o la ch quoc ng.
b) La m co ng vie c in c coi nh la m vie c thie n (nh kha c in kinh
Pha t ca c chu a chie n), la m vie c truye n ba ch ngha cu a ca c ba c
"Tha nh hie n". V va y, nh ng ng i kha c va n in cu ng nh la m vie c in
va o ng sa ch e u co nie m t ha o, vinh d . Ho ch ca n c nuo i a n,
co cho , coi nh la y co ng c la m tro ng. Ba y gi kho ng ai no i e n
tra co ng hay tie n lng g ca .
c) Phan nhieu th in lam viec theo mua. Sau khi gat hai, cong viec
ong ang xong xuoi hoac gan Tet co truyen th ho lo viec khac in sach,
truyen, tranh tet v.v...
Cung co mot so th chuyen khac van, in tranh quanh nam, nhng so o rat
t, ch cac chua hoac mot so nha sach chuyen ban sach pho Hang Gai, Ha
Noi thng dung ch ng nh: Cam Van ng, Lieu Van ng, Phu Van
ng v.v... ay co mot ong ho Tran lam nghe khac in va ban sach c
nhan dan bay gi knh trong. Ong day bao con chau lam cong viec in sach, in
truyen la viec thuoc ve ch ngha cua Thanh hien, la viec ai ngha, viec cong
c nen phai rat can trong. Nhng sach truyen cua ong in ra bao gi net ch
cung ung, ep, li van, ch ngha, khong he sai sot.
|Z aI ruong va san xuaI In
Co the noi pho Hang Gai hoi au the ky XX la mot trung tam in va
phat hanh sach ch Nho va mot phan sach quoc ng noi tieng cua Ha Noi.
Ngoai ra, con co nhng ngi ganh sach i ban hoac oi sach cu lay
sach mi cac vung nong thon xa xoi. Ngi ta thng goi la Phng
oi, ho c cac nha Nho qu trong mong ch. o chnh la nhng
ngi phat hanh lu ong au tien.
hgha In rhu dur hay ngha In TYF0
Nghe in ch uc hay la in ty-po c ngi Phap du nhap vao nc ta t
nam 1861 vi mot nha in nho cua quan oi Phap, in t Cong bao cua quan
oi vien chinh Phap Nam Ky (ong tai Sai Gon cu).
en nam 1865 mi co nha in ty-po in ch Viet Nam, vi san pham au
tien la t Gia nh Bao cung do chnh quyen Phap lap ra. Sau o co them
mot so nha in na cua Ton Giao, cua t ban Phap. Sau chien tranh the gii
th nhat (1914 - 1918) mi co them nhieu nha t san Viet Nam m nha in;
nhng nha in nay va in bao, va in sach va giay t ve kinh te xa hoi.
Nam 1913, ra i t ong Dng Tap ch va tiep o la t Trung Bac
Tan Van. Ngi tru cot cua hai t bao nay la Nguyen Van Vnh tot nghiep
trng thong ngon cua Phap. Ngoai viec viet bao, dch va in sach,
NguyenVan Vnh con rat say me nghe in. Ong a hai lan sang Phap d
au Xao Mac Xay (1906 - 1921) c tiep xuc vi nghe in cua Phap.
Sau khi ve nc ong chuyen ve kinh doanh nghe lam bao va rat chu trong
viec nang cao ky thuat in.
Nam 1867, cuon sach c in ra vao loai sm nhat la cuon Abrege de
Grammaire Annamite (tom tat ng phap Viet Nam) cua Trng Vnh Ky
in tai nha in Imprimerie Imperiale (nha in Hoang Gia Sai Gon). Trng
Vnh Ky hoi o cung la ngi chu tr t Gia nh Bao.
Nha in ln cua t ban Phap ra i nc ta au the ky XX va ton tai
cho en ngay ta ve tiep quan Thu o thang 10-1954 la Nha in Vien ong.
Nha in Vien ong ra i au nam 1905 (Imprimerie d'Extreme Orient.
Goi tat la nha In IDEO) co c s chnh Ha Noi va chi nhanh Hai Phong
va Sai Gon. Ha Noi, nay la a iem 24 Trang Tien (Nha in Bao Nhan
Dan) va so 67 Pho c Chnh (x nghiep in Tong hp Ha Noi). Sai Gon
nay la toan bo phan xng sach cua Cong ty In Tran Phu. Nha in nay co
luc ti 500 - 600 cong nhan.
T sau chien tranh the gii th nhat, nhieu nha t san Viet Nam ua
nhau m nha in, nhieu nhat van la Ha Noi va Sai Gon.
Ha Noi vao loai sm co cac nha in: Le Van Tan, Le Van Phuc, Ngo
T Ha, cac nha in bao Thc Nghiep Dan Bao, Ngo Bao v.v... la cac nha
in ra i tng oi sm.
Trung Ky co nha in bao Tieng Dan cua cu Huynh Thuc Khang ra
i nam 1927; nha in Vien e in t Kim Lai tap ch t nam 1931.
|8
mien Nam co cac nha in cua Nguyen Van Viet, nha in bao La cloche
Felee (tieng chuong re) cua Nguyen An Ninh, nha in cua Tn c Th Xa
v.v...
Ve ky thuat in bao, ang chu y la nam 1940, Ha Noi co bac s
Nguyen Van Luyen, ra t bao hang ngay Tin Mi, lan au tien in bao
bang may in cuon ty-po (Rotative) kieu Duplex (Thuy S).
Sai Gon nam 1947 co t Than Chung cua Nam nh cung c in
bang may in cuon ty-po vi ky thuat in nhanh va ep.
Nha in Taupin (To-panh) cua t ban Phap cung la mot nha in co tieng
Ha Noi. Nha in nay co hieu sach vao loai sang trong nhat so nha 44
Trang Tien, Ha Noi chuyen ban cac loai sach van hoc cua cac nha van
Phap noi tieng nh Victo Hugo, Anatole France... va cac loai t ien, sach
cua cac hang Hachette, Larousse...
Thang 10 nam 1954, Nha In Quoc gia Trung ng cua ta a ve tiep
quan va ong tru s tai 44 Trang Tien. en nam 1960 giao lai cho Quoc
doanh Phat hanh sach Trung ng, nay la Tong Cong ty Phat hanh sach
thuoc Bo Van hoa - Thong tin...
ky IhuaI In 0FXET
Trc khi nghe in op-xet pho bien nc ta, mot so nha in Viet Nam a
trang b ky thuat in thach ban tren may (Lithographie) e in cac loai tranh
anh, nhan hang nhieu mau... Ha Noi, nhng nha in co may in thach ban
la nha in Ngo T Ha, Le Van Phuc, Nguyen Ninh, Quoc Hoa v.v...
T khi Mat tran Dan chu ong Dng ra i, nhieu nha in bat au
trang b may in op-xet nh nha in Minh Sang Ha Noi va mot so nha in
Sai Gon...
Sm hn ca la cac nha in t ban Phap nh: Vien ong (IDEO) va To-
panh Ha Noi, cac nha in Portail, Ardim Sai Gon v.v... trong thi gian
aichien lan th hai (1941 - 1945), nha in Vien ong a in giay bac ong
Dng loai menh gia nho bang ky thuat in op-xet e phat hanh trong toan
ong Dng.
T nam 1970, Sai Gon a pho bien viec in bao hang ngay bang ky
thuat op-xet ma trc o chu yeu ch danh cho viec in tranh anh va cac
nhan hang nhieu mau.
Ben canh o, viec phat trien ky thuat in lom thng goi la in ong ong
(Heliogravure) cung c mot so nha in Sai Gon s dung e in nhan
hang in tren mang mong, bao b hoac giay hoa van nhieu mau e trang tr
noi that.
Thi ky thc dan Phap thong tr, toan ong Dng co khoang tren 100
nha in co the in c cac loai sach bao va cac loai giay t khac.
Thi ky chong My, mien Bac co khoang tren 300 nha in; toan mien
Nam co khoang 1500 nha in, tap trung nhieu nhat Sai Gon.
hganh In rarh mang
Ngay t khi ang ta ra i, nhieu c s in b mat a c to chc in sach-
bao cach mang cua ang va cac oan the cu quoc.
Cac c s in b mat luc au ch s dung nhng vat lieu, phng tien het
sc tho s nh: in bang at set, bang thach (ong Sng) bang giay sap
(Stencil) lam bang tay la pho bien. V vay, so lng an ban c t, vai
tram t va chat lng khong ep.
T nam 1940 a cai tien in bang a li-to gan giong vi ky thuat in
thach ban bang may, nhng la che ban thu cong (viet ch ngc) va lan
tay bang lo cao su. Nhng t bao cua ang va Mat tran Viet Minh nh C
Giai Phong, Cu Quoc, Lao ong, bao Binh van Ken goi lnh v.v... eu
c in bang phng phap nay va a gop phan khong nho vao thang li
cua cach mang Thang Tam nam 1945.
Trong khang chien chong Phap, nhieu nha in ty-po a c xay dng va
phat trien. mien Bac co cac nha in nh: Tien Bo, Cu Quoc, Nhan Dan, Quan
oi, Lao ong va nhieu nha in cac lien khu, cac tnh. mien Nam co nha in
Tran Phu va cac nha in cua quan oi, mat tran, giao duc v.v...
ac biet co hai nha in a s dung ky thuat in op-xet e in "giay bac
Cu Ho" va mot so tai lieu khac nh cac loai tem, phieu, tranh anh v.v...
Viet Bac co nha in Tai chnh, sau chuyen thanh Nha In Ngan hang.
mien Nam co C quan An loat ac biet cua Uy ban Khang chien hanh
chanh Nam Bo ong tai chien khu U Minh (thuoc tnh Minh Hai ngay
xa).
Ngay 10-10-1952 Ho Chu tch a ky sac lenh 122/SL thong nhat cac
he thong in cua cac nganh thanh Nha in quoc gia vi chc nang quan ly
ca ba khau: xuat ban, in va phat hanh bao, sach nh mot Tong cuc Xuat
ban. Sau ngay chong Phap thang li, at nc tam thi chia thanh hai
mien. Phan ln can bo, cong nhan cung thiet b in cua mien Nam tap ket
ra mien Bac va bo sung vao cac nha in, ac biet la Nha may in Tien Bo.
Tiep o, mien Bac tien hanh cai tao xa hoi chu ngha oi vi cac nha in
t nhan. Toan mien Bac luc o co 250 nha in, uc ch, ong sach v.v...
Rieng Ha Noi co 163 nha in. Cac x nghiep in cong t hp doanh ngay
cang manh va phat trien, chat lng sach bao, tranh anh, nhan hang in ep
hn trc. Cac nha t san in va cac tieu chu c giao nhng cong viec
thch hp trong cac nha in cong t hp doanh. Ho van c tiep tuc hng
lai hp ly theo chnh sach cai tao cua Nha nc.
Thi ky nay, chiec may in lu ong do anh o Duy ong sang tao a
c cai tien e gi i cac chien trng phuc vu in bao, sach, ke ca vao
mien Nam va sang nc ban Lao. mien Nam cung co phong trao ong
may in bang go vi cac phu tung de kiem, theo sang kien cua ong Tran
Van Tr Long An, goi la "may cay" co tac dung tot. Nhieu tnh a en
nha in Tran Phu hoc cach ong may nay ve s dung tai a phng.
|6
Mien Bac xay dng nhieu nha may
in ln nh Nha may in Tien Bo gom ca
in ty-po va op-xet, qui mo ln nhat
trong ca nc. Nha in Bao Nhan Dan t
1-5-1955 c tach rieng va chuyen in
bao hang ngay cua ang bang may in
cuon ty-po (Rotative) toc o cao 36.000
t in/gi. Cac nha in Ngan hang, Quan
oi va mot so tnh nh: Hai Phong,
Thanh Hoa, cung co nha in c trang
b mi.
Thi gian nay, nha in Quoc Gia giai
the, Nha nc thanh lap Cuc Xuat ban, roi
Vu Xuat ban, va Cuc Quan ly in, va cuoi
cung lai tr ve Cuc Xuat ban t nam 1961
e quan ly, ch ao nganh in. Nam 1978,
thanh lap Lien hiep cac x nghiep In va
en nam 1991 lai tr lai Cuc Xuat ban e
quan ly Nha nc va ba khau: xuat ban, in va phat hanh.
Sau ngay giai phong mien Nam, thong nhat at nc, nha nc a tien hanh
cai tao xa hoi chu ngha oi vi toan bo cac nha in mien Nam. Bay gi phan
ln trang b cua nha in, nhat la tai Sai Gon a pho bien dung may in op-xet.
Viec in bao hang ngay a hoan toan dung may in op-xet cuon t nam 1970, cac
nha in ln cua chnh quyen My - nguy, cua t san mai ban c quoc doanh
hoa. Nhng nha in ln cua cac
nha t san c Cong t hp
doanh. Con lai nhng nha in nho
c to chc lai thanh cac nha in
tap the, san xuat phat trien, i
song cong nhan c bao am,
he thong cac c s in hp ly va
tao ieu kien ieu chnh thiet b
in cho ca nc.
Ti nay, qua mi nam oi
mi, nganh in ca nc a c
thay oi, trang b theo hng
hien ai: thay sap ch ch
bang may vi tnh, thay in ty-po
bang in op-xet e in cac loai
bao hang ngay, hang tuan, tap
san, tap ch, cac loai sach ke
ca giao khoa v.v...
Hnh 1.7: Hnh khac tren nhng tam
at set Ba T
Hnh 1.8: Aloiz Senefelder, ngi phat minh
phng phap in litho nam 1796
|7
II. 8an pham In
Nhng nghien cu chuyen mon ve tam quan trong va cong dung cua
phng tien truyen thong in an a chng minh rang nhu cau ve san pham
in tren toan the gii ngay cang cao. ieu nay c chng minh khi cuoi
thien nien ky th hai tap ch Time Magazine a cong nhan tam quan trong
ve mat van hoa xa hoi cua phat minh va cong dung cua nganh in sach va
a bau chon cong trnh cua Gutenberg la s kien mang tnh quyet nh cua
thien nien ky. ung la thi ai cua phng tien truyen thong ien t a
bat au, tuy nhien, thong tin dang in van ang va se co mat khap ni.
Vao nam 1997, tuy vao trnh o giao duc, thu nhap va loai gia nh,
hang thang moi ho gia nh c s dung t 20 USD en 55 USD e mua
sach, tap ch, bao ch, va brochure.
Th trng cac san pham in a tr nen a dang hn bao gi het. Thong
thng, cac san pham in c phan loai thanh an pham thng mai va an
pham nh ky. S phan loai nay phan biet cac san pham in da tren tan
so phat hanh cua no. Bi v cong oan san xuat cung tuy thuoc phan ln
vao nhng ieu kien c ban nay, cac xng in thng c chuyen mon
hoa vao mot trong nhng phan oan th trng tren.
Lnh vc in thng mai gom cac san pham in c san xuat tng thi
ky (catalog, brochure, t ri, danh thiep). San pham in nh ky la cac an
pham xuat hien mot cach nh ky (bao, tuan bao, tap ch). Cac nha xuat
ban va cong ty la nhng khach hang ien hnh cho nganh in an pham nh
ky.
S a dang cua san pham in
c minh hoa trong hnh 1.9
va 1.10. Mot cach khac e
phan loai cac san pham in la
chia chu ng ra tha nh nh ng
nho m sa n pha m a c bie t.
Nhng nhom rieng biet nay
c mo ta ngan gon sau ay.
II.|. 8arh
Cong trnh cua Gutenberg va
phat minh cua ong, cong nghe
in vi con ch ch ri, vao gia
the ky 15 a gay nen mot cuoc
cach mang trong nganh san
xua t sa ch. Pha n o ng da n
chung a co c hoi tiep thu
c nen giao duc, van hoa va
thong tin nhieu hn so vi thi
ky sach viet tay trc o. Ket
Hnh 1.9: S a dang cua san pham in: tap
ch, Brochure, Poster, sach, ...
qua la, nan mu ch a giam i
trong nhng the ky tiep theo.
Sach tiep tuc c in mau thu
cong ngay ca sau phat minh
cua Gutenberg, do o, nhng
tap sach in mau chat lng cao
so vi nhng tap sach trc o
van tiep tuc c san xuat.
Trong hn 500 na m,
phng phap in cao la cong
nghe in chi phoi trong nganh in
sach. Ch en khi sap ch phim
va in offset tr nen rong rai
vao nhng nam 1970, sach in
mi tr thanh mot phng tien
truyen thong ai chung gia re.
Nhng nguyen nhan chnh cho
s ot pha cua sach in e tr
thanh mot phng tien truyen
thong ai chung la qui trnh
san xuat co nang suat cao hn
va nguon giay re luon co san.
Sach in a ngay mot co hnh thc oc lap. Hnh dang ch viet tay trc o
a c thay the bang dang ch in cua rieng no.
Con so au sach mi c san xuat moi nam a khong ngng tang len
t sau phat minh cua Gutenberg. Ngay ca ngay nay, trong thi ai cua
truyen thong ien t, t le tang hang nam trong nganh san xuat sach van
gi k luc. Vi gan 80 ngan au sach c san xuat moi nam, c la mot
trong nhng th trng sach ln nhat tren the gii hien nay. Ch co Trung
Quoc va Anh Quoc san xuat nhieu au sach hn vao nam 1997 . Nam
1998, co hn 500 trieu quyen sach tr gia hn 3.5 t Euro a c san xuat
c.
Cac loai sach c phan loai mot mat theo noi dung sach; mat khac,
chung xep loai t nhng tap sach chat lng cao, khau ch boc da vi ra
sach phu vang en nhng quyen sach bo tui/ sach ba thng. Sach c
in mot mau hoac di dang nhieu mau chat lng cao. Con so sach ngay
nay c a len en hn 770 ngan au sach. Cung tng t nh vay oi
vi cac san pham in khac nh tap ch, an pham nh ky, bao va brochure.
II.Z. Tap rh
Tap ch chu yeu bao gom cac an pham nh ky nh tap ch thng mai, tap
san va bao anh. Tap ch thng mai bao trum mot lnh vc gii han, do o
Hnh 1.10: Cac san pham in c ong goi:
tui sach, hop, ...
thu hut mot lng oc gia chuyen mon gii han. Khong giong nh sach,
chi ph san xuat tap ch khong phai c chi tra hoan toan bi ngi tieu
dung. Thong thng, hn na so chi ph san xuat c thanh toan nh cong
viec quang cao.
Tap ch cung c xuat ban bi cac nha xuat ban giong nh sach. Tap
ch co tuoi tho thap hn sach; o la do noi dung va cung la mot ac trng
tieu bieu cua an pham nh ky. Bi v tap ch co thi gian s dung gii han
va khac biet ve noi dung so vi sach, hnh thc ben ngoai cua no cung
khac nhau so vi sach.
Qua trnh san xuat tap ch khac nhau ang ke so vi san xuat sach. Tap
ch la nhng cuon sach nho nhieu mau ba mem. Chung thng co s lu
hanh cao va c ong bang ky thuat ong sach n gian (ong kim, ca
gay dan keo). Tuy vao s phat hanh, tap ch c in vi may in offset t
ri hoac may in offset cuon, nhng may in cuon van c s dung cho
nhng tap ch co so lng phat hanh cao.
II.8. 8ao rh
Ngay nay, bao ch van la mot trong nhng phng tien truyen thong ai
chung quan trong nhat. Nhng t bao au tien a xuat hien vao au the
ky 17. Nhng cuon pamphlet vao the ky 16 la hnh thc au tien cua bao
ch. Hau het cac t bao c san xuat moi ngay va co tan so phat hanh
cao. Mot vai t nhat bao co the xuat hien mot vai lan trong ngay e am
bao noi dung cua chung luon c cap nhat. Hai phan loai chnh cua bao
ch la nhat bao va tuan bao.
Hnh thc ben ngoai cua bao khac biet so vi hnh thc cua tap ch.
Bao ch thng la nhng t ri kho ln. Mot vai t ri nay co the c ket
vi nhau trong cong oan oan san xuat e tao nen mot phan rieng cua t
bao. T bao co cha nhieu phan noi dung c goi la chuyen san.
Noi chung, bao c san xuat tai nhng nha may in chuyen dung cho bao
ch, co the in tren giay khong trang phan vi gia re. T bao truyen thong trc
ay la dang trang en. Nhng may in hien ai co the in nhieu mau vi chi ph
thap. ieu nay a tao nen c hoi cho bao ch thch ng ve mat ngoai hnh vi
th hieu hien hanh (anh mau, tivi mau), nhng cung ap ng c mong muon
cua nhng khach quang cao rang mau quang cao cua ho c in mau. Chi ph
san xuat bao ch c chi tra nh cac t quang cao nh kem va cac mau quang
cao. V ly do nay, gia ban cua bao ch kha thap.
II.4. 8rorhura
Cung vi cac t quang cao ri xuat hien hang ngay trong bao va tap ch,
co mot th trng ln cho t ri va t mo ta chi tiet san pham. Cac loai an
pham nay goi la Brochure. Khong giong nh bao va tap ch, brochure
khong c xuat ban nh ky. Chung la nhng san pham in thng mai.
Mot s khac biet quan trong na la so lng in cua brochure kha thap.
|9
Ngay nay, brochure thng c in mau va co dang nhng t gap
rieng biet hay nhng tap sach c ong gay. Chung co chat lng tot hn
bao. Brochure thng c s dung e mo ta nhng san pham cu the (mot
cong ty, mot san pham). Chung hau het c s dung cho muc ch quang
cao; do o, chi ph san xuat thong thng c chi tra bi nha quang cao
ch khong phai la ngi oc.
II.6. 6ar san pham In khar
Bao b la mot nhom quan trong khac cua san pham in. Chung co the c
lam t nhieu loai nguyen lieu khac nhau nh giay, ba carton, nha, kim
loai, thuy tinh Trc het, bao b c dung e bao ve nhng hang hoa
cha ben trong, nhng no cung c lam ra e tao cho san pham mot hnh
thc hap dan. Ngoai ra, bao b c in e cung cap thong tin ve noi dung
cua hang hoa ben trong. Tat ca cac cong nghe in chnh eu c s dung
trong nganh in bao b- thong thng la s ket hp gia cac cong nghe.
III. Fhuong IIan Iruyan Ihong dIan Iu
Phng tien truyen thong ien t c phat trien vao the ky 20, va cung
vi phng tien truyen thong in an no tr nen quan trong trong nganh
thong tin lien lac. Khuynh hng nay tiep tuc phat trien cho en ngay nay
va c ac trng bi may tnh va mang Internet. Cung vi s phat trien
gan ay cua Internet va world wide web, phng tien truyen thong ai
chung cung co dang radio va truyen hnh thong thng cung vi cac
dang lu tr tng ng nh video va dang lu tr am thanh tren CD-ROM
va DVD-ROM cung nh cac dang mo phong khac.
Phng tien truyen thong ien t, cung nh phng tien truyen thong in an,
bao gom mot chuoi s sang tao va truyen tin tuy vao tng dang phng tien cu
the. a thanh qui luat, giai oan au tien trong qua trnh nay la san xuat ra noi
dung, v du nh san xuat noi dung cho bang audio hoac video. Trong mot vai
trng hp, thong tin c chuyen t mot phng tien truyen thong nay sang
mot phng tien khac, v du nh t loai phim thng sang video. Tuy nhien
trong trng hp trang web, noi dung co the do may tnh san xuat, va do o cho
phep truy cap thong tin t ca the gii thc va the gii ao.
Cac mo phong di dang tng tac ong co the mo ta nhng canh va nhng
tng tac gia ngi dung va may tnh; cuoi cung, viec cho chay mot mo phong
tao nen mot chuoi nhng hnh anh dang anh theo th t va co kch ban ro rang.
Cac thong tin cua mo phong co the gon hn va hieu qua hn so vi mot canh
phim video. Do o, mo phong ong thc s ch co the c bieu dien tren mot
thiet b xuat nh la mot may tnh cau hnh manh.
Trong thi ky au, kch ban thng c soan (t nhat la trong moi
trng chuyen nghiep) nh chung ta biet trong cac phim truyen thong.
Trong trng hp cua cac san pham truyen thong ien t, yeu cau cu the
ve trnh chieu phai c lu tam en trc het trong giai oan thiet ke.
Z0 aI ruong va san xuaI In
Z|
ieu nay phai c lu y v o phan giai cuc bo thap (so vi cac san pham
in) va s han che cua nh dang d lieu au ra (v du, kho cua man hnh
hay ngay ca cac ca so ben trong man hnh chung).
S phan phoi co the dang lu tren phng tien cha d lieu (CD-ROM,
bang video/audio, va phng tien lu tr am thanh) hoac co the phan phoi trc
tiep chang han nh truyen hnh trc tiep mot buoi hoa nhac hay mot s kien the
thao. Trong ca hai trng hp, ngi ta a no lc gii han khoi lng d lieu
do s han che cua dai bang tan cua cac kenh lien lac. Ky thuat nen ong mot
vai tro quan trong ay. Ky thuat nay cho phep giam thieu khoi lng d lieu
ma khong lam thay oi ang ke ve chat lng. Cac cong nghe truyen c ban co
the co nhieu loai, t nhng ket noi Internet thong qua cac ng truyen chuyen
dung, v du nh ve tinh nhan tao, hay nhng ket noi toc o cao bang cap hay
si thuy tinh cho cac he thong mang noi bo, cung vi cac cong nghe khac nhau
(truyen hnh noi bo, Intranet).
He thong hien th, v du nh man hnh may tnh, man hnh tivi, thiet b
may chieu, he thong phat lai am thanh (loa, ong nghe) thong thng nam
oan cuoi cua chuoi truyen thong. Tuy nhien trc khi nhng he thong
nay co the trnh dien, cac cong oan nen va ma hoa phai c ao lai
bang cac thiet b tng ng (phan mem va phan cng) e bieu th cac d
lieu a c truyen. he thong hien th, bo nh co the c c dung
e ghi lai cac d lieu e co the phat lai vao mot luc khac.
Viec s dung va pho bien phng tien truyen thong ien t co the c
ieu chnh bang quyen bao ho, nhng quyen nay b xam pham kha de;
ieu nay ac biet ung vi d lieu ky thuat so khi ma cac ban copy cung
co chat lng tot nh ban goc. Cac phng thc hien ai giai quyet c che
bao ve oi vi viec sao chep lau trong ca hai lnh vc:
- Lnh vc mat ma- ma hoa cac d lieu e ngan chan viec s dung trai
phep.
- Lam m hnh ky thuat so- digital watermarking field, nhap thong tin
vao chuoi d lieu ky thuat so ma mat thng khong trong thay c,
nhng co the c tm ra nham nh v cho d lieu co san.
Noi khai quat hn, truyen thong ien t cung bao gom cac ng dung
tng ta: nhng phng tien truyen thong co dang khac nhau tuy vao s can
thiep cua ngi s dung. Nhng ng dung nay gom co tro chi vi tnh, cac
mo phong tng tac, hay cac ng dung thc te ao. ieu nay trc tiep dan
en khai niem truyen thong a phng tien se c mo ta trong cac chng
sau. Xin tham khao chng 11 e biet them chi tiet.
IV. Truyan Ihong da phuong IIan
Thuat ng truyen thong a phng tien co lien he mat thiet vi may tnh
va cac thiet b xuat d lieu ngay nay nh man hnh, loa, va may in va kha
nang phat lai cac loai thong tin khac nhau (van ban, hnh anh, am thanh,
hoat hnh). He thong truyen thong a phng tien khong nhng ch xuat
ZZ aI ruong va san xuaI In
cac loai thong tin khac nhau ma con co the cung luc tao thong tin truyen
thong a phng tien va tng tac vi cac tai lieu truyen thong a phng
tien khac (cac file d lieu tren cac n v lu tr d lieu, nh mot server
va CD-ROM).
Mac du thuat ng truyen thong a phng tien (Multimedia) con kha
mi, nhng g cha trong no khong mi (xem phan 11.7). Truyen thong a
phng tien khong co nghia g hn la viec s dung mot so loai thong tin
(van ban, hnh anh, o hoa, hoat hnh, video va am thanh) e xuat ban mot
thong tin. Trong hnh minh hoa 1.11, no con bao gom phng tien truyen
thong in an (vd: CD-ROM trong mot quyen sach).
S thong tin lien lac cua con ngi la truyen thong a phng tien bi
v, trong mot cuoc oi thoai, con ngi truyen thong tin bang li noi va c
ch mot cach ong thi. ng dung ky thuat trong s dung mot so phng
tien mot cach ong thi e phuc che noi dung cung khong con mi. Do o,
truyen hnh chang han, co the ong thi phat i thong tin bang cach s
dung van ban, hnh anh va am thanh. Viec nham en mot so c quan cam
giac ket hp vi li the cua viec s dung tng loai phng tien rieng biet
co nhng hieu qua cong hng lam cho san pham truyen thong a phng
tien tr thanh mot s la chon hap dan.
Thanh cong cua khai niem truyen thong a phng tien se tr nen ro
rang vi truyen hnh va cai goi la phng tien truyen thong ien t mi
v du nh Internet hay cac CD-ROM. Mot CD-ROM ch n thuan la mot
phng tien e lu tr nhng loai thong tin khac nhau (van ban, am thanh,
video). Ch khi van ban, am thanh va hoat hnh... c ket hp vi nhau
tren mot a CD-ROM, ngi ta mi co the goi no la mot a CD-ROM a
phng tien. Chung ta khong c nham lan cac loai thong tin (van ban,
Hnh 1.11: C cau san xuat phng tien truyen thong ien t, phng tien in va cac tai
lieu truyen thong a phng tien
am thanh, hnh anh, video) vi cac loai phng tien (vat mang d lieu nh
giay, CD-ROM, a).
Cung tng t oi vi san pham xuat ban tren Internet, cac loai thong
tin khac nhau phai c ket hp vi nhau trc khi cho ra mot san pham
truyen thong a phng tien. Van ban sieu lien ket, mot loai thong tin ma
ban than no khong phai la mot tai lieu a phng tien; ch khi cac lien
ket nay cho phep truy cap en cac noi dung truyen thong a phng tien
th no mi tr thanh mot tai lieu sieu lien ket a phng tien.
Cac thiet b phat lai (may tnh, tivi) co thong tin lu tr ien t khong
co khuynh hng nham en mot so c quan cam giac cua con ngi.
Nhng san pham truyen thong a phng tien ngay nay van cha co kha
nang kch thch c quan khu giac va xuc giac. Mot phng tien co the
c s dung e truyen hng v en cho ngi tieu thu, hoac co the kch
thch c quan xuc giac bang cac tnh chat be mat cung vi viec truyen tai
van ban va thong tin th giac nh giay chang han. Do o ngi ta co the
noi rang giay la mot san pham truyen thong a phng tien. Tuy nhien,
cac thong tin dang in thieu tnh ong va tnh tng tac. Trong tng lai,
cac thiet b lu tr thong tin ien t cung co tiem nang kch thch cac c
quan khu giac va xuc giac (vd: truyen rung ong/dao ong va nhiet o
bang cac thanh to van hanh).
V. 8u phan bo va I Irong IhI Iruong
Nganh cong nghiep in la mot khu vc gom cac cong ty nho va va.
Khoang 90% cac cong ty in tren the gii co t hn 20 nhan cong ( hnh 1-
4).
Z8
Hnh 1.12: S phan oan
cac cong ty tnh bang so
lng cong nhan (%)
(Heidelberg c tnh da
tren cac nguon thong tin
the gii).
Hnh 1.13: S phan bo khoi lng cua
cac san pham tren th trng the gii.
Hnh 1.4: S phan bo th trng in
cac khu vc khac nhau tren the gii.
S tang trng cua nganh cong nghiep in b anh hng ln bi cac
nhan to kinh te v mo nh la s phat trien kinh te va nhu cau tieu thu. Tren
the gii, nganh in ong gop 1-12% tong gia tr gia tang cua nganh cong
nghiep che bien.
cac nc cong nghiep, t trong san pham nganh in chiem 0.5-4%
tong san pham quoc noi (GDP). Trong cac th trng noi bat, th phan nay
co the len en 20% tong san pham quoc noi. My, nganh in la nganh
cong nghiep ln th 6 va v the co mot tam quan trong nhat nh oi vi
quoc gia.
Vao nam 2000, 430 ngan cong ty in tren the gii a at doanh thu
khoang 430-460 t USD. Hnh 1.13 the hien s phan bo t trong nay theo
cac cong oan san xuat rieng biet. Cac khu vc in an quang cao va thng
mai cung nh nganh bao b va nhan hang tao thanh phan oan san pham
quan trong nhat vi gia tr hang hoa ban c khoang 129-138 t USD.
Catalog la loai t quan trong nhat ve mat kinh doanh.
Hnh 1.14 the hien s phan chia theo khu vc. T bieu o ta co the thay
rang 39% t trong c tap trung Bac My va Trung Au cung nh Chau
A Thai Bnh Dng. Trong nhng khu vc nay, nhng th trng ln nhat
la My, c, Anh Quoc va Nhat Ban, chiem 50%.
Bac My co lng tieu thu san pham in theo au ngi hang nam ln
nhat. T le nay ln hn 6 lan so vi mc tieu thu trung bnh tren the gii
la 58 USD (hnh 1.15). Mot phan tch tren tng quoc gia lai cho thay mot
bc tranh khac. Nhat Ban co mc tieu thu tren au ngi cao nhat la 480
USD trong khi My la 342 USD va theo sat la Singapore vi 320 USD. Cac
nc c d oan la co t le tang cao nhat la Trung Quoc, ong Nam A,
Chau My Latin va ong Au.
Hnh 1.15: Mc tieu thu san pham in tnh tren au ngi moi nam theo USD.
VI. 6ar khuynh huong va vIan ranh Irong Iuong IaI
S tang trng tong san pham quoc noi tren the gii en nam 2002 c
d tnh la 3.4% hang nam. So vi t trong san pham in c d oan se
tang en 2.5- 3%. Co ngha la co mot th trng tiem nang khoang 452-
488% USD trong nam 2002.
Trong cac lnh vc lien quan en san pham in tren the gii, nganh in
bao b va nhan hang co bieu hien tang nhanh trong khi nhng phan oan
san pham khac nh quang cao va thng mai, bao ch, catalog, tap ch va
sach cho thay s tang trng bnh thng (hnh 1.13). Co mot s tang
trng a dang gia cac khu vc va quoc gia rieng. Do o, t le tang
trng cao nhat trong tng lai c d oan la Trung Quoc va nhng th
trng ang phat trien khac trong khi cac nen kinh te phat trien cao se ch
tang nhe.
Nganh cong nghiep in noi chung a trai qua mot s thay oi ve cau truc va
cong nghe trong vai nam qua. Ngoai nhng thay oi anh hng en khu vc in
truyen thong, s ket hp cac phng tien truyen thong mi (CD-ROM, cac dch
vu trc tuyen) vao trong cac san pham co trc a tao nen nhng thach thc ln
cho nganh cong nghiep tao mau trong nhng nam ti.
VI.|. hhung Ihay doI Irong khu vur In Iruyan Ihong
Khuynh hng may in ieu khien bi mot ngi, ket qua cua viec gia
tang t ong hoa tat ca cac bc trong qua trnh in se tao nen mot tiem
nang khong lo cho s oi mi trong lnh vc may moc thiet b cung nh
trong qua trnh san xuat trong nhng nam ti. V du ien hnh nhat la trong
cong oan trc in, khi ma nhng s phat trien qua nhanh cua cong nghe
lam cho chu ky tuoi tho trung bnh d tnh cua thiet b ch co 18 thang.
Cac qua trnh in ang ngay cang c ieu khien va ieu chnh bang
ien t dan en chat lng cao phu hp hn va cho san lng cao hn. Qui
trnh cong nghe ky thuat so cung co ngha la s san xuat c hoan tat
nhanh chong hn. T o hn na cac n hang at cho cac cong ty in
thng mai la dang ky thuat so. en nam 2002 con so nay c d tnh
len en hn 65%. ay la cach duy nhat e rut ngan thi gian phan phoi
cac san pham in va at c nhu cau chat lng cao cua khach hang.
Tat ca cac cong ty in eu c d tnh la se nang ong hn trong qua trnh
gia cong so lng ln cac loai san pham, vat lieu va cac phng phap gia cong
thanh pham. ieu nay co ngha la tat ca cac san pham in ang co mot khuynh
hng ng dung ky thuat in mau cung nh nhng mau trang tr va mau ac biet.
Them vao o, thi gian van hanh cung ngay mot ngan hn khi cac chuyen gia
tin rang c hoi tang trng ln nhat nam trong th trng cua cac san pham so
lng t co mau va co s lu thong nhanh.
Khu vc thong tin lien lac c c tnh co the mang en mot sc ay
tch cc cho toan bo nganh cong nghiep in. Gan ay, che ban ien t a
Z6
lam mot cuoc cach mang trong the gii che ban. Viec s dung cac ky thuat
ghi phim ky thuat so (Computer to Film), ghi ban in trc tiep (Computer
to Plate) va ghi thang len may in (Computer to Press) a c m rong va
ang trai qua mot s phat trien khong ngng. e at c mot lu o lam
viec ky thuat so thong suot t trc in sang in va sau in, s thong nhat, noi
mang va so hoa cua tat ca cac cong oan in la rat quan trong. Hn 40 nha
san xuat hang au trong nganh cong nghiep in ang hp tac tren pham vi
the gii e phat trien mot tieu chuan cho qui trnh lu chuyen d lieu
thong qua CIP3 ( international cooperation of prepress, press and post-
press). ng dung thc tien cua cac lu o lam viec ky thuat so va s m
rong qui mo cua chung tren toan the gii ang tren a phat trien.
VI.Z. 8u kaI hop rar phuong IIan moI
Ben canh cac khu vc hoat ong truyen thong- phng tien in- cac dch
vu khac ngay mot tr nen quan trong. T o thiet ke cua phng tien in,
s sang tao cac san pham truyen thong a phng tien (CD-ROM, cac
trang Internet, phng tien in ket hp vi phng tien truyen thong ien
t), cac dch vu t van, va ao tao con ngi ang ngay mot c oi hoi
nhieu hn bi nganh cong nghiep in va xuat ban. Sc manh ngay mot tang
cua cac phng tien ien t (ac biet la CD-ROM va Internet) se tang ap
lc canh tranh cho nganh in va mot phan thay the cac san pham in trong
khi cung luc sang tao ra nhng cong viec mi trong nganh an loat.
Ngoai sc tang trng manh
cua phng tien truyen thong
ien t (hnh 1.16), th trng san
pham truyen thong in van con
rong ln va hap dan do t le tieu
thu cac san pham quang cao luon
tang va nhu cau ve print media
va ien t tren toan the gii ang
tang len.
Khuynh h ng cu a s gia
ta ng m c tie u thu sa n pha m
qua ng ca o trong nga nh in
c the hie n trong hnh
1.16. Ba c My va Cha u A u
cho tha y s ta ng tr ng bnh
th ng v i t le ha ng na m 3.1% va mo i khu v c la 4.6% ha ng na m.
Cha u A , m c tie u thu sa n pha m qua ng ca o trong nga nh in a ta ng
le n 6.1% ha ng na m. Ca c khu v c co s ta ng tr ng ma nh nha t, c
th a nha n la a ba t a u t nh ng m c o ra t tha p, la Trung va Nam
My va ca c n c co n la i tre n the gi i v i t le ta ng ha ng na m co 2 con
so .
Hnh 1.16: Xu hngphat trien trong th trng
truyen thong in an va truyen thong ien t.
Khi Internet tiep tuc phat
trien, mc kinh doanh hang
hoa va dch vu qua mang ngay
cang c cac doanh nghiep
xem la mot phng phap kinh
doanh mi. Khach hang co the
chon bat ky mon hang nao 24 /
24 gi trong nga y. Ta t ca
nhng g khach hang can la
mot may tnh ca nhan e noi
mang thong qua mot modem.
Hnh 1.18 the hien pham vi cua cac may tnh noi mang trc tuyen tren
toan the gii, trong khi hnh 1.19 the hien s phan bo cac may tnh noi
mang cac quoc gia.
Nam 1997 Internet c khoang 90 trieu ngi s dung. en nam
2005 ngi ta d tnh se co tren 400 trieu ngi s dung. Theo mot nghien
Z7
Hnh 1.18: So may tnh noi mang tren the
gii [1.1-2].
Hnh 1.17: Chi
ph quang cao
cho san pham in
cac khu vc
khac nhau [1.1-
1].
Hnh 1.19: S phan bo may tnh ket
noi trc tuyen cac quoc gia [1.1-2].
Hnh 1.20: Khao sat ve kha nang s dung
phng tien truyen thong in an theo d tnh
nam 2001 [1.1-4].
cu ten la Active Media Research New York, 3 ngan cong ty tren the
gii c phong van a cho rang doanh thu hang nam cua ho ve viec mua
sam tren mang thong qua Internet a tang gap bon lan. Trong nam 2000,
doanh thu t viec kinh doanh qua mang (thng mai ien t) c d
oan la a len en 220 t USD [hnh 1.12], tng ng vi khoang 1% t
trong mau dch the gii. 80% trong so nay phat sinh t nhng s giao dch
gia cac cong ty. Ngay ca nhng doanh nghiep ln, hoat ong toan cau
van s dung rat t cac c hoi ma Internet mang lai. Co nhng s khac biet
ln tren toan cau trong lnh vc lien ket trc tuyen cung nh viec s dung
Internet. Ngoai tr cac quoc gia thuoc vung Scandinavia, Chau Au b
cham hn rat nhieu so vi Bac My.
Vao luc chuyen giao thien nien ky, nhng ngi s dung Internet a
tao ra nhng rac roi ln cho cac hang quang cao. Trong gan 80% cac
trng hp, ho la an ong, khoang 30 tuoi, co hoc van va co niem am me
ve may tnh. 60% ngi s dung truy cap khong qua10 trang web mot
thang. Do o cac hang quang cao khong the at c mot nhom khach
hang ac biet, khac vi kha nang gi cac thong iep quang cao en tng
ca nhan nh trong truyen thong dang in. Internet co c khai thac hay
khong va mc o nao tuy thuoc ang ke vao viec tiep thu mot so cong
nghe mi cua phan ln mat bang dan so.
Trong lnh vc nay, nhng ngi tham gia vao mot nghien cu c
hoi d oan cua ho ve cong dung cua phng tien in trong nam 2001. Hnh
1.18 the hien ket qua cua cuoc tham do. Phan ong dan so hy vong ho se
s dung phng tien in nhieu va nhieu hn na neu co the. S tng quan
tch cc trong viec s dung cac phng tien truyen thong cu va mi nay
a c lap nen sau mot so nghien cu (hnh 1.13 va 1.14). S tng quan
nay nay a phat trien tng ng vi trnh o giao duc (v du hnh 1.17). T
o, theo quan iem cua ngi s dung, khong co bang chng nao cho rang
trong nam 2002 Internet se thay the nhng th phan quan trong cua th
trng san pham in.
Lch s a chng minh rang thuyet phng tien mi thay the phng
tien cu khong hoan toan ung trong qua kh (hnh 1.16):
- Trong nhng nam 1920: Radio thay the nganh in.
- Trong nhng nam 1950: Truyen hnh thay the nganh in.
- Nhng nam 1980: May tnh thay the nganh in.
- Nhng nam 1990: Internet thay the nganh in.
S that la nganh in van con la mot phng tien chiem u the va van
con tiep tuc phat trien.
Ben canh Internet, a CD-ROM cung ong mot phan quan trong.
Nhng vat mang d lieu nay co the lu tr thong tin ve san pham,hnh anh
va cac trnh dien mo phong mot cach de dang va tiet kiem. Chung a t
chng minh mot cach vng chac rang chung la mot phan quan trong cua
cuoc song hang ngay. Tuy nhien, cho en khi c s ha tang thiet yeu a
c thiet lap va bao phu mot vung a ly rong ln, Internet giam bt tnh
pho bien cua CD-ROM vi chc nang la mot phng tien truyen d lieu.
La mot phng tien lu tr d lieu, CD-ROM se c thay the bi nhng
phng tien hieu qua hn.
Chung ta co the de dang tng tng ra cai goi la hnh thc lai tao- o
la s ket hp cua cac loai phng tien khac nhau nh tap ch va CD-ROM,
Internet va CD-ROM, hay Internet va nganh in. Noi cach khac, o la s
truyen thong tin a phng tien.
Z9
6huong Z
ua Irnh san xuaI san pham In
Qui trnh san xuat san pham in bao gom cac cong oan trc in, in va
thanh pham (sau in). Nhng giai oan san xuat rieng biet nay c lien
ket vi nhau bi chu trnh chuyen oi hnh anh qua cac vat lieu, gia giai
oan trc in va in, va gia cac t in trong giai oan in va sau in. S lien
ket qua lai gia cac cong oan san xuat c ghi nhan trong qui trnh lu
chuyen d lieu. Thong tin c trao oi e phuc vu cho qua trnh san xuat
thc s cung nh cho viec to chc doanh nghiep va cac chu trnh san xuat.
Thong tin va d lieu la mot yeu cau thiet yeu cho cac qua trnh san xuat
nham toi u hoa va tao s tin cay khi s dung cac trang thiet b e co c
qua trnh san xuat hieu qua, chat lng cao va mang tnh kinh te.
Hnh 2-1 cho thay rang noi dung, hnh thc va cach bo tr cua san pham
in c da tren thong tin va d lieu ma khach hang cung cap luc au.
Hnh 2-1 cung mieu ta cach thc phan phoi san pham in en ngi tieu
thu thong qua he thong phan phoi; ay cung vay, s to chc va phan
phoi c ho tr bi cong nghe lu chuyen d lieu.
Day chuyen san xuat t trc in, in va sau in c ket hp vi nhau ve
mat hau can thong qua cac khu vc kho nguyen lieu san xuat cung nh bi
nhng khu vc kho vat lieu ban thanh pham va thanh pham trong cong
oan in. Viec s dung cac he thong quan ly san xuat va cac he thong lu
tr d lieu hieu qua e ket hp va ho tr tat ca cac cong oan san xuat
trong qua trnh tao ra san pham in ang ngay mot tr thanh cong nghe toi
tan hien nay.
8|
Z ua Irnh san xuaI san pham In
Hnh 2.1: 0|u tri| sai xuat, vat |icu va c|u tri| Ju |icu trcic qua tri| sai xuat sai
p|am ii.
8Z aI ruong va san xuaI In
Cac giai oan san xuat va cac khu vc rieng biet trong qua trnh san
xuat san pham in se c lan lt trnh bay di ay. Nhng mo ta ay u
vi nhieu chi tiet se c tm thay trong cac chng sau cua quyen sach
nay.
Chat lng cua san pham in phan ln phu thuoc vao noi dung, hieu qua
va li ch cua no oi vi khach hang/ngi tieu dung. Chat lng nhn
thay cua san pham in ro rang b anh hng bi qui trnh san xuat va
phng thc san xuat an pham cap cao. Tuy nhien, no phu thuoc phan ln
vao s cam nhan ve thong tin in dang van ban, o hoa, va hnh anh,
nhng hnh thc ai dien cho noi dung, o la s trnh bay, phng phap in
va thiet ke o hoa.
Trc khi bc vao qua trnh san xuat trong thc te- qua trnh sao chep
thong tin mot cach tiet kiem va co chat lng cao thong qua viec in theo
nhu cau cua khach hang va th trng- chung ta se nghien cu nhng kien
thc c s ve viec thiet ke.
I. Trnh bay Irang, ngha IhuaI Irnh bay rhu, IhIaI ka do hoa
S phat trien ch in, nghe thuat trnh bay ch va thiet ke o hoa la mot
phan quan trong trong lch s cua nen van minh cua loai ngi. Mac du
kien thc cua cac lnh vc van hoa khac nh hoi hoa, am nhac va van
chng pho bien hn rat nhieu, nhng chnh cac ky hieu cau thanh ngon
ng a gop phan quan trong cho s thong tin lien lac va pho bien kien thc
tren toan the gii. Ba lnh vc nay gan lien vi nhau: ch in la mot thanh
phan quan trong trong nghe thuat trnh bay ch va nghe thuat trnh bay
ch (khong ke cac minh hoa va hnh anh) la mot phan rat quan trong trong
thiet ke o hoa. Moi phng tien truyen thong va thiet ke nay co mot lch
s phat trien khac nhau kho nhan thay, nhng khac biet nay co the cung
cap nhng thong tin chi tiet ve toan the s phat trien cua loai ngi t goc
o lch s, cong nghe va my hoc.
I.|. 6hu In
hguon gor rhu In
Trc tien ch in a phat trien theo thi gian nh la mot chien cong ky
dieu cua con ngi trong hanh trnh tm toi va kham pha. o la he thong
ch tng hnh, co le no xuat phat t niem khao khat kien thc va thong
tin lien lac cua loai ngi. Nhng ky hieu tng hnh nay thieu tnh chnh
xac va ro rang, chung la nhng mat ma can c dien giai mi co the hieu
c. Khi s hieu biet cua loai ngi tr nen sau sac va tinh te hn, nhu
cau thiet ke va nh ra nhng ky hieu ro rang hn, pho bien hn va de oc
hn cung tang len.
He thong ch tng hnh c tiep noi bang ch bieu tn, bat nguon
t viec phien am li noi (hnh 2-2). Moi t co ky hieu rieng cua no, va khi
ngon ng noi cang phat trien va ac thu th so lng cac ky hieu cang
88
nhieu. Cac nc co he thong
ch viet phat trien la Trung
Quo c, A n o , Ai Ca p va
Mesopotamia va cac quoc gia
khac.
Khoa ng na m 3000 tr c
cong nguyen, ngi Sumerian
phat trien ch hnh nem, mot
he thong ch viet theo am tiet
c tao nen t khoang 600 ky
t. Bc quan trong tiep theo
la s phat trien bang ch cai
phu am cua ngi Phoenicia
vao khoang nam 1400 trc
cong nguyen. Bang ch cai
nay cha 22 ky t. No la mot
hnh thc gian lc cua ch
tng hnh Ai Cap va ch hnh
nem Babilon. Bang ch cai
Pheonicia (hnh 2-3) tao nen
tang cho tat ca cac he thong
ch viet cua Chau Au.
Khoa ng na m 1000 tr c
cong nguyen, ngi Hy Lap
tie p nha n ba ng ch ca i
Phoenicia va gii thieu them
cac ky hieu a,e,i ,o va u. Bang
Hnh 2.2: 0|u tucic |i| Miicai (trci) va
c|u ict Miicai (Juci)
Hnh 2.3: 8aic c|u cai (F|cciicia, |i Lap,
Fcma, tu t|c ky 6- 3 trucc ccic icuyci)
Hnh 2.4: 0|u vict |ca Fcmai '0apita|is mciu-
mcita|is', |aic c|u cai trci c|ai cct Trajai c
Fcma (iam 113 Trucc 0cic icuyci)
Hnh 2.5: 5imu|taiccus ccitras. xamp|c cf t|c visua| pcrccptici cf a cc|cr s|ift ii ai
iJcitica| cray tcic as a rcsu|t cf t|c surrcuiJiic cc|crs.
ch cai Roman a da tren s
phat trien nay cua ngi Hy
Lap. Ch viet hoa Roman
"Capitalis monumentalis"
c phat trien (hnh 2-4). Va
viec s dung ngay cang nhieu
loai ch nay a dan en s
hnh tha nh hnh th c ch
thng au tien. Trong nhng
the ky au sau cong nguyen
nay, cac loai sach cuon a
c thay the bang loai sach
chung ta ang s dung ngay
nay.
Th i Trung Co (t the ky
4 e n the ky 6) la th i gian
m ro ng ch vie t va kie u
ch . Ca c va t mang ky t va
va n ba n la a t se t, a , go ,
t lu a, gia y co i va sau o la
gia y da. Va o the ky th 7,
gia y t Trung Hoa a e n
c Trung o ng, va t o
lan sang Ta y Ban Nha va
ca c n c Cha u A u kha c.
Pha t minh in nha n ba n xua t
hie n a u tie n Trung Quo c,
sau o la Ha n Quo c v i con ch kim loa i r i, va cuo i cu ng la s
pha t trie n co ng nghe cu a Gutenberg trong ky thua t in ch no i a ba o
tr c mo t ky nguye n tho ng tin lie n la c m i, thay the cho ca c va n ba n
ch c ta o ra mo t la n ba ng ca ch che p tay.
Vao luc au cac ch in kieu cu ch la nhng ch uc ch n gian,
nhng vi cong nghe mi, nhng bo ch mi a sm phat trien ma van
gi c net tao nha va nhng ac tnh trnh trong giong nh cac bo ch
mau cho en ngay nay: cac mau quan trong bat nguon t Claude
Garamond (1480-1561), Nicolas Jenson (1420-1480), va Aldus Manutius
(1459-1515). Khong lau sau phat minh cua Gutenberg, co hai khai niem
ky thuat rieng biet ve bo ch a cung song song ton tai: kieu ch Roman
Antiqua va Cursive, va kieu ch broken Fraktur, Gothic va Schwabacher
(hnh 2-5). T nhng hnh thc c ban bat nguon t ch viet tay, hang ngan
bo ch khac nhau a c c phat trien. Chung co nhng s khac nhau
tuy nho nhng rat quan trong. S oi mi cong nghe cung nh yeu cau ve
hoan thien tham my a dan en s a dang ngay mot tang nay.
Hnh 2.6: F|ai |cai cac kicu c|u (|ay v Ju tu
LI| 16518)
Fhan IoaI rar bo rhu
S phan loai cac bo ch c hnh thanh vao nam 1964 (DIN 16518)
nham chia cac nhom ch khac nhau ve mat ky thuat thanh 11 kieu rieng
(tham khao them cac v du ve kieu ch trong hnh 2-6):
1. Venetian Renaissance-Antiqua
2. French Renaissance-Antiqua
3. Baroque-Antiqua
4. Classical-Antiqua
5. Serif-pointed Linear Antiqua
6. Sans Serif Linear Antiqua
7. Roman Variants
8. Script
9. Handwritten Antiqua
10. Broken Types
11. Foreign Types
Ngay ca nhng kieu ch mi cung co the c tm hieu va c phan
loai ve mat ky thuat theo cac nhom nay. Hien tai co mot bo luat phan loai
DIN a sa oi ang c chuan b, noi dung cua no con ang c ban
luan.
Cau truc c ban cua ch vi hnh dang tng ng cua chung c the
hien trong hnh 2-7. Cau truc cua ch dang ky thuat so c giai thch
trong cac chng sau.
ThIaI ka kIau rhu
Ngoai nhieu bang ch cai ang ton tai, nhng bo ch mi van tiep tuc
c phat minh sao cho hnh thc cua chung thch hp nhat oi vi xu
hng va tinh than cua thi ai. Mot vai nha thiet ke quan trong nhat trong
qua kh la Anton Janson(1620-1687), William Caslon (1692-1766), John
Baskerville (1708-1775), Giambattista Bodoni (1740-1813) va Justus
86
Hnh 2.7: 0au
truc cua cac
c|u cai va tci
cci cac t|ai|
p|ai trci c|u
cai.
Erich Walbaum (1768-1837). Nhng
nha thiet ke kieu ch quan trong
trong the ky 20 la Emil Rudolf Weiss
(1875-1942) v i kie u ch Weiss
Antiqua va Weiss Gothic; Rudolf
Koch (1878-1934) v i kie u ch
Wallau va Cable; Paul Renner
(1878-1956) vi Futura va Plaque;
Erique Gill (1882-1940) vi Gill va
Perpetua; George Trump (1896-
1985) vi City va Delphin; karlgeorg
Hoefer (1914-2000) vi Salto va
Permanent; Hermann Zapf (1918)
vi Palatino va Optima; va Gunter
Gerhard Lange (1921) vi Arena va
Concorde.
Trong so cac nha thiet ke kieu
ch a sang tao ra bang ch cai quan
trong va c s dung rong rai ngay
nay co Hans Eduard Meier (1922)
v i ch Syntax va Syndor, Ed
Benguiat (1927) vi Souvenir va
Barcelona, Adrian Frutiger, (1937)
vi Galliard va Bitstream Charter;
va Gerard Unger (1942) vi Swift va
Gulliver. Trong thi ky can ai,
nhng thiet ke mi cua Hermann
Zapf va Adrian Frutiger gay c
nhie u s chu y . V i kie u ch
Zapfino (1998), Zapf a phat trien
mot kieu ch ep va a tao nen s
linh hoat thu v trong nhom ch nay
(hnh 2-8) bang cach ve tren may
tnh.
Bo ch Univers cu a Frutiger
(hnh 2-9) c phat trien trong
nhng nam 1953 en 1957 va a tr
thanh bo ch kinh ien cho thi ky
hien ai. Nam 1997, no c sa oi
t bo ch Linotype Library thanh
Linotype Univers vi 59 kieu ch (
trc o la 21), lam cho no tr nen
a dang hn.
Hnh 2.10: 0ac v Ju vc cac |c c|u
k|cic p|ai |c Latii.
Hnh 2.8: |icu c|u Zaptiic cua
|crmaii Zapt (1998), Zapt Ja vict vai
|ai iay trcic sc c|i c|cp cua cic iam
1944, Jay |a i|uic ict c|u Jau tici
cua kicu c|u Zaptiic.
Hnh 2.9: |icu c|u Liivcrs cua AJriai
|ruticcr, v Ju cac t|ict kc c|u k|ac
i|au (k|caic iam 1955).
Ngoai tat ca nhng thay oi va li the do cong nghe mang lai so vi thi
ky Trung Co, viec thiet ke cac bo ch van con la mot qua trnh cha mat i
tnh nghiem tuc trong loi t duy va hieu biet nguyen thuy, trong s hieu biet
ve nhng yeu to cau thanh chat lng ky thuat va my hoc, va trong viec t
lam quen vi nhng ky hieu quan trong trong thong tin lien lac. Ch co rat t
cac nha thiet ke thanh cong trong viec at c chat lng cao nhat trong
cac thiet ke bo ch cua ho.
Ben canh nhng bo ch Chau Au (xem s phan loai DIN 16518), co
mot lng ln cac bo ch khong Latin, kieu ch nc ngoai a c phat
trien theo cach rieng cua chung va oi hoi s t m. o la cac kieu ch Hy
Lap, Xirin, Do Thai, A Rap, Trung Quoc hay Nhat Ban, chung co nhng
s khac nhau nho the hien ngon ng cua cac khu vc tren va tao ra mot
s a dang trong kieu ch cai lam cho hnh thc in tr nen giau chi tiet
(hnh 2-10).
I.Z. hgha IhuaI Irnh bay rhu
Ch in vi hnh thc a dang cua no la mot yeu cau c ban trong in an.
Noi mot cach n gian, ve c ban trnh bay ch la thiet ke van ban in
bang cach s dung va sap xep cac bo ch e sang tao nen mot van ban
lien tuc tren mot trang in. S la chon mot kieu ch co san e minh hoa
van ban va noi dung van ban, cach bo tr cua cac t va van ban tren trang
hoac nhng vat mang van ban khac (bang hieu) la mot lnh vc thiet ke
oi hoi nhieu nam hoc tap hay nghien cu, sau o la s luyen tap tng
ng v muc ch hoan thien, hoan my hoac thay oi.
Tat ca cac thanh phan in nh van ban, cac ng hay nhng oan
khong in khac nh cac khoang trong hay oan trong, cung co he thong o
lng rieng, o la he thong o lng tnh bang n v Point (hnh 2-11).
He thong nay c Francois Ambroise va con trai Firmin phat trien vao
na m 1795. Mo t point ba ng
khoang 0.38mm. Mot Cicero
tng ng vi 12 point hay
4.5mm. cac nc Au My,
n v pica/point c s dung
bang 4.2mm, nho hn trong he
thong Franco-German.
Viec la chon cac thanh
phan thiet ke rieng biet cho
cong viec trnh bay ch c
thc hien bang cach la chon t
mot he thong co cha nhieu
phan co lien quan lan nhau. Do
tat ca nhng van e ve thiet ke,
khong co mot qui luat nhanh
87
Hnh 2.11: 5c sai| |ai |c t|cic Jc |ucic
ciua mct va typc.
chong va nghiem ngat nao trong viec la chon nhng yeu to nay, ma ch co
s gan ung tch luy bi kinh nghiem, co the thay oi theo thi gian va di
nhng goc o khac nhau. Kha nang dien dch cac hnh thc cua nha thiet ke
la rat quan trong trong viec chon kieu ch. Phan mem Linotype
FontExplorer co the rat co ch trong lnh vc nay. Cong cu hien th cac kieu
ch nay cho phep chon la nhng kieu ch chnh xac tuy theo nhieu tieu ch
thiet ke.
Ro rang la cong dung nhay cam cua kieu ch quyet nh chat lng in
va ngi ta co the s dung mot tien trnh la chon mi cho moi cong viec.
Sau khi chon kieu ch la nh ra c ch (hnh2-12) cho cac phan khac
nhau cua van ban, nh ra loai ch (net manh, thong thng hay am), va
o nghieng cua ch. Mau ch va dang ch cung can c quyet nh.
Mot khi a an nh nhng yeu to nay, chung ta can phai cho ra cau truc
van ban : cac dong cach nhau
bao nhieu, o cach dong, chieu
rong cot va nen chon che o
xep ch nao cho van ban. Co
mot s phan biet gia canh eu
(hnh 2-13a), canh le trai hoac
le phai (hnh 2-13b) va canh
gia. Cung can phai quyet nh
xem co thut au dong tren moi
oan hay khong?.
Mo t so l i khuye n e co
ba n trnh ba y ch to t, de o c,
the hie n c nh ng va n e
c ba n trong thie t ke la : ne n
co to i a 60 ky t tre n mo t
Hnh 2.12: V Ju vc cc c|u trcic kicu c|u Fa|atiic
Hnh 2.13: 0ac| |c tr.
a. cai| Jcu
|. k|cic cai| Jcu
89
Hnh 2.14: Traic |a cua tc |ac t|ucic
mai Srap|isc|c Tcc|iik (t|aic 7 iam
1940)
Hnh 2.16: 8a sac| t|cc c|u ic|ia |icu |ici (rist LuJwic
|irc|icr 19?4)
Hnh 2.15: 8a sac| t|cc c|u ic|ia t|uc
ic|icm (rist LuJwic |irc|icr 19?4)
do ng va khoa ng 40 do ng tre n mo t trang. Nh ng va n ba n da i do ng
kho ng ne n a t nho hn 9pt va kho ng c l n hn 11pt. Khoa ng ca ch
gi a hai do ng ch (t ie m tha p nha t cu a do ng tre n e n ie m cao
nha t cu a do ng d i) la 2 point.
Nh ng ye u ca u ky thua t cho ch ch va he tho ng sa p ch co vai
tro quye t nh o i v i vie c l a cho n kie u trnh ba y ch . Theo qui ta c,
ng i ta th ng thie t ke theo nh ng ma u vuo ng go c co ca c do ng na m
ngang. Nhie u y t ng tha m my c a ra lie n tu c a kho ng nh ng
na ng cao ca c ma u ch ma co n ta o ra nh ng kie u trnh ba y ch m i
la .
The ky 20 cho tha y s xua t hie n cu a nh ng ma u co khuynh h ng
lch s (hnh 2-14 va 2-15), nh ng ma u theo chu ngha bie u hie n va
nh ng ma u theo phong ca ch hnh t ng. Co nh ng kie u ch c na ng va
c ba n, cu ng nh nh ng kie u th c nghie m cu a psychedelic hay punk
(hnh 2-16 e n hnh 2-18). Phng pha p trnh ba y ch a s du ng
nh ng ye u to o ho a va hnh a nh nh ca c kie u ch hay s du ng nh ng
hnh a nh c sa ng ta o ba ng ch . Tuy nhie n, phng th c trnh ba y
ch c ba n cho ca c ta i lie u o c kho ng he thay o i t sau th i cu a
Gutenberg, ma a tie p tu c c tinh chnh.
Hnh 2.17: Ap p|c| vci cac t|ai| p|ai
i|am t|c |ici ici Juic (Max |u|cr
1984)
Hnh 2.18: Tc ap p|c| tac ac ciac c|c
mct |uci |ca i|ac tu p|cic trac f|cwcr-
pcwcr (Wcs Wi|sci 1966)
an Irang
Ch c sap canh eu va c chia thanh 2 cot; nhng iem noi bat c
in nghieng; cac oan c thut au dong 3mm.
Mot hoa th c s dung nh k hieu so th t cap o 1; mot dau gach
ngang c s dung nh k hieu so th t cap 2. Co mot khoang cach dong
trc va sau mot oan. oan ke tiep khong thut au dong.
Ben canh viec n thuan la chon kieu ch, cung can quyet nh tat ca
cac kha canh khac cua mot quyen sach:
- Kho trang (193mm x 242mm),
- Kho bat ch (ch ben trong trang sach anh) gom 2 cot
(156mmx200mm)
- Chieu rong cua cot (76mm).
oi vi cac hnh anh co the co kch thc bang 1 cot, 2 cot hoac 1,5
cot; cac khung phai dang 100% mau va co o day la 0.4pt ( oi vi
nhng hnh khong co mau nen), tat ca nhnh hnh co mau nen (hnh chup)
th khong co khung; hnh ve c at ben trong khung.
Li chu thch cho hnh minh hoa nam di hnh minh hoa va c at
can bang; oi vi nhng hnh co chieu rong bang 1,5 cot, li chu thch co
the nam ben canh hnh va khong can bang; khoang cach gia dong chu
thch va canh cua hnh anh la 3mm.
So cua hnh minh hoa se ng rieng tren mot dong neu nh dong chu thch
dai hn 1 dong, neu khong no
nam au dong va tiep sau no
khong co dau cham cau. Cac ten
goi thanh phan cua hnh minh
hoa (a, b, c ) c in en va
am. Chung luon luon c at
rieng tren 1 dong.
I.8. ThIaI ka do hoa
Trong nhieu the ky, cong viec
thiet ke mang tnh chat bao thu
va hau nh b chi phoi bi noi
dung ton giao. Nhu cau ve
hang tieu dung ngay cang tang
cung vi cac he thong kinh te
ngay cang lan rong sau cuoc
cach mang Phap va mot so
cuoc cach mang cong nghiep
khac a dan en hang loat cac
san pham in. Cho en cuoi the
ky 19, hau het cac mau thiet
ke eu dang trang en, in
4|
Hnh 2.19: Fcstcr vc mii| |ca (Ju|cs 0|crct
1893)
tren giay va kha hiem. Trong the ky 20, cac san pham in nh poster,
quang cao, giay rao hang, tap ch va tat nhien la sach, a tr thanh nhng
phng tien quan trong va c phan phoi rong rai. ieu nay co ngha la
thong tin can phai c tiep tuc thiet ke e thu hut s quan tam. ieu o
c thc hien thong qua so lng in ln, kho in ln, so lng mau cung
nh nh ng chu e ga y a n
tng. Hnh chup a sm c
s dung lam anh minh hoa.
6ong vIar IhIaI ka Irong Iha ky Z0
Nhng iem noi bat cua thi
ky nay la con so ln cac poster
nghe thuat vi thiet ke an
tng cua cac nha thiet ke nh
Henri de Toulouse Lautrec,
Jules Cheret, Eugene Grasset
va A. A. Mucha (hnh 2-19).
Nhng nha thiet ke nay nam
gia nghe thuat tao hnh (fine
arts) va nghe thuat ng dung
(applied arts), gia hnh thc
ca nhan va hnh thc chung.
Hnh 2.20: 8a tap c| Juci Jaic t|ict kc
Jci ciai
Hnh 2.21: Fcstcr |ca i|ac t|cc p|cic
cac| ' Tri| |ay kicu T|uy 5y' (Jcscf
Mu||cr 8rcckmaii 1960)
Hnh 2.22: Fcstcr |ca i|ac t|cc p|cic cac|
' Tri| |ay kicu T|uy 5y' (Jcscf Mu||cr
8rcckmaii 1960)
Nhng an pham mang tnh chat cung cap thong tin cung tang len: viec
thiet ke bao b, hng dan s dung, mau n, bieu o va nhng tai lieu
ket hp a tr thanh mot cong viec ma ngi ta phai s dung nhng thiet
ke co quan niem nhan thc ro rang ch khong phai la bang nhng cam
xuc nghe thuat manh liet.
William Addison Dwiggins, ngi My la ngi au tien s dung t "Grapic
Designer" e mo ta chnh xac hn ve the he nha thiet ke mi nay, nhng ngi
khong con la nhng nghe nhan trong quan niem cu na. Danh hieu nay dung
e ch mot ngi co chuyen mon trong viec thiet ke thong tin lien lac th giac
va nhom cac cong cu thiet ke nganh in, minh hoa, nhiep anh va cong viec in an
lai vi nhau nham muc ch truyen at thong tin, giao duc hoac la gay anh
hng. Thuat ng nay a sm tr nen noi tieng.
S phat trien cua nganh thiet ke o hoa b anh hng bi nhieu hng
khac nhau. Mot mat co nhng ngi theo chu ngha truyen thong sang tao
mau bang cac cong cu nghe thuat truyen thong. Mat khac, cac phng
phap s dung nhng y tng mi ve hnh thc va noi dung a xuat hien.
Nhng phng phap nay a lam cho lnh vc thiet ke mi nay tr thanh
mot phan khong the nham lan cua nen van hoa the ky 20. ong gop ln
nhat cho ieu nay la cong trnh cua "Bauhaus", mot trng thiet ke c
(hnh 2.20). Viec giang day cua ngoi trng ton tai t nam 1919 en 1933
nay, a c phat trien m rong Thu Sy (hnh 2.21). Sau nam 1945,
nhng thanh tu mau mc t My a chuyen hoa s phat trien cua Chau
Au thanh mot lnh vc a dang va phong phu c goi la thiet ke o hoa
nh ngay nay (hnh 2.22).
II. 6ong doan Iruor In (rha ban)
Cong oan trc in bao gom tat ca cac bc c tien hanh trc cong
oan in thc s (s chuyen thong tin len giay hay mot loai be mat khac)
(hnh 2.23). Cong oan trc in truyen thong c chia lam cac cong
oan:
- Sap ch, o la anh lai van ban, sap xep van ban va anh so trang.
- Phuc che hnh anh, va ac biet la tach mau cho in nhieu mau.
- Bnh ban va che tao khuon in, o la viec ghep van ban, hnh anh
va cac phan t o hoa vao mot trang in hoan chnh, t cac trang sang
cac t in, va che tao khuon in (hnh 2.24).
6ong ngha sap rhu
Trong nhieu the ky, cong nghe sap ch a b chi phoi bi phat minh oc
quyen cua Gutenberg, o la ky thuat in cao vi con ch ri. Phng phap
nay van khong thay oi t the ky 15 cho en cuoi the ky 20. Cac ch uc
bang hp kim ch c ghep thanh cac t, dong, va cac mang van ban (sap
ch thu cong). Cong nghe sap ch ch thc s c c kh hoa vao cuoi
the ky 19 trong thi ky cach mang cong nghiep. Vao nam 1885, Ottmar
48
Mergenthaler a phat trien mot may uc ch dong, loai may nay a sm
c biet en bi thng hieu cua no la "Linotype". Chiec may nay giup
sap ch nguyen cac dong ong mo (cac dong c sap at theo cac ma
tran iem) bang ban phm va giup lay cac dong bang ch nau chay. No a
chi phoi ky thuat sap ch cho en nhng nam 1960- cung vi may
Monotype. May nay van hanh tng t nhng lai cho ra cac con ch rieng
biet, va van can sap ch thu cong.
Khi cac cong nghe in nhanh hn va hieu qua hn bat au thay the ky
thuat in ch noi, at biet la ky thuat in offset va ong ong, ky thuat sap
ch ch a c cai tien. Ky thuat sap ch quang hoc a bat au c phat
trien vao nhng nam 1940, no
co phng pha p va n ha nh
tng t nh ca c ky thua t
trc, trong o van ban c
phi sang phim tng ch mot
thong qua cac khuon coi (cac
khuon cha cacky t di dang
phim am ban). S ot pha cua
ky thuat sap ch quang hoc a
xuat hien lan au tien vao au
nhng nam 1970 vi he thong
sap ch quang hoc ky thuat so,
cung vi no la s i xuong cua
ky thuat sap ch ch. He thong
nay bao gom s chuyen cac
dong van ban len phim, nhng
dong van ban nay a c
nhap vao bo x ly cua may
tnh thong qua ban phm roi
ghi len phim bang ong phong
Hnh 2.23: 0cic Jcai c|c |ai trcic qui tri| sai xuat tac ra sai p|am ii
Hnh 2.24: 0cic Jcai c|c |ai vci p|im
truyci t|cic va |i| p|im ky t|uat sc vci cac
|c t|cic may ti| |ici Jai.
tia cathode va sau o la tia
laser.
knh ro Iang Ihu va anh naI
Trong giai oan au anh net va
anh tang th c hp nhat
trong san pham in di dang
ban khac go, ban khac ong va
kem. Cong nghe phuc che theo
quan niem hien ai a khong
xuat hien cho en cuoi the ky
19 khi ma ky thuat chup anh a
co the chup c anh len phim
va pha n tch chu ng tha nh
nhng iem anh nho. (Qua
trnh nay con c goi la qua
trnh tram hoa, no rat can thiet
bi v vi cong nghe in thong
thng, ngi ta ch co the tao
ra nhng tong ong mau va
tong mau khong lien tuc. Hieu
ng tong mau lien tuc c mo
pho ng cho ma t ng i ba ng
cach in ra mot so iem na
tong co kch thc khac nhau nam canh nhau. Mot bc na trong qua
trnh in mau la cong oan tach mau, o la tach anh mau thanh nhng mau
c ban dung e in chong mau dung trong nganh in (cyan, magenta, vang,
en).
Trong ky thuat in Typo viec phan iem anh va tach mau trc het co
tac dung la mot ban mau e cham noi tren be mat kim loai (khuon in).
46
Hnh 2.25: May quct Jaic trcic xcay kicu
Juic
Hnh 2.26: 4 |ai tac| mau cua |i| ai| mau.
Trong in offset, ngi ta co the s dung phim trc tiep e che tao khuon
in. Ngi ta co the in ra mot ban in th e kiem tra chat lng mau phuc
che. Ban in th nay c in theo ky thuat in quang hoa t phim tach mau
va no the hien ket qua cua qua trnh in.
Vao nhng nam 1970, may tach mau xuat hien, chung c dung e
quet quang ien, tach mau va tram hoa cac ban mau roi ghi chung trc
tiep len phim bang tia laser hoac lu chung di dang d lieu ky thuat so
e x ly them trong mot he thong x ly hnh anh. Trong hnh 2.25 la mot
may tach mau dung e tach mau. Mot bai mau mau thng c tach ra
thanh 4 mau nh minh hoa hnh 2.26.
6ha Iao khuon In
Cong viec che tao khuon in bat au t viec sap xep (bnh) van ban, hnh
anh len cac trang va sap xep cac trang thanh t in. Do kho in cua hau het
cac may in eu ln hn kho giay cua cac san pham in, ngi ta thng in
nhieu trang tren mot t in. Bc tiep theo la che tao khuon in cho tng
cong nghe in.
Cac khuon in c s dung trong ky thuat in typo trc ay c tao ra
bang cach ket hp cac bat ch (gom cac ch hay cac dong rieng biet c
tao nen trong khi sap ch) vi cac hnh anh a c phuc che e tao nen
nhng khuon in ln hn bang kim loai.
Trong phng phap in offset, cac ban phim tach mau (cha cac thong tin
nh ch, hnh anh) c gan len t phim trong co kch thc bang kho giay
in. Sau o cac t phim ln nay (con goi la t support) c a i phi ban
(chieu sang t phim len ban) nham muc ch chuyen anh chup len khuon in
offset bang phng phap quang hoa. Trong giai oan tiep theo, khuon in co
chc nang la mot vat mang hnh anh trong in offset. Trong tat ca cac cong
nghe in, ngi ta phai che tao khuon in cho moi mau in.
Hnh 2.24 cho thay phng
phap bnh trang truyen thong
va phng pha p bnh trang
hien ai trong giai oan trc
in. Hnh 2-27 cho thay cach at
t phim len tren ban in trong
may phi ban. Ngi ta co the
ghi hnh anh len phim hay len
ban in bang cach s dung trc
tiep he thong ky thuat so da
tren d lieu so c giai thch
trong cac phan sau.
Trong in ong ong, mot he
tho ng ra t no i tie ng la
Helioklistographs a c s
Hnh 2.27: Lii| vi p|im |i| trci may p|ci
|ai
dung t nhng nam 1970 e che tao khuon in. ay phim c lap len
trong gan phim, mot au quet quang ien se quet cac tam phim gan tren
trong va gi cac tn hieu thu nhan c t viec quet phim ti mot he thong
x ly, sau khi x ly xong he thong nay se truyen i cac tn hieu e ieu
khien kim khac. Chiec kim nay khac hnh anh len ong ong la khuon in
anh trong phng phap in ong ong.
6ha ban dIan Iu
Thong qua nhng s oi mi hng en che ban ky thuat so, co mot s
thay oi mang tnh cach mang a xuat hien t cuoi nhng nam 1980 trong
lnh vc trc in. S thay oi nay dng nh a hoan toan loai bo s phan
chia cac cong oan trc in thanh 3 giai oan la sap ch, phuc che va che
tao khuon in.
Trong nhng nam 1980, che ban e ban (DTP) a tr thanh mot s la
chon nghiem tuc trong cong oan trc in. ay la ket qua cua s phat
trien may tnh ca nhan co u chc nang o hoa (V du nh may Apple
Macintosh), cac tram lam viec, cac phan mem o hoa, dan trang va x ly
hnh anh chuyen nghiep, ngon ng mo ta trang PostScript, cac may ghi
phim bang tia laser co o phan giai cao va bo x ly phan iem anh (RIP).
Che ban e ban co ngha la thu nhan va bien tap van ban, chup anh
hoac quet anh, bien tap anh va thiet ke cac yeu to o hoa, cung nh hoan
tat trang (dan trang) tren mot tram may tnh. Cung vi mot thiet b xuat
(may ghi phim, may ghi ban) may tnh PC co the lam nhiem vu tach mau
va tram hoa tren trang hoan chnh, nh o co the xuat ca trang len phim.
Cung co nhng chng trnh bnh trang ky thuat so co the len khuon
va nh v cac thanh to ho tr in nh dau bon chong mau, dau cat. Vi
47
Hnh 2.28: Xuat
p|im icuyci |a
trci mct |c
t|cic may c|i
p|im
Hnh 2.29: |c
t|cic 0cmputcr
tc F|atc
(TrciJscttcr,
|ciJc||crc/0rcc)
Ban thao
anh tram
picture
Sap ch
Phuc che
Text film
lines film/
phim tram
bnh ban
Assembled
film
che tao
khuon in
khuon in
a b
Ban thao
anh tram
picture
File van ban
hnh anh/file o hoa
vi phuc che
KTS (DTP)va
computer to
plate CtP
khuon in
Hnh 230: 5u p|at trici ccic Jcai trucc ii t|cic qua qua tri| ky t|uat sc |ca cac
ccic Jcai xu |y
a Trucc ii truyci t|cic (k|caic iam 1980),
| Trucc ii |y t|uat sc (k|caic iam 1997)
Hnh 2.31: 0cic Jcai ii trcic qui tri| sai xuat sai p|am ii
mot may ghi phim hay ghi ban
kho ln, ngi ta co the san
xuat phim theo kho giay in
hay ghi trc tiep len ban in.
Vao au nhng nam 1990,
che ban e ban a sm thay
the cong oan trc in va gi
ay a hoan toan thay the cong
viec sap ch cung nh cac he
thong bien tap hnh anh va
phuc che anh quang hoa. T
khoang nam 1995 ( co the sm hn oi vi in ong ong), cong nghe ghi
ban trc tiep (CTP) a ngay cang ong mot vai tro quan trong hn. CTP
co ngha la khuon in c len ghi hnh trc tiep va giai oan ghi phim
trung gian c lc bo. Trong in ong ong, khuon in c khac trc tiep
bang thong tin ky thuat so. Mot bc tien na trong qui trnh cong nghe
o la tat ca cac bc trong cong oan trc in eu c thc hien bi mot
tram may tnh ca nhan. a co nhng may in offset s dung nhng thiet b
ghi hnh trc tiep len tren ban in (Cac ban nay a c nap vao may in).
Do trong cong nghe CTP khong s dung phim, ngi ta thng in mot ban
in th bang ky thuat so, thong thng ban in th dang in mau thang hoa,
in phun mc hoac in nhiet.
Hnh 2-28 cho thay cach thc tao ra mot phim nguyen trang trong cong oan
trc in vi mot thiet b ghi anh len phim bang tia laser. Hnh 2.29 cho thay qua
trnh ghi ban in trc tiep t c s d lieu ky thuat so cua t in.
Nhng thay oi ve cong nghe nay trong cong oan trc in cung a
mang en nhng thay oi c ban trong cac loai hnh cong viec trong cong
oan trc in. Nhng cong viec truyen thong cua cac cong nhan nh sap
ch, phuc che hay che tao khuon in ngay nay co the c thc hien bi
mot ngi ky thuat vien lanh nghe tai mot xng lam viec. ieu nay c
chu y en c vao nam 1998, khi ngi ta thanh lap mot khoa hoc ao
tao cac ng vien tr thanh nhng ky thuat vien che ban lanh nghe. Sau
khoa ao tao, nhng ky thuat vien che ban lanh nghe co the thanh thao
tat ca cac bc trong cong oan trc in. Ket qua la che ban c nhieu
ngi xem la cong viec can nhieu no lc nhat trong nganh cong nghiep in.
Nh cong nghe che ban e ban, bat ky tac gia hay nha thiet ke o hoa
nao a tiep can vi mot may tnh ca nhan va phan mem tng ng eu
co the thc hien c t nhat mot vai bc trong cong oan trc in. Thong
thng ch co nhng chuyen gia a qua huan luyen mi co c nhng
chuyen mon nay.
Bieu o trong hnh 2.30 the hien qua trnh tien trien trong cong oan
trc in t cac bc rieng biet nh sap ch, che ban va bnh ban en mot
qua trnh tong hp e che tao khuon in.
49
Hnh 2.32: 8ci ccic ic|c ii c|i|
III. 6ong doan In
In c mo ta la qua trnh chuyen mc len giay in hay be mat khac thong
qua mot khuon in (hnh 2.31). Trong nhieu the ky, a co nhieu cong nghe
in c phat trien va chung co the c phan loai thanh 4 loai cong nghe
tuy theo vat mang hnh anh c s dung nh trong hnh 2.32.
In Typo (con goi la in cao) Trong phng phap nay, cac thanh phan in
(ch, dong, hnh anh) nam cao hn. Khi khuon in c phu mc, mc se
dnh len cac phan noi va sau o
nh ap lc se c chuyen len be
mat vat lieu in. Cach ay vai thap
nien, ky thuat in Typo con la ky
thuat in chnh e in cac loai an
pha m nh ba o ch va nha n
hang...ngay nay, mot hau due cua
ky thuat in Typo la ky thuat in
flexo bat au c s dung ngay
cang nhieu trong nganh in bao b
t khoang gia the ky 20. Trong
ky thuat in ch noi truyen thong,
khuon in c lam bang kim loai
cng (ch) va trong ky thuat in
flexo, ngi ta s dung cao su hay
nha mem e lam khuon in.
In ong ong (con goi la in
lom). ay cac thanh phan in
nam lom xuong. Be mat truc in
c bao phu bi mc in co o
nht thap, sau o mot dao gat
mc c dung e loai bo het
mc tha, mc ch con lai
nhng cho lom. Giay in (hoac cac
be mat in khac) i qua gia
khuon in va mot truc ep e nhan
mc t nhng cho lom cua khuon
in. San pham chnh cua in ong
ong la bao ch va bao b mem in
vi so lng ln.
In Offset (co nguon goc t in thach ban). Trong ky thuat in Offset cac
phan t in va khong in eu nam tren mot mat phang (thng la be mat kim
loai nh nhom, kem, hp kim hoac polime) vi nhng tnh chat be mat hoa
hoc va vat ly khac nhau. Trong qua trnh in, cac thanh phan t khong in
co tnh chat ay mc, va cac thanh phan t in co tnh nhan mc do o mc
Hnh 2.33: May ii Uffsct tc rci 4 mau vci
|ai Jicu k|ici truic tam.
Hnh 2.34: F|ai xucic ii.
ch bam nhng ni can in. In
offset la cong nghe in gian
tiep, ngha la hnh anh trc
tien c chuyen len mot vat
mang trung gian (ong cao su)
va t o chuyen len giay in
(hnh 2.33).
In li (con goi la in lua).
Trong ky thuat in nay khuon in
bao gom mot tam li mong
(lam bang lua nhan tao hay t nhien). Cac phan t khong in tren li c
che kn bi mot lp phu bang polime con cac phan t in khong b che phu.
Cung giong nh ky thuat in ong ong, khuon in li c phu mc va co
mot dao gat mc (thng lam bang cao su). Di ap lc cua dao gat mc,
mc in c c ay qua cac phan t in tren tam li e bam len giay
hoac cac vat lieu khac nam ben di khuon li .
He thong in. Ngoai vat mang hnh anh, moi cong nghe in nay eu oi
hoi mot yeu to ap lc t pha mat lng cua giay e ep vat lieu no len tren
vat mang hnh anh e truyen mc. May in cua Gutenberg, mot may in
phong theo cai m nut cha, van hanh theo nguyen tac "phang ep phang",
tc la vat mang hnh anh va thanh phan tao ap lc eu dang phang.
Nhng may in kho trung va
kho ln cua the ky 19 va 20
va n ha nh theo nguye n ta c
"phang ep truc", giong nh mot
vat mang hnh anh dang phang
va mot ong ong lan tren mat
phang o. Nhng cong nghe
chu yeu hien thi trong ky
thuat in offset, cung nh in ong
ong va Flexo eu van hanh
hoa n toa n theo nguye n ta c
"truc ep truc" e thc hien
c chuoi chuyen ong quay
trong n v in. Ch co cach
nay th mi at c tien o
san xuat nh mong i ngay
nay, t 5.000 en 100.000 ban
in trong 1 gi. Nhng may in
nhieu mau, vi nhieu n v in
c at ke tiep nhau, hau het
c thiet ke da tren c s
nguyen ly truc ep truc.
6|
Hnh 2.35: |c t|cic ii 4 mau (ccic ic|c
|IF, c|cctrcp|ctccrap|y)
a Lucc Jc
| |c t|cic ii (vci may saic scrtcr Jc kicm tra
t|u tu tc) (0L0 1000, 0aici)
Hnh 2.36: May ii cffsct cuci
Hnh 2-33 la mot may in offset t ri nhieu mau vi thiet b ieu khien
va o kiem tra. Hnh 2.34 cho thay quang canh san xuat trong mot phan
xng in.
Bo n co ng nghe in kinh ie n (truye n tho ng) co mo t ie m chung
nha t: ca c va t mang hnh a nh (ba n in) e u co ca u tru c va t ly o n nh
do o kho ng thay o i. Co ngha la v i mo t va t mang hnh a nh kho ng
o i ng i ta co the nhie u in ra nh ng nh ng hnh a nh gio ng nhau v i
cha t l ng cao.
au gia the ky 20, nhieu cong nghe a c phat trien. Chung c
biet en ngay nay nh la cong nghe in khong ban, . Vi nhng cong nghe
nay, khuon in luon c thay oi cho moi t in (v du nh in laser, may in
se ghi hnh anh len trong in va c sau moi lan in, trong in lai c ghi anh
lai) hoac la mc in c chuyen trc tiep len giay in ma khong can ban in
(v du nh in phun). Do o ngi ta co the in nhieu trang lien tiep vi noi
dung khac nhau- mac du co nhng han che ve mat chat lng va san
lng.
Mot v du cho he thong in quang ien t la c cau he thong in nhieu
mau ky thuat so trong hnh 2.35.
Cach ay vai nam, cong nghe in khong ban khong phai la mot s la
chon toi u so vi cong nghe in truyen thong ve mat chat lng, toc o in
va chi ph. Tuy nhien, trong nhng nam gan ay, cong nghe in quang ien
t a c cai tien ang ke va a tr nen mot s la chon ch thc trong
mot so khu vc th trng in. ieu nay rat ung oi vi nhng xng in so
lng nho va nhng cong viec lien quan en d lieu hay thong tin a dang
(nh trong in b th co noi dung thay oi theo danh sach khach hang) bi
v hnh anh co the c thay oi hoan toan cho moi ban in.
May in t ri va may in cuon. Cac may in co the c thiet ke di
dang in t ri hay cuon. May in t ri co mot ban cha giay, mot hay
nhieu n v in va mot bo phan ra giay (xem hnh 2.33). Trong ban cha
Hnh 2.37: 0cic Jcai t|ai| p|am trcic sai xuat sai p|am ii
68
giay, giay c may in lay ra t mot chong giay, sau o c sap thang
hang va c chuyen en n v in th nhat. Cac t in c van chuyen
qua tat ca cac n v in bi nhng cai nhp. Trong bo phan ra giay, cac t
in c tap trung lai thanh chong.
May in cuon (hnh 2.36) co mot gia quay t o cuon giay co the c
truyen i qua mot hay nhieu n v in. Cuon giay nay sau o c truyen
thang en mot thiet b thanh pham hay mot thiet b cuon lai sau khi in.
Cac may in chat lng cao c lap at he thong say kho e tranh lem
mc trong cong oan thanh pham. o la ly do tai sao mc in kho do nhiet
o c s dung trong in offset. Trong in bao offset ngi ta s dung mc
kho khong can say, loai mc
nay khong can mot may say
ac biet nhng cho san pham
co chat lng thap hn. oi vi
in ong ong va in Flexo, can co
bo phan say sau moi n v in.
Cac may in offset va may in
khong dung ban c thiet ke
dang may in t ri hay may in
cuon, trong khi o nhng may in
ong ong va may in Flexo th hau
nh ch c thiet ke dang may
in cuon. May in cuon cho toc o
cao hn may in t ri va co li
iem la cong oan thanh pham
de thc hien hn. May in cuon thng ch c thiet ke cho rieng mot loai san
pham (bao ch). Cac phan khuc th trng ien hnh cho in cuon la bao ch, tap
ch, bao b va the loai thng mai. May in t ri co thuan li la thi gian chuan
b in ngan hn, thi gian khi ong ngan hn, va co kho in va loai vat lieu in
a dang hn. May in t ri co the in c hau het tat ca cac loai san pham in
vi chat lng cao va tnh linh hoat c quan tam hang au.
Nhng may in thong thng a ngay cang c t ong hoa trong nhng
thap nien gan ay. Ngay nay, hau het cac may in eu co bo phan ieu khien t
xa dung e ieu khien cac chc nang cua may in. Nhng cong viec ma trc
ay c thc hien bang tay, nh chnh kho in, oi khuon in, canh chong mau
va lau chui cac con lan mc va truc in, gi ay co the c thc hien ch bang
mot cai nhan nut. Mot giao dien ky thuat so trong cong oan trc in cho phep
cai at trc cac oc chnh mc cho mot khuon in cu the. Mot vai nha san xuat
a cho ra i loai may in offset vi he thong ghi ban trc tiep. Do nhng tnh
chat nay, may in khong ban thng c t ong hoa cao va co the hoan toan
c ieu khien bang may tnh.
Trong 20 nam va qua cong viec t ong hoa may in a dan en san
lng tang ang ke va chat lng cua san pham cung nh ni lam viec a
Hnh 2.38: May cat va cap tai p|ai xucic
t|ai| p|am.
cai thien, cung luc o no ong gop vao qua trnh san xuat an pham mot
cach hieu qua va kinh te.
IV. 8au In (Ihanh pham)
Cong oan thanh pham (sau in) bao gom tat ca cac bc c thc hien sau
khi viec in len giay hoac vat lieu khac a c hoan thanh (hnh 2.37). Cong
oan thanh pham cung a dang nh cac phng phap san xuat san pham in,
du cho o la gia cong sach, bao, hop gap hay nhan hang. Cac cong oan nh
cat, gap, bat sach va ong sach la nhng ky thuat quan trong trong qua trnh
gia cong mot san pham. Hnh 2.38 mo ta qua trnh gia cong thanh pham
bang may cat va may gap. He thong thanh pham trong hnh 2-39 la mot v
du ve bat cac tay sach va hoan tat cac t gap. Hnh 2-36 cho thay ro qui trnh
san xuat mot quyen brochure hoan chnh cua mot may in offset cuon vi cac
thiet b gap va thanh pham khac.
Phng phap ong sach co ien, viec san xuat ba cng, ngay nay ch
ai dien cho mot phan rat nho trong toan bo phng phap gia cong thanh
pham. Lay cong viec san xuat brochure lam v du. Vi brochure gay keo,
ngi ta dan keo len gay sach roi dan ba len (sach ba thng, catalog
dung e at hang qua th va so ien thoai). Brochure ong gay kem
thng bao gom mot so t chen dang gap oi va c ong lai vi nhau
bang day kem (tap ch, an pham nh ky).
Qua trnh san xuat brochure c chia thanh 5 giai oan:
- Cat (xen). Khi nhieu t gap (tay sach) co noi dung giong nhau c
in tren may kho ln, trc tien chung can c tach rieng ra. Cung tng
t oi vi ba brochure va t phu ban, chung c in dang nhieu trang
giong nhau tren mot t in. May cat hoat ong vi dao cat thang ng co
the cat chong giay vi o cao khoang 20cm (xem hnh 2.38).
- Gap. T in co cha nhieu trang in c gap thanh nhng tap tuy theo
kho giay (hnh 2.40). Bnh trang co ngha la sap xep cac trang len t in sao
cho sau khi gap va bat cac tap lai vi nhau, cac trang nam theo ung th
t. Cong viec dan trang nam trong giai oan trc in nhng no luon phu
thuoc vao nhng yeu cau va ieu kien trong giai oan thanh pham.
Trong ky thuat ong sach gay keo -con goi la ong kep (hnh 2.40b),
nhng tay sach sau khi gap se c xep theo ung th t, do o t 1 se
Hnh 2.39: |c
t|cic kct |cp ciua
may cap, may
Jcic kim, may cat
3 mat, may Jcic
cci Jc c|c ra sai
p|am |a 8rcc|urc.
cha noi dung t trang 1-8, t
2 se cha noi dung t trang 9-
16. Khi ong gay kem - con
go i la o ng lo ng- (hnh 2-
40a), cac tay sach c xep
long tay nay vao trong tay kia,
do o tay 1 cha noi dung cua
8 trang ngoai (1-4 va 13-16)
va t 2 cha noi dung cua 8
trang trong (5-12).
- Bat cac tay sach/soan so.
Neu mot quyen brochure gom 32
trang c in dang 8 trang tren
1 mot t, se co 4 tay sach (Cac bo
phan trong mot quyen brochure
cung c goi la tay sach). Vi so
lng in la 1000 ban, se co 4
chong gom 1000 t gap sau khi
gap xong. Do o nhng loai t
gap nay can c phan biet va
sap xep theo chi tiet ky thuat cua
loai brochure can c san xuat.
Viec xep cac t in t nay sau t
kia (trong ong sach gay keo)
c goi la soan so va c thc
hien bi mot may soan so ac
biet.
Viec long cac tay sach nay
vao trong tay sach khac c
goi la bat sach. Viec nay c
thc hien hau het bi may khau gay (hnh 2.39), cung co loai may va
thc hien viec khau gay va cat 3 mat.
- Dan gay/ khau gay. Cac tay sach trong mot cuon brochure gay keo
trc het c vo gay sao cho de ep keo. Gay sach sau o c phu keo
hoan toan (thng la bang keo nong chay), ba c bao quanh gay dnh
chat vi gay. May thc hien cong viec nay la may dan keo, no cung co
the i oi vi may bat sach va may cat 3 mat.
Trong may bat-khau, cac tay sach a c xep lai vi nhau thanh cuon
brochure gay kem c van chuyen ben di nhng au ong, nhng au
ong nay ay cac day thep rap xuyen qua gay sach va uon cong chung.
- Cat 3 mat. Cac t trong cuon brochure ong theo phng phap nay
van cha c tach ra trong cong oan gap bi v chung van con dang
mot tay sach. Do o ta khong the m chung trong giai oan nay. Cac cuon
66
Hnh 2.40: 5c Jc |ci k|uci (tc cap 8 traic)
c|c |ai tc ii cua cuci |rcc|urc 16 traic.
a) 8c tr tay sac| c|c Jcic |cic
|) 8c tr tay sac| c|c Jcic kcp.
brochure thng c xen 2 hoac 3 mat (au, chan, bung), ngha la xen
quyen sach thanh kch thc cuoi cung cua no. Viec cat xen phai c tnh
toan khi chuan b trong cong oan trc in sao cho noi dung cua sach
khong b cat i. Co nhng may 3 dao c s dung e cat 3 mat cua mot
san pham. Nhng may bat-khau va may ong sach hien ai c trang b
may cat 3 mat ngay tren day chuyen bat -khau.
Viec gia cong thanh pham in a ngay cang c t ong hoa trong
nhng nam gan ay nhng vi qui mo khong giong nh s tang trng cua
nganh in, cu the la cong oan trc in. Do s a dang cua cac cong oan
va tnh phc tap cua c che may moc, cong viec gia cong thanh pham yeu
cau nhieu thao tac thu cong hn 2 lnh vc con lai (ngoai tr qua trnh gia
cong thanh pham ngay tren may in offset cuon). o la ly do tai sao ngi
ta a khong ngng no lc trong gia cong thanh pham e gii thieu cong
nghe CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing- cong nghe san xuat tch
hp may tnh) sao cho cong oan thanh pham khong tr thanh mot khau
lam ngng tre san xuat.
V. Trang IhIaI bI ky IhuaI so Irong quI Irnh san xuaI
Qua trnh san xuat san pham in a khong ngng bien oi t qui mo nho
cua cac th thu cong thanh mot nganh san xuat cong nghiep. Cung nh
trong cac thanh phan cong nghiep khac, cong nghe CIM ngay mot tr nen
quan trong.
Trong nhng nam gan ay, may tnh va qua trnh t ong hoa a co nhng
anh hng ang ke oi vi cong oan trc in. S tch hp gia giai oan trc
in va giai oan in, qua trnh in t ong va s thong nhat gia cac phng phap
lien quan a at en mot mc o t ong nhat nh. Trong cac khu vc san xuat
khac nh thanh pham, s tch hp cac may tnh van cha at en trnh o tieu
chuan ma van con giai oan au cua s phat trien.
Qua trnh so hoa hoan toan va thong nhat cac cong oan trc in, in va
sau in la ieu tat yeu neu at c trnh o CIM trong san xuat. Co 2 tr
Hnh 2.41: Vai
c|uyci ciay c|c
may ii Uffsct tc
rci tai p|ai
xucic ii.
ngai chnh oi vi qua trnh thc hien ieu nay. Cho en nay, van ton tai
cac he thong thanh pham co giao dien giao dien vi viec ieu khien bang
may tnh, thiet b trong nganh thanh pham hien nay ang ngay cang c
t ong hoa vi kha nang ket noi vi may tnh cao.
Nhng nh dang d lieu chuan co tam quan trong song con oi vi s hp
nhat cac cong oan trc in, in va sau in trong toan bo qui trnh san xuat.
Viec len ke hoach va ieu khien san xuat la phng thc theo doi qua trnh
san xuat. Cac van e ve nguyen vat lieu va chu trnh d lieu se c thao luan
chi tiet trong cac phan sau. Hnh 2-41 cho thay cach sap xep nguyen vat lieu in
trong xng in va cu the la qua trnh van chuyen cac chong giay.
67
Hnh 2.42: Traic t|ict |i trcic qui tri| ky sai xuat sai p|am ii ky t|uat sc vci cac
ciac Jici xu |y Ju |icu 0IF3/FF|, mii| |ca c|c v Ju Jucc icu c trci vc p|ucic t|uc
tici |ai| mct ccic vicc ii.
Len ke hoach san xuat san pham in thng la mot qua trnh ngc, v
du nh t cong oan sau in thong qua giai oan in va tr ve trc in. ieu
nay c minh hoa ro thong qua v du: mot xng in offset nho c giao
lam mot cuon catalog. Xng in co bo phan che ban vi thiet b ghi thang
ra ban in, mot may in 2 mau kho 60 cm x 40 cm, mot may in 2 mau kho
86 cm x 65cm va mot may 4 mau kho 86 cm x 65 cm. Xng thanh pham
co mot may cat, mot may gap, mot may bat sach, mot may bat - khau vi
4 tram va may xen cung nh may ong sach.
Nhng yeu cau cua khach hang cho cuon catalog la nh sau:
- ong sach: gay kem,
- Kho A4 (20,5 cm x 29 cm)
- Tong so trang: 32,
- Loai giay: giay couche, 150g/m
2
,
- Hnh thc in: in 2 mau (en va mau trang tr la mau cyan), trang
1,2,31,32 in 4 mau CMYK,
- Khach hang cung cap file thiet ke .
- So lng in: 1000 ban.
Kho in ln nhat cua xng la 86 cm x 65 cm, do o co the in 8 trang
A4 tren mot t. Tnh ca phan giay xen, kho giay yeu cau la 62 cm x 45
cm. So trang la 32, nen can co 4 tay sach 8 trang. Cong viec in va gia cong
thanh pham cho phep lng giay hao hut sau khi ong sach la 150 t cho
moi tay sach trong tong so lng in la 1000 ban. Do o, can co 1150 x 4
= 4600 t. Nhng th chuan b c la: 4600 t giay couche, nh
lng150g/m
2
, kho 62cm x 45cm.
Nhng bc len ke hoach san xuat nh sau:
- Thanh pham. Khach hang muon co mot quyen catalog gay kem, qui
trnh san xuat c quyet nh trc: may gap c cai che o gap 2 goc
phai, kho 62cm x 45cm; gap thanh 4 tay sach gom 1000 t; chuan b san
4 tram bat-khau, kho A4; bat, ong gay, xen 1000 ban; ong goi 1000 ban.
- In. Theo kho giay, co the s dung may in 86 cm x 65 cm. Bon trang
ngoai can c in 4 mau, tat ca cac trang con lai in 2 mau. Do chung ta
san xuat catalog gay ong kem, can co mot tay sach 4/4 mau (Tay 1) va
3 tay sach 2/2 mau (Tay 2, 3 va 4). Vi so lng giay hao hut cho phep,
so ban in trong moi tay sach la: 1150 lt in mat trc + 1150 lt in mat
sau = 2300 ban in. Chu trnh san xuat nh sau:
May in 4 mau: makeready- 1150 ban- thay oi khuon in- 1150 ban;
May in 2 mau: makeready- 1150 ban- 5 x thay oi khuon in- 5 x 1150
ban.
- Che ban. Cac trang c dan thanh tay sach theo kieu dan khuon cho
ong gay kem va bnh ban bang ky thuat so vi 8 trang tren 1 t, xen 3
mat. Can them cac dau gap va dau cat cho cong oan thanh pham, va dau
boong chong mau va dai ieu chnh mau cho cong oan in. Nhng ac tnh
in rieng biet cua 2 may in tren c tnh toan trong viec chup khuon in. V
nhng yeu cau ve chat lng cua khach hang, cong viec in se c thc
hien tren giay couche vi o phan giai tram la 175 lpi. Khuon in c
chon la da theo kch thc yeu cau cua may in.
Vi ke hoach ngc dong nay, mot cong viec ch co the c tien hanh
trong cong oan che ban neu nh chu trnh san xuat cho cac khu vc en
sau a c bo tr da theo nhng d lieu a c cung cap. Co ngha la
hau het cac thong tin theo yeu cau trong cong oan in va thanh pham eu
nam trong file d lieu hnh anh.
He thong qui trnh san xuat ky thuat so a s dung nhng thong tin
nay. Nhng he thong o a trch cac thong tin nay va chuan b san sang
e chung co the c s dung trong giai oan san xuat tiep theo, tai ay
chung c s dung e t ong bo tr va thiet lap trc cac thong so cho
cac thiet b. ieu nay co ngha la chung ta khong can phai nhap cac d
lieu ang co vao moi may in. Chung ta cung co the lay them thong tin khi
chuan b cac cong viec co may tnh ho tr.
Nhng d lieu sau ay co lien he vi qua trnh san xuat co the c
trch t file d lieu hnh anh cho cong viec in a c mo ta. (xem hnh
2.42):
- In: kch thc t in, so tay sach e in trang phai va trang trai, so va
loai mc, chi tiet mc (s phan bo mc tren t in theo tng khu vc). D
lieu bo sung trong qua trnh chuan b: cach s dung may, so lng in, so
lng giay bu hao cho phep, loai nguyen lieu.
- Thanh pham: kch thc t, so tay sach, hnh thc gap, hnh thc ong
sach va be sach. D lieu bo sung t viec chuan b: cach s dung may, so
69
Hnh 2.43: Siai Jcai c|uai |i trcic qui tri| sai xuat p|ucic tici truyci t|cic ii ai
va p|ucic tici truyci t|cic Jici tu
lng in, lng giay bu hao cho phep, loai nguyen vat lieu, ong goi va
giao hang.
Viec lap trnh CIP3/ PPF (nh dang d lieu san xuat in) a c thiet
lap nh mot tieu chuan trong viec trch va truyen d lieu lien quan en
qui trnh san xuat. Viec lap trnh nay a c xay dng bi mot hiep hoi
cac cong ty trong nganh cong nghiep in. CIP3 co ngha la Cooperation in
prepress, press va postpress- hp tac trong che ban, in va thanh pham. Tat
ca cac may in va thanh pham co giao dien CIP3 eu co the c cai at
t ong e thc hien mot cong viec cu the bang file d lieu lap trnh PPF.
a co nhng may in co giao dien CIP3 va cong nghe nay cung a bat au
tham nhap vao cong oan thanh pham. Muc tieu cua s phat trien la thiet
lap nhng xng in co noi mang, ni ma s tham gia thu cong vao chu
trnh san xuat c giam thieu va tat ca cac cong oan cung nh viec giao
hang theo n at hang c tien hanh nhanh hn.
Hnh 2.42 cho biet d lieu CIP3 nao co the c s dung e ieu khien
cac loai thiet b.
VI. 6huan bI
Trong cac nha in hien nay, ngi ta a thiet lap mot chu trnh in hoan
chnh bang ky thuat so cha trong mot file d lieu. Tren c s cua bo d
lieu nay, co the san xuat nhng t phim nguyen trang hay xuat ra khuon
in trc tiep. Co nhng he thong in co the c van hanh trc tiep vi s
giup cua file ke hoach in (Con goi la cac file mo ta cong viec). Cong
oan thanh pham cung s dung thong tin ky thuat so e san xuat ra san
pham cuoi cung. Do o ngi ta co the san xuat an pham bang cong nghe
hien ai da tren mot "ban che ky thuat so" cha tat ca nhng thong tin
ve san pham va qua trnh san xuat no.
Cai goi la "truyen thong ien t" truyen thong tin en vi khach hang
thong qua cac CD-ROM hoac la Internet, co the oc va xem d lieu trong
cac phng tien nay bang cac thiet b hien th nh man hnh.
"Ban che ky thuat so" dung e truyen thong tin i di dang in hay
ien t, co the tr nen giong nhau nhieu hay t. ac tnh nay c tao nen
trong giai oan chuan b trong chu trnh san xuat, trong o thong tin c
ghi lai, bo tr va lu tr san sang di dang nhng file d lieu, va d lieu
nay se c quan ly va to chc. "Ban che ky thuat so" nay gi ay co the
c sao chep va phan phoi di hnh thc in hay ien t (hnh 2-43).
Qua trnh san xuat premedia, khong phu thuoc vao phng tien au ra,
c goi la "Che ban cho nhieu loai phng tien truyen thong" (CMP).
Yeu cau c ban cho mot he thong CMP hieu qua la s bao am tnh vng
chac va toan ven. Tat ca cac d lieu phai san sang dang ky thuat so va
co the truy cap c qua mang d lieu.
Hnh 2.43 cho thay qua trnh chuan b c lien ket nh the nao vi
cac cong oan che ban, in va thanh pham. No cung chng minh rang mot
chu trnh san xuat ky thuat so hoan chnh phu thuoc vao trnh o ky thuat
so cua he thong trong day chuyen san xuat. Hnh 2.43 cung giai thch cach
thc ket hp mot phng tien ien t (CD-ROM) vi mot san pham in
(sach), o la mot ng dung a phng tien co the c mot doanh nghiep
san xuat.
S ket hp cac vat mang d lieu khac nhau nay con c goi la "Che
ban a phng tien" (Mixed Media Publishing- MMP). Ngi ta co the s
dung MMP e toi u hoa cong viec che ban bang cach ket hp li iem
cua nhieu vat mang d lieu khac nhau. Gia tr cua che ban khong phai
c tang len nh mot s ket hp thong minh cac loai hnh thong tin khac
nhau (van ban, sac thai, hoat hnh) ma la s ket hp cac vat mang d lieu
khac nhau (CD-ROM, Internet va truyen thong in an).
6|
6huong 8
uI Irnh Iruor In
I. 6ar phuong phap sap rhu
I.|. 8ap rhu Ihu rong (sap rhu rh)
Phng phap sap ch nay con goi la sap ch thu cong (Sap ch ch): ay
la cach sap ch dung cho che tao khuon in typo (hnh 3.1 a)
Cac ch c tao ra bang cach: hp kim ch nong chay nhiet o thap
c o vao khuon e uc thanh cac ch ri. Ngi th sap ch s dung
cac ch ri nay va cac thanh chen mong, chen vuong, chen dai tao thanh
cac khoang trang gia cac ch, cac t, cac dong e tao thanh cac dong
ch. Cac dong ch sau o c ghep lai thanh cot bao, trang sach. Nhc
iem cua phng phap nay la nang suat thap, kho sa cha, chat lng
ban in khong cao (v ch de b mai mon, me, gay)
68
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.1: 0ac Jaic c|u k|ac i|au
a)
b)
c)
d)
I.Z. 8ap rhu dung may MonoIypa va LInoIypa
Cac hang cha nhng ch va dau nam lom sau se ong vai tro nh nhng
khuon uc sau nay tren cac may uc ch Linotype e tao ra tng hang ch
hoan chnh. Cach sap ch nay cung dung cho che tao khuon in typo. (Hnh
3.1,b)
I.8. 8ap rhu Iran Io phIm
Thng ch la phan trong suot c anh va in len tren t phim(hnh 3.1
c). Ban au c tao ra t cac may Phototype. San pham la nhng phim
am hoac dng ban dung khi che tao khuon in bang phng phap quang
hoa. Cach nay bat au c s dung tai cac nc Au My t nhng nam
1955 va ng dung tot cho che tao khuon in Offset.
I.4. 8ap rhu bang may vI Inh.
Cac ch c bieu dien di dang ky thuat so t cac may tnh. San pham
thu nhan co the rat a dang: t in th, phim (trong cong nghe che ban t
may tnh ra phim - CTF), khuon in (trong cong nghe che ban t may tnh
ra ban - CTP), t in (trong cong nghe che ban t may tnh ra may in -
CTPr). Cach sap ch nay de dang thay oi kieu ch, nh dang ch
(thng, nghieng, am), kch c ch
I.Z. an Irang
Cac trang sach co the cha: ch, o hoa (cac logo, bang bieu, o th), hnh
anh. Viec sap at cac chi tiet nay theo ung v tr cua no tren tng trang
goi la dan trang. Ngoai ra, viec dan trang con bo sung cac chi tiet ky thuat
khac can co cho 1 trang sach nh: anh so trang, cac tieu e tren tng
trang
Khi dan trang th cac thong so bat buoc phai biet: Kch thc trang;
Khoang rong cha le (trai, phai, tren, di); So cot; Khoang rong cho cac
cot; So mau in. ngoai ra, oi tng s dung san pham in cung se quyet
nh en cac thong so ky thuat khac trong qua trnh dan trang (Chon kieu
ch, o ln ch phai phu hp vi tre em, ngi ln; Khoang trang cha t
ch ti hnh anh ). Thong thng, cac thong so nay c a ra bi cac
hoa sy tao maquette cho an pham.
Thong thng tuy theo san pham ta co cac kieu dan trang khac nhau:
Bao; Sach; Tap ch; Nhan hang; Bao b.
II. Fhur rha ban mau mau
II.|. khaI nIam rhung va mau sar
Anh sang la nang lng bc xa song ien t cua cac dao ong (vi cac
bc song xac nh) ma con ngi co the thay c thong qua mat.
Anh sang trong vung thay c co bc song 400-700nm. Di 400nm la
vung cc tm (UV), tren 700nm la vung hong ngoai (IR).
Anh sang xanh dng (blue) co bc song 400-500nm; Xanh la cay
green) co bc song 500-600nm; o (red) co bc song 600-700nm.
- Tong hp mau cong (mau anh sang)
Cac mau s cap trong tong hp mau nay la: red, green va blue
Red + Green = Yellow (Vang)
Green + Blue = Cyan (xanh da tri)
Blue + Red = Magenta (o canh sen)
Red + Green + Blue = White (trang)
Khi thay oi cng o bat ky cua 3 mau s cap ta se tao ra c tat ca
cac mau trong dai quang pho. Tong hp mau nay thng thay tai man hnh
vo tuyen (TV), cac man hnh may vi tnh
- Tong hp mau tr (mau dung trong in an)
ieu kien cua tong hp mau nay la phai co mot nen phan xa trang. T
cac mau Cyan, Magenta va Yellow ta co the thu c cac mau cua khong
gian mau anh sang thong qua viec tr cac mau nghch. Nghch cua Red la
mau Cyan; Nghch cua Green la mau Magenta; Nghch cua Blue la mau
Yellow.
66
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.2: 5c Jc cam i|ai mau sac |aic mat icuci
Hnh 3.3: Tcic |cp ccic
mau va uic Juic c|c mai
|i| mau
Khi chong mau Magenta len mau Yellow ta thu c mau o c (red):
bi v anh sang trang (gom 3 thanh phan R,G,B) chieu ti mc Magenta
se b hap thu (hay tr bt) thanh phan mau Green; tng t mau Yellow
se tr bt thanh phan mau Blue.
Tng t, khi chong mau Magenta len mau Cyan ta thu c mau xanh
tm (Blue). Khi chong mau Cyan len mau Yellow ta thu c mau xanh la
cay (Green).
Khi chong ca 3 mau C,M,Y len nhau ta thu c mau en (black).
Tong hp mau cho cac hnh anh chuyen tong lien tuc:
Trong hau het cac phng phap in th khong the thay oi chieu day lp
mc trong qua trnh in. Do vay, e tai tao mc o sang toi cua mot mau
ngi ta phai dung ky thuat tram hoa hnh anh (hay con goi la ky thuat
phan iem anh). Nh vay, khi in cac hat tram cua cac mau C,M,Y,K se
nam rieng biet hoac chong lan len nhau tng hoac toan phan. Khi o, tong
hp mau tr se xay ra va ta se thu c cac mau tng ng.
Hnh 3.4: Tcic |cp tru
mau va uic Juic ii ai
Hnh 3.5: 5c
Jc p|uc c|c
ma k|i ii
c|cic ? va 3
mau |y tucic
Qua trnh thu nhan c cac mau va mc o sang toi cua mau khong
ch phu thuoc vao s tong hp tr ma con phu thuoc vao dien tch cua cac
hat tram cua tng mau mc na. (Vung sang cua bai mau tng ng vi
dien tch hat tram nho; Vung toi hat tram ln).
II.Z. hguyan Iar ro ban rua qua Irnh phur rha baI mau mau
a) 8o do phur rha bang 8 mau Iy Iuong 6MY
Khuon in cho tng mau: Bat ky bai mau mau nao cung se c phuc che
bang cach in 3 mau chong len nhau: Cyan, Magenta va Yellow.
Quy trnh c thc hien theo s o sau:
(iem can lu y la hien nay bang ky thuat phat trien cao cua cac thiet b va
cong nghe tin hoc th phim tach mau co the khong can che tao nh trong cong
nghe t may tnh ra ban in CTP; hoac ca phim tach mau va khuon in cung khong
can che tao - nh trong cong nghe t may tnh ra may in CTPr).
Phim tach mau: Co the thc hien bang phng phap thu cong (thong
qua s tach mau bang cac knh loc) hay bang thiet b tach mau ky thuat
tng t- Analog (may tach mau) hoac ky thuat so Digital (nh he thong
RIP va cac Imagesetter trong quy trnh t may tnh ra phim CTF). Cac qua
trnh tach mau tren cac thiet b nay cung c thc hien tng t nh
nguyen ly tach mau thu cong.
- Knh loc: la 1 thiet b quang hoc ch cho thanh phan anh sang nao tng
ng vi mau cua knh loc o i qua ma thoi. V du: knh loc Red ch cho anh
sang Red i qua va gi lai cac thanh phan Green va Blue cua anh sang trang.
- Nguye n ly ta ch ma u: Du ng knh lo c Green e ta ch ma u cho phim
va khuo n in ma u Magenta: no se gi la i tha nh pha n ma u B va R pha n
xa t ba i ma u t i knh lo c va ch cho ma u G i qua. Pha n a nh sa ng
67
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.6: |i| Jaic
Jicm tram trci va cac
ccc xcay k|i p|uc c|c
|ai mau mau

Bai mau
mau
Tach
mau
Phim
tach
mau
Che tao
khuon in
Khuon in
cho tng
mau
In T in
chong
mau
na y se ta c o ng le n pha n nha y sa ng cu a phim a m ba n. (Sau o ta se
ta o c phim dng ba n t phim a m ba n, ne u ca n). Phim na y c
go i la phim a ta ch ma u. Tie p o , ta se che ta o c khuo n in tng
ng cho ma u Magenta.
- Qua trnh c th c hie n tng t : Knh lo c Blue cho phim va
khuo n in ma u Yellow; Knh lo c Red cho phim va khuo n in ma u
Cyan.
b) 8o do phur rha bang 8 hoar 4 mau Ihur Ia.
Mau ly tng va mau thc te:
Ly thuyet tong hp mau tr c gii thieu tren c xay dng theo
mau ly tng: cac mc se hap thu hoan toan 1 vung bc xa va phan xa
hoan toan hai vung bc xa con lai. Nhng tren thc te gan nh la khong
the che tao c nhng mc in nh vay.
Trong nganh in, cac mc c ban C, M,Y c s dung e in thng
phai tuan theo nhng chuan mau nhat nh: v du nh chuan chau Au,
Nhat ban e khong gian phuc che mau c am bao. Hn the, viec
them mau en vao e mau sac in se co o sau hn, ay u chi tiet hn.
Tuy nhien, viec s dung nhng mc in thc te nay khong bao gi co
the phuc che c ay u nhng mau giong t nhien (So sanh cac khoang
phuc che mau tai hnh 3.9). Do vay, tren thc te ngi ta thng phai s
dung them mot so mau pha e bo tr cho nhng mau chnh nay hoac s
dung cac cach in vi he 6 mau hexachome hoac 7 mau opaltone (se c
gii thieu trong mon ly thuyet mau).
Hnh 3.7: |cuyci |y tac| mau cc |ai
69
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 2-10: F|uc
c|c |ai mau mau
|aic 4 mau ii
t|uc tc
Hnh 3.8: Muc ii mau |y tucic
Hnh 2-9: Muc ii mau t|uc tc
II.8 Fhuong phap phan mau dIan Iu Irong phur rha baI mau mau
hguyan Iy phan mau dang knaIog.
Thiet b quet anh c s dung nh la thiet b c ban trong qua trnh phan
mau ien t. Bai mau mau (phan xa hoac thau minh) c quet bi au
oc vi nguyen ly quang ien t. Nguyen ly giong nh tach mau thu cong
s dung 3 knh loc (phan 2.2.1). Bai mau se c e phang va quet tng
hang trong may quet phang hoac se c quan len ong va quay vi toc o
cao trong khi au oc se di chuyen cham doc theo truc ong trong cac may
quet dang trong. Tia sang sau khi phan xa hoac i qua bai mau se c i
qua he thong thau knh va tach thanh 4 tia va i qua 4 knh loc (R, G, B
va knh loc trung tnh) ti ong nhan quang. Ong nay co nhiem vu chuyen
oi tn hieu anh sang thanh tn hieu ien dang tng t analog.
Hnh 3.11: ||caic p|uc c|c
mau
- ||cic ciai mau tu i|ici
- ||cic ciai mau may ti|FS8
- ||cic ciai mau ii 0M|
Hnh 3.12: |cuyci |y tac| mau |aic may quct Jaic Aia|cc
III. 6hE 8kh
Quy trnh che ban noi chung bao gom: tao mau, x ly ch, x ly hnh anh,
tao trang, bnh trang, che tao khuon in. Co nhieu cach phan biet cac
phng phap che ban:
1. Theo ky thuat chuyen oi va x ly thong tin: Che ban bang ky
thuat Analog (tng t) hay Digital (ky thuat so)
2. Theo san pham cua qua trnh: Che ban bang phng phap
quang c (phim t ri); Che ban t may tnh ra phim (phim nguyen la);
Che ban t may tnh ra ban in (khuon in); Che ban t may tnh ra may in;
Che ban t may tnh ra t in.
Thc chat th ky thuat che ban bang ky thuat Analog c anh ong
vi Che ban bang phng phap quang c. Con che ban bang ky thuat
Digital la cac dang con lai.
S khac biet gia ky thuat Analog Digital nam cach chuyen oi
thong tin (trong tat ca cac cong oan cua quy trnh che ban). Ngay nay,
vi s phat trien cua khoa hoc ky thuat va nganh cong nghe tin hoc che
ban bang ky thuat Digital a dan thay the cho Analog. (Hnh 3.13)
III.|. 6ha ban bang phuong phap quang ro (knaIog)
Che ban Analog c ac trng bi viec s dung cac may chup hnh, may
tach mau Analog, phim (Hnh 3.14), cong nghe sao chep (copy) hnh anh
bang phng phap quang hoa e che tao khuon in.
Phng phap nay hien nay khong con c a chuong na bi v thi gian
hoan thanh lau, chat lng khong cao, kha nang chnh sa han che va kem
linh hoat.
Tuy nhien, trong mot so trng hp ac biet th phng phap nay van
con nhng ng dung nh oi vi:
* Cac n hang co kch thc ln (nh vt qua kho toi a cua cac
thiet b xuat ky thuat so)
* S dung lng phim co san (ly do ve kinh te hoac trnh o ky thuat)
* Quy trnh bo sung trong trng hp hong hoc ot xuat cua cac he
thong ky thuat so.
* Mong muon bao quan dang phim trong thi gian lau dai.
* Dung cho cong nghe in th dang Analog (in th dung phim: thng
dung e in th, kiem tra mau trong lanh vc bao b).
Bnh ban: San pham cua che ban quang c la phim am ban, hoac dng
ban a phan mau ri rac. Sau o, tuy thuoc vao kho giay in, cach in, cach
lam thanh pham (gap, cat, bat tay sach.) ma cac phim rieng le se c
ngi th bnh thu cong (th montage) ghep lai hoan chnh tren mot tam
nha trong (t support) theo ung s o v tr va theo tng mau. Qua trnh
nay goi la Bnh ban (Hnh 3.24).
7|
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Khi bnh trang pha i chu y a m ba o co ca c da u nh v cho ca c co ng
o an in, ga p, ca t, ba t cuo n sau na y cu a a n pha m. Ca c ba n support
na y se la c s cho vie c che ta o khuo n in ba ng phng pha p quang
hoa .
- Quang hoc hay con goi la qua trnh phi ban: tao ban sao tren vat lieu
mang hnh.
- Hoa hoc hay con goi la qua trnh hien va ra ban: tao khuon in hoan
chnh nh hien ra bang nc hoac cac hoa chat.
Hnh 3.13: 5u c|uyci Jci ciua quy tri| c|c |ai ky t|uat Aia|cc va Licita|
78
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.14:
0au truc p|im
STT Cong oan Thiet b Ghi chu
1. Nhap ch May anh ch, may in van
phong

2. Tao t phim cho ch May chup anh (Hnh 2-15, 2-
16), may ep phim (Hnh 2-17)
May ep phim dung khi
can chuyen oi phim dang
t am ban sang dng
ban va ngc lai
3. Tach mau May chup anh, may quet dang
Analog (Hnh 2-18)

4. Tao phim nguyen trang May ep phim, may hien phim
(Hnh 2-19; 2-20)
May ep phim: Tng t
muc 2
5. Bnh trang (Thu cong) Ban bnh phim (montage)
May ep phim: Tng t
muc 2
6. Che tao khuon in May phi ban (Hnh 2-21),
May hien ban
Cac thiet b se khac nhau
tuy phng phap in

Bang 3.1: 0ac t|ict |i c|i| Juic trcic c|c |ai |aic ky t|uat Aia|cc
Hnh 3.16: May c|up Jaic Juic t|ucic (a,|) va Jaic su Juic ai| saic k|uc xa (c)
Hnh 3.15: |cuyci
|y may c|up Jaic
iam icaic
Hnh 3.17:
May cp p|im
Hnh 3.18: 5c Jc
may |ici p|im Jaic
cac k|ay |ici
Hnh 3.19: 5c Jc may |ici p|im Jaic i|uic sau su Juic trcic cac may |ici p|im
|ici Jai
76
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.20: 5c
Jc may quct
ai| Aia|cc
S o may phi ban
1. Lp cao su
2. Khuon in c trang mang
cam quang (nhay sang)
3. Support hoan chnh (phim)
4. Knh
5. Bm hut
6. en
Hnh 3.21: May p|ci |ai
Hnh 3.22:
5c Jc tc p|im
|cai c||i|
(sau k|i |i|)
MoI so ky IhuaI ro ban Irong rha ban knaIog.
Nguyen ly tao tram bang may chup hnh vi knh tram Distance:
Viec can thiet phai tram hoa a trnh bay tai phan 1 (Khai niem chung
ve mau sac). Nguyen ly tao tram bang may chup hnh vi knh tram
Distance c the hien tai (Hnh 2.23)
Hnh 3.23:
a. 5c Jc Jat p|im va ki| tram tai may c|up |i|,
|.Tac |at tram (p|cic |ci) c. |i| tram
Nguyen ly tao tram bang may ep vi tram tiep xuc - Contact
III.Z. 6ha ban Iu may Inh ra phIm
Hien nay che ban ky thuat so co the chia thanh cac loai sau: Cong nghe
Che ban t may tnh ra phim CtF (Computer to Film); T may tnh ra ban
CtP (Computer to Plate); T may tnh ra may in (Computer to Press) CtPr;
T may tnh ra t in (Computer to Print).
iem khac biet gia cac ky thuat nay ch la cac thiet b xuat: May ghi
phim, may ghi ban, may in hay t in ma thoi.
Phan giong nhau cua cac ky thuat nay la: Cac tap tin (files ) d lieu
bao gom ch, hnh anh, o hoa se c x ly theo quy trnh chung (Hnh
3.25; 3.26) trc khi c xuat ra bi cac thiet b xuat khac nhau e co cac
san pham khac nhau cho phu hp vi tng cong nghe.
77
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.24: 5c Jc tac tram ticp xuc
a. 5u t|ay Jci mat Jc quaic |cc cua tram 0citact am va
Jucic |ai
|.|i| Jaic Jicm tram (p|cic |ci)
c. 5c Jc tac tram
Hnh 3.26: 0cic ic|c c|c |ai 0cmputcr tc
Hnh 3.25: 5c Jc quy tri| c|c |ai Licita|
6ong ngha 6ha ban Iu may Inh ra phIm 6IF
So vi che ban Analog th CtF (ra phim nguyen kho ln) co nhng u iem
noi troi sau:
- Viec bnh trang thc hien tren may tnh giam ang ke thi gian hoan
tat san pham.
- Hieu suat lam viec cua bo phan che ban tang cao hn (Giam s dung
vat t: phim, bang keo dan, thang kiem tra; Khong ton thi gian ve s o
bnh trang; Tai s dung cac s o bnh trang a co san cho cac san pham
co tnh tng t nh bao, tap ch).
- Chat lng san pham cung tang ang ke: o chnh xac chong mau
cao, tao nhieu loai tram phu hp vi nhieu chung loai giay in khac nhau,
cho nhieu phng phap in
Mot so thiet b chnh:
Thiet b quet anh ky thuat so (Hnh 3.28)
79
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.27: 5c Jc 0cic ic|c c|c |ai 0cmputcr tc |i|m
Hnh 2-28: 0ac may
quct |i| (scaiicr)
a) May scaiicr p|aic
Jc |ai
|) May scaiicr p|aic
c|at |ucic cac
May ghi phim (Hnh 3.29)
III.Z. 6ha ban Iu may Inh ra ban (6Ip)
Vi muc ch nang cao chat lng in (tao ra cac hat tram sac net hn); Tiet
kiem thi gian (che tao khuon in, thi gian len khuon tren may in; thi
gian in th tren may), Vat t (phim, hoa chat) va Giam bt cac cong
oan (che tao phim, bnh trang thu cong, tut sa khuon in trong cong oan
hien ra ban) th cong nghe CTP c s dung ngay cang rong rai khong
ch oi vi viec che tao khuon in Offset ma con ca Ong ong, Flexo, va
in lua na.
Ngoai s khac biet ve thiet b ghi so vi cong nghe CTF nh may ghi
ban thng phai s dung tia Laser co cng o manh v ban thng khong
nhay bang phim th viec chuyen sang CTP la bc nhay vot ve cong nghe.
Ngi th phai c trang b kien thc hoan chnh t che ban en in, thanh
pham e co the thc hien c cac cong oan x ly hnh, ch, dan trang,
bnh trang tren may tnh.
Cong nghe nay thc s phat trien bat au t nam 1993 en nay.
- Co 3 cach: trong trong (Internal), trong ngoai (External) va ghi ban
phang (Fladbed).
Hnh 3.28: 0ac may quct
|i| (scaiicr)
c) May scaiicr Jaic
trcic Juic
J) May scaiicr Jaic
trcic icaic
Hnh 3.30: 5c Jc icuyci |y may c|i p|im Jaic trcic trcic (5iciascttcr, |ciJc||crc)
III.8 6ha ban Iu may Inh ra may In (6ompuIar Io Frass)
Ngay nay vi viec thay oi tnh chat cua cac n hang in thong dung ve
thi gian hoan tat rat ngan, so lng in t i (in vai tram hoac vai ngan an
pham) th viec tm ra cong nghe thoa man yeu cau nay cang bc thiet.
Cong nghe CTPr se loai bo c thi gian mat i do phai len xuong khuon
in trong cong nghe CTP va nang cao ang ke chat lng chong mau khi
in san pham nhieu mau.
Cong nghe nay con c goi la cong nghe ghi ban trc tiep tren may
in (computer to press/direct imaging): Co 2 dang khuon in
1. Khuon in s dung c mot lan cho 1 n hang.
2. Khuon in co kha nang tai s dung cho nhieu n hang.
8|
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.31: |cuyci |y c|i trcic iccai Hnh 3.32: |cuyci |y c|i trcic trcic
Hnh 3.33: |cuyci |y
c|i p|aic
(||aJ|cJ)
III.8 6ha ban Iu may Inh ra Io In (6ompuIar Io FrInI)
ay la cach in khong can co khuon in. T may tnh d lieu co the in trc
tiep len giay bang phng phap quang ien hoac in phun (xem them
chng 4, II).
IV. 6hE Tk0 kh00h Ih 8kh Fh00h FhkF 0kh h0k
Co nhieu cach phan loai phng phap in, nhng thong thng ngi ta van
phan loai theo cac phng phap in truyen thong (Typo, Flexo, Offset, Ong
ong) va cac phng phap in ac biet (in li, in tampon).
Thong thng e phan biet cac phng phap in chnh ngi ta da tren
v tr tng oi cua cac phan t in vi phan t khong in. Ta co:
Phng phap in cao (Typo va Flexo): Phan t in nam cao hn so vi
phan t khong in.
Phng phap in phang (Offset): phan t in va phan t khong in gan
nh nam cung tren mot mat phang.
Phng phap in lom (Ong ong): Phan t in nam thap hn so vi phan
t khong in.
IV.|. 6ha Iao khuon In 6ao
IV.|.|. 6ha Iao khuon In Typo
- ac iem: khuon in lam bang khuon in loai. Co nhieu phng phap
che tao khuon in: phng phap quang hoa (Hnh 3.35), khac
Lu y: Mang cam quang : la vat lieu trung gian co cong dung sao chep
hnh anh trong quy trnh che tao khuon in. o la lp mang polymer co o
hoa tan tang hoac giam i sau khi b anh sang tac dung.
Quy trnh che tao khuon in Typo co the tom lc nh sau: mang cam
quang c trang len tren e kim loai (thng la kem). Cong oan phi
Hnh 3.34: 0au truc may
ii LI 46-4
ban c tien hanh di anh sang UV qua phim am ban. Phan mang cam
quang chu tac ong bi anh sang se co cng. Qua trnh hien ra ban se
lam troi i nhng cho khong b anh sang tac ong. Sau o, khuon in se tien
hanh an mon bang axt HNO3. Sau khi qua trnh an mon ket thuc, phan
mang cam quang con lai se b loai bo i bang phng phap c hoc.
Phan kim loai nho cao se ong vai tro la phan t in, phan nam thap hn
la phan t khong in.
IV.|.Z. 6ha Iao khuon In FIaxo
- Tnh chat cua phan t in va khong in cua phng phap in Flexo tng
t nh cua Typo ch khac la khuon in Flexo co tnh an hoi (do lam bang
photopolymer hoac bang cao su).
Khuon in che tao bang phng phap quang hoa co the che tao t
Polymer dang ran (hnh 3.36) hoac long.
88
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.35: Uua tri| c|c tac k|uci ii Typc |aic p|ucic p|ap quaic |ca
IV.Z. 6ha Iao khuon In phang
Khuon in Offset (hay con goi la khuon in phang) khac khuon in cao va
thap da vao hai ac trng c ban sau:
- Phan t in va khong in nam gan nh tren cung mot mat phang
- Phan t in va khong in khac nhau ve ban chat hoa ly. Phan t in co
tnh k nc (a dau - hay a mc); Phan t khong in co tnh a nc (k
dau- hay k mc)
Qua trnh in Offset lan lt dien ra qua trnh tham t be mat khuon in
bi dung dch lam am (nc) va mc in. Khi o, nc c dnh (tham t)
tren be mat phan t khong in tao thanh mot lp nc mong tren o. Mc
in th ch dnh tren be mat phan t in ma thoi (do tnh a mc cua phan t
in). Nh vay, co the noi rang ban chat cua phng phap in Offset la da
tren tnh tham t co chon loc cua phan t in va khong in.
Co nhieu cach che tao khuon in Offset:
- Bang phng phap quang hoa: khuon in t kim loai 1 lp va nhieu lp
- Bang phng phap CTP : tren ban thng, ban nhiet hoac polymer.
Hnh sau mo ta van tat quy trnh che tao khuon in Offset bang phng
phap quang hoa t kim loai 1 lp.
Lp bao ve PET (25mm)
Lp tach (5mm)
Lp PQ (print Quality: 50mm)
L p Photopolymer (600-6000
mm)
Lp e PET (125mm)
a) Chieu
sang t
mat lng:
UV-A:
bc song
380nm
Phim am ban
Lp bao ve PET
Lp tach
Lp PQ
Photopolymer khong b co cng
Lp Photopolymer co cng
e khuon
b) Chieu
sang t mat
chnh:
UV-A:
bc song
380nm
c) Ban sau khi hien c say
kho va c chieu sang bo
sung
UV-C: bc song 100-280nm
Hnh 3.36: Uuy tri| c|c tac k|uci ii ||cxc tu F|ctcpc|ymcr rai
Khi phi ban phan anh sang tac ong vao mang cam quang se lam cho
mang cam quang tr nen de tan trong dung dch hien ra.
Kim loai se ong vai tro phan t khong in
Mang cam quang khong c chieu sang con lai tren be mat kim loai
se ong vai tro phan t in.
IV.8. 6ha Iao khuon In Iom (khuon In 0ng dong)
- Cac phng phap che tao khuon in ong ong: (Hnh 3.38)
86
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.37: Uua tri| c|c tac
k|uci ii Uffsct tu |ai traic
sai kim |cai 1 |cp
I. 0|icu saic (p|ci |ai) vci
ai| saic cuc tm
II. |ici |ai
III. Ii
1. Lc kim |cai (||cm 0.3mm)
?. Maic cam quaic (1mm)
3. F|im Jucic |ai
4. Muc ii
5. |ucc (Juic Jic| |am am)
Hnh 3.38: 5c Jc cac p|ucic p|ap c|c tac k|uci ii Uic Jcic
a) |i| Jaic k|uci ii Uic Jcic truyci t|cic. Lici tc| |aic i|au, Jc sau k|ac i|au)
|) |i| Jaic k|uci ii Uic Jcic cc Jc sau |aic i|au i|uic Jici tc| k|ac i|au
c) |i| Jaic k|uci ii Uic Jcic cc Jici tc| va Jc sau k|ac i|au
Hnh 3.39:
May k|ac truc
|c|ic |-304
Nhng phng phap khac nhau cho ta nhng loai truc Ong ong co tnh
chat phan t in khac nhau. Ngay nay phng phap che tao truc co dien tch
va o sau bien thien thng c s dung hn (v o on nh chat lng
cao, kha nang thu phong, thi gian lam truc ngan.)
IV.8. 6ha Iao khuon In IuoI
Khuon in li (lua) co the dang phang hoac truc.
Phng phap che tao khuon in bang phng phap quang hoa hoac CTP.
Quy trnh che tao khuon in: bang phng phap quang hoa co the tom
tat nh sau: Chon va cang li len khung; Trang mang cam quang; Phi
ban; Hien ra ban.
87
8 uI Irnh Iruor In
Hnh 3.40: 5c Jc tac k|uci ii |uci |aic p|ucic p|ap truc ticp.
A- c|icu saic qua p|im Jucic |ai
(1-|uci, ?- maic cam quaic, 3- p|im Jucic |ai)
8- ||uci ii |cai c||i|
6huong 4
ua Irnh In
I. Tong quan va ky IhuaI In
Hien nay, cung vi s phat trien cua Cong nghe thong tin va cac nganh
khoa hoc khac nh vat ly, hoa hoc a giup cho ky thuat in phat trien vt
bac. Trong nhng nam gan ay may tnh va Cong nghe thong tin a tac
ong rat ln en Cong nghe in va Ky thuat in, xu hng nay hien nay van
con ang tiep tuc.
Mot so Thuat ng can thiet s dung trong Ky thuat in :
In : in la mot qua trnh sao chep (hay lap lai) trong o mc in tac ong
vao Vat lieu in theo mot quy trnh nhat nh e chuyen tai thong tin (hnh
anh, ch viet, hnh ve) thong qua mot vat the mang hnh anh lam trung
gian (v du nh ban in)
Vat the mang hnh anh trung gian : La ni lu tr ta t ca ca c ye u to
tho ng tin ca n thie t (hnh a nh, ch vie t, hnh ve ) tie p xu c v i m c in,
nha n m c ta o ra s la p la i lie n tu c ca c hnh a nh hay ch vie t tre n Va t
lie u in nh qua trnh in (trong th c te co n no c go i la ba n in hay
khuo n in)
Ban in : la cong cu truyen mc xuong vat lieu in hay vat trung gian e
lap lai hnh anh, ch viet, hnh ve. Mot ban in co the dung e tao ra nhieu
tai lieu khac nhau.
Hnh anh in : La thong tin c cung cap bi toan bo cac phan t in
co tren ban in (hnh anh, ch viet, hnh ve) va c the hien tren vat lieu
in, la san pham cua qua trnh in.
Phan t in : La vung nhan mc tren ban in va truyen mc en vat lieu
in hay vat trung gian (v du : be mat ch, ng ke, hat trame, cac lo)
trong suot qua trnh in.
Mc in : la chat lieu mang mau sac, the hien mau tren vat lieu in thong
qua qua trnh in
Vat lieu in : La vat nhan cac hnh anh in (nh giay, mang plastic, mang
kim loai....)
May in : La thie t b th c hie n qua trnh in theo mo t quy trnh cho
tr c.
Quy trnh in : la qua trnh tai lap lai thong tin theo mot thu tuc hay trnh
t nhat nh.
89
4 ua Irnh In
Qua trnh In la giai oan san xuat nam gia hai giai oan khac la Che
ban (qua trnh trc in) va Thanh pham (qua trnh sau in). San pham cua
qua trnh in c mo ta nh la san pham cua he thong bien oi thong tin.
Co hai ky thuat in c phan chia da tren tnh chat dung ban in va khong
dung ban in.
Ky thuat in dung ban in : Ca c tho ng tin a u va o t nguye n ba n (nh
slide, film, hnh a nh, d lie u da ng so , ba n in, ca c t in ro i...) c
chuye n o i tng ng qua ca c va t the trung gian ro i sau o c ta i
la p la i qua qua trnh in v i ca c ma y in phu h p. Ky thua t in na y o i
ho i pha i du ng ba n in nh ca c phng pha p in : in pha ng (Offset), in
cao (Typo, Flexo), in Lo m va in L i. Ky thua t na y cho phe p in v i
1 so l ng l n ca c t in gio ng nhau, muo n thay o i no i dung ca n pha i
ta o la i ba n in kha c. Ca c phng pha p na y co n go i la ca c phng pha p
in truye n tho ng.
Ky thuat in khong dung ban in (hay con goi la NIP : Non impact
printing) : T cac thong tin ban au c x ly tren may tnh va in trc
tiep sang vat lieu in ma khong qua vat the trung gian. Ky thuat nay cho
phep in vi noi dung cua cac tai lieu in thay oi theo tng t in, co the in
vi so lng ln cac t in co noi dung khac nhau. Hai phng phap in
thong dung cua ky thuat nay la phng phap in tnh ien (con goi la in
laser) va phng phap in phun.
Ta t ca ca c phng pha p in e u co nhie m vu la chuye n ta i tho ng
tin e n va t lie u in ( da ng r i hay da ng cuo n). e a m ba o ie u na y
o i ho i pha i co ca c co ng oa n che ba n va tha nh pha m tng ng phu
h p v i nh ng a c trng rie ng cu a t ng phng pha p in va loa i sa n
pha m ca n sa n xua t.
Hnh 4.1: 0|u tri| sai xuat, vat |icu va c|u tri| Ju |icu trcic qua tri| sai xuat sai
p|am ii.
9|
4 ua Irnh In
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u
II. ky IhuaI In dung ban In
Ky thuat in vi ban in c quy vao nhng ky thuat in truyen thong, trong
o ban in la vat mang thong tin trung gian, toan bo cac thong tin nay c
truyen en be mat vat lieu in nh mc in. Cac thong tin nay bao gom ca
phan t in va phan t khong in.
e bao am lap lai trung thc s thay oi cac gia tr tong mau cua bai
mau, nh cac anh chup chang han, ngi ta em chia nho bai mau ra thanh
nhng iem cc ky nho, cac iem nay c goi la cac iem trame, chung
co s khac nhau ve dien tch moi iem va khoang cach gia cac iem
cung khac nhau. Phng phap nay goi la trame hoa hnh anh, chc nang
chnh cua trame hoa la tao ra s bien oi tang th, no tai tao hnh anh lien
tuc (nh cac anh chup) thanh hnh anh c the hien bi nhng iem phan
chia nho, ket qua la no bien oi hnh anh thanh tong xam hay hnh anh nh
phan. Viec trame hoa hnh anh la rat can thiet bi v hau het cac ky thuat
in c van hanh da tren he thong nh phan va ch hoat ong theo mot
trong hai trang thai : truyen mc hoac khong truyen mc. S am nhat cua
hnh anh nh vao s thay oi dien tch cua cac iem trame.
Ky thuat in s dung ban in hau het oi hoi phai truyen lp mc co o
day nh nhau tai phan t in tren ban in (ban in c gan n v in tren
may in), ch co phan t in va cac hnh dang khac nhau cua no xuat hien
tren be mat vat lieu in, ieu nay cho phep tao ra s thay oi khac nhau ve
tong o hnh anh. Ngi quan sat se nhan c hnh anh lien tuc khi mat
Trame theo chu ky
(ieu bien)
- Khoang cach cac
iem trame bang
nhau
- Dien tch cac hat
trame thay oi
- Hnh dang Trame
giong nahu.
Trame khong theo
chu ky (ieu tan).
loai 1
- Khoang cach cac
iem trame khac
nhau
- Die n tch ca c
iem trame bang
nhau.
- Hnh dang giong
nhau
Trame khong theo
chu ky (ieu tan).
loai 2
- Khoang cach cac
iem trame khac
nhau
- Die n tch ca c
iem trame khac
nhau.
- Hnh dang giong
nhau
Trame khong theo
chu ky (ieu tan).
loai 3
- Khoang cach cac
iem trame khac
nhau
- Die n tch ca c
iem trame khac
nhau.
- Hnh dang khac
nhau
S o 4.3 : Mc |i| va |i| Jaic cua cac Jicm tram
khong the nhan ra s tach biet cua cac hat trame trong phan t in, nhng
hien tng nay xay ra khi dung trame co o phan giai 60 line/cm (150
lpi)va nhn khoang cac 30 cm.
Mot trng hp ngoai le la s thay oi ve o sau cua cac iem trame
trong ky thuat in lom. S thay oi ve o sau iem trame trong in lom se
nh lng mc tng ng vi s thay oi ve tong o cua lng mc can
truyen, cac phan t in co dien tch hat trame nh nhau ch co o sau thay
oi nen lam thay oi o day cua lp mc tren be mat vat lieu in tng ng
vi tong o cua bai mau. Hien nay cac hat trame s dung cho in lom eu
co o sau va dien tch thay oi tng ng vi o am nhat cua bai mau va
qua o nh lng mc cung cap tot hn.
Ta t ca ca c Ky thua t in s du ng ba n in ve ma t ly thuye t ha u he t
tho ng tin ca n chuye n ta i e u the hie n be ma t cu a va t lie u in va
c phu ba ng m c in. M c in c truye n vu ng tie p xu c (vu ng e p
in) va ca n pha i co a p l c ta i vu ng na y (l c na y go i la A p l c in) gi a
ba n in va va t lie u in hay ba n in va va t trung gian. Khi m c in tre n ba n
in hay va t trung gian truye n va o be ma t va t lie u in th ch co mo t pha n
l p m c truye n qua, pha n m c co n d va n gi la i tre n ba n in. Do o
m c kho ng truye n hoa n toa n t ba n in sang va t lie u in. M c c
truye n nh s ta ch m c.
S truyen mc :
Trong cac phng phap in cao va in phang, s truyen mc en be mat
vat lieu in hay vat trung gian la nh s chia tach lp mc. Cac yeu to chnh
tac ong en qua trnh nay da vao cac thong so sau :
98
4 ua Irnh In
S o 4.4 : Tcic quai vc cac p|ucic p|ap ii su Juic |ai ii
- o day cua lp mc tren ban in (lng mc cung cap).
- Chu ky tiep xuc (chu ky in) phu thuoc vao toc o in va dang hnh hoc
cua ban in.
- Ap lc in (ap lc trong vung tiep xuc).
- Tnh lu bien cua mc in.
- Nhiet o (anh hng cua nhiet o lam thay oi o nht cua mc in
dan en thay oi o tach mang mc).
- Tnh chat be mat cua ban in, vat trung gian va vat lieu in (co tnh
tham t, tham thau, tho rap.... ).
Qua trnh truyen mc c mo ta nh hnh sau :
Mot nhan to quan trong chi phoi en lp mc tren be mat vat lieu la tnh
tham hut cua no. Vi ca hai dang vat lieu tham hut va khong tham hut s truyen
mc se giam i khi toc o in tang v khi o chu ky tiep xuc ngan lai. Trong
phng phap in gian tiep mc c truyen theo hai giai oan, au tien mc t
ban in truyen len cao su va bam chat ay sau o mc mi truyen qua vat lieu.
Qua trnh tach mc va cac yeu to tac ong len no van con nhieu cau
hoi ang c giai quyet va nghien cu vi nhieu khuynh hng khac
nhau tren the gii. ieu duy nhat c chap nhan la ty le lp mc c
tach ra la 1:1 vi ieu kien loai bo s tham hut cua vat lieu.
In lom : Vi phng phap in nay mc in c gi lai tai cac lo sau khi
be mat c gat sach mc tha, ban in tiep xuc va mc in bam len be mat
vat lieu in. Sau khi in, mc in khong hoan toan truyen het tai cac lo nay
bi v mc c tach ra. Kieu truyen mc nay b anh hng bi cac yeu
to sau :
- Tnh tham t cua vat lieu in.
- Tnh chat be mat cua vat lieu in.
- Tnh chat cua giay.
- o nht cua mc in.
- Ap lc in.
- Toc o cua may in.
- Hnh dang cua cac lo va lng mc ma no cha.
Hinh 4.5 : Mc ta su truyci muc
Jci |c mat vat |icu ii tu p|ai
tu ii
Trong tat ca cac phng phap in. Khi in nhieu mau, cac mau in thng c
in chong len nhau, moi ban in la 1 mau in rieng biet. Cac mau in chnh c s
dung la Xanh, o, Vang va en (Cyan, Magenta, Yellow va Black) c tach
ra t bai mau khau che ban, vi ty le moi mau khac nhau ng vi tng v tr
tren bai mau. Tren may in vi 4 n v in, moi mau c tach ra nay se gan tren
tng n v tng ng va c in lien tiep tren cung 1 t in. Cac mau n le nay
phoi hp lai vi nhau theo ty le mau mc tai tng v tr se tai tao lai mau sac
ung vi bai mau. nguyen tac cua viec tach va tai tao nay theo s o sau :
II.|. Fhuong phap In rao, In FIaxo .
Trong phng phap in nay ban in co ac iem la phan t in nam cao hn
phan t khong in, phan t in vi o cao nh nhau se c phu lp mc day
ong eu khi tiep xuc vi lo cung cap mc, T ay mc c truyen vao
vat lieu in. Phung phap in cao co hai dang in ac trung la: in Typo va in
Flexo. Nguyen ly cua Phng phap in cao nh hnh ve sau:
96
4 ua Irnh In
Hinh 4.6 : 5c Jc mc ta vicc tac t|ai| sai p|am ii 4 mau
Hnh ve 1.7 : |cuyci |y ii
cac (|cttcrprcss)
In Typo .
Typo la ky thuat in cao lau i nhat, c Gutenberg phat minh ra t gia
the ky 15 vi cac ac trng: Tng con ch rieng le c uc bang hp kim
ch ket noi vi nhau tao thanh tng ch, tng dong ch, trang sach rat
nhanh chong va co tnh kinh te cao (v ch ri c s dung nhieu lan).
Chu yeu c s dung e in sach (nen con c goi la book printing). No
co cac dang may in nh sau:
Phang ep phang: Ban in va Ban ep dang phang.
Phang ep ong: Ban in phang Ong ep dang truc.
Ong ep ong: Ban in va ong ep eu dang truc (con goi la rotary).
Tam quan trong cua Ky thuat in Typo a giam i nhieu trong nhng
thap ky gan ay ly do chnh la s han che trong viec che tao ban in.
Chat lng in Typo cac kho in ln ch at c dang may phang
truc vi san lng in rat thap. Co the s dung nhieu loai ban in : Ban in t
viec rap cac ch ri, ban in uc t kim loai, ban in t an mon, Vat lieu
Hnh 4.8 : 0ac icuyci |y ii a. Laic ii p|aic - p|aic |. Laic ii p|aic - cic
c. Laic ii cic - cic
lam ban cung rat a dang: hp kim ch, kem, ong, photopolymer plastics,
trong my thuat con dung cac chat lieu t go va vai.
Ban in dung cho may in dang phang phang va phang truc hau het
rat cng do phai ng yen, phu hp vi ban . Ban uc hnh ban nguyet
(dang cong) hay ban nha deo phu hp vi may in dang Ong ong
(rotary). Ban in c uc t kim loai (ban sap ch) va ban kim loai do an
mon thch hp cho viec in ch cua cac cuon sach. Phng phap sap ch a
mat dan u the t nhng nam 1970, hien nay no ch con c s dung cho
in cac xng in thng mai dang nho.
Cac may in Typo dung e in hnh anh va o hoa (s dung khuon in
ghep) con c s dung trong quy trnh in :
- Cac ban in lam t thu cong (khac tren go) van c s dung va co
tam quan trong trong my thuat.
- Cac may in dung ban in c che tao t phng phap quang c hay
an mon hoa hoc va khac ien t a loi thi.
- Cac dang ban in tao bang quang c, ban in photopolyme chiem u the
vt troi hien nay a thay the cho cac ban in kim loai.
Ban in dung photopolyme co the tao ban nhanh chong va ang tin cay, Loai
ban nay co nhieu kho, o day khac nhau phu hp vi cac loai may in, Cung co
the s dung ban in bang Nylon, cac ban in bang kim loai co phu chat nhay sang.
Loai ban in nay c che tao san va c ban rong rai.
In FIaxo .
Flexo la phng phap in cao va van ang phat trien manh me, san pham
chu yeu cua no la bao b, nhan hang va bao. ac trng cua Flexo la no
dung ban in mem, mem hn in Typo va cho phep s dung cac loai mc
rieng biet. Dung loai ban in mem (o deo tot) va loai mc thch hp cho
vat lieu in, flexo co the in nhieu loai vat lieu co tnh tham hut hoac khong
tham hut. Nguyen ly in nh hnh ve :
97
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh ve 4.9 :
Lci vi ii ||cxc
(Jaic rctary)
Mc in co o nht thap c a vao ban in nh truc co cac lo cha
mc goi la truc Anilox (cac lo nay c khac tren be mat truc lam bang
gom hay kim loai, co mat o 200 600 line/cm). Ban in bang Cao su hay
Plastic c gan tren Ong ban. Mc truyen qua vat lieu in nh ap lc gia
ong ban va ong ep in. Dao gat mc dung e gat mc tha tren be mat truc
Anilox.
Loa i ba n in ba ng cao su c du ng t ra t s m, cha t l ng in tng
o i tha p ch phu h p cho in ca c ma ng to ng nguye n hay ca c ne t ve va
hnh a nh co o pha n gia i tng o i tha p. Hie n nay cha t l ng in o i
ho i ra t cao a c bie t la trong li nh v c bao b, ba n in photopolyme c
du ng nh Nylonflex hay Cyrel cho phe p ta o o pha n gia i e n 60
line/cm.
LaIIarsaI
Trong ky thuat in letterset hanh anh t ban in (ban in cng) truyen sang
giay thong qua 1 vat trung gian (thng la ong boc Cao su). o la in let-
terset gian tiep, no tng t nh in Offset cua phng phap in phang gian
tiep, Cung co the goi phng phap in nay la ky thuat in offset letterpress,
nhng no khong can phai lam am ban in.
Hnh 4.10 : F|ai tu ii trci |ai ii cac
a. 0|i tict c|u trci |ai ii
|. 0|u Jucc ii trci |c mat vat |icu
Cac san pham in
San pham chnh cua in cao bao gom :
- Danh thiep, giay tieu e, bao th
- Bao b (Flexo)
- Nhan hang (Flexo)
- Tui xach, bao goi ... (flexo)
II.Z. In Iom (In 0ng ong)
ac trng cua in lom la phan t in c khac sau vao be mat cua truc in
(con goi la ban in hay khuon in), phan t khong in nam tren be mat truc
in, trc khi in toan bo truc in (bao gom ca phan t in va phan t khong
in) c nhung vao mang mc. Mc phan t khong in c gat sach bi
dao gat mc, khi o ch con mc cha trong cac lo nam thap hn (phan t
in), mc t cac lo nay truyen vao be mat vat lieu in nh ap lc in cao va
bam vao vat lieu. Nguyen ly in nh hnh ve :
May in Ong ong dang cuon dung cho san pham in thng mai co so
lng rat ln, iem ac biet cua in Ong ong dang cuon dung khuon in
hnh tru la phan t in chiem toan bo be mat truc. Khi in 4 mau phoi hp
vi may in 4 mau th moi truc mang 1 mau, khi oi tai lieu in ta phai thay
het 4 truc nay . Truc in Ong ong can phai c bao quan tot e co the s
dung lai.
e tai tao tang th cac loai lo tren truc co cac dang sau : Dien tch lo
khong oi nhng o sau thay oi, o sau cua lo thay oi nhng dien tch
thay oi. Hien nay chat lng in Ong ong rat cao nh s dung cac loai lo
co ca dien tch va o sau thay oi.
99
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.11 : |cuyci |y ii |cm
Theo ca ch la m truye n tho ng th ng ch ta o c ca c lo thay o i
ve o sa u ba ng ca ch ma va a n mo n hoa ho c, phng pha p na y nga y
ca ng b thu he p v tnh ph c ta p, kho sa n xua t ha ng loa t va ha u nh
kho ng the tie u chua n hoa (kho kie m soa t cha t l ng). Trong nh ng
na m ga n a y tru c in O ng o ng c che ta o nh va o co ng nghe kha c
ba n ie n t , no cho phe p ta o ra ca c lo co o sa u va die n tch thay o i.
Phng pha p na y hie n ra t pho bie n.
Cau truc cua truc in Ong ong gom co 2 phan : loi bang thep va lp
ma ong phu ben ngoai (day khoang 2 mm). Lp e ong c ma phu
len tren be mat loi thep lam lp nen, lp vo ben ngoai c ma len lp
nen nay. ay la lp se nhan hnh anh in c khac truc tiep len truc, day
khoang 100m. Be mat truc co the c ma nhieu lp, o day cua cac lp
co the thay oi tuy theo yeu cau, gia cac lp con c ma them 1 lp
Nikel mong e tang o bam dnh hoac giup de dang loai bo cac lp ngoai
khi can tai s dung truc.
Hnh 4.12 : 5c Jc mc ta cac Jaic tac p|ai tu ii trcic ii |cm
Hnh 4.13 : 0au truc truc ii Uic Jcic
Li trame trong in Ong ong hnh anh can in nam trong phan t in la
cac lo, phan t khong in la cac vach ngan, vach ngan nay dao gat mc,
mc se c gat sach phan t khong in. Sau khi dao gat mc, mc ch
con trong cac lo. Neu mc con ong lai vach ngan th xay ra hien
tng om mc khi in, o co the la do can cua mc hay dao gat tai iem
o b me
Hnh ve d i a y mo ta chi tie t be ma t cu a tru c in O ng o ng, ca c
lo va va ch nga n co the c nha n tha y, no i mo t ca ch kha c ca u tru c
cu a ca c lo co the nha n bie t tre n sa n pha m in. Nhng ro ra ng la kho ng
co s ta ch bie t hoa n toa n gi a ca c lo , o la do m c tra n qua ca c va ch
nga n. Th ng xa y ra v i loa i tru c c sa n xua t ba ng a n mo n co o
sa u ca c lo thay o i .
Ma y kha c ba n ie n t : Tru c Scan va tru c kha c c no i v i nhau
qua he tho ng tru c quay o ng bo , phim dng ba n c ga n le n tru c
scan v i he tho ng e n quang ho c e o c s thay o i ma t o tre n
phim, tng ng v i l ng a nh sa ng nha n c ta i mo i ie m no bie n
o i tha nh tn hie u ie n. Tn hie u ra t a u scan, c x ly ba ng ma y
tnh, d lie u hnh a nh c chuye n e n ca c a u kha c, ca c a u kha c
na y di chuye n theo chie u do c tru c. Ma y tnh cung ca p hai loa i tn hie u
cho a u kha c : tn hie u hnh a nh th c te (o no ng sa u cu a trame ng
v i ma t o tre n phim) va tn hie u ve v tr, go c trame. Ca hai tn hie u
na y kie m soa t hoa t o ng cu a a u kha c, v tr cu a go c trame la s ke t
h p cu a chuye n o ng a u kha c va to c o quay cu a tru c. Hie n nay d
lie u a u va o kho ng nha t thie t la phim ma co the a d lie u tr c tie p
t ma y tnh e n a u kha c.
|0|
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.14 : 8c mat truc ii |cm Jucc p|cic Jai
a. |i| Jaic |cai |c Jucc tac tu may k|ac |ai Jici tu
|. |i| ai| cua cac |at tramc (Jc sau va Jici tc| t|ay Jci, 4 mau) trci vat |icu ii.
Mcp cua |i| |ay c|u cc cau truc raic cua
Loai truc in c tao bi khac ban ien t de xay ra hien tng mat trame
(missing dot) hn loai truc c lam t phng phap an mon khi cac lo truyen
thieu mc cho be mat vat lieu in do hnh dang lo cua no. Bo phan tnh ien giup
cho s nang len mat khum tren be mat lp mc trong cac lo khi chung lam t
be mat vat lieu in hay noi cach khac no giup cho mc in truyen tot hn va loai
tr hien tng mat trame tren cac may in cuon. Gia thanh cua truc in rat cao v
the no oi hoi phai co so lng in rat ln (t 500.000 vong tua tr len)
|0Z aI ruong va san xuaI In
Hnh 4.15 : Lau c|i p|im (p|im Jucic |ai). May 5cai cc t|c Jci 1? Jau c|i
Hnh 4.16: Truc k|ac va Jac k|ac. a.Licu k|ici Jau k|ac. |. May k|ac truc
Loai trame s dung cho in ong ong la cac loai trame ieu bien (AM),
hien tng moire de xay ra khi dung loai trame nay e in nhieu mau. Hien
tng moire t xay ra nhat in Offset va in cao, v goc trame phu hp vi
moi mau in rieng le. Trong in Ong ong goc cua li trame c tai tao
nh s dai ra hay ngan lai cua cac lo (thng co dang cau truc hnh thoi).
Truc in Ong ong c gan vao mang mc, cac lo nhan ay mc, mc
tha c gat sach bang dao gat, khi o mc ch con trong cac lo, con cac
vach ngan c chui sach mc nh ap lc e len be mat truc cua dao gat.
Cac yeu to chnh anh hng la goc tiep xuc cua dao, toc o cua may in va
o nht cua mc. Vi cac may in hien ai hoat ong toc o cao goc tiep
xuc cua dao gat rat chuan xac.
Trong cac may in Ong ong nhieu mau, moi n v in eu co mot n
v say kho at ngay sau n v in. V mc in Ong ong co o nht thap
(khoang 0.1 Pa.s) no se dnh vao cac lo dan cung nh khong the in t
chong t giong nh in Offset.
|08
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.17: 0ac |cai Tramc trcic ii |cm
Mot dang in Ong ong khac la in Ong ong gian tiep, Mc in khong
truyen trc tiep t khuon in sang vat lieu ma truyen qua 1 vat trung gian
(thng la Ong cao su nh in Offset)
Cac lnh vc ng dung, ac iem va san pham cua in Ong ong
In Ong ong la ky thuat in co tnh phuc che rat tot, hnh anh nhan c
sau khi in co chat lng rat cao. Khi dung truc in c che tao bang
Hnh 4.18: Lci vi ii cua may ii Uic Jcic
phng phap khac ban ien t cac hat trame co o sau thay oi nen no
nhan mc vi so lng khac nhau, tao o day lp mc khac nhau tren be
mat vat lieu in tng ng vi s thay oi tong o cua bai mau, do o s
thay oi tang th khi in ra se rat eu . Mc in phu len be mat co o sau
hn (do lp mc day) , tai nhng vung toi o phu mc rat cao do mc in
loang no tran ra va che i phan trang do cac vach ngan tao thanh (khong
thay c cac ng nay).
Cac ac trng cua in Ong ong :
- vung mep cua ch hay ng co hnh rang ca (mep lm chm).
- Tai tao hnh anh rat tot, o chuyen tang th giong nh that.
- Vi o sau cua cac trame khac nhau, Dien tch cua cac trame gan nh
bang nhau tren toan bo cac gia tr tong. vung tong sang cac hat trame
c in ra khong con ung quy cach na.
- Vi s thay oi ca o sau va dien tch cac hat trame khi in ra se at
c kch thc va mc o bao hoa mau khac nhau.
Loai san pham cua in ong ong co so lng in nhieu, chat lng in cao
nh :
- Tap ch, cataloge.
- Mang nha m (s dung cho bao b).
- Mang kim loai.
- Mang nha trong, tui xach.
- In bao mat, tem, chi phieu cua ngan hang.
II.8. In phang In 0IIsaI
Trong nhng nam gan ay in Offset la mot ky thuat in rat quan trong va
phat trien rat manh. Vi phng phap in phang phan t in va phan t
khong in nam gan nh tren cung mot mat phang, ac iem cua phng
phap in nay la phan t in nhan mc va phan t khong in ay mc, o la
do cac tac ong vat ly cua hien tng xen gia hai be mat chung. In phang
co cac hnh thc sau :
In thach ban (ban in bang a, in trc tiep)
Collotype (In trc tiep t phim)
In Offset (in gian tiep)
Di litho (in trc tiep vi ban in Offset)
In phang c phat minh bi Alois Senefelder vao nam 1796, hnh anh
can in c ve tren a bang loai mc ac biet, mat a c lam am trc
khi cha mc len, phan t khong in tren mat a se khong nhan mc
Collotype la mot ky thuat khac cua in phang, xuat hien t nam 1856
nh s phat minh cua ong A.L.Poitevin. Ky thuat nay cho phep tai tao
tang th ma khong dung trame, chat lng in rat cao. Ky thuat nay s
|06
4 ua Irnh In
dung gelatin nhay sang c phi tren mat knh va phim am ban, sau o
em hien, nhng cho phong len se c ra bang nc. Sau o ban in
c em lam am, phan t in la lp gelatin ong cng con lai tren mat
knh, cung giong nh in thach ban Collotype ch dung trong my thuat do
so lng in c rat nho.
In Offset la phng phap in chnh cua Ky thuat in phang, ay la
phng phap in gian tiep, au tien mc in truyen t ban in en vat trung
gian co tnh mem la cao su sau o mi en vat lieu in. Nguyen ly cua in
Offset nh hnh ve :
Hnh 4.19: May ii t|ac| |ai
(t|u ccic)
Hnh 4.20: |cuyci |y ii Uffsct
e at c hieu ng ay mc tren ban (s tng tac khac nhau gia
mc va be mat ban in) co hai he thong thong dung la :
Phng phap in Offset truyen thong : s dung he thong lam am ban in
vi dung dch lam am (nc va cac chat khac). Dung dch lam am bam
tren ban in mot lp rat mong nh cac lo cha am, phan t khong in tren ban
co goc hydrophilic (hao nc) v the no hut nc va ay mc, phan t in
co goc oleophilic (a dau) nen no hut mc va ay nc. Lp dung dch
lam am nay ngan chan s truyen mc. T khi phng phap nay c pho
bien, hieu ng ay nhau gia mc va dung dch lam am luon gan ket
vi in Offset . He thong mc va lam am rat can thiet cho in Offset
Phng phap in Offset kho : Be mat ban in ve c ban la ay mc, ban
in c phu lp silicone phan t khong in se c ra sach sau khi phi
ban bang phim am ban, vung nhan mc tren ban la lp silicone (day
khoang 2m). Khi in ban ch can cha mc ma khong can he thong lam am,
v the no c goi la Offset kho. Mc in dung cho in Offset kho c pha
them dung moi t Silicone e tang hieu qua nhan mc tren vung in.
|07
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.21: Lci vi ii Uffsct tc rci
Ca hai he thong tren eu oi hoi phai co ban in va loai mc ac dung
tng ng.
Trong cac may in Offset truyen thong luon phai co hai he thong cap
mc va lam am cung cap lien tuc cho ban in : Mc in c phu cung vi
dung dch lam am lien ket vi nhau tren be mat ban in. Cac loai ban in co
goc kim loai thung la nhom hay polyester.
May in Offset co t 1 cho en rat nhieu n v in, no con c ket noi
vi cac n v trang phu, can be hay ep nhu.... cung nh cho phep in cung
mot luc hai mat cua 1 t giay trong 1 lan in nh ong ao tr mat nam
gia cac n v in.
Di litho: Ky thuat nay cho phep in trc tiep t ban in vao vat lieu in,
rat phat trien trong in bao, no la ky thuat c nang cao t phng phap
in noi truyen thong vi cac may in dang rotary (ong ong). n v in cua
cac may in nay c thay oi nh gan them he thong lam am, ban in s
dung la ban in Offset, be mat c phu them mot lp ac biet v ban in
phai chu ap lc rat ln do tiep xuc trc tiep vi giay va can co o ben cao
trong suot qua trnh in, v so lng in bao rat nhieu. Ky thuat nay ch co
tnh tnh the. Hien nay no c thay the bang cac may in Offset cuon vi
ong cao su lam trung gian e truyen mc len giay.
Hnh 4.22: 8ai ii cffsct (|i| c|up vi mc)
a. 8ai ii Uffsct truyci t|cic, |ai i|cm
|. 8ai ii Uffsct k|c, |c mat |ai p|u 5i|iccic
Hnh 4.23: May ii Uffsct tc rci
II.4. In IuoI (In Iua)
In li la qua trnh in ma hnh anh in c truyen nh mc in i xuyen qua
lo h gia cac mat li. Giay nen (stencil dung e to hnh hay ve) cung
c dung nh ban in. Trc ay cac loai li s dung c det t cac loai
t si t nhien nh lua, ngay nay cac loai li s dung co nguon goc nhan
tao nh si Plastic hay si kim loai c s dung rong rai. Mc in truyen
t ban in sang vat lieu in nh tac ong cua cua dao gat tao ap lc ay no
qua cac lo h mat li. Ban in la s ket hp cua giay nen va li.
oi vi vat lieu lam ban in la li can chu y cac thong so sau : o
phan giai cua li (so lng si/cm), o day cua li (la khoang cach t
nh en ay cua li) va o m cua cac lo h gia cac mat li (ty le o
m cua cac lo h so vi toan bo th si tren li), cac thong so nay quyet
nh tnh chat in va chat lng cua loai li s dung.
Li si co nhieu o phan giai t 10 200 si/cm, o phan giai cua
li si thng s dung nhieu nhat t 90 120 si/cm. Mc o sac net cua
trame phu thuoc vao cau truc cua li, c mo ta nh hnh :
|09
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.25: |i| c|up p|cic Jai |uci ii |uci
a. Luci sci va maic cam quaic
|. 0ac |at tramc cua 3 mau ii |uci
Hnh 4.24: |cuyci |y ii |uci
Cau truc cua li si anh hng rat ln en chat lng hnh anh khi in tang
th va in chong mau. o phan giai cua li si (so lng si/cm) phai ln hn
3 4 lan o phan giai (line/cm) cua hnh anh can in v the cac iem tram tren
ban in se co s khac biet t 9 en 16 lan (theo n v dien tch)
Giay nen (stencil) trong thc te xac nh vung hnh anh can in tren li,
c at len ban theo mat thuoc hng ap vao be mat li, e tranh b lam mon
bi dao gat. Giay nen c tao ra bang cach ve hay khac va c to lai mat
di cua li, ch dung cho cac hnh n gian, in net hay tong nguyen.
Cac san pham in phc tap hn (in tang th, in chong nhieu mau) hau het
phai dung li c phu mot lp nhay sang diazo. Sau khi phu va lam kho, ban
in c phi cung vi phim dng ban , co mat thuoc ep sat vao be mat li
(phim dng ban dung cho in li co mat thuoc ngc vi phim dng ban dung
cho in Offset) bang en UV. Vung khong in tren phim dng ban trong suot nen
cho anh sang i qua, anh sang UV lam ong cng tat ca vung khong in, Vung
hnh anh can in khong b chieu sang nen van dang nhu tng va c ra troi
bang nc am khi hien ban. Lam kho ban va chnh sa cac khiem khuyet bang
lacquer. Ban a san sang e in
Trong qua trnh in li co ba phng phap c s dung:
Phng phap in Phang Phang : Ban in va be mat at vat lieu in eu
dang phang, nam oi dien nhau, mc in c truyen xuyen qua cac lo
tren ban xuong vat lieu in nh s di chuyen cua dao gat.
Phng phap in Phang Truc : Ban in phang , vat lieu in c at tren
truc va di chuyen theo hng quay cua truc. Ban in va truc ep di chuyen tng
ng vi nhau nh o mc c truyen qua lo en vat lieu in do dao gat mc
ng yen. Hnh thc in va dao gat con thch ng vi hnh dang cua vat lieu in
(cong, tron, vong) ban in va vat lieu di chuyen ong bo, dao gat ng yen, truc
ep cho phep in cac dang vat lieu tron (nh banh) va cac be mat cong.
||0 aI ruong va san xuaI In
Hnh 4.26: 0ac icuyci |y ii |uci
a. |cuyci |y F|aic cp p|aic
|. |cuyci |y F|aic cp cic
c. |cuyci |y Uic cp cic
Phng phap truc truc : Ban in co dang tron (Ong truc). Ban in, vat
lieu in va ong ep in di chuyen ong bo vi nhau. Mc in ben trong long
ong ban truyen thang vao vat lieu in, dao gat ng yen.
Li si c cang tren khung (con goi la ban in, khung in), no phai
chac chan trong suot qua trnh in nhng cung phai bao am tnh an hoi
cua li sau khi cang. Mc c o vao mat lng cua khung, lng mc
trong khung di chuyen giong nh song di tac ong cua dao gat. Qua
trnh in cua no the hien qua hnh ve va co the chia thanh cac vung nh sau:
- Vung ngap mc : Lp mc di ay tiep xuc va tham nhap vao cac
lo h tren li, vung nay nam pha trc cua dao gat.
- Vung tiep xuc : Di ap lc cua dao mc tai cac lo nay b ay xuyen qua
lo, ap lc cua dao e xuong e mat li tiep xuc vi be mat vat lieu. Nh ap
lc va s tiep xuc mc bam vao vat lieu, vung nay nam di li dao.
- Vung bam mc : Vung nay nam ngay sau li dao. Khi li dao c
keo qua mc tran qua cac lo va bam vao vat lieu.
- Vung tach : Do be mat ban in khong tiep xuc vi vat lieu, v khi dao
di chuyen ap lc cua dao lam li b vong xuong, o vong ln nhat la tai
v tr cua dao, khi dao i qua th li an hoi tr ve v tr cu tach khoi be
mat vat lieu nhng e lai lp mc tren o. Mot phan mc con gi lai tren
lo cua li, phan ln mc bam vao vat lieu
In li co the tao ra lp mc rat day (thng t 20 100 m, Offset
ch at c o day t 0.5 2 m). o day cua loai li si s dung se
quyet nh o day cua lp mc. Co nhieu loai mc vi nhieu tnh chat
khac nhau co the dung cho in li, tuy thuoc vao viec in tren chat lieu be
mat nao, co rat nhieu cach chon la loai mc phu hp cho moi loai vat
lieu in khac nhau.
Cac san pham tieu bieu :
- Vai hay cac san pham t det
- Ao thun, cac loai o chi
- Logo, ten hieu tren cac san pham
- Bao b, tui xach
- Poster
|||
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.27: Mc |i| qua
tri| ii |uci
III. ky IhuaI In khong dung ban In (hIF)
Ky thuat in noi chung, t ban than no khong oi hoi ban in phai luon co
nh, ve nguyen tac no co the in ra nhieu trang in co noi dung hoan toan
khac nhau trong mot quy trnh in. Phng phap in vi cac trang in lien tuc
khac nhau c quy vao ky thuat in khong dung ban in (non impact
printing hay goi tat la NIP). Thuat ng non-impact ban au ve c ban la
he thong ieu khien in ky thuat so, d lieu t may tnh a ra c in vi
cac iem tren may in dang ma tran. Cac kieu ch dung cho loai may in
ma tran c ieu khien bang ien t, viec truyen thong tin en giay la
nh cac au kim c sap xep san theo nh hnh cua kieu ch tac ong
len ruy bang mc (con goi la may in kim). Ve sau he thong nay c
thay the bang ky thuat in tnh ien, no khong truyen thong tin nh s tac
ong len giay cua cac au kim dang ma tran. Thay vao o in tnh ien
dung tia laser chieu len vat mang hnh anh trung gian la ong truc c phu
chat quang dan (goi la Ong quang dan), tia laser ch tac ong ben ngoai
mat cua ong (non impact) nen khong co s tac ong ve lc theo cach
noi truyen thong. Sau o ong quang dan nhan mc vi nhieu tong o khac
nhau theo bai mau va truyen len giay, d nhien co s tiep xuc gia mc
va giay trong suot qua trnh in nhng thong tin c truyen khong phai v
lc (co tnh c hoc) tac ong. Phng phap in nay c goi la in khong co
lc tac ong.
Ky thuat in NIP co nhieu phng phap in khac nhau (xem s o) cac
phng phap in nh Ionography, magnetography, thermography, and pho-
tography la cac phng phap in mi ket hp chat che vi NIP, chung ang
c nghien cu va phat trien trong nhng lnh vc ac biet, tren s o
cac phng phap nay c quy vao X graphic. Hai phng phap in quan
trong cua ky thuat NIP la in tnh ien va in phun.
III.|. In Tnh dIan
||Z aI ruong va san xuaI In
Hnh 4.28: 0ac |ucc t|uc |ici
trcic qua tri| ii Lascr
Nguyen ly in c the hien nh hnh ve, qua trnh in tnh ien co 5 bc :
III.|.|. Tao hnh anh
Hnh anh can in c chieu len be mat ong quang dan (be mat ong nhay
sang va co tnh ong nhat) bang tia laser (nguon sang laser c phat ra
t ong 2 cc con goi la LED - light-emitting diodes). Phan t in tng ng
vi v tr tn hieu anh sang nhan c tren ong quang dan, nh tnh ong
nhat cua be mat ong quang dan, phan t in (c chieu sang) va phan t
khong in (khong c chieu sang) tch ien trai dau vi nhau va thay oi
phu hp vi hnh anh can in. V s dung anh sang laser nen in tnh ien
con goi la in Laser.
III.|.Z. hhan mur
In tnh ien dung loai mc in ac biet, mc co the dang hat hay dang
long, thanh phan cua mc cung co nhieu cau truc khac nhau, bao gom pig-
ment mang mau. Mc in la yeu to c ban va quyet nh cho viec in, dang
hat no co kch thc c 8 micromet. Da vao tnh chat ien tch trai dau
hut nhau, mc in se co c tch ien trai dau vi phan t in tren ong
quang dan, ket qua la mc bam chac tren phan t in. D nhien vung khong
in se ay mc do cung dau. Sau khi nhan mc tren ong quang dan co the
nhan thay cac hat mc bam vao o theo hnh dang cua phan t in.
III.|.8. Truyan hnh anh
Cac hat mc c truyen trc tiep xuong giay, du cung co vai kieu mc
phai i qua he thong trung gian theo dang truc hay day cu-roa. Nh hnh
ve 1.3-27 mc c truyen trc tiep vao giay t ong quang dan. Tac ong
cua nguon ien trai dau (corona) at di giay tai vung tiep xuc tao lc
hut mc xuong be mat giay, ho tr cho ap lc tiep xuc gia ong quang dan
va giay, ket qua la cac hat mc bam vao be mat giay.
III.|.4. 0n dInh phan Iu In
M c ba m tre n gia y da ng ha t se kho ng cha c cha n, n v o n nh
pha i a m ba o m c ba m cha c tre n gia y theo hnh a nh ca n in. Ca ch
tho ng du ng la du ng nhie t o la m cho m c cha y ra ro i du ng a p l c t
lo e p e p m c ba m va o be ma t gia y, ca ch na y ra t hie u qua va bo pha n
na y go i la bo pha n sa y.
III.|.6. Lam sarh ong quang dan
Sau khi in con mot so lng mc bam tren ong quang dan, e chuan b cho
lan in tiep theo can phai lam sach be mat ong, ca hai cach lam sach bang
c hoc va ien t eu c s dung. au tien mc c chui sach ban chai
mem va voi hut e lay het cac hat mc tha, sau o chieu sang ong bo
len be mat ong e trung hoa ien tch tren toan bo be mat ong. Ong tr
lai vi tnh ong nhat va tiep tuc qua trnh in t bc 1.
||8
4 ua Irnh In
Theo cac bc mo ta tren de dang nhan thay rang in tnh ien tao s
co nh cho vung in ma khong can dung ban in. Cac hnh anh in khac nhau
c tao mi tren ong quang dan sau moi vong quay. Cach thc nay cung
cho phep tao c nhieu tai lieu in hoan chnh khac nhau theo moi vong
quay va cho tng t in.
Kha c v i phng pha p du ng ba n in co nh, khi in cu ng mo t ta i
lie u co so l ng nhie u, phng pha p na y o i ho i ca c hnh a nh in
gio ng nhau pha i c ta i la p la i lie n tu c sau mo i vo ng quay, theo
ca ch ma no nha n tr c o . S la p la i na y co the la m bie n o i ca c
hnh a nh in (ca c t in kho ng gio ng nhau, du va n in v i cu ng mo t ta i
lie u). S thay o i co the la do dung sai trong vie c ta o hnh a nh tre n
tru c va ca c b c sau o , in tnh ie n cha a m ba o c tnh o n nh
cao. Du va y ky thua t NIP cu ng a a t c mo t so tha nh qua a ng ke
so v i ky thua t in du ng ba n in.
Mot hnh thc khac, cac ky thuat nang cao e tao be mat in hoan chnh
cho moi tai lieu in khac nhau sau moi lan quay, no khong can ban in cho
moi t in. Cac san pham co so lng in nho (nh ch can in 1 ban) co tnh
kinh te rat cao v ap ng c viec in theo tng yeu cau cu the. Trong
tng lai no co the dung e in cac tap sach nho, mong hoac cac t quang
cao, in cac san pham mang tnh ca nhan.
He thong in tnh ien nhieu mau ve c ban cung giong nh may in
Offset t ri, dung 4 mau c ban cyan, magenta, yellow va black. giay in
c cung cap lan lt tng t. Ong quang dan nhan hnh anh t he thong
quang hoc, anh sang laser chieu len ong nh 1 gng tron va knh loc ac
biet. Dong laser c dan vao be mat ong vi toc o cao, trc tiep va c
ieu khien bang dao ong so. Dong anh sang chieu va tat theo tn hieu
Hnh 4.29: |c t|cic c|icu
saic va cucic quaic |cc
Jicu k|ici icuci saic tac
p|ai tu ii trci cic Uuaic
Jai
hnh anh, do o hnh anh c lu lai tren ong theo nguon sang- he thong
nay goi la ROS ( Raster Output Scanner).
Giay c chuyen vao nh cac day ai va banh xe, khong dung nhp
e gi giay, be mat cua giay c gi nh lc tnh ien trong vung gii
han cua cac day bang, bao am cho viec chong mau in chnh xac. Dung
sai cho phep cao hn t 2 4 lan so vi in Offset, cung co the in tren hai
mat giay bang he thong nay.
Vi he thong in nay can, co hai bc e tao san pham. au tien, bai
mau can c Scan bang may Scan (hoac ket noi d lieu t cac nguon
khac), sau o d lieu dang so cung cap trc tiep cho he thong in qua
mang. Hnh 28.a cho thay may Scan dang phang la phng tien e so hoa
tai lieu can in. Vi dang may copy truyen thong, cac may van phong ch
cho hnh anh 1 mau, hnh anh copy khong c so hoa, no dung anh sang
phan xa t bai mau chieu trc tiep vao ong quang dan, he thong nay nhan
c thong tin dang analog nen c quy vao copiers. Thuat ng In ch
c dung neu qua cong oan chuan b va cung cap trc tiep cho he thong
di dang digital.
Co s khac nhau ang ke ve toc o in gia he thong NIP va in Offset
t ri. kho in A3 he thong NIP in vi toc o 1200 t/gi th in Offset t
r co toc o t 10.000 en 15.000 t/gi. S khac nhau ve kha nang san
xuat chu yeu la do ky thuat in khac nhau moi mot t in oi hoi hnh anh
in vi noi dung thay oi so vi cac t in eu co hnh anh giong nhau. Mat
khac toc o in c quyet nh bi cac thiet b phan cng va phan mem,
thiet ke cua may, s truyen mc va cung cap giay.
e at c s chnh xac con oi hoi cac thanh phan lien quan cung
can co o chnh xac cao, nh viec cung cap giay chang han he thong NIP
ch co the dung cho cac loai giay nhe do khong co cac thiet b ho tr ky
thuat giong nh cac may in truyen thong . Cac ac iem cua in tnh ien:
- Chat lng in cao tuy nhien o sang cua hnh anh khong bang cac
phng phap in truyen thong.
||6
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.30: |c t|cic may ii tii| Jici |ci mau
- Co kha nang tap trung cao (o phan giai cao) co the in vi mc o
400 dpi, tao c nhieu gia tr tong xam.
- Van co the nhan biet va chuyen tai c khi ch co 1 iem anh. Co kha
nang phan biet c 10 gia tr tong xam va tai hien tng ng tren t in.
- Chat lng c nang cao nh chat lng cua mc gom cac yeu to :
kch thc hat, dang hnh hoc va cau truc hoa ly cua no, kch thc hat
mc t 6 8m, rat nho nen de lam sach.
Chc nang chnh bao am cho chat lng in toi u oi vi phng phap
in truyen thong la s ben vng cua be mat ban in, oi vi in tnh ien ieu
kien can thiet la tao hnh anh lien tuc cho moi lan in.
Co the dung mc in long cho in tnh ien , no cho chat lng in cao hn
do hat mc rat nho t 1 - 2m, nhng khong pho bien
Khi so sanh gia in truyen thong va NIP chu yeu la in tnh ien - can
lu y : Chu vi cua ong quang dan can ong nhat tren toan bo dien tch be
mat mang hnh anh, trong nhieu trng hp kch thc cua no nho hn
dien tch cua hnh anh th vi moi t in no phai quay lien tuc 360 o,vi
in tnh ien ieu nay chap nhan c.
III.Z. In Fhun
Ve nguyen tac in phun khong oi hoi vat mang hnh anh trung gian nh
ong quang dan cua in tnh ien. Phng phap in phun truyen mc trc tiep
xuong giay, nh s o 4.28 in phun c phan loai nh truyen mc lien
tuc va mc dang giot (nho gioi vao ni can). Mc dung cho in phun
dang long, mot trong nhieu kha nang c chon e hoa long mc la dung
Hnh 4.31: 0ac Jaic vci p|ui. a- Vci p|ui Jici, |- Vci p|ui i|ict
nhiet, mc c phun len be mat giay no se ong cng lai sau khi c
lam lanh.
Vi in phun mc c phun lien tiep thanh dong nhng giot mc nho,
chung c ieu khien di chuyen bang tnh ien, nhng giot mc di
chuyen trong ong ien trng thanh dong hng ve be mat giay. ay la
cach a mc en giay, cac giot mc c phun ra tng ng vi vung co
phan t in nh s di chuyen cua voi phun, vi dong mc phun lien tuc ch
mot phan cua giot phu len giay phu hp vi thong tin cua bai mau, phan
ln con lai van trong he thong. Co hai dang in phun
In phun nhiet (co the hieu nh cac giot mc phun ra giong nh thoi
bong bong) tao ra giot mc nh nhiet o va ch lam chay mc tai cho can
in.
In phun dang Piezo giot mc c tao thanh va ban ra voi phun tai
vung can in nh tn hieu ien va ien ap cua voi phun ( Piezo la mot dang
gom tinh the co kha nang dao ong di tac dung cua dong ien. Tuy theo
ien ap tac ong vao, mang Piezo se dao ong manh hay nhe e ay giot
mc ln hay nho ra khoi voi phun)
Tan xuat nho giot cua dang phun nhiet thap hn so vi tan suat cua voi
Piezo
Noi mot cach tong quat in phun la ky thuat truyen thong tin en giay
bang cach tao ra cac giot mc tai ni co hnh anh can in va phun trc tiep
xuong giay ma khong qua trung gian, toc o cua in phun rat cham so vi
in truyen thong v no phu thuoc rat nhieu vao tnh chat cua voi phun
He thong in 4 mau cung s dung cac mau c ban la cyan, magenta, yel-
low va black. giay in om chat vao truc ong , c dan lan lt qua tng
n v in. Mot t in kho A3 in 4 mau mat 5 phut ( o phan giai 300 dpi,
vi 10 gia tr tong xam). Chat lng hnh anh phu thuoc vao d lieu a
vao v the can phai x ly hnh anh trc khi in
Trc ay ky thuat in phun cho phep in hieu qua vi cac hnh anh co
o phan giai t 300 600 dpi, co the tao ra nhieu mc o tong xam trong
||7
4 ua Irnh In
Hnh 4.32: May ii p|ui i|icu mau
1 iem anh, thng phun t 1 3 giot tren mot iem anh. Vi viec dung
cac voi phun mc vi tan so cao co the tao ra 30 mc o tong xam / iem
anh.
e tang nang suat cua he thong in phun, cac voi phun c m rong
tren toan bo t in (tang so lng cac voi phun).
Hnh 4.32 la mot he thong in phun dang cuon, cac voi phun di chuyen
theo chieu ngang cua cuon vi 2 voi phun mc (240 dpi) .
Lam kho mc la mot van e trong in phun, kha nang nhan mc cua be
mat giay can chu y ac biet. Lp phu ac biet tren be mat giay cho phep
in vi chat lng cao. Dung mc co cau tao ac biet thch hp vi qua
trnh kho cua in phun co the nang cao mc o s dung cua giay (dung c
cho nhieu loai giay hn), lam kho mc bang cach dung nhiet lam chay
mc la yeu to quan trong e mc kho nhanh hn va cho phep in vi cac
loai giay a dang hn.
III.8. ha Ihong In ro ban rua ky IhuaI In hIF
Hnh 4.33 cho thay s o cau truc cua he thong in NIP, s o cho thay
san pham in c san xuat theo ng thang ( in-line).
5c Jc cau truc cua |c t|cic ii sac| |T5 va t|ai| p|am (ii-|iic)
Hnh 4.33: |c t|cic
ii |IF
Vi ky thuat in NIP ieu quan trong chu yeu la hnh anh in phai kho
ngay sau khi in. Cach san xuat nay cac cong oan thanh pham (bat cuon,
khau, gap) co the lam lien tuc ngay sau khi in. Hnh 4.34 mo ta he thong
van chuyen va hoan thanh san pham . Qua trnh in c kiem soat bang
ky thuat so va d lieu gom tat ca cac ch, hnh va hnh o hoa c in lien
tiep cung vi s thay oi d lieu cho moi t in.
||9
4 ua Irnh In
5c Jc 1.3.35 mc mc ta Jay Ju cac sai p|am ii tac ra tu Ju |icu sc
6huong 6
hguyan vaI IIau rho nganh In
I. Iay In
Giay a xuat hien khoang hn 2000 nam va giay luon gi vai tro quan
trong trong qua trnh phat trien van hoa, khoa hoc ky thuat cua loai ngi.
Nganh in s dung rat nhieu be mat vat lieu in khac nhau nh: giay, car-
ton, kim loai, vai, mang polymer Tuy vay, giay van la vat lieu in quan
trong nhat. Ngoai qua trnh in, giay con c s dung trong qua trnh thanh
pham (vat lieu boc ba, giay goi).
nh ngha: Giay la nguyen lieu co dang la (tam) mong, c cau tao
chu yeu nh cac si thc vat an ket lai vi nhau.
u iem:
* Thoa man rat nhieu tnh chat cong nghe, tnh chat tieu dung, tnh
kinh te
* Mong, nhe nhng ben, be mat lai tng oi phang va lang.
* Cau truc xop cua giay lam cho no co kha nang chu c ap lc ong
thi mc in rat de bam len.
* o trang cua giay am bao cho chat lng tai tao hnh anh.
* Kha nang tai sinh tot.
Nhc iem
* Kha nang tham hut am cua giay kha ln.
* S khong ong nhat ve cau truc
Thanh phan chnh cua giay: Xenlulo : (C
6
H
10
O
5
)n; Chat ket dnh
(keo); Cac chat phu gia: Chat tao mau, khoang chat vo c (lam tang o
chat cho giay, giam o tham hut nc...)
Cac loai giay in thng khac nhau ve nh lng (Khoi lng 1m
2
giay). Giay in thong thng co nh lng 20-200g/m
2
. Carton co nh
lng en 2000g/ m
2
.
Giay in thng s dung: 0.03-0.25mm; Carton co o day en 3mm.
Giay thong thng co o day: 0.07-0.1mm.
Nhng tnh chat chnh cua giay:
* Tnh chat ve cau truc: o day (mm); nh lng (g/m
2
); Khoi lng theo
the tch cua giay hay con goi la o chat: (g/cm
3
); kch thc giay (mm).
* Tnh chat c hoc va cac tnh chat in: o ben giay di cac tac dung
c hoc: o ben keo, nen, uon cong; o phang giay (anh hng en
|Z|
4 hguyan vaI IIau rho nganh In
kha nang tai tao chnh xac cac chi tiet nho cua hnh anh; S tng
tac cua giay vi cac chat long nh nc va mc in;
* Tnh chat quang hoc: o trang giay; Mau giay; o uc cua giay; Kha
nang ben mau cua giay di tac dung cua anh sang.
Giay in co 2 dang: t va cuon. Thong thng viec phan loai giay co
the theo muc ch s dung: giay in bao, giay in tap ch, giay couche (o
lang cao)hoac theo phng phap in.
II. Mur In
Mc in: La mot he phan tan gom pigment (chat phan tan) ong vai tro
chat tao mau cho mc in va cac chat dau lien ket (moi trng phan tan)
gi cho mc in co nhng ac tnh in can thiet. Ngoai ra trong mc in con
co nhng chat phu gia ieu chnh nhng tnh chat khac cho mc in nh o
nht, o dnh, toc o kho
Chat tao mau:
* Pigment : la nhng chat mau (trang, en, cac mau khac) co kch
thc rat nho khong tan trong nc va trong nhng dung moi thong
thng. Pigment c s dung lam chat tao mau chnh cho mc in.
Pigment gom 2 loai chnh hu c va vo c. Pigment hu c thng
dung ieu che cac mc in mau. Pigment vo c (bot nhom, ong, oxyt
kem) thng dung ieu che cac mc in cho cong nghe ep nhu
nong. Ngoai ra muoi than thng c dung e tao cac mc in mau
en.
|ZZ aI ruong va san xuaI In
Bang 4-1: Mot so kho giay in thong dung trong in bao
Kch thc giay in
theo kho A
mm Kch thc giay in
theo kho B
mm
2A 1189 x 1682 BO 1000 x 1414
AO 841 x 1189 B1 707 x 1000
A1 594 x 841 B2 500 x 707
A2 420 x 594 B3 353 x 500
A3 297 x 420 B4 250 x 353
A4 210 x 297 B5 175 x 250
A5 148 x 210 B6 125 x 175
A6 105 x 148 B7 88 x 125
A7 74 x 105 B8 62 x 88
A8 52 x 74 B9 44 x 62
A9 37 x 52 B10 31 x 44
A10 26 x 37

* Bot mau : tan trong moi trng nc.
* Lac mau: khong tan trong nc va c ieu che t cac chat bot mau
qua cac phan ng hoa hoc.
Dau lien ket: La cac dung dch c tao thanh t nha hoa tan trong dau
hoac cac dung moi hu c. Chat dau lien ket la pha long cua mc in. No
am bao cho mc co cac tnh chat in (chay, ket dnh); Kha nang tao lp
mang mc mong len khuon in; va kha nang bam chac mc in tren be mat
vat lieu in.
Viec tao ra cac loai mc in khac nhau phu thuoc vao cac phng phap
in khac nhau. (Mc in khac nhau phu thuoc vao thanh phan cua dau lien
ket ch khong phai phu thuoc vao thanh phan pigment).
Cac chat dau lien ket co the la:
* Hon hp este hoa cua glyxerin va cac axit beo khac nhau (chu yeu
la khong no); Nha alkyd (san pham polyester hoa t cac dau thc
vat va co o nht cao). Loai nay thng s dung trong thanh phan
cua mc in Offset.
* Mot hoac vai nha (bitum, nha thong, ) hoa tan trong hon hp
dung moi khong bay hi (cac san pham t dau mo). Loai nay thng
s dung trong thanh phan cua mc in tren cac vat lieu tham hut (giay
va carton).
* Dung dch t Mot hoac vai nha (lac bitum, nha phenolformalde-
hyt, ) hoa tan trong dung moi hu c bay hi (toluen, benzen,
ru). Loai nay thng s dung trong thanh phan cua mc in Ong
ong va Flexo.
Nhng tnh chat chnh cua mc in:
* Tnh chat quang hoc: Mau; o sang; o bao hoa (o sach), Tnh
trong suot hay na trong hoac tnh phu. (Cac tnh chat nay se quyet
nh viec s dung trong he mc chong mau chuan CMYK, in nen,
hay cac mau pha); o bong
* Cac tnh chat in: o nht (tnh can lai s chay khi b cac lc tac
dung); o dnh (tong hp cac tnh chat ket dnh noi va ngoai); Tnh
chat ve cau truc (s on nh cua he mc).
* S ket dnh cua lp mc tren be mat vat lieu in (nguyen ly tao mang
mc hay s kho cua mc in)
* o ben mang mc sau khi kho: ben vi cac lc ma sat; Ben mau di
tac dung cua anh sang; Ben di tac dung cua nc va cac dung moi
hu c; Ben nhiet
Mc in tuy thuoc vao Phng phap in, Thiet b in (in cuon hay in t ri)
va toc o in, Vat lieu in (Giay in bao, tap ch, bao b; Carton, Mang, Kim
loai ), Tnh chat san pham in (hnh anh hay ch; net hay tram, in nen hay
chong mau) ma c la chon cho phu hp.
|Z8
II.|. Mur In 0IIsaI
La loai mc ac: o nht 40-100 Pa.s. Mc phai ben vi nc (dung dch
lam am) va co o am cao (am bao cho viec in vi lp mang mong - o
day mang mc: 0.5-1.5 m); Khong xay ra hien tng tao nhu tng trong
mc.
Thanh phan :
* Pigment: 10-30%
* Dau lien ket: Nha cng (20-50%), nha alkyd (0-20%), Cac loai
dau thc vat a qua x ly (0-30%) (bao gom: dau lanh, dau au
nanh, dau bong vai; va cac san pham t dau mo (20-40%)
* Cac chat lam kho: (< 2%).
* Cac chat phu gia: (s dung tuy theo loai mc in): 10%
* Cac chat lam kho (Tong hp t muoi cha Coban, Mn, va cac kim
loai khac)
* Cac loai sap (waxes): Chong tray st va lam tang o dnh
* Tac nhan lam giam s kho mc tai mang mc va trong qua trnh van
chuyen mc.
II.Z. Mur In ong dong
La loai mc loang. o nht 0.05-0.2Pa. s; tham ch co khi la 0.01Pa. s (cho
phep mc in nhanh chong lap ay cac o trung - phan t in va truyen nhanh
len be mat vat lieu in); o day mang mc: 2 m. Cac dung moi hu c s
dung co toc o bay hi nhanh.
Thanh phan :
* Dung moi hu c: Toluen; Xylen; White spirit (san pham t dau mo).
* Toluen: dung moi ly tng cho mc in Ong ong; Kha nang hoa tan
tot cac loai nha; nhiet o hoa hi thap; khong mau. Xylen: Tnh
chat tng t Toluen nhng toc o bay hi cham hn. White spirit:
t c s dung tai mot so quoc gia v kha nang de bat la.Mot so
dung moi khac: ethanol (ethyl alcohol), ethyl acetate; Nc (ket
hp vi dung moi hu c khac va thng la ru).
II.8. Mur In FIaxo
La loai mc loang tng t nh mc in Ong ong.o nht 0.05-0.5Pa. s;
o day mang mc: 1 m
Yeu cau chung: mc in khong c kho trong qua trnh mc in truyen
t truc Anilox en khuon in; mc in phai de tach ra khoi truc Anilox.
* V du: Mc in tren c s dung moi hu c
Thanh phan:
* Dung moi: 60-80%.
* Nha (tan trong dung moi hu c): 13%.
|Z4 aI ruong va san xuaI In
* Pigment: 8-12%
* Phu gia: 2-5%
C che kho mc: Bay hi
III. VarnI Irang bong san pham In
nh ngha: Lac (Lacquer) hay Verni (Varnish): la ten chung cua cac hp
chat hoa hoc dung e trang phu be mat vat lieu nao o.
* Varnish: La san pham giong mc in. Thng co mau trong suot.
Gom: dau, nha, sap, dung moi. Cong dung lam tang o bong cua
cac lp mc in.
* Lacquer: La nha trong suot hoac co mau tan trong dung moi. Cong
dung: co the dung e them vao thanh phan mc in hoac phu bong
be mat lp mc in. Lp mang trong c tao ra khi dung moi bay
het.
Trang bong: co the tng phan hoac toan phan; co the tren may in (in-
line coating) hoac tren may trang phu verni. Phng phap trang phu co the
dung bat ky cac phng phap in thong thng nao nhng ngi ta hay s
dung phng phap in Flexo hn v co kha nang in vi lp mc day ma
khong gap cac kho khan khi in (nh can bang mc - nc).
Trang phu la phng phap lam tang o bong be mat cho cac san pham
in (thng la san pham in t ri) va lam tang o ben cua san pham oi vi
cac lc ma sat; Giam o tham hut nc Nh vay, ay la phng phap lam
tang gia tr cua san pham (mau sac, tuoi tho san pham).
Cung tng t nh mc in, Verni c chia thanh:
III.|. VarnI gor dau (FrInI VarnIsh)
Tng t mc in Offset nhng khong cha pigment. Co yeu cau cao ve
o bong va o trong suot va khong mau cua mang sau khi kho. Lng
nha thng at en 60-65% (Nha cng; Nha Alkyd); Dau thc vat co
kha nang kho; Dau mo; Chat lam kho
u iem chnh:
* Khong oi hoi nhng ac tnh ve o chong ma sat cua mang verni
* Khong can hoac ch can chnh sa rat t tai n v in
* S dung tng t mc in Offset
* Khong co van e khi in t chong t hay t chong kho
* Mang verni sau khi kho co o an hoi tot, do vay rat phu hp lam
cac san pham bao b co cac cong oan xep hop
* o bam dnh cao
* Mang eu, mn
* Khong co dung moi bay hi
|Z6
* Vat lieu in t thay oi ve kch thc nen co the trang mang oi vi
giay in co nh lng thap (nh lng <90g/m2)
Nhc iem:
* Toc o kho thap
* T in thng de b dnh tai chong san pham tr khi co s dung cac
loai bot chong dnh
* o day mang mong nen o bong khong cao
* Co kha nang anh hng en mui va v cua mot so thc pham
* Mc o mang b nga vang kho kiem soat.
III.Z. VarnI gor nuor (Ihuy Inh)
Thanh phan: Nc thng chiem 55%); Polymer phan tan; Hydrosols
(nha hoa tan trong nc); Sap phan tan (chong mai mon va ma sat); Chat
tao mang; Tac nhan tang cng o tham t va giam s tao bot
u iem:
* Toc o tao mang cao
* Kha nang trang t chong t tot, chong san pham co the xep cao toi
a
* Khong can hoac can t bot lam kho
* Kha nang chu lc c hoc cao
* o bong cao (ca t chong t)
* o phang tot
* Khong bien oi mau
* Mang verni khong mui
* o bong cua pigment thng c bao toan
* Kha nang kho nhanh
* t co yeu cau g ac biet
* Toc o cao (13000 vong/gi)
* Khong mui va v (khong anh hng en thc pham)
* Co the tay ra de dang trong nc
* Khong b nga vang
* Kha nang ng dung a dang
* Mang co o an hoi cao, chu nhiet o thap tot.
Nhc iem:
* Verni khi a kho kho tay ra
* Kho trang tren cac loai giay in co nh lng thap (nh lng
<90g/m2)
* Kho kiem soat lng verni c trang phu
|Z6 aI ruong va san xuaI In
* oi hoi khuon in polymer hoac khuon in c loai bo phan khong in
* Co the xay ra s bien oi ve mau khi trang phu tren cac loai mc
khong khang kiem
III.8. VarnI 0V
Qua trnh kho da tren phan ng polymer hoa. Phan ng c xay ra
nhanh chong di s tac ong cua en UV
Thanh phan: Acrylic oligomers: vat lieu tao tao mang polymer sau nay
va quyet nh o nht. Acrylic prepolymers: Tao o bong, o cng va
chong ma sat; Photo-initiators (Chat khi mao phan ng polymer hoa).
Qua trnh am bao rang mang tao ra chac chan va hoan toan nen co
kha nang chong lai ma sat, hoa chat tot. Hn na cac phan t co kch thc
nho hn so vi phan t t verrni thuy tnh nen mang tao ra se lang bong
hn nhieu.
u iem:
* Qua trnh am bao rang mang tao ra chac chan va hoan toan nen co
kha nang chong lai ma sat, hoa chat tot. Hn na cac phan t co kch
thc nho hn so vi phan t t verrni thuy tnh nen mang tao ra se
lang bong hn nhieu
* o bong cao
* Kha nang chu ep nhu nong tot
* Co the chuyen ngay sang cac cong oan thanh pham khac ma khong
phai ch
* Khong cha dung moi
Nhc iem:
* Gia au t cho thiet b cao
* Gia vat lieu va nang lng cao
|Z7
6huong 6
uI Irnh Ihanh pham
I. 6ar dar dIam rhung rua rong doan Ihanh pham
I.|. 6ar dar dIam rhung
Cong oan thanh pham bao gom tat ca cac bc c thc hien sau khi
in san lng en khi hoan thanh san pham in.
Qua trnh thanh pham mot san pham in co the chia lam hai giai oan :
Ia rong ba maI san pham
Bao gom cac cong oan x ly va trang tr be mat an pham nham muc ch
tang tnh tham my cho t in va bo sung them cac tnh nang can thiet cho
san pham in. Co rat nhieu phng phap gia cong be mat khac nhau.
S dung hoa chat: Trang phu Verni, UV, verni goc nc.
S dung mang ghep: Dan ghep mang.
S dung tac nhan c hoc: Ep nhu, ep chm, ep noi, can van.
Inh hnh an pham
Tuy thuoc vao muc ch s dung, loai hnh va hnh thai an pham ma san
pham in co nhng phng phap nh hnh khac nhau.
Sach bao: ong cuon.
Van hoa pham: ong cuon (Catologue, lch ...).
Cat, can be (c treo, t bm quang cao).
|Z9
6 uI Irnh Ihanh pham
Hnh 6.1 : Vi tr cua ccic Jcai t|ai| p|am trcic c|u tri| sai xuat ii
Bao b hop giay: Be, dan ghep hop.
Bao b nha: Ghep mang, chia cuon, han dan tui.
Nhan hang: Cat, be.
Tuy thuoc vao y o thiet ke, muc ch s dung, loai hnh va hnh thai
an pham ma qua trnh thanh pham cua san pham in co the n gian hay
phc tap, dai ngan khac nhau. Ngc lai chat lng gia cong cua cong
oan thanh pham anh hng rat ln en muc ch s dung san pham.
Qua trnh thanh pham co quan he het sc mat thiet vi qua trnh in va
thiet ke, viec nay the hien rat ro khi thiet ke maquette bnh ban va nh
v hnh anh tren t in khi in san lng, cach thc gia cong thanh pham
nhieu khi quyet nh cach thc bnh ban, va cach nh v hnh anh tren t
in va ngc lai chat lng gia cong thanh pham phu thuoc rat ln vao chat
lng che ban va in.
Chat lng gia cong thanh pham anh hng rat ln en chat lng san
pham sau cung va v khau thanh pham la khau sau cung nen nhng h
hong khau nay gay lang ph rat ln ve mat kinh te.
I.Z. 6ar san pham rua qua Irnh Ihanh pham
Cac dang t ri: San pham in c cat nh t ri, bu thiep
Cac dang t gap: T in co cac kch c khac nhau a c gap.
Bao ch: Tap hp cac tay gap (khong co lien ket gay).
Sach ba mem: Tap hp cac tay sach theo dang long hoac kep, c
lien ket bang cach khau hoac dan keo c lien ket vi ba mem.
Sach ba cng: Tap hp cac tay sach theo dang long hoac kep, c
lien ket bang cach khau hoac dan keo c lien ket vi ba cng (thng
cau tao phc tap gom mot so thanh phan).
San pham dang t c ong bang phng phap c hoc nh ong nep
thiec hoac lo xo (cac dang lch, tap lo xo).
Cac san pham bao b: cac dang bao b, nhan hang, bao th
I.8. hhung dIam ran Iuu y khI gIa rong sau In
6hon quy Irnh rong ngha Ihanh pham
Qua trnh thanh pham phu thuoc rat nhieu vao muc ch s dung, loai hnh
san pham v vay trc khi gia cong thanh pham can phai xac nh ro:
Muc ch s dung cua san pham.
Xac nh ung cac yeu cau, cac thong so ky thuat cua san pham.
Tren c s o mi co the chon ung c :
Quy trnh cong nghe gia cong sau in.
Xac nh ung cac yeu cau, cac thong so ky thuat cua tng cong oan
Viec chon cong nghe gia cong sau in phai c tnh toan trc khi thiet
ke maquette t in nham bao am tnh thong nhat va ong bo t khau au
en khau cuoi trong san xuat.
8an xuaI mau Ihu va kIam Ira
Qua trnh thanh pham rat phc tap bao gom nhieu cong oan va chat
lng cua no anh hng rat ln en chat lng san pham cuoi cung v vay
trc khi san xuat that can:
- San xuat th mot cach ky lng t khau au en khau cuoi e o
lng het cac kho khan va cac van e ky thuat co the phat sinh nham
tranh cac sai sot va khac phuc cac khuyet iem.
- Kiem tra san pham th nghiem khong nhng theo cac tieu ch, yeu
cau cua khach hang ma con phai xem san pham co thoa man muc ch s
dung hay khong.
kIam Ira danh gIa rhaI Iuong Io In Iruor khI gIa rong
Chat lng gia cong thanh pham thuoc rat ln vao chat lng t in v vay
trc khi a vao san xuat qua trnh thanh pham can :
- Kiem tra t in ban thanh pham loai bo nhng t in khong at yeu cau.
- Phan loai cac t in kem pham xac nh ro loi va tm cach khac phuc.
Van da dInh vI Irong qua Irnh gIa rong sau In
Qua trnh thanh pham la qua trnh gia cong qua rat nhieu cong oan va
oi hoi s chnh xac ve v tr rat ln v vay trong gia cong thanh pham van
e can c lu tam nhat la nh v chnh xac (ac biet khi gia cong thanh
pham in t ri).
ieu o san xuat trong qua trnh gia cong sau in : Qua trnh thanh
pham bao gom nhieu cong oan, ma cac cong oan nay co luc can thc
hien song song co luc can thc hien noi tiep nhau nen viec quan ly va
ieu o san xuat rat phc tap.
Kiem tra chat lng trong qua trnh thanh pham : Qua trnh thanh
pham bao gom nhieu cong oan va chat lng cua moi cong oan anh
hng rat ln en chat lng gia cong cua cong oan sau, cung nh chat
lng san pham cuoi cung, v vay sau moi cong oan gia cong thanh pham
can kiem tra phan loai san pham tranh gay kho khan cho cong oan sau
cung nh anh hng en chat lng san pham cuoi cung.
II. Ia rong ba maI an pham
II.|. IoI IhIau rar phuong phap gIa rong ba maI
Cong viec gia cong be mat an pham bao gom cac cong viec khac nhau
nhng eu hng ti nang cao cac tnh chat (chat lng) can thiet cho san
pham, lam cho san pham tien dung hn, ep hn, ap ng c cac yeu
cau can thiet khi s dung san pham. Cu the :
|8|
- Tang o ben c hoc : ben ma sat, ben be gay, bao ve t in khoi d
ban tray xc ...
- Tang tnh tham my cho t in : tang o bong, phang, o hap dan, o
sau cua mau sac
- Them cac tnh nang can thiet cho lp vat lieu in ; tnh tham nc,
chong tham dau m
Cac cong viec gia cong co the chia lam cac dang sau:
- Gia cong trang phu (lang) Varnish goc nc, dau bong offset, trang
UV
- Gia cong ghep dan mang BOPP.
- Gia cong c hoc : tao van nham, ep chm, ep noi, ep nhu (ep kim).
II.Z. Trang phu (ran Iang)
La qua trnh trang phu len t in (mot phan hay toan bo t in) mot lp lac
mong, ong eu, khong mau (nha long, nha hoac polymer c hoa tan
trong dung moi thch hp), lp lac nay c ong cng lai bang cac c che
khac nhau di tac dung cua nhiet o hoac tia cc tm.
c ng dung nhieu khi gia cong lam bong va phang cac dang t in
ri cua nhan hang, bao b, cac dang van hoa pham cao cap.
Muc ch lam bong phang t in, tang o ben c hoc, tnh chong tham
nc cho t in.
u iem : phng phap gia cong n gian de ng dung tuy nhien cac
tnh chat chong tham nc va o ben c hoc khong cao.
6ar dang Irang phu
Phan loai theo phan dien tch c trang phu tren t in :
Trang phu tng phan : ch trang phu tren hnh anh in hoac phan dien
tch nao o cua t in.
Trang phu toan phan : trang phu toan bo dien tch t in.
Hnh 6.2 : Traic p|u tcai p|ai
Hnh 6.3 : Traic p|u tuic p|ai
Co cac phng phap gia cong trang phu khac nhau :
Trang phu tren may in offset : S dung verni nh mc in offset in tren
1 n v in cua may in offset.
Trang phu tren may in flexo.
Trang phu verni tren thiet b chuyen dung.
Trang phu bang phng phap in lua.
Phan loai theo tnh chat cua verni:
Trang phu verni goc dau, goc nc.
Trang phu verni bong, m.
Trang phu Verni UV.
II.8. an ghap mang Ian Io In
Trong qua trnh gia cong san pham sau in do muc ch s dung cua san
pham oi hoi vat lieu phai co tnh chat ac biet ma vat lieu in khong ap
ng c, ngi ta phai ghep mang len t in. Sau khi ghep mang, t in se
co nhng tnh chat can thiet ap ng muc ch s dung cua san pham nh:
Bong phang, chu mai mon, chu lc tot, co o ben c hoc cao, chong tham
nc .). Ghep mang len t in thc hien bi nhng nguyen ly khac nhau.
Dan ghep bang keo : Vi mot thiet b chuyen dung keo c trang len
t in hoac lp vat lieu ghep. Sau o di tac dung cua lc ep dan va nhiet
o lp vat lieu ghep se c ghep len t in.
Dan ghep dung nhiet va ap lc : Lp mang ghep co cau tao 2 lp: lp
mang can ghep va lp keo nhiet kho co nhiet o nong chay thap, di tac
|88
Hnh 6.4 : 5c Jc may Jai c|cp maic |aic kcc
Hnh 6.5 : 5c Jc icuyci |y c|cp
maic Juic i|ict va ap |uc
dung cua lc ep va nhiet o lp keo nhiet nong chay lap ay be mat giay
lien ket lp mang can ghep voi lp vat lieu in (giay).
Ghep un : Nha di dang hat c un nong chay va un ra t au
un len be mat vat lieu 1 dong nha long, qua lo can va lam lanh nha
c dan mong len vat lieu va ong cng lai, tao mot lp mang bam chac
tren vat lieu.
Trong thc te nc ta viec dan ghep mang len t in c thc hien
chu yeu la dan bang keo va mang chu yeu dung e dan mang la mang
BOPP, dang bong va m.
II.4. Ep nhu
La hnh thc trang tr be mat san pham in theo cach dan ep len be mat t
in nhng hnh anh, ch bang nhu vang, bac hoac giay thiep.
Nguyen ly
S dung khuon in cao a c gia nhiet (phan t in nam tren mat
phang cao hn cac phan t khong in) e ep manh t nhu vao t in. Di
tac dung cua nhiet o va ap lc, nhu c ep dan vao giay nhng cho
khuon in loi len (phan t in).
Hnh 6.6 : 5c Jc icuyci |y c|cp Jui
Hnh 6.7 : Lai maic
Hnh 6.8 : 5c Jc icuyci |y cp i|u
II.6. Ep rhm noI
La hnh thc truyen hnh anh len t in bang cach lam bien dang be mat t
in theo khuon mau nhat nh.
Dung hai khuon am dng (loi lom) trai ngc va va kht nhau. Dung
lc ep va nhiet o e ep t in gia hai khuon am dng lam t in bien
dang (khong con bang phang na) va co hnh dang nh hnh dang khuon.
Khi ep chm hoac noi ngi ta s dung 1 cap khuon ep : thng bao
gom mot khuon kim loai c gia nhiet va mot khuon nguoi lam bang vat
lieu nha hoac cactong day c ep sang t khuon kim loai.
II.6. Tang ruong do bong hay Iao van (nham) rho Io In
oi khi e tang cng o bong phang cho t in ngi ta co the tien hanh
trang phu 2 lan hoac cho t in a c trang phu va c lam kho i qua
mot cap lo can gom 1 lo thep va mot lo cao su, lo thep c gia nhiet.
|86
Hnh 6.9 : |cuyci |y Jap ici
Hnh 6.10 : |cuyci |y Jap c|m
Hnh 6.11: |cuyci |y taic Jc |cic c|c
tc ii sau k|i traic p|u
e ta o va n hoa c ta o nha m cho t in, sau khi tra ng phu verni, cho
t in i qua ca p lo ca n go m 1 lo kim loa i a c kha c va n (lo na y
co the thay o i c e co nhie u da ng va n kha c nhau) gia nhie t va
1 lo bo c gia y, d i ta c du ng cu a nhie t o va a p l c t in b bie n da ng
ta o ca c hoa va n va n nha m tre n be ma t gia y.
III. ong sarh ba mam va ba rung
III.|. 6ar khaI nIam rhung va dong sarh
6au Iao ruon sarh
Cau tao chung cua mot cuon sach hoac tap ch gom 2 thanh phan : ruot va
ba.
Ruot sach :
La ta p h p ca c trang in theo mo t tra t t nha t nh, chu ng c lie n
ke t v i nhau ga y sa ch ba ng ca c phng pha p kha c nhau nh : keo
da n, ghim hay ch kha u.
Rie ng sa ch ba c ng, ruo t sa ch co n co the m mo t so tha nh pha n
kha c nh ba ng ch a u, va i lo t ga y, gia y bo c ga y, ch a nh da u trang,
t ga c.
Tay sa ch la n v ca u ta o ne n ruo t sa ch (tnh khi ba t cuo n), a y
la tha nh pha n chnh mang ta i no i dung cuo n sa ch, no a m ba o cho
kha na ng ta p h p tha nh ruo t sa ch. Co 2 loa i tay sa ch : n gia n va
ph c ta p.
Ba sach :
Co 2 da ng ba sa ch th ng ga p trong th c te la bia me m va ba
c ng.
Bia mem :
Ba sach cua sach ba mem thng lam bang giay co nh lng
khoang 80 en 250 g/m
2
, t ba co the c gia cong be mat nh can
mang, dap noi, be, can gan... e trang tr va bao ve (ba sach co the toan
phan hay tng phan).
Hnh 6.12: |cuyci |y tac vai i|am
c|c tc ii sau k|i traic p|u
Ba cng :
Co cau tao phc tap co the c lam bang da, vai hoac giay. Co cau
tao toan phan hoac tng phan.
Lien ket gia bia va ruot sach:
- oi vi sach ba mem: lien ket giua ba sach va ruot sach la trc tiep
bang ghim hay bang keo.
- oi vi sach ba cng: lien ket gia ba sach va ruot sach la gian tiep
thong qua t gac.
Phan loai:
Tuy theo cau tao cua bia sach ngi ta phan ra lam sach ba cng va
sach ba mem.
Cac dang sach ba mem thng gap:
- Sach ong ghim, bao gom hai dang : ong long (cac tay sach long vao
nhau) va ong kep (cac tay sach chong len nhau va c kim ong kep
vao nhau).
- Sach khau ch, cung bao gom hai dang thng gap la ong long va
ong kep.
- Sach ong khong khau (ca gay dan keo, dan keo cac trang sach
ri.).
Sach ba cng :
- Sach ba cng thng c phan biet theo cau tao ba : bia cng toan
phan, ba cng tng phan.
- Phan biet theo vat lieu lam ba : Vat lieu lam ba co cau tao bang da
hay vai, giay...
- Phan biet theo hnh dang cua gay sach : gay sach co dang tron hay vuong.
- Phan biet theo mep d : Ba sach co mep d hay khong co mep d .
|87
Hnh 6.13: 0au tac sac| |a cuic
III.Z. uy Irnh dong sarh
Quy trnh ong sach ba mem
Quy trnh san xuat sach ba cng
|89
III.8. 6ar rong doan gIa rong
6huan bI Iruor khI gIa rong
Chat lng cua cuon sach khong ch phu thuoc vao ngi gia cong trc tiep ma
con phu thuoc vao t in khi a sang phan xng sach, v vay nhan t in la cong
oan au tien va het sc quan trong cua qua trnh gia cong sach.
Nhan t in phai am bao kiem tra u so lng (co tnh ca lng bu hao)
va ung chat lng (theo ung cac yeu cau ky thuat a quy nh).
Vo va raI Io In Ihanh rar Io gap
Vo giay
Trc khi pha cat, t in phai c vo bang phang va chong kht len nhau
hai canh tay ke. Qua trnh lam cho chong giay bang phang goi la vo giay. Qua
trnh vo giay bat buoc phai thc hien la v khi lay giay trong kho ra hoac sau
khi in chong giay thng b xo ay so le. Neu khong vo giay ma em xen ngay
se dan en hien tng nhng t xen ra b lech, khong the sa cha c. Thao
tac vo giay co the thc hien bang tay hoac bang may.
Cat t in thanh t gap
Mot t in co the bao gom 1, 2 hay nhieu t gap. e thc hien cong
oan gap, t in can phai c cat thanh cac t gap.
Pha cat t in la khau chuan b cho t in trc khi qua gia cong nhng
cong oan tiep theo trong phan xng sach. Cach tnh toan e quyet nh
so nhat cat trong t in phu thuoc vao kch thc cua t in va nguyen tac
dan khuon (dan khuon in t tr, hoac dan khuon in A-B; dan khuon cho
cac tay sach gap hai, ba hoac bon vach). oi vi nhng t in phu nh: anh,
phu ban, ba, t lot, thng phai pha cat thanh nhng t nho.
Pha cat t in la mot cong viec rat quan trong, neu b sai hong th nhng san
pham o khong sa lai c hoac co sa c th se khong at chat lng ky
thuat. Do vay, yeu cau cua cong oan pha cat phai: ung goc tay ke, th t c
cat, ung khuon kho kch thc t sach; cac khoang trang au, chan, gay ruot
sach cac chong cat phai tng ng bang nhau, ong thi phai bao am chat
lng cua nhat cat vi cac dung sai cho phep va thao tac ung quy trnh.
Qua trnh pha cat t in c tien hanh tren may dao mot mat hoac tren
cac day chuyen cat (hnh 6.14).
Hnh 6.14: Lay c|uyci cat
ap rar Iay sarh
Qua trnh em t in a pha cat (t gap) gap thanh tay sach theo ung th
t so trang goi la gap tay sach.
Trong mot tay sach, thong thng:
Gap 1 vach cho tay sach co 4 trang.
|4|
S o 6.15 : 0ac kicu cap
Ngoai ra, neu gap theo cach gap song song th tay sach gap 2 vach co
the la 6 trang, gap 3 vach co the la 8 trang.
Tay sach c dung nhieu nhat nc ta hien nay la tay sach gap 3
vach vuong goc 16 trang.
Cong oan gap co the thc hien thu cong hoac bang may (hnh 6.16 va
6.14) theo cac kieu gap khac nhau (hnh 6.15).
Theo so lng vach gap : co cac kieu gap 1, 2, 3, 4 vach.
Theo v tr vach gap: co cac kieu gap oi xng va khong oi xng.
Vach gap oi xng lam giam kch c cua t gap so vi trc khi gap
vach gap o.
Theo phng cua cac vach gap co : kieu gap song song (cac vach gap
cua kieu gap nay song song vi nhau). Kieu gap vuong goc (trong o vach
gap sau luon vuong goc vi vach gap trc). Kieu gap hon hp.
Hng gap : gap vao trong (gap cuon). Gap ra ngoai (gap ch chi).
Viec quyet nh phng an gap cho cac tay sach, khong ch phu thuoc
vao khau gap ma phai c thong nhat t khau thiet ke, bnh ban, in, ac
biet viec quyet nh kieu gap cho tay sach phai luon i oi vi viec bo tr
trang tren t gap va t in.
Hnh 6.16: May cap tui
Hnh 6.17 : May cap |ci |cp
Ep rar Iay sarh
Sau khi gap xong, cac tay sach phai c ep phang e cho khong kh gia
cac tay sach thoat het ra ngoai va ng gap gi c chiet nep. Tay sach
c ep phang se tao ieu kien thuan li cho may khau va cac thiet b
ong sach lam viec de dang.
Sau khi ep xong em bo lai thanh tng bo eu nhau, moi bo cao khoang 50
cm. e cho cac tay sach c bang phang sach se, khong b rach va quan mep,
khi bo phai co hai tam carton cng hoac hai tam go mong co khuon kho bang
khuon kho cua tay sach lot hai au va cot that chac chan.
hoan IhIan Iay sarh
Thong thng sau khi gap mot t gap ta se co mot tay sach nhng trong
mot so trng hp do yeu cau thiet ke ngi ta phai dan them mot so cac
chi tiet phu nh : anh minh hoa, t gac, cac bieu o, ban o vao tay sach
hoac long them cac phan le vao tay sach, luc nay ta nhan c mot tay
sach phc tap.
Cong viec dan t in le co hai trang, dan tranh anh minh hoa, bieu o
hay ban o hay t gac, len tay sach goi la dan t ri. Nhng t ri nay
co the dan vao pha ngoai cua tay sach hoac dan ben trong tay sach, co
the dan mat trc hoac mat sau cua tay sach.
Dan t ri co may phng phap sau:
Dan thu cong khong co thiet b.
Dan thu cong bang khuon.
Dan theo bang chuyen.
Dan tren may ban t ong vi ieu kien dung tay e at tay sach va
t ri vao may.
Dan bang may ban t ong.
Bat long tay gap le: Cac tay gap le thng c in tren mot t in rieng
vi tay gap chnh. Tay gap le co the c dan len hay long ngoai tay gap
chnh. Nhng tay sach ac biet nay cua cuon sach khong nen la tay sach
au tien hay cuoi cung cua mot cuon sach.
8aI ruon
Qua trnh tap hp cac tay sach lai theo th t e thanh mot cuon sach goi
la bat sach.
Co hai kieu bat cuon: bat chong (kep) va bat long.
Bat sach co the tien hanh tren may hoac lam thu cong.
Bat cuon long :
Tay sach sau c long vao tay sach trc cho mot ruot sach
Sach ong long ch ap dung cho nhng cuon sach di 84 trang, trng
hp ac biet co the day hn nhng khong qua 128 trang.
|48
Thng cac tay sach sau khi c bat long se c lien ket vi nhau
bang ghim thep, ghim thep nam gia ruot sach.
Bat cuon kep (bat chong):
La qua trnh cac tay sach (cha xen) c tap hp bang cach xep
chong len nhau. Ket qua ta c mot ruot sach.
Cac ruot sach sau khi bat cuon chong se c lien ket gay bang cac phng
phap khau ch, dan khong khau hoac ong ghim thep. Cac ruot sach sach sau
khi bat cuon c xep thanh chong, gia cac ruot sach cha co s phan cach,
ngi ta ch nhan dang bang cac nhn vao dau gay tay sach.
Hnh 6.18 : 5c Jc icuyci |y t|ict |i |at cuci |cic
Hnh 6.19: 5c Jc icuyci |y t|ict |i |at cuci kcp
oi vi sach ong long: Ch ap dung cho nhng cuon sach di 84
trang, trng hp ac biet co the day hn nhng khong qua 128 trang.
Vach gay cua tat ca nhng tay sach va ba cua sach ba mem ong long
can phai bang va cung nam tren mot mat phang. Ghim phai nam ung
gia gay.
oi vi sach ong kep: Ch ap dung khau thep cho sach co o day di
200 trang. Vach au va vach gay cua tay sach ong kep phai cung nam
tren mot mat phang tng ng. Ghim khau nam cach vach gap gay t 4
5 mm.
Lien ket bang khau ch
oi vi sach co ruot day qua tieu chuan ong thep, nhng sach oi hoi
chat lng cao thng s dung phng phap khau ch (hnh 6.22).
Phng phap nay co u iem ln la co kha nang khau sach rat day, khi m
sach ra xem de dang, sach bang phang, ben va ep hn khau thep. Tuy nhien,
phng phap nay ton nhieu thi gian hn va gia thanh cao hn khau thep.
Khau ch co the tien hanh thu cong hoac bang may va c ap dung
cho sach ong long rat mong hoac sach ong kep.
Lien ket bang keo (ong khong khau)
Ruot sach trc tien thng c ca hoac xen gay sau o c lien ket
bang keo cung vi ba sach hoac boc gay. Phng phap nay co the ong
c nhng cuon sach co o day ln, co so lng in ln, lam cho viec gia
|46
Hnh 6.20 : 5ac| Jcic c|im |cic
Hnh 6.21 : 5ac| Jcic c|im kcp
Hnh 6.22 : 5ac| k|au c||
cong gay ruot sach n gian hn, nang cao chat lng, lam cho gay sach
lien ket chat che, hnh thc sang ep hn.
hoan IhIan ruoI sarh
Keo ho gay sach :
Ruot sach sau khi khau xong (bang ch), e am bao cho cuon sach
c chac chan hn, ep hn, ngi ta boi gay ruot sach mot lp ho
mong.
Boi ho gay ruot sach con co tac dung lam cho cuon sach khi m ra
xem khong b bong ra gia hai tay sach va gi c hnh dang sau khi ve
tron gay sach.
Cong oan boi ho gay ruot sach co the tien hanh bang may hoac thu
cong.
Lu y :
Trong ong sach ba mem cong oan nay thng c ket hp luon vi
cong oan vao ba sach. Trc o, ba cung c x ly theo mot quy trnh
t nhan t ba en em vo ba, gia cong ba, pha cat ba va can ba. Ba co
the c gia cong dan mang roi can t 2 en 4 vach.
oi vi sach ba cng cong oan nay gay sach khi c keo ho thng
dan vao mieng boc gay.
Vi sach ong khong khau cong oan nay chnh la cong oan lien ket
cac tay sach.
Ep gay ruoI sarh
Ep gay ruot sach co muc ch lam cho cac ruot sach c bang phang,
chac chan va lam cho tat ca cac gay cuon sach co o day nh nhau, tao
ieu kien vao ba co chat lng.
Xan ba maI ruoI sarh
Ruot sach (hoac cuon sach) sau khi ep gay, ngi ta mang xen sach nham
a ruot sach (hoac cuon sach) ve ung kch thc va hnh dang theo yeu
cau.
Viec xen nen tien hanh khi ho con am e tranh lam hong lp ho tren
gay ruot sach.
Co the xen trc hoac sau khi vao ba.
Xen ba mat ruot sach co the tien hanh tren may dao mot mat hoac ba
mat. Nhng tot nhat la tien hanh tren may dao ba mat e cho nang suat
cao va am bao chat lng san pham.
ua Irnh gIa rong hoan IhIan rar ruoI sarh ba rung .
Chay ng mau len cac canh ruot sach.
Dan ch anh dau trang.
Kch thc bang ng cheo quyen sach +2-3 cm
Vo tron gay sach :
Tao s chac chan cho ruot sach, thuan li khi vao ba.
Tang o ben cua ruot sach.
Dan bang ch au
8an xuaI ba rung
Ba cng co cac dang :
Theo cau truc: toan phan, tng phan .
Theo vat lieu lam ba : da, vai, nha, giay.
Co mep d, khong mep d .
Qua trnh lam ba :
San xuat ba gom cac giai oan sau :
Pha cat canh ba, gay ba.
Pha cat vat lieu boc ba.
Pha cat bang lot gay.
Ghep ba.
Trang tr hoan thien ba: Ep nhu, dap chm, noi, in mc len ba sach.
Vao ba sarh ba rung
Ba va ruot sach ba cng c lien ket thong qua t gac. Sau khi lien ket
ba va ruot thng co cong oan tao ranh ba. Co the gia cong bang tay
hoac bang thiet b.
IV. Thanh pham rar dang bao b hop gIay
IV.|. IoI IhIau hop gap
Hop gap la dang bao b c lam t giay ba, do t mot hay nhieu manh
be tao thanh. Bao b co hnh dang rat a dang nhng thong dung nhat la
cac dang hnh hop ch nhat do tnh de lu tr va van chuyen .
|47
IV.Z. uy Irnh Ihanh pham rar dang hop gap
IV.8. 6ar rong doan gIa rong
6an ba . (dInh hnh hop o dang maI phang kho IraI)
Can be la qua trnh tao cho san pham (co the t ri hoac cuon) mot hnh
dang hnh hoc phc tap (khong phai hnh ch nhat n thuan) phu hp vi
cau truc cua san pham hoac theo y o cua nha thiet ke.
ay la cong oan bat buoc khi san xuat mot so dang san pham nh :
bao b, tui xach, nhan hang, o chi.
e be mot san pham ngi ta s dung khuon be cua san pham o.
Khuon be thng co e la mot tam go phang c ca long theo s o be
cua san pham va s o bnh trang, tren o tai v tr can cat t (tao hnh
dang ng vien) ngi ta gan cac dao cat t (dao be), tai nhng v tr
can tao ng ngan ngi ta gan dao can (dao tu). Khi be ngi ta gan
khuon be vao cac thiet b dap, di tac dung cua ap lc ep cac dao be va
can tao cac ng can va be tren t in.
Trong cong nghiep can be c thc hien tren may dap tng t nh
thiet b ep chm noi, ep nhu.
Hnh 6.23: Uuy tri| t|ai| p|am cac Jaic |ac | |cp
|49
Hnh 6.24 : 5c Jc may |c tu Jcic
Hnh 6.26:
May |c tu
Jcic
Hnh 6.25: May |c Jat tay iam
Ia rong rua so hop
Dang ca so hop khong c che kn (m)
Dang ca so nay thng ch la nhng lo thung c be theo hnh dang
nao o phu hp y o cua nha thiet ke . Vi cac dang ca so nay cong oan
gia cong ca so hop ch bao gom be ca so (thng cong oan be nay thc
hien chung vi cong oan be nh hnh hop).
Dang ca so c che bi mot lp mang
Lp mang la mot mieng nha c dan t mat sau : thng cac cong
oan dan c gia cong thu cong.
Lp mang che ca so chnh la lp mang c can len be mat nham gia
cong be mat hop. Trong trng hp nay can chu y cong oan be se c
thc hien 2 lan:
- Lan th nhat t in ch c be cac ca so hop.
- Sau o t in c gia cong can mang.
- Be lan th hai nham nh hnh hop.
ap dan hop
Dan hop la cong oan ghep cac m hop nham a hop t dang phang sang
dang chuan b cho hop hnh thanh trang thai khong gian cua hop.
Ngi ta co the dan hop thu cong hoac tren thiet b (hnh 6.30).
Hop co the c dan ghep m hong, dan hai ben hong hoac dan ay
tuy theo tng dang hop (hnh 6.28 va 6.29).
Hnh 6.27: May |c Jat tay
Jaic Juic
Hnh 6.28 : Lai |cic |cp
|6|
Hnh 6.29: Lai Jay |cp
Hnh 6.30: May cap Jai |cp
TkI LIE0 ThkM khk0
Aicher, O.: Typographie. Ernst & Sohn, Berlin 1988.
Blackwell, L.: Twentieth century type design. Calmann & King, London 1992.
Friedl, F. et al.: Typographie - wann wer wie / Typography - when who how /
Typographie- quand qui comment. Konemann, Koln 1998.
Frutiger, A.: Type, sign, symbol. ABC- Verlag, Zurich 1980.
Gerstner, K.: Kompendium fur Alphabeten. Niggli, Teufen 1972.
Heller, St.; Chwast, S.: Graphic style. Thames and Hudson, London 1988.
Hollis, R.: Graphic design. A concise history. Thames and Hudson, London 1994.
Massin, R.: La mise en page. Hoebeke, Paris 1991.
Meggs, Ph. B.: History of graphic design. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York 1983.
Morison, St.: Type designs of the past and present. The Fleuron, London 1926.
Muller- Brockmann, J.: Rastersysteme. Gerd Hatje, Stuttgart 1981.
Muller- Brockmann, J.: Gestaltungsplobleme des Graphikers. The graphic artist and
his design problems. Les ploblemes d'un artiste graphique. Niggli, Teufen 1991.
Ruder, E.: Typographie, ein Gestaltungslehrbuch (German-English-French). 4th ed.
Niggli, Teufen (Switzerland) 1982.
Schauer, G. K.: Die Einteilung der Druckschriften, Klassifizierung und Zuordnung der
Alphabete. Heinz Moos, Munchen 1975.
Tschichold, J.: Meisterbuch der Schrift. Otto Maier, Ravensburg 1953.
Willberg, H. P.; Forssmann, F.: Lesetypographie. Hermann Schmidt, Mainz 1997.
Zapf, H.: Uber Alphabete. Verlagsbuchhandlung Georg Kurt Schauer, Frankfurt /
Main 1960.
|68
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