August 2009

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 AUGUST 2009
Dear Students,
One of the greatest virtues of human beings is their ability to think and
act accordingly. The emergence of the techno savvy human from the
tree swinging ape has really been a long journey. This transition has
taken a span of countless centuries and lots of thinking caps have been
involved. Inquisitiveness and aspiration to come out with the best have
been the pillars for man's quest for development. Self-motivation is the
sheer force, which pulled him apart and distinguished him from his
primitive ancestors.
Many times, in our life, when we are reviving old memories we get into
a phase of nostalgia. We feel that we could have done better than what
we had achieved. But thinking back wont rewind the tireless worker
called time. All we can do is promise ourselves that we will give our
very best in the future. But do we really keep up to our mental
commitments? I can guess that 90% answers are in the negative. This is
because of that creepy careless attitude which is slowly, but surely
entering into our mind. We easily forget the pains of yesterday to
relish the joys of today. This is the only time in our life, when we can
control our fate, by controlling our mind. So it is time to pull up our
socks and really motivate ourselves so that we can give our best shot
in the future. Self-motivation is the need of the hour. Only we can
control and restrict ourselves. Its up to us, how we use our mental
capabilities to the best of our abilities.
Here are some Fundas for self-motivation. Don't just read them digest
each one of them and apply them and I bet it will make a better YOU.
The ultimate motivator is defeat. Once you are defeated, you
have nowhere to go except the top.
Then only thing stopping you is yourself.
There is no guarantee that tomorrow will come. So do it today.
Intentions don't count, but action's do.
Don't let who you are, stunt what you want to be.
Success is the greatest motivator.
Your goals must be clear, but the guidelines must be flexible.
Try to include these one liners in your scrapbook or on your favorite
poster. You will be sub-consciously tuned to achieve what you want.
Also do keep in mind that nothing can control your destiny but you!
With Best Wishes for Your Future.

Yours truly

Pramod Maheshwari,
B.Tech., IIT Delhi

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one, of any kind, in any manner, there from.
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published/ reproduced without the written
permission of the publisher

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jurisdiction of the Kota Courts only.
Owned & Published by Pramod Maheshwari,
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota & Printed
by Naval Maheshwari, Published & Printed at
112, Shakti Nagar, Dadabari, Kota.

Editor : Pramod Maheshwari
Worry is a misuse of imagination
Volume - 5 Issue - 2
August, 2009 (Monthly Magazine)
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Volume-5 Issue-2
August, 2009 (Monthly Magazine)

NEXT MONTHS ATTRACTIONS

Key Concepts & Problem Solving strategy for IIT-JEE.
Know IIT-JEE With 15 Best Questions of IIT-JEE
Challenging Problems in Physics, Chemistry & Maths
Much more IIT-JEE News.
Xtra Edge Test Series for JEE-2010 & 2011

S
Success Tips for the Months

"All of us are born for a reason, but all of
us don't discover why. Success in life has
nothing to do with what you gain in life or
accomplish for yourself. It's what you do
for others."
"Don't confuse fame with success.
Madonna is one; Helen Keller is the
other."
"Success is not the result of spontaneous
combustion. You must first set yourself on
fire."
"Success does not consist in never making
mistakes but in never making the same one
a second time."
"A strong, positive self-image is the best
possible preparation for success."
"Failure is success if we learn from it."
"The first step toward success is taken
when you refuse to be a captive of the
environment in which you first find
yourself."

CONTENTS

INDEX PAGE

NEWS ARTICLE 3
69 of top 100 JEE rankers pick IIT-Bombay
IIT-JEE stars eye glory in International Physics Olympiad

IITian ON THE PATH OF SUCCESS 6
Abhay K. Bhushan

KNOW IIT-JEE 7
Previous IIT-JEE Question

XTRAEDGE TEST SERIES 45
Class XII IIT-JEE 2010 Paper
Class XI IIT-JEE 2011 Paper

Regulars ..........

DYNAMIC PHYSICS 13

8-Challenging Problems [Set# 4]
Students Forum
Physics Fundamentals
Capacitor - 2
Work, Energy, power & Conserv. law

CATALYST CHEMISTRY 26

Key Concept
Reaction Mechanism
Solid State
Understanding : Physical Chemistry

DICEY MATHS 35

Mathematical Challenges
Students Forum
Key Concept
Vector
Permutation & Combination
Study Time........
Test Time ..........

Cream of the crop: 69 of
top 100 JEE rankers
pick IIT-Bombay
MUMBAI: The composition of
the elite technological club has
changed. A decade ago
admission to the IIT-Kanpur
ensured demi-god treatment.
Only the brightest and the best
could get past the gates there.

No longer. Mumbai is the new
Kanpur, with Delhi and Chennai
snapping at its heels. A look at
the students choice of institute
by the top 100 JEE rankers
down the last half-a-decade
reveals that preferences have
changed dramatically. A
number of factors have been
responsible for the reordering,
from geography to gastronomy
and placement records to what
coaching classes preach to
students.

Of the top 100 JEE-2009
rankers, considered the elite
group among engineering
aspirants around the country,
69 students preferred to join
IIT-Bombay over any other IIT.
This was followed by Delhi
where 19 of the top-100
have been admitted. While
Bombay has been bettering its
performance over the years,
number of toppers going to
Delhi has slipped.

"IIT-B's decision to introduce
minors in all programmes has
seen more students wanting to
come to the Powai campus,"
reasoned the institute's JEE-
2009 chairman A Pani. In 2008,
the institute ushered in
academic reforms and
permitted students to pick a
minor course along with the
core area of specialisation.
This, explained Pani, has
resulted most streams opening
and closing admissions at
higher ranks than previous
years.

On each IIT campus, the top
100 students are considered as
the rich creamy icing. Twenty
years ago IIT-Kharagpur was
the engineering mecca. The
oldest IIT of the country, IIT-
Kharagpur did not receive a
single student from the top
hundred this year; and before
that, in 2004, only three of the
top 100 went there.

A former JEE chairman
explained, "While Bombay and
Delhi were still building
themselves, Kharagpur's
students had already occupied
top positions in big companies.
Students looked at Kharagpur's
illustrious alumni and rushed
there. Now this has changed."
1,100 quota seats in IITs
not filled this year
MUMBAI: Every year, lakhs of
students burn the midnight oil
for months to get into the
hallowed Indian Institutes of
Technology. But as admissions
closed on Wednesday, one
startling fact emerged there
weren't enough qualified
candidates to fill up the
reserved seats on offer for the
scheduled castes and
scheduled tribes, or the
physically challenged.
IIT heads told TOI that over
1,100 seats will now be
transferred to the preparatory
course. This course, which is
like a feeder class, trains quota
students for a year to equip
them to qualify for the IITs.
Students for the preparatory
course are selected by
reducing cut-offs even further.

On the OBC (other backward
classes) reservation front too,
53 seats were transferred to
general category candidates,
though the IITs are still only in
the second year of the quotas
(they are implementing 18%
quota before moving to the total
27% reservation).

The IITs, in fact, had made
various concessions to ensure
they could fill the SC/ST seats.
They lowered entry levels for
these categories and even went
as low as 50% below the last
general category student's
marks to do justice to the
quota. Even this did not help
them get the required number
of backward category students.
Reservation for IIT
faculty to stay: Sibal
NEW DELHI: Reservations in
faculty at the Indian Institutes of
Technology will continue. HRD
minister Kapil Sibal made it
clear on Wednesday that efforts
to exempt the elite institutions
from quotas for SCs, STs and
OBCs in the teaching staff had
proved infructuous.

He made the announcement at
a meeting with IIT directors
where he also told them to
explore the possibility of
offering courses in medicine,
law, social sciences and
literature. As first reported by
TOI on November 20, 2008,
IITs too are keen to branch out
to new subjects and multiple
disciplines.

Sibals remark about quotas in
the IIT faculty signals that the
government may not make
another push to bring in the
Scheduled Caste and
Scheduled Tribes (Reservation
in Posts and Services) Bill,
2008. The bill had sought to
exempt 47 elite institutions from
faculty quota. It could not be
passed in the Lok Sabha due to
opposition from UPA allies like
the RJD. Sibals remark came
in response to a clarification
sought by an IIT directors. The
IITs are staunchly opposed to
such a quota
Now, IIT-JEE stars eye
glory in International
Physics Olympiad
MUMBAI: After two years of
poring over texts to ace the IIT-
JEE, toppers now have to face
another challenge. They are on
their way to H1N1-hit Mexico
where they will represent the
country in the International
Physics Olympiad in the first
week of July.

The team that went in 2008
brought home four golds and a
silver medal. This year's gang
of boys would have a tough
task cut out for them, professor
Vijay Singh, national
coordinator of the science
Olympiads, said.

The team members-Nitin Jain
(all-India Rank 1 in JEE),
Shubham Tulsiani (AIR 2), Gopi
Sivakanth (AIR 3), Priyank
Parikh (AIR 6) and Vinit Atal
(AIR 90)-are in the city,
preparing for the big challenge.

Every year, the Homi Bhabha
Centre for Science Education
conducts a massive exercise to
select the brightest brains from
across the country who then
represent India in the
international Olympiads. Eighty
countries will participate in the
physics Olympiad. Last year's
winning team was China.

Mentor professor Singh said
the team was putting in close to
12 hours a day at the camp.
"Our students are champions in
chemistry and maths as well. If
there was a comprehensive
Olympiad, the Indian team
would win hands down,'' said
Singh.
IIT-Patna to start PhD
programmes from July
PATNA: The newly set-up
Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) in this Bihar city will start
its doctoral programmes from
next month, an official said on
Friday.

"IIT-Patna will become the first
among the eight new IITs set
up last year to start PhD
programmes," institute official
Subhash Pandey said.

The IIT will have PhD
programmes in computer
science, electrical engineering,
mechanical engineering,
chemistry, mathematics,
physics, humanities and social
sciences.

Pandey said that interviews of
the applicants are underway
and there are 30 vacancies.

At present, the IIT is functioning
from a polytechnic building here
as a temporary campus. The
process of land acquisition for a
permanent campus is
underway.
Plan panel favours IIT,
IIM offshore campuses
NEW DELHI: Doors may soon
be open for Indian universities
and government-run institutions
like IIMs and IITs to set up
campuses abroad to cross-
subsidise higher education for
vulnerable sections of society.

The Planning Commission is in
favour of formulating guidelines
to allow Indian universities and
government-run institutions to
run business abroad to fund
higher education for the poor
back home and to expand the
educational infrastructure in the
country.
The move has come at the time
when India is wooing foreign
universities to set up campuses
in the country.

Interestingly, as of now, there
are no rules and regulations to
permit government-run
institutions to set up offshore
campuses. So far, only private
educational institutions were
free to explore education
opportunities abroad. Private
institutions like Symbiosis and
BITS, Pilani, have already
opened campuses abroad.

Only in May this year, Pune
University became the first
government-run institution to
open its campus abroad, in
UAE, after considerable legal
and bureaucratic hurdles.

The human resources
development ministry had
objected to the proposal of
Pune University on the ground
that there were no guidelines
on opening campuses on
foreign soil by government-run
institutions. Pune University
had to knock the doors of the
PMO to get its proposal
cleared.

Faculty divided over
location of IIT
JAIPUR: As the
recommendation made by the
state government-appointed
Vyas committee on having the
Indian Institute of Technology
(IIT) in Jodhpur is a debate in
itself, those who'll matter the
most wherever the premier
institute comes up - the faculty
stand divided on whether the
premier institute should come
up in the capital city or
somewhere else in the desert
state.

Prem K Kalra, director, IIT-
Rajasthan, reserves his opinion
about the development. He
says, "I am unaware of the
grounds on which the Vyas
committee has given nod to
Jodhpur. I know what works for
Jaipur, but will have to read the
report to make a comment as
this is a sensitive issue."

While Kalra distances himself
from making a comment, Nina
Sabnani, who teaches
animation and visual
communication at IIT-Mumbai
says, "An IIT is self sufficient to
create its own brand. Its
success doesn't depend on the
place where it is located. If IIT-
Mumbai is big and popular, IIT-
Kharagpur too has made its
mark."

Faculties across IIT's agree that
the three basics behind the
success of any IIT remain
infrastructure, faculty and
connectivity. "If these criteria
are fulfilled, than the location,
makes no difference," says Prof
V K Vijay of IIT-Delhi.

But what might make a
difference is that the IIT's
reeling under deficit of trained
faculty might find it tough to get
the right kind of people to
smaller city like Jodhpur. Not
willing to reveal her name a
faculty at IIT-Mumbai says, "IIT
anywhere will intellectually
stimulate the place, but the
place too needs to give back
and stimulate those who will be
there at the IIT campus. This is
what that gives an edge to a
bigger city which can provide
better exposure to the faculty
who are core to the success of
any IIT."

Her thoughts are echoed by
Kalra who feels that there is a
complex matrix which has
issues like the developmental
prospects for the faculty, their
family members, educational
facility for their children and
opportunities for their spouses
which determines the success
and feasibility of having an IIT
anywhere. On these counts
Pink City has an edge over any
other center in the state.

Other issues can be addressed,
but managing faculty will be a
challenge that will show its
effect in the long run. As Vijay
concludes, "There is an over all
deficits of faculties across the
board and to add to the woes
the government in haste added
seven more IIT's to the current
ones. This will certainly dilute
the brand in the long run."

Nachiket sets sights on IIT

AHMEDNAGAR: For Nachiket
Kuntala, who emerged joint
topper from Pune division in the
SSC exams, securing first
position comes as a matter of
habit. Right from std I to IX,
Nachiket secured the number
one position and the SSC exam
did not prove an exception.

Nachiket, a student of the Shri
Samarth Vidyamandir here,
scored 627 marks (96.46%) to
share the divisional top spot
with Pune's Akshay Chate.

Interested in an engineering
research career, Nachiket told
TOI: "I wish to pursue my
higher studies at the Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT)."

"Regular studies and focused
approach were key to my
success," Nachiket said. He did
join a coaching class to hone
his academic skills, but a
routine of physical exercise,
studies and extra-curricular
activities kept him in good
stead.

"I was particular about doing
my home work and revisiting all
those things taught at the
coaching class," he said.

Nachiket's father is a medical
professional, while his mother
teaches science in a school.

IIT Kanpur to open
extension centre in
Noida
The HRD Ministry has granted
permission to IIT Kanpur to
open an extension centre in
Noida, work on which will start
within a week.
IIT Kanpur Registrar Sanjiv
Kashalkar told PTI that the
work will be completed by
2012.
He said that a 'distance
learning centre' will also be
opened there.
Kashalkar said the centre will
function on the lines of India
International Centre with
technocrats imparting technical
education through
conferences.
It will also provide several
short-term management
courses and refresher courses
meant for distance learning, he
said.
The premier institute has been
granted five acres of land in
sector 62 of Noida.

Abhay K. Bhushan ( B.Tech. /Electrical Engg. / 1965 )
Chairman
A Square and serves on the boards of Point Cross and
Mobile Web Surf
He obtained his B. Tech degree in Electrical Engineering
from the Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, in 1965.
He obtained both his Masters in EE and Masters in
Management degrees from the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. He has been the mentor of a host of start-up
ventures in USA. He was a major contributor to the
development of the Internet TCP/IP architecture, and was
the author of FTP and the early versions of email
protocols. He is co-holder of 12 US patents on
semiconductor drying and cleaning technologies.
Mr. Bhushan initiated and managed the Environmental
Leadership Program at Xerox and authored the widely
acclaimed Business Guide to Waste Reduction and
Recycling'.
He was co-founder of YieldUP International, which went
public on NASDAQ in 1995, and of Portola
Communications, which was acquired by Netscape in
1997. In 1978-79 he worked on Rural Development in
Allahabad, India, and was President of Indians for
Collective Action, supporting grassroots development
projects in India. He received the Community Service
Award from the Indo-American Chamber of Commerce.
He is presently the Chief Financial Officer of the IITK
Foundation, USA, founding past president of PanIIT USA,
and Coordinator for the PanIIT Global Committee.
Mr. Abhay K. Bhushan has been conferred with the
Distinguished Alumnus Award of IIT Kanpur, for
excellence in entrepreneurship and his outstanding
contributions to social activities.

Abhay K. Bhushan
B.Tech. /Electrical Engg. / 1965
Chief Financial Officer of the IITK Foundation,
USA,

Adventure :
Adventure is not outside man; it is within.
There are two kinds of adventures : those who go truly hoping to find adventure and those who go secretly.
hoping they won't.
Life is either a daring adventure or nothing.
Some people dream of worthy accomplishments while others stay awake and do them.
Life is an adventure. The greatest pleasure is doing what people say you cannot do.

Success Story
This article contains story of a person who get succeed after graduation from different IIT's

PHYSICS

1. One mole of an ideal monatomic gas is taken round
the cyclic process ABCA as shown in figure.
Calculate. [IIT-1998]
B
C A
2V
0
V
0

P
3P
0
P
0

(a) the work done by the gas.
(b) the heat rejected by the gas in the path CA and the
heat absorbed by the gas in the path AB;
(c) the net heat absorbed by the gas in the path BC;
(d) the maximum temperature attained by the gas
during the cycle.
Sol. n = 1 = no. of moles, For monoatomic gas :
C
p
=
2
R 5
, C
v
=
2
R 3

Cyclic process
A B Isochoric process
C A Isobaric compression
(a) Work done = Area of closed curve ABCA during
cyclic process. i.e. ABC
W =
2
1
base height =
2
1
V
0
2P
0
= P
0
V
0

(b) Heat rejected by the gas in the path CA during
Isobaric compression process
Q
CA
= nC
p
T = 1 (5R/2)(T
A
T
C
)
T
C
=
R I
V P 2
0 0
, T
A
=
R I
V P
0 0
,
Q
CA
=
R
V P 2
R
V P
2
R 5
0 0 0 0
=
2
5
P
0
V
0

Heat absorbed by the gas on the path AB during
Isochoric process
Q
AB
= nC
v
T = 1 (3R/2) (T
B
T
A
)
=
R 1
V P
R 1
V P 3
2
R 3
0 0 0 0
= 3P
0
V
0

(c) As U = 0 in cyclic process, hence
Q = W
Q
AB
+ Q
CA
+ Q
BC
= W,
Q
BC
= P
0
V
0

2
V P
0 0
=
2
V P
0 0

As net heat is absorbed by the gas during path BC,
temp. will reach maximum between B and C.
(d) Equation for line BC
P =
0
0
V
P 2
V + 5P
0
, As PV = RT hence,
P =
V
RT
[For one mole] [as y = mx + c]
RT =
0
0
V
P 2
V
2
+ 5P
0
V ...(1)
For maximum;
dV
dT
= 0,
0
0
V
P 2
2V + 5P
0
= 0;
V =
4
V 5
0
...(2)
Hence from equation (1) and (2)
RT
max
=
0
0
V
P 2

2
0
4
V 5
|
.
|
\
|
+ 5P
0
|
.
|
\
|
4
V 5
0

= 2P
0
V
0

16
25
+
4
V P 25
0 0
=
8
25
P
0
V
0

T
max
=
8
25
R
V P
0 0

2. A small body attached to one end of a vertically
hanging spring is performing SHM about it's mean
position with angular frequency and amplitude a. If
at a height y* from the mean position, the body gets
detached from the spring calculate the value of y* so
that the height H attained by the mass is maximum.
The body does not interact with the spring during it's
subsequent motion after detachment. (a
2
> g)
[IIT-2005]

m
y
0

Sol. The total energy of the spring-mass system at any
position of mass above the mean position is the sum
of the follows.
(a) Gravitation potential energy of mass
(b) Kinetic energy of mass
(c) Elastic potential of spring.
KNOW IIT-JEE
By Previous Exam Questions
The mass will reach the highest point when its
mechanical energy [Sum of (a) and (b)] is maximum.
This is possible when elastic potential energy of
system is zero.
The mass should detach when the spring is at its
natural length.
Let L = Natural length of spring when mass m is
hanging at equilibrium the

K
mg

l
Kl

L L
Mean Position
of oscillation

mg = kl ; l =
k
mg

y =
k
mg

y =
2
g
[Q K = m
2
]
where
2
g
< a (given)

3. A source of sound is moving along a circular orbit of
radius 3 metres with an angular velocity of 10 rad/s.
A sound detector located far away from the source is
executing linear simple harmonic motion along the
line BD with an amplitude BC = CD = 6 meters. The
frequency of oscillation of the detector is 5/ per
second. The source is at the point A when the
detector is at the point B. If the source emits a
continuous sound wave of frequency 340 Hz, find the
maximum and the minimum frequencies recorded by
the detector. [IIT-1990]

3m
B
C D
A
B
C D
A
3
A
2
A
1
6m 6m

Sol. The angular frequency of the detector = 2v

Observer
T
Source
T
(Accoustic
Image)
Hill

= 2
5
= 10 rad/s
The angular frequency of the detector matches
with that of the source.
A
A
A B C D
6m 6m
= 10 rad/sec

When the detector is at C moving towards D, the
source is at A moving Left wards, It is in this
situation that the frequency heard is minimum
v = v
s
0
V V
V V
= 340
) 30 340 (
) 60 340 (
+
= 257.3 Hz
Again when the detector is at C moving towards B,
the source is at A" moving rightwards. It is in this
situation that the frequency heard is maximum
v = v
+
s
0
V V
V V
= 340
) 30 340 (
) 60 340 (
+
= 438.7 Hz

4. A wire loop carrying a current I is placed in the x-y
plane as shown in figure. [IIT-1991]
x
y
O
v
M
+Q
P
a
120
N
I

(a) If a particle with charge +Q and mass m is placed
at the centre P and given a velocity
V along NP (see
figure), find its instantaneous acceleration.
(b) If an external uniform magnetic induction field
B = Bi
is applied, find the force and the torque

acting on the loop due to this field.
Sol. (a) Magnetic field at the centre P due to arc of circle,
Subtending an angle of 120 at centre would be :

x
y
M
+Q
P
a
60
N
I
60
a
r
x
y
60
v

B
1
=
3
1
(field dut to circle) =
3
1
|
.
|
\
|
a 2
I
0

= |
.
|
\
|
a 6
I
0
(outwards) =
a
I 16 . 0
0
(outwards)
or 1 B
=
a
I 16 . 0
0
k

Magnetic field due to straight wire NM at P :
B
2
=
4
0
r
I
(sin 60 + sin 60)
Here, r = a cos 60
B
2
=
4
0
60 cos a
I
(2 sin 60)
or B
2
=
a
I
2
tan 60 =
a
I 27 . 0
0
(inwards)
or 2 B
=
a
I 27 . 0
0
k
net
B =
1
B +
2
B =
a
I 11 . 0
0
k

Now, velocity of particle can be written as,

v = v cos 60 i
+ v sin 60 j
=
2
v
i
+
2
v 3
j

Magnetic force

m
F = Q(
B )
=
a 2
IQv 11 . 0
0
j
a 2
IQv 3 11 . 0
0

Instantaneous acceleration

a =
m
F
m
=
am 2
IQv 11 . 0
0
) i
3 j
(
(b) In uniform magnetic field, force on a current loop
is zero. Further, magnetic dipole moment of the loop
will be,
M=(IA) k

Here, A is the area of the loop.
A =
3
1
(a
2
)
2
1
[2 a sin 60] [a cos 60]
=
3
a
2

2
a
2
sin 120 = 0.61 a
2

M=(0.61 Ia
2
) k

Given,
B = Bi
B = (0.61 Ia
2
B) j

5. In a series L-R circuit (L = 35 mH and R = 11 ), a
variable emf source (V = V
0
sin t) of V
rms
= 220 V
and frequency 50 Hz is applied. Find the current
amplitude in the circuit and phase of current with
respect to voltage. Draw current time graph on given
graph ( = 22/7) [IIT-2004]

V = V
0
sint
T/2
3T/2
2T
T/4
O

Sol. Given
V
rms
= 220 V
v = 50 Hz, L = 35 mH, R = 11
Impedance
Z =
2 2
R ) wL ( + = 11 2
also I
0
=
Z
V
0

V
0
= V
rms
2
I
0
=
Z
2 V
rms
= 20A
cos =
Z
R
=
2
1

=
4

graph is given by
V = V
0
sin t

I = I
0
sin(100t/4)
V = V
0
sin T

CHEMISTRY

6. One litre of a mixture of O
2
and O
3
at STP was
allowed to react with an excess of acidified solution
if KI. The iodine liberated required 40 mL of M/10
sodium thiosulphate solution for titration. What is the
mass percent of ozone in the mixture? Ultraviolet
radiation of wavelength 300 nm can decompose
ozone. Assume that one photon can decompose one
ozone molecule, how many photons would have been
required for the complete decomposition of ozone in
the original mixture ? [IIT-1997]
Sol. The reaction of O
3
with I
in acidic medium is
O
3
+ 2I
+ 2H
+
I
2
+ O
2
+ H
2
O
Hence, 1 mol O
3
= 1 mol I
2

The reaction of I
2
with S
2
O
3
2
is
2S
2
O
3
2
+ I
2
S
4
O
6
2
+ 2I

Hence, 2 mol S
2
O
3
2
1 mol I
2

Amount of S
2
O
3
2
consumed
= (40 10
3
L) |
.
|
\
|
1
L mol
10
1

= 40 10
4
mol
Thus 40 10
4
mol S
2
O
3
2
20 10
4
mol
I
2
20 10
4
mol O
3

Mass of O
3
present in 1 L of mixture
= (20 10
4
mol) (48 g mol
1
) = 9.6 10
2
g
Total amount of O
2
an O
3
present in 1 L of mixture at
STP is
n
total
=
RT
pV
=
) K 273 )( mol LK atm 082 . 0 (
) L 1 )( atm 1 (
1 1

= 4.462 10
2
mol
Hence,
Amount of O
2
= (4.462 10
2
20 10
4
) mol
= 4.262 10
2
mol
Mass of O
2
= (4.262 10
2
mol) (32 g mol
1
) = 1.364 g
Mass percent of O
3
in the mixture
=
364 . 1 10 6 . 9
10 6 . 9
2
2
+
100 = 6.575
Amount of photons required to decompose O
3

= Amount of O
3
= 20 10
4
mol
Number of photons required
= (20 10
4
mol) (6.023 10
23
mol
1
)
= 1.205 10
21

7. 0.15 mol of CO taken in a 2.5 L flask is maintained at
705 K along with a catalyst so that the following
reaction takes place
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g)

CH
3
OH(g)
Hydrogen is introduced until the total pressure of the
system is 8.5 atm at equilibrium and 0.08 mol of
methanol is formed. Calculate (a) K
p
and K
c
and (b)
the final pressure if the same amount of CO and H
2
as
before are used, but with no catalyst so that the
reaction does not take place. [IIT-1993]
Sol. We have
CO(g) + 2H
2
(g)

CH
3
OH(g)
t = 0 0.15 mol
t
eq
0.15 mol x (
2
H
n )
0
2x x
It is given that 0.08 mol of CH
3
OH is formed at
equilibrium. Hence

OH CH
3
n = x = 0.08 mol
and n
CO
= 0.15 mol x = 0.07 mol
From the total pressure of 8.5 atm equilibrium, we
calculate the total amount of gases, i.e. CO, H
2
and
CH
3
OH at equilibrium.
n
total
=
RT
pV
=
) K 705 )( mol K L atm 082 . 0 (
) L 5 . 2 / mol 08 . 0 (
1 1

= 0.3676 mol
Now, the amount of H
2
at equilibrium is given as

2
H
n = n
total
n
CO

OH CH
3
n
= (0.367 0.07 0.08) mol = 0.2176 mol
Hence, K
C
=
2
2
3
] H ][ CO [
] OH CH [

=
2
) L 5 . 2 / mol 2176 . 0 )( L 5 . 2 / mol 07 . 0 (
) L 5 . 2 )( atm 5 . 8 (

= 150.85 (mol L
1
)
2

Now K
p
= K
c
(RT)
v
g
= (150.85 mol
2
L
2
){(0.082 L atm K
1
mol
1
)(705 K)}
2

= 0.04513 atm
2

Since
2
H
n = (
2
H
n )
0
2x, we have
(
2
H
n )
0
=
2
H
n + 2x = (0.2176 + 2 0.08)mol
= 0.3776 mol
Total amount of CO and H
2
in the reacting system
before the reaction sets in is given as
n
0
= (n
CO
)
0
+ (
2
H
n )
0

= (0.15 + 0.3776)mol = 0.5276 mol
Hence, p
0
=
V
RT n
0

=
) L 5 . 2 (
) K 705 )( mol K atm L 082 . 0 )( mol 5276 . 0 (
1 1

= 12.20 atm

8. An ester A(C
4
H
8
O
2
), on treatment with excess methyl
magnesium chloride followed by acidification, gives
an alcohol B as the sole organic product. Alcohol B,
on oxidation with NaOCl followed by acidification,
gives acetic acid. Deduce the structures of A and B.
Show the reactions involved. [IIT-1998]
Sol. The reactions of an ester with methyl magnesium
chloride are as follows.
RCOR
(A)
O
CH3MgCl
RCOR
OMgCl
CH
3
H
+
HOMgCl
RCCH
3
+ ROH
O
CH
3
MgCl
RCCH
3

OH
H
+
RCCH
3
OMgCl
CH
3
HOMgCl
CH
3
(B)
Since the given ester (C
4
H
8
O
2
) produces only one
alcohol B, it follows that RC(CH
3
)
2
OH and ROH
must be identical. Thus, the alkyl group R must be
RC(CH
3
)
2
and the given ester A is

R C O C CH
3
O CH
3
R
(molecular formula R
2
C
4
H
6
O
2
)

From the molecular formula of A, we conclude that R
must be H atom. Hence, the given ester is

H C O CH CH
3
O
CH
3
Isopropyl formate

The alcohol B is a secondary alcohol.

CH
3
CH CH
3
OH
Isopropyl alcohol

The oxidation of alcohol B with NaOCl will give a
ketone which further undergoes a haloform reaction.

CH
3
CH CH
3
+ NaOCl
O
CH
3
C CH
3
+ NaCl + H
2
O
OH


CH
3
C CH
3
+ 3NaOCl
O
CH
3
C CCl
3
+ 3NaOH O

CH
3
C CCl
3
+ NaOH
O
CH
3
C O
Na
+
+ CHCl
3
O

The acidification of sodium acetate will produce
acetic acid.

9. An organic compound A, C
6
H
10
O, on reaction with
CH
3
MgBr followed by acid treatment gives
compound B. The compound B on ozonolysis gives
compound C, which in presence of a base gives 1-
acetyl cyclopentene D. The compound B on reaction
with HBr gives compound E. Write the structures of
A, B, C and E. Show how D is formed from C.
[IIT-2000]
Sol. The given reactions are as follows.

O
CH3MgBr
OMgBr
CH
3

H
+
H2O
CH
3
HBr

CH
3
Br
(A)
(B) (E)
CH
3
O

O
COCH
3
O

Base
COCH
3
(D) (C)

The conversion of C into D may involve the
following mechanism.

COCH
3
(C)
CH
2 O

BH
+
B
+
COCH
3
HC
O
COCH
3
HC O
B
BH
+
COCH
3
OH

BH
+
+B

COCH
3
OH

OH

COCH
3
(D)

10. A hydrated metallic salt A, light green in colour,
gives a white anhydrous residue B after being heated
gradually. B is soluble in water and its aqueous
solution reacts with NO to give a dark brown
compound C. B on strong heating gives a brown
residue and a mixture of two gases E and F. The
gaseous mixture, when passed through acidified
permanganate, discharge the pink colour and when
passed through acidified BaCl
2
solution, gives a
white precipitate. Identify A, B, C, D, E and F.
[IIT-1988]
Sol. The given observations are as follows.
(i)
) A (
salt metallic Hydrated
heat
) B (
residue anhydrous white
(ii) Aqueous solution of B
NO
) C (
compound brown dark
(iii) Salt B
heating
strong

) D (
residue Brown +
) F ( ) E (
gases Two
+

Gaseous mixture
(E) + (F)
acidified KMnO
4
BaCl
2
solution
Pink colour is
discharged

White precipitate
(iv)
The observation (ii) shows that B must be ferrous
sulphate since with NO, it gives dark brown
compound according to the reaction
[Fe(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
+ NO
brown dark
2
5 2
)] NO ( ) O H ( Fe [
+
+ H
2
O
Hence, the salt A must be FeSO
4
.7H
2
O
The observation (iii) is
2FeSO
4

brown
) D (
3 2
O Fe +
43 42 1
) F ( ) E (
3 2
SO SO
+
+
The gaseous mixture of SO
2
and SO
3
explains the
observation (iv), namely,

colour pink
4
MnO 2
+ 5SO
2
+ 2H
2
O
colour no
2
Mn 2
+
+
2
4
SO 5 + 4H
+

2H
2
O + SO
2
+ SO
3
4H
+
+ SO
3
2
+ SO
4
2

Ba
2+
+ SO
3
2

ppt white
3
BaSO
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2

ppt white
4
BaSO
Hence, the various compounds are
(A) FeSO
4
.7H
2
O (B) FeSO
4

(C) [Fe(H
2
O)
5
NO]SO
4
(D) Fe
2
O
3

(E) and (F) SO
2
and SO
3

MATHEMATICS

11. Prove that
tan + 2 tan 2 + 4 tan 4 + 8 cot 8 = cot
[IIT-1988]
Sol. We know that
cot tan =

tan
tan 1
2
= 2
|
|
.
|
\
|

tan 2
tan 1
2
= 2 cot 2
L.H.S. = tan + 2 tan 2 + 4 tan 4 + 8 cot 8
= {cot tan 2tan 2 4 tan 4}
+ 8 cot 8 + cot
= {2 cot 2 2 tan 2 4 tan 4}
+ 8 cot 8 + cot
= {2(2 cot 4) 4 tan 4} + 8 cot 8 + cot
= 4 {cot 4 tan 4} + 8 cot 8 + cot
= 8 cot 8 + 8 cot 8 + cot
= cot

12. Find the smallest positive number p for which the
equation
cos (p sin x) = sin(p cos x) has a solution x [0, 2]
[IIT-1995]
Sol. cos (p sin x) = sin (p cos x) (given) x [0, 2]
cos (p sin x) = cos |
.
|
\
|
x cos p
2

p sin x = 2n |
.
|
\
|
x cos p
2
, n I
[Q cos = cos = 2n , n I]
p sin x + p cos x = 2n + /2
or p sin x p cos x = 2n /2, n I
p. 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ x cos
2
1
x sin
2
1
= 2n + /2
or p 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
x cos
2
1
x sin
2
1
= 2n /2, n I
p 2 |
.
|
\
|
+
x cos
4
sin x sin
4
cos = 2n +
2

or p 2 |
.
|
\
|
x cos
4
sin x sin
4
cos = 2n
2
, n I
p 2
|
.
|
\
|
+
4
x sin = (4n + 1)
2
, n I
or p 2
|
.
|
\
|
4
x sin = (4n 1)
2
, n I
Now, 1 sin (x /4) 1
p 2 p 2 sin (x /4) p 2
p 2
2
). 1 n 4 ( +
p 2 , n I
or p 2
2
) 1 n 4 (
p 2 , n I
Second inequality is always a subset of first,
therefore, we have to consider only first.
It is sufficient to consider n 0, because for n > 0,
the solution will be same for n 0.
If n 0, 2 p (4n + 1) /2
(4n + 1) /2 2 p
For p to be least, n should be least
n = 0
2 p /2 p
2 2

Therefore least value of p =
2 2

13. Prove that cos tan
1
{(sin cot
1
x)} =
2 x
1 x
2
2
+
+

[IIT-2002]
Sol. L.H.S. = cos tan
1
{sin(cot
1
x)}
= cos tan
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
x 1
1
sin sin
= cos
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
x 1
1
tan =
2 x
1 x
2
2
+
+
= R.H.S.

14. Let f be a one-one function with domain {x, y, z} and
range {1, 2, 3}. It is given that exactly one of the
following statement is true and the remaining two are
false f(x) = 1, f(y) 1, f(z) 2 determine f
1
(1)
[IIT-1982]
Sol. It gives three cases :
Case I. When f(x) = 1 is true
In this case remaining two are false
f(y) = 1 and f(z) = 2
This means x and y have the same image so f(x) is
not an injective, which is a contradiction
Case II. When f(y) 1 is true.
If f(y) 1 and f(z) = 2
i.e. both x and y are not mapped to 1. So either both
associate to 2 or 3, Thus, it is not injective
Case III. When f(z) 2 is true
If f(z) 2 is true then remaining statements are false
If f(x) 1 and f(y) = 1
But f is injective
Thus we have f(x) = 2, f(y) = 1 and f(z) = 3
Hence, f
1
(1) = y

15. Find a point on the curve x
2
+ 2y
2
= 6 whose distance
from the line x + y = 7, is minimum. [IIT-2003]
Sol. Let us take a point P( 6 cos , 3 sin ) on
3
y
6
x
2 2
+ = 1. Now to minimise the distance from P
to given straight line x + y = 7, shortest distance
exists along the common normal.

X
O
P
Y
x + y = 7

Slope of normal at P =
ec cos 6
sec 6
= 2 tan = 1
So, cos =
3
2
and sin =
2
1

Hence, P(2, 1)


Passage # 1 (Q. 1 & Q. 2)
A battery of 10V/1 is connected between the terminals
of 'a' and 'b' of an infinite planner ladder network of
resistances then find the followings. Take r = 10

r
r
r
r r r
r
r
r
r
r
r
b
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
r
a

1. What will be the value of terminal voltage of the battery.

2. Find the heat developed inside the battery in 1sec.

Passage # 2 (Q. 3 & Q. 4)
If a non ideal battery of 50V/0.5 is connected
between terminals 'a' and 'b' then find the ratio
voltmeter reading to the emf of the battery
10
5
5
5
10
a
key-k
b

3. When key K is open

4. When key K is closed

5. A particle of mass m is allowed to oscillate near the
minimum point of a vertical parabolic path having
the equation x
2
= 4ay, then the angular frequency of
small oscillation of particle is
y
m
g
x
2
= 4ay
x

(A) ga (B) ga 2 (C) a / g (D) a 2 / g
6. ABC is a fixed incline plane with D mid point of AC.
Part AD of incline plane is rough such that when a
sphere released from A starts rolling, while the part DC
is smooth. The sphere reaches the bottom point C, then

A
B C
rough
smooth
D

(A) It is in pure rolling in the part DC
(B) Work done by friction on the sphere is negative
when it moves from A to D
(C) Mechanical energy of sphere remains constant
for its motion from A to C
(D) All of the above
7. A parallel plate capacitor of plate area A and
separation d is provided with thin insulating spacers
to keep its plates aligned in an environment of
fluctuating temperature. If the coefficient of thermal
expansion of material of plate is then the
coefficient of thermal expansion (
S
) of the spacers
in order that the capacitance does not vary with
temperature (ignore effect of spacers on capacitance)
(A)
S
= /2 (B)
S
= 3 (C)
S
= 2 (D)
S
=
8. We have an infinite non-conducting sheet of
negligible thickness carrying a uniform surface
charge density and next to it an infinite parallel
slab of thickness D with uniform volume charge
density +. All charges are fixed

D

+

(A) Magnitude of electric field at a distance h above
the negatively charged sheet is
0
2
D

(B) Magnitude of electric field inside the slab at a
distance h below the negatively charged sheet
(h < D) is
0
2
) h 2 D (
+

(C) Magnitude of electric field at a distance h below
the bottom of the slab is
0
4
D

(D) Magnitude of electric field at a distance h below
the bottom of the slab is
0
2
D

This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in physics that would be very helpful in facing IIT
JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and we
hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Dev Sharma
Director Academics, Jodhpur Branch
Physics Challenging Problems
Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
Set # 4

1. Q
1
=

2 / R
0
2
dr r 4 ) r ( =

2 / R
0
2
dr r 4
Q
2
=

R
2 / R
2
dr r 4 ) r (
=
|
.
|
\
|

R
2 / R
2
dr r 4
R
r
1 2
Fraction =
2
1
Q
Q

Option [A] is correct

2. F = qE

=
0
3
r q

=
0
3
r e

a =
0
m 3
r e

a r
=
m 3
e
0

T =
2

Option [B] is correct

3.
ds . E =
|
.
|
\
|
+
r
2 / R
0
2
0
1
dr r 4
R
r
1 2
Q


4. Let at any instant t temperature is T. The net rate at
which heat is absorbed by the gas is

dt
dQ
= q
l
) T T ( KA
0
.......(1)
Now, dQ = nC
p
dT = n
2
7
R dT .......(2)
n
2
7
R
dt
dT
= q
l
) T T ( KA
0

of

T
T
0
0
) T T ( KA q
dT
l
=
t
0
dt
nR 7
2
l


5. At maximum temperature
q =
l
KA
(T
max
T
0
)

6. As the process is isobaric

0
0
T
V
=
max
max
T
V

0
max
V
V
=
0
max
T
T


7.

L 2L
4A
A

R =
A
L
R =
A 4
L 2
=
2
R

Heat produced =
R
V
2
as R become half
heat produced is doubled

E =
d
V
=
L
V

E =
L 2
V

E =
2
E

option [D] is correct

8. Option [A,C, D] is correct

Solution
Physics Challenging Problems
Set # 3
8
Quest i ons were Publ i shed i n Jul y Issue
Cartoon Law of Physics

Any body passing through solid matter will leave a
perforation conforming to its perimeter.
Also called the silhouette of passage, this
phenomenon is the specialty of victims of directed-
pressure explosions and of reckless cowards who
are so eager to escape that they exit directly
through the wall of a house, leaving a cookie-
cutout-perfect hole. The threat of skunks or
matrimony often catalyzes this reaction.

1. In the arrangement shown in fig. a wedge of mass m
3

3.45 kg is placed on a smooth horizontal surface. A
small and light pulley is connected on its top edge, as
shown. A light, flexible thread passes over the pulley.
Two blocks having mass m
1
= 1.3 kg and m
2
= 1.5 kg
are connected at the ends of the thread. m
1
is on
smooth horizontal surface and m
2
rests on inclined
surface of the wedge. Base length of wedge is 2m and
inclination is 37. m
2
is initially near the top edge of
the wedge.
m
2

37
m
3

m
1

If the whole system is released from rest, calculate
(i) velocity of wedge when m
2
reaches its bottom,
(ii) velocity of m
2
at that instant and tension in the
thread during motion of m
2
.
All the surface are smooth. (g = 10 ms
2
)
Sol. Let acceleration of m
1
be a (rightwards) and that of
wedge be b (leftwards). Acceleration of m
2
(relative
to wedge) becomes (a + b), down the plane.
Therefore, resultant acceleration of m
2
is vector sum
of the two accelerations
(i) (a + b) down the plane and (ii) b leftwards.
Hence, components of this resultant acceleration are
(i) {(a + b) cos 37 b} = (0.8a 0.2b) horizontally
rightward and
(ii) (a + b) sin 37 = (0.6a + 0.6b) vertically
downward.
Considering free body diagrams,

T
m
1
g
m
1
a
N
1 N
1
m
3
b
N
2
N
2
37
m
2
g
m2(0.6a + 0.6b)
m2(0.8a 0.2b)
T

For horizontal forces on m
1
, T = m
1
a ...(1)
For vertical forces on wedge,
T T cos 37 + N
2
sin 37 = m
3
b ...(2)
For horizontal forces on m
2

N
2
sin 37 T cos 37 = m
2
(0.8a 0.2b) ...(3)
For vertical forces on m
2
,
m
2
g N
2
cos 37 T.sin 37 = m
2
(0.6a + 0.6b) ...(4)
From above equations,
a = 3 ms
2
, b = 2ms
2

and T = 3.9 newton
Since, base angle and base length of wedge are 37
and 2m respectively, therefore, height of its vertical
face is 2. tan 37 = 1.5 m.
Now considering vertical motion of m
2
from top to
bottom of the wedge,
u = 0, acceleration = (0.6a + 0.66b) = 3ms
2
and
displacement = 1.50 m.
Using s = ut +
2
1
at
2
, t = 1 second
At this instant, horizontal component of velocity of
m
2
is
v
2x
= (0.8a 0.2b) t = 2 ms
1

and vertical component,
v
2y
= (0.6a + 0.6b) t = 3 ms
1

Velocity of m
2
is v
2
=
2
y 2
2
x 2
v v +
= 13 ms
1
Ans.
Velocity of wedge at this instant = bt = 2 ms
1
Ans.

2. Two identical blocks A and B of mass m = 3 kg are
attached with ends of an ideal spring of force
constant K = 2000 Nm
1
and rest over a smooth
horizontal floor. Another identical block C moving
with velocity v
0
= 0.6 ms
1
as shown in fig. strikes
the block A and gets stuck to it. Calculate for
subsequent motion
(i) velocity of centre of mass of the system,
(ii) frequency of oscillations of the system,
(iii) oscillation energy of the system, and
(iv) maximum compression of the spring.

m m m
A B C v
0

Sol. When block C collides with A and get stuck with it,
combined body moves to the right, due to which
spring is compressed. Therefore, the combined body
retards and block B accelerates. In fact, deformation
of spring varies with time and the system continues to
move rightwards. In other words, centre of mass of
the system moves rightwards and combined body and
block B oscillate about the centre of mass of the
system.
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
PHYSICS
Let just after the collision velocity of combined body
formed by blocks C and A be v. Then, according to
law of conservation of momentum,
(m + m)v = mv
0

or v =
2
v
0
= 0.3 ms
1

Velocity of centre of mass of the system,
v
c
=
m m 2
0 m v m 2
+
+
= 0.2 ms
1

Now the system is as shown in fig.
2m m

Its reduced mass, m
0
=
m m 2
) m )( m 2 (
+
=
3
m 2

Frequency of oscillations,
f =
0
m
K
2
1
10 5
Hz. Ans.
Since, just after the collision, combined body has
velocity v, therefore, energy of the system at that
instant, E =
2
1
(2m)v
2
= 0.27 joule
Due to velocity v
C
of centre of mass of the system,
translational kinetic energy,
E
t
=
2
1
(3m)
2
c
v = 0.18 joule
But total energy E of the system = its translational
kinetic (E
t
) + oscillation energy (E
0
)
E
0
= E E
t
= 0.09 joule
At the instant of maximum compression, oscillation
energy is stored in the spring in the form of its strain
energy. Let maximum compression of spring be x
0
.
then
2
0
Kx
2
1
= E
0

x
0
= 90 10
3
m or 10 3 mm Ans.

3. In the arrangement shown in fig. mass of blocks A
and B is m
1
= 0.5 kg and m
2
= 10 kg, respectively and
mass of spool is M = 8 kg. Inner and outer radii of
the spool are a = 10 cm and b = 15 cm respectively.
Its moment of inertia about its own axis is
I
0
= 0.10 kg m
2
. If friction be sufficient to prevent
sliding, calculate acceleration of blocks A and B.

a
b
B
A

Sol. Since, friction is sufficient to prevent sliding,
therefore, the spool has tendency to roll about the
instantaneous axis of rotation which is line of contact
of spool surface with the horizontal plane. About this
line, tension in left thread produces anticlockwise
moment and that in right thread produces clockwise
moment. Since, moment produced by weight of block
B is greater than that produced by weight of block A,
therefore, the spool rotates clockwise.
Let angular acceleration of spool be clockwise,
then accelerations of blocks A and B will be
2b(upwards) and (b a) downwards respectively.
Moment of inertia of spool, about instantaneous axis
of rotation, O,
I = I
0
+ Mb
2
= 0.28 kg m
2

Consider free body diagrams,

A
T
1
m
1
g
m
1
(2b)
B
T
2
m
2
g
m
2
(b a)
N
Friction
T
1
Mg
1
T
2
O

For forces on block A,
T
1
m
1
g = m
1
(2b) ...(1)
For forces on block B,
m
2
g T
2
= m
2
(b a) ...(2)
Taking moments of forces acting on the spool, about
O,
T
2
(b a) T
1
(2b) = I ...(3)
From equations (1), (2) & (3),
T
1
= 6.5 N, T
2
= 95 N
and = 10 rad/sec
2

Acceleration of block A = 2b = 3 ms
2
(upward)
and acceleration of block B = (b a) = 0.5 ms
2
(downward) Ans.

4. Each plate of a parallel plate air capacitor has are area
S = 5 10
3
m
2
and are d = 8.85 mm apart as shown
in fig. Plate A has a positive charge q
1
= 10
10
coulomb and plate B has charge q
2
= +2 10
10

coulomb. Calculate energy supplied by a battery of
emf E = 10 volt when its positive terminal is
connected with plate A and negative terminal with
plate B.
+10
10
C +2 10
10
C
A B
d

Sol. Charges q
1
and q
2
get distributed such that charges
appearing on inner surfaces of two plates become
numerically equal but opposite in nature. Since
charge q
1
on plate A is less than charge q
2
on plate B,
therefore inner surface of plate. A becomes
negatively charged and that of B become positively
charged.
Let magnitude of this charge be q. Then distribution
of charge on various surfaces will be as shown in fig.
But the plates are metallic, therefore electric field
inside the plates will be zero.

+
(
1
0
1
0

+

q
)
+
(
2

1
0
1
0

q
)
q
+q
p

Considering a point P inside the plate B,
Electric field on it is
E =
S 2
) q 10 (
0
10

S 2
q
0

S 2
q
0

S 2
) q 10 2 (
0
10
= 0
or q = 5 10
11
coulomb
or 50 pC
Hence, the charges are as shown in fig.

150 pC
+

+

+
+

+

+
+

+

+
50 pC
150 pC

When battery is connected with the plates, a charge
flows through the circuit. Due to flow of this charge,
charges on inner surfaces are changed while charges
on outer surfaces remain unchanged.
Let charge flowing through the battery be q. Then
charges on various surfaces become as shown in fig.

150 pC
+

+

+
+

+

+
+

+

+
(5010
12
q)
150 pC
+
q
E
q

Capacitance of the capacitor is
C =
d
S
0
= 5 10
12
F
Applying Kirchhoff's voltage law,

C
) q 10 50 (
12

E = 0
q = 1 10
10
coulomb
Energy supplied by battery
= qE = 10
9
joule Ans.

5. Nine identical capacitors, each of capacitance
C = 15 F are connected as shown in fig. Calculate
equivalent capacitance between terminals 1 and 4.

1
6 5
4 3 2

Sol. Given arrangement of capacitors is symmetric about
mid-point of arm 36. If the arrangement is rotated
through 180 about this point, given arrangement is
obtained again. Let a battery of emf V be connected
across terminals 1 and 4 of the arrangement. Then, in
steady state, charges on various capacitors will be as
shown in fig.

1
6 5
4 3 2
q2
+
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
q1
(q2 q3)
(q1 + q2) (q1 + q2)
+
(q1 q2 + 2q3)
q2 q3 q1
q3
q3
q2

Applying Kirchhoffs voltage law on mesh
1 2 6 1,

C
q
2
+
C
q
3

C
q
1
= 0
or q
1
= (q
2
+ q
3
) ...(i)

For mesh 2 3 6 2,

C
q q
3 2

C
q 2 q q
3 2 1
+

C
q
3
= 0
or q
1
= (2q
2
4q
3
) ...(2)
From equation (1) and (2),
q
2
= 5q
3
and q
1
= 6q
3

Now applying Kirchhoff's voltage law on mesh
1 6 5 4 V 1,

C
q
1
+
C
q q
3 2
+
C
q
2
V = 0
Substituting q
1
= 6q
3
and q
2
= 5q
3
, q
3
=
15
1
CV.
But charge drawn by the arrangement from battery is
q = (q
1
+ q
2
) = 11q
3
=
15
11
CV
Equivalent capacitance =
V
q
=
15
C 11
= 11F Ans.


Capacitors in Series :

V
1
V
2
V
3
V

A

+Q Q +Q Q
+Q Q
C1 C2 C3
B

In this arrangement of capacitor the charge has no
alternative path(s) to flow.
(a) The charges on each capacitor are equal
i.e. Q = C
1
V
1
= C
2
V
2
= C
3
V
3
...(1)
(b) The total potential difference across AB is shared
by the capacitors in the inverse ratio of the
capacitances.
V = V
1
+ V
2
+ V
3
...(2)
If C
s
is the net capacitance of the series combination,
then

s
C
Q
=
3 2 1
C
Q
C
Q
C
Q
+ +

s
C
1
=
3 2 1
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ +
Further V
1
=
1
C
Q
and V =
s
C
Q

Capacitors in Parallel :

V

A

+Q1 Q1
+Q2 Q2
C1
C2
+Q3 Q3
C3
B

In such an arrangement of capacitors the charge has
an alternative path(s) to flow
(a) The potential difference across each capacitor is
same and equals the total potential applied.
i.e. V = V
1
= V
2
= V
3
...(1)
V =
1
1
C
Q
=
2
2
C
Q
=
3
3
C
Q
...(2)
(b) The total charge Q is shared by each capacitor in
the direct ratio of the capacitances.
Q = Q
1
+ Q
2
+ Q
3

If C
p
V is the net capacitance for the parallel
combination of capacitors then
C
p
V = C
1
V

+ C
2
V + C
3
V C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3

Important terms :
(a) If C
1
, C
2
, C
3
.... are capacitors connected in series
and if total potential across all is V, then potential
across each capacitor is
V
1
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
1
C
1
C
1
V; V
2
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
2
C
1
C
1
V; V
3
=
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
s
3
C
1
C
1
V
and so on, where
s
C
1
=
n 3 2 1
C
1
....
C
1
C
1
C
1
+ + + +
(b) If C
1
, C
2
, C
3
... are capacitors connected in
parallel and if Q is total charge on the combination,
then charge on each capacitor is
Q
1
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
1
C
C
Q; Q
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
2
C
C
Q; Q
3
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
p
3
C
C
Q
and so on, where C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ... + C
n

Energy Density :
For a parallel plate capacitor
U =
2
1
CV
2

where C =
d
A
0
and V = Ed
)
`
=
0
E where
U =
d
A
2
1
0
E
2
d
2

U = |
.
|
\
|
2
0
E
2
1
(Ad)
U =
2
1
0
E
2

where is volume of the capacitor

U
= U
e
=
Volume
Energy tic Electrosta

= Electrostatic Pressure
=
2
1
0
E
2
=
0
2
2

)
`
=
0
E Q
Capacitor-2
PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Energy for series and parallel combinations :
Series Combination : For a series combination of
capacitor Q = constant and

s
C
1
= ...
C
1
C
1
C
1
3 2 1
+ + +

s
2
C 2
Q
=
1
2
C 2
Q
+
2
2
C 2
Q
+
3
2
C 2
Q
+ ....
U
s
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ......
Parallel Combination : For a parallel combination
of capacitors V = constant and
C
p
= C
1
+ C
2
+ C
3
+ ....

2
1
C
P
V
2
=
2
1
C
1
V
2
+
2
1
C
2
V
2
+
2
1
C
3
V
2
+ ...
U
p
= U
1
+ U
2
+ U
3
+ ....
Electrostatic force between the plates of a parallel plate
capacitor :
The plates of the capacitor each carry equal and
opposite charges, hence they must attract each other
with a force, say F.

+
+
+
+
+
+

+Q
Q

At any instant let the plate separation be x, then
C =
x
A
0

Also U =
C 2
Q
2
U =
|
|
.
|
\
|
A 2
Q
0
2
x
Let the plates be moved towards each other through
dx, such that the new separation between the plates is
(x dx). If U
f
is the final potential energy, then
U
f
=
C 2
Q
2
=
A 2
Q
0
2
(x dx)
If dU is the change in potential energy, then
dU = U
f
U
i

dU =
A 2
Q
0
2
(x dx)
A 2
Q
0
2
x
dU =
A 2
Q
0
2
dx
Further since
F =
dx
dU

F =
A 2
Q
0
2
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
0
2
2
A = |
.
|
\
|
2
0
E
2
1
A

)
`
= =
0
E , A Q Q
Kirochhoff's laws for capacitor circuits :
Kirchhoff's first law or junction law : Charge can
never accumulate at a junction i.e. at the junction

q = 0
Important terms : This law is helpful in determining
the nature of charge on an unknown capacitor plate.
Charge on capacitor C can be determined by using
this rule. As no charge must accumulate at the
junction O, so if x is charge on plate 1 of C, then
q
1
+ q
2
+ x = 0
x = q
1
q
2

+ +
+q1

q1
+q2 q2
B
1
2
A
C

i.e. plate 1 has a charge (q
1
q
2
) and plate 2 has a
charge (q
1
q
2
).
Kirchhoffs second law or loop law :
In a closed loop (a closed loop is the one which starts
and ends at the same point), the algebraic sum of
potential differences across each element of a closed
circuit is zero.

V = 0
Conventions followed to apply loop law :
(a) In a loop, across a battery, if we travel from
negative terminal of battery to the positive
terminal then there is a potential rise and a +ve
sign is applied with voltage of the battery.
(b) In a loop, across a battery, if we travel from
positive terminal of the battery to the negative
terminal then there is a potential fall and a ve
sign is applied with voltage of the battery.
(c) In a loop, across a capacitor, if we go from
negative plate to the positive plate of the capacitor
then there is a potential rise and a +ve sign is to
be taken with potential difference across the
capacitor i.e. V = +
C
q
.
(d) In a loop, across a capacitor, if we go from
positive plate to the negative plate of the capacitor
then there is a potential fall and a ve sign is to be
taken with the potential difference across the
capacitor i.e. V =
C
q
.
Finding net capacitance of circuits :
A. Simple Circuits :
Analyse the circuit carefully to conclude which pair
of capacitors are in series and which are in parallel
(This all should be done keeping in mind the points
across which net capacitance has to be calculated).
Find their net capacitance and again draw an
equivalent diagram to apply the above specified
technique repeatedly so as to get the total capacitance
between the specified points.
B. Concept of line of symmetry :
Line of symmetry (L.O.S.) is an imagination of our
mind to divide a highly symmetric circuit into two
equal halves such that the points of the circuit
through which LOS passes are at equal potential.

Solved Examples

1. Find the net capacitance of the circuit shown between
the points A and B.

C
C
C C
C
C
C
A B

Sol. This circuit is highly symmetric and so we can
consider the line of symmetry to pass through the
circuit to divide it into two equal (identical) halves. If
line of symmetry passes through a branch possessing
a capacitor, then on each side of line of Symmetry the
capacitance will become 2C (2C and 2C in series will
gives C), as shown.

2C
1
C
C
C
3
4
A P
P
C
B
2C
C
C
LOS

Now, the concept of line of Symmetry makes our job
easy to calculate capacitance across AP. (1) and (2)
are in parallel further in series with (3), whose
resultant capacitance is in parallel with (4).
Resultant of (1) and (2) is 3C
Resultant of 3C and (3) is
4
C 3

Resultant of
4
C 3
and (4) is
4
C 7

So total capacitance across AB is
C
AB
=
2
C
AP
C
AB
=
8
C 7

2. Find the equivalent capacitance between the point A
and B in figure.

A
C2 C1
B
C3
C2 C1

Sol. Let us connect a battery between the points A and B.
The charge distribution is shown in figure. Suppose
the positive terminal of the battery supplies a charge
+Q and the negative terminal a charge Q. The
charge Q is divided between plates a and e.

A
C2 C1
B
C3
C2 C1
Q1 Q1 QQ1 (QQ1)
Q1 Q1 QQ1 (QQ1)
(2Q1Q)
(2Q1Q)
i
j
e
f
E
g
h
a b
D

Let a charge Q
1
goes to the plate a and the rest Q Q
1

goes to the plate e. The charge Q supplied by the
negative terminal is divided between plates d and h.
Using the symmetry of the figure, charge Q
1
goes to
the plate h (as it has a capacitance C
1
) and (Q Q
1
)
to the plate d (as it has a capacitance C
2
). This is
because if we look into the circuit from A or from B,
the circuit looks identical. The division of charge at
A and at B should, therefore, be similar. The charges
on the other plates may be written easily. The charge
on the plate i is 2Q
1
Q which ensures that the total
charge on plates b, c and i remains zero as these three
plates form an isolated system.
We have V
A
V
B
= (V
A
V
D
) + (V
D
V
B
)
or V
A
V
B
=
1
1
C
Q
+
2
1
C
Q Q
...(1)
Also, V
A
V
B
= (V
A
V
D
) + (V
D
V
E
) + (V
E
V
B
)
or V
A
V
B
=
1
1
C
Q
+
3
1
C
Q Q 2
+
1
1
C
Q
...(2)
We have to eliminate Q
1
from these equation to get
the equivalent capacitance
) V V (
Q
B A
.
The first equation may be written as
V
A
V
B
= Q
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
2 1
C
1
C
1
+
2
C
Q

or
1 2
2 1
C C
C C
(V
A
V
B
) = Q
1
+
1 2
1
C C
C
Q ...(3)
The second equation may be written as
V
A
V
B
= 2Q
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
3 1
C
1
C
1

3
C
Q

or
) C C ( 2
C C
3 1
2 1
+
(V
A
V
B
) = Q
1

) C C ( 2
C
3 1
1
+
Q ...(4)
Subtracting (4) from (3)
(V
A
V
B
)
) C C ( 2
C C
C C
C C
3 1
3 1
1 2
2 1

=
+
+
) C C ( 2
C
C C
C
3 1
1
1 2
1
Q
or (V
A
V
B
)[2C
1
C
2
(C
1
+ C
3
) C
1
C
3
(C
2
C
1
)]
= C
1
[2(C
1
+ C
3
) + (C
2
C
1
)]Q
or C =
B A
V V
Q
=
3 2 1
1 3 3 2 2 1
C 2 C C
C C C C C C 2
+ +
+ +

3. Five identical conducting plates 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 are
fixed parallel to and equidistant from each other as
shown in fig. Plates 2 and 5 are connected by a
conductor while 1 and 3 are joined by another
conductor. The junction of 1 and 3 the plate 4 are
connected to a source of constant e.m.f. V
0
. Find
(i) The effective capacity of the system between the
terminals of the source
(ii) the charge on plates 3 and 5.
Given d = distance between any two successive
plates and A = are of either face of each plate.
Sol. (i) The equivalent circuits is shown in fig. The
system consists of four capacitors.
5
4
3
2
1
()
(+)
(a)

(b)
1 2
3 2
3 4
5 4
(Q2/2)
(Q2/2)
Q2
Q1
Q
()
(+)

i.e., C
12
, C
32
, C
34
and C
54
. The capacity of each
capacitor is |
.
|
\
|
d
A K
0
= C
0
. The effective capacity
across the source can be calculated as follows :
The capacitors C
12
and C
32
are in parallel and hence
their capacity is C
0
+ C
0
= 2C
0
. The capacitor C
54
is
in series with effective capacitor of capacity 2C
0
.
Hence the resultant capacity will be

0 0
0 0
C 2 C
C 2 C
+

Further C
34
is again in parallel. Hence the effective
capacity
= C
0
+
0 0
0 0
C 2 C
C 2 C
+
=
3
5
C
0
=
3
5
K
0
d
A
.
(ii) Charge on the plate 5 = charge on the uper half of
parallel combination
Q
5
= V
0 |
.
|
\
|
0
C
3
2
=
d
AV K
3
2
0 0

Charge on plate 3 on the surface facing 4
V
0
C
0
=
d
AV k
0 0

Charge on plate 3 on the surface facing 2
= [potential difference across (3 2)]C
0

= V
0
0 0
0
C 2 C
C
+
C
0
= K
0
d 3
AV
0

Q
3
=
d
AV K
0 0
+ K
0
d 3
AV
0

=
d
AV K
0 0
+
3
1
1 =
3
4
K
0
d
A
V
0

4. In diagram find the potential difference between the
points A and B and between the points B and C in the
steady state.

B
3F
3F
1F
1F
1F
20
10
100 V
A
C

Sol. The circuit is redrawn in fig (a, b, c)

1F
20
10
A
C
3F 1F
3F 1F
B
100 V
Fig.(a)

1F
20
10
A
C
100 V
Fig.(b)
6F 2F
P Q
B
1F
20
10
A
C
100 V
Fig.(c)
R
P Q
3/2 F
S

From fig. (c).
potential difference between P and Q
= Potential difference between R and S
= 100 volt
Q = capacity volt =
2
3
10
6
100
= 150 10
6
coulomb
Now according to fig.(b), the charge flowing through
capacitors of capacity 6 F and 2 F is 150 10
6

coulomb because they are connected in series.
Potential difference between A and B = Potential
difference across the two ends of condenser of
capacity 6 F.
V
1
=
capacity
Q
=
6
6
10 6
10 150
= 25 volt.
Again potential difference between C and D =
potential difference across the two ends of condenser
of capacity 2F
V
2
=
6
6
10 2
10 150
= 75 volt

5. Fig. shows two identical parallel plate capacitors
connected to a battery with switch S closed. The
switch is now opened and the free space between the
plates of the capacitors is filled with a dielectric of
dielectric constant (or relative permittivity) 3. Find
the ratio of the total electrostatic energy stored in
both capacitors before and after the introduction of
the dielectric.

V
A C B C
S

Sol. Initially the charge on either capacitor, i.e. q
A
or q
B
is
CV coulomb.
When dielectric is introduced, the new capacitance of
either capacitor
C
1
=
K
K
1
C = 3C.
After the opening of switch S, the potential across
capacitor A is volt.
Let the potential across capacitor B is V
1

q
B
= CV = C
1
V
1
or CV = 3CV
1

V
1
=
3
V
volt
Initial energy of capacitor A =
2
1
CV
2

energy of capacitor B =
2
1
CV
2

Total energy E
i
=
2
1
CV
2
+
2
1
CV
2
= CV
2

Final energy of capacitor A
=
2
1
(3C)V
2
=
2
3
CV
2

Final energy of capacitor B
=
2
1
(3C)
2
3
V
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
CV
2

Total final energy
E
f
=
2
3
CV
2
+
6
CV
2
=
3
5
CV
2

f
i
E
E
=
2
2
CV ) 3 / 5 (
CV
=
5
3

Space Shuttle

OK here is the deal with the space shuttle. It has
three rocket engines in the back, but there's
absolutely no room inside for all the fuel it needs
to launch itself up into space. All of that fuel is
stored outside the shuttle, in the big brown
cylinder, called the external tank.
The tank containing all the rocket fuel weighs
seven times more than the space shuttle itself!
That's a lot of really heavy fuel, and the space
shuttle engines aren't quite strong enough to push
the combined weight of the shuttle and the big
bloated external tank up off the ground.
That's what the two long white solid rocket
boosters strapped onto the sides of the external
tank are for. They lift the tank! Fortunately, it was
not necessary to strap an infinite series of smaller
and smaller rockets to the sides of the solid
rocket boosters.
It is not widely known that just behind the main
flight deck of the space shuttle is a small Starbucks
adapted for use in zero gravity.

Work, Energy and Power :
Work is done when a force (F) is displaced.
F
dr

The work done is
dW = F dr cos
Using vector notation
dW = r d . F
r r

When the force and the displacement are in the same
direction, = 0, cos = +1, work done is positive.
When the force and the displacement are in opposite
directions, = 180, cos = 1, work done is
negative.
When the displacement is perpendicular to the
direction of the force, = 90, cos = 0, no work is
done.
For a system of particles the quantity
cm
x d . F
r
r
is
called pseudo work. At times actual work may be
zero but not pseudo work.
Work is a scalar quantity. Its unit is joule. Power is
the rate of doing work. Thus
Power =
taken time
done work

The unit of power is the watt (= joules/second).
The power of an agent is given by P = v . F
r
r

where F is the force applied by the agent and v is the
velocity of the body on which the agent applies the
force.
The energy of a system is its capacity of doing work.
Mechanical energy may be of two types :
(i) kinetic energy and (ii) potential energy.
The kinetic energy of a particle is T =
2
1
mv
2
.
The kinetic energy of a system is T =
2
cm
Mv
2
1

The potential energy of particle in the gravitational
field is given by
U = U
0
+ mgh
where U
0
= potential energy of the body at the
ground level.
This is true only for objects near the surface of the
earth because g is uniform only near the surface of
the earth.
The strain potential energy of a spring is given by U
=
2
1
kx
2
, where k is the force constant of the spring
and x is the charge in length of the spring. This
change in length may be either a compression or on
extension.
Potential Energy and force
F
x
=
x
U

Principle of Conservation of energy :
Conservative and Non-conservative Force : If the
work done by a force in moving a body from one
point to another depends only on the positions of the
body and not on the process or the path taken, the
force is said to be conservative. Gravitational force,
spring force, elastic forces, electric and magnetic
forces are examples of conservative forces. If the
work done depends on the paths taken, the force is
said to be non-conservative. Frictional force is a non-
conservative force.
Work-energy Theorem : The work by external
forces on a body is equal to the change of kinetic
energy of the body. This is true for both constant
forces and variable forces (variable in both
magnitude and direction).
For a particle W = K. For a system of particles W
net

= W
real
+ W
pseudo
= K
cm

Principle of Conservation of Energy : Energy can
neither be created nor destroyed by any process.
For a particle K + U = a constant. For a system of
particles K
cm
+ U
ext
+ E
int
= a constant.
However, energy can be transformed from one form
into another.
Work, Power, Energy & Conservation Law

PHYSICS FUNDAMENTAL FOR IIT-JEE
KEY CONCEPTS & PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGY
Collision of Bodies :
Elastic Collision : When two bodies meet a with
certain relative speed they are said to collide with
each other. In a collision, kinetic energy is
transferred, from one body to another. When the
transfer of kinetic energy takes place in such a way
that the total kinetic energy is conserved, the collision
is said to be perfectly elastic, or simply elastic. When
kinetic energy is not conserved the collision is said to
be inelastic. Further, in a collision, if one body gets
embedded in the other and kinetic energy is not
conserved, it is a completely inelastic collision.
In inelastic and completely inelastic collisions there
is always a loss of kinetic energy and this energy is
converted into other forms of energy, mostly heat.
A collision is said to be direct or head-on if the
relative motion before and after the collision is in the
same direction; if not it an oblique collision.
Remember the following points while solving
problems on the collision of bodies.
(i) Apply the principle of conservation of
momentum. In one-dimensional direct collisions,
one equation is obtained by equating momenta
before and after collision in the direction of
motion. In two-dimensional collisions, select the
line of impact as the X-axis and the line
perpendicular to it as the Y-axis and obtain two
equations by equation by equating momenta
before and after the collision along the X- and Y-
axes.
Remember that momentum is a vector quantity. It
may be positive or negative depending on the
direction. Choose any one direction as positive;
the opposite will be negative.
(ii) If it is an elastic collision, apply the principle of
conservation of kinetic energy. For inelastic
collisions, apply the principle of conservation of
energy to obtain an additional equation.
(iii) Remember there is no change in momentum
along the common tangent to the colliding bodies.
Coefficient of restitution : According to Newton,
the relative velocity of a body after collision is
proportional to its relative velocity in the same
direction before collision, with a reversal of sign.
Here, relative velocity means the velocity of any one
of the colliding bodies (say A) with respect to the
other colliding body (say B).
The constant of proportionality is called the
coefficient of restitution (e).
That is V
AB
(after collision) = e V
AB
(before
collision)
This is Newton's law of collision.
For elastic collisions, e = 1. For inelastic collisions,
e < 1
(A) Problem solving strategy :
Work and Kinetic Energy :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : The work-
energy theorem is extremely useful in situations
where you want to relate a bodys speed v
1
at one
point in its motion to its speed v
2
at a different point.
This approach is less useful for problems that involve
time, such as finding the time it takes a body to go
from point 1 to point 2. The reason is that the work-
energy theorem. W
tot
= K
2
K
1
, doesnt involve time
at all. For problems that involve time, its usually
best to use the relationships among time, position,
velocity, and acceleration
Step 2 : Set up the problem using the following
steps :
Choose the initial and final positions of the body,
and draw a free-body diagram showing all the
forces that act on the body.
Choose a coordinate system. (If the motion is
along a straight line, its usually easiest to have
both the initial and final positions lie along the x-
axis.)
List the unknown and known quantities, and
decide which unknowns are your target variables.
In some cases the target variable will be the
bodys initial or final speed; in other cases it will
be the magnitude of one of the forces acting on
the body.
Step 3 : Execute the solution : Calculate the work
done by each force. If the force is constant and the
displacement is a straight line, you can use Eq.
W = Fs cos or W = S . F
r r
. (Latter in this chapter
well see how to handle varying forces and curved
trajectories.) Be sure to check the sign of the work for
each force; it must be positive if the force has a
component in the direction of the displacement,
negative if it has a component opposite the
displacement, and zero if the force and displacement
are perpendicular.
Add the amounts of work done by each force to find
the total work W
tot
. Be careful with signs! Sometimes
it may be easier to calculate the vector sum of the
forces (the net force), then find the work done by the
net force; this value is also equal to W
tot
.
Write expressions for the initial and final kinetic
energies, K
1
and K
2
. Note that kinetic energy
involves mass, not weight; if you are given the
bodys weight, youll need to use the relationship
W = mg to find the mass.
Finally, use the relationship W
tot
= K
2
K
1
to solve
for the target variable. Remember that the right-hand
side of this equation is the final kinetic energy minus
the initial kinetic energy, never the other way around.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer makes physical sense. A key item to
remember is that kinetic energy K =
2
1
mv
2
can never
be negative. If you come up with a negative value of
K, youve made a mistake. Perhaps you interchanged
the initial and final kinetic energies in W
tot
= K
2
K
1

or made a sign error in one of the work calculations.
(B) Problems using Mechanical Energy :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : First decide
whether the problem should be solved by energy
methods, by using a m F
r
r
=
directly, or by a
combination of these strategies. The energy approach
is particularly useful when the problem involves
motion with varying forces, along a curved path
(discussed later in this section), or both. But if the
problem involves elapsed time, the energy approach
is usually not the best choice, because this approach
doesnt involve time directly.
steps :
When using the energy approach, first decide
what the initial and final states (the positions and
velocities) of the system are Use the subscript 1
for the initial state and the subscript 2 for the final
state. It helps to draw sketches showing the initial
and final states.
Define your coordinate system, particularly the
level at which y = 0. You will use it to compute
gravitational potential energies. Equation U =
mgy (gravitational potential energy) assumes that
the positive direction for y is upward; we suggest
that you use this choice consistently.
Identify all no gravitational forces that do work.
A free body diagram is always helpful. It some of
the quantities you need are unknown, represent
them by algebraic symbols.
List the unknown and known quantities, including
the coordinates and velocities at each point.
Decide which unknowns are your target variables.
Step 3 : Execute the solution : Write expressions for
the initial and final kinetic and potential energies
that is K
1
, K
2
, U
1
, and U
2
. In general some of these
quantities will be known and some will be unknown.
Then relate the kinetic and potential energies and the
no gravitation work W
other
using eq.
K
1
+ U
1
+ W
other
= K
2
+ U
2

(you will have to calculate W
other
in terms of the
nongravitational forces.) If there is no
nongravitational work, this expression becomes eq.

2
1
mv
1
2
+ mgy
1
=
2
1
mv
2
2
+ mgy
2

Its helpful to draw bar graphs showing the initial and
final values of K, U, and E = K + U. Then solve to
find whatever unknown quantity is required.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer : Check whether your
answer makes physical sense. Keep in mind, here and
in later sections, that the work done by each force
must be represented either in U
1
U
2
= U, so make
sure you did not include in U, so make sure you did
not include it again in W
other.

(C) Problem solving strategy :
Conservation of Momentum :
Step 1 : Identify the relevant concepts : Before
applying conservation of momentum to a problem,
you must first decide whether momentum is
conserved. This will be true only if the vector sum of
the external forces acting on the system of particles is
zero. If this is not the case, you cant use
conservation of momentum.
steps :
Define a coordinate system. Make a sketch
showing the coordinate axes, including the
positive direction for each. Often it is easiest to
choose the x-axis to have the direction of one of
the initial velocities. Make sure you are using an
inertial frame of reference. Most of the problems
in this chapter deal with two-dimensional
situations, in which the vectors have only x- and
y-components; all of the following statements can
be generalized to includes-components when
necessary.
Treat each body as a particle. Draw before and
after sketches, and include vectors on each to
represent all known velocities. Label the vectors
with magnitudes, angles, components, or
whatever information is given, and give each
unknown magnitude, angle, or component an
algebraic symbol. You may find it helpful to use
the subscripts 1 and 2 for velocities before and
after the interaction, respectively; if you use these
subscripts, use letters (not numbers) to label each
paritcle.
As always, identify the target variable(s) from
among the unknowns.
Step 3 : Execute the solution as follows :
Write an equation in terms of symbols equating
the total initial x-component of momentum (that
is, before the interaction) to the total final x-
component of momentum (that is, after the
interaction), using p
x
= mv
x
for each particle.
Write another equation for the y-components,
using p
y
= mv
y
for each particle. Remember that
the x- and y-components of velocity or
momentum are never added together in the same
equation ! Even when all the velocities lie along a
line (such as the x-axis), the components of
velocity along this line can be positive or
negative; be careful with signs !
Solve these equations to determine whatever
results are required. In some problems you will
have to convert from the x-and y-components of a
velocity to its magnitude and direction, or the
reverse.
In some problems, energy considerations give
additional relationships among the various
velocities.
Step 4 : Evaluate your answer: Does your answer
make physical sense ? If your target variable is a
certain bodys momentum, check that the direction of
the momentum is reasonable.

Solved Examples

1. A bus of mass 1000 kg has an engine which produces
a constant power of 50 kW. If the resistance to
motion, assumed constant is 1000 N, find the
maximum speed at which the bus can travel on level
road and the acceleration when it is traveling at 25
m/s.
Sol. At maximum speed all the power is used to overcome
the resistance to motion. Hence if the maximum
speed is v, then
50,000 = 1000 v or v = 50 m/s
The maximum speed = 50 m/s
At 25 m/s, let the pull of the engine be P. Then the
power 50,000 = P 25
or P =
25
50000
= 2000 N

1000 N
2000 N
a

Now resultant force
= 2000 1000 = 1000 N
Applying Newton's law, F = ma, we have
1000 = 1000 a or a = 1.0 m/s
2

2. A man is drawing water from a well with a bucket
which leaks uniformly. The bucket when full weighs
20 kg and when it arrives the top only half the water
remains. The depth of the water is 20 metres. If
g = 10 m/sec
2
, what is the work done ?
Sol. When the bucket arrives at the top, the mass is 10 kg.
Hence loss in mass = 20 10 = 10 kg. The depth of
the well is 20 metres.
mass lost per unit distance =
20
10
=
2
1
kg
Consider a point at a height x from the bottom of the
well.
At height x from the bottom, the bucket weighs =
|
.
|
\
|
2
x
20 kg. The work done against the force during
elementary displacement dx = |
.
|
\
|
2
x
20 dx.g
Total work done
W =
|
.
|
\
|
20
0 2
x
20 g dx = g
20
0
xdx
2
1
dx 20
= g
20
0
2
20
0
4
x
} x 20 {
= g[400 100] = 300g = 300 10 = 3000J

3. A body of mass m is thrown at an angle to the
horizontal with an initial velocity v
0
. Find the mean
power developed by gravity over the whole time of
motion of the body and the instantaneous power of
gravity as a function of time.
Sol. We know that P
instan
= F.v
The velocity of the particle after time t is given by
v = v
0
cos i + (v
0
sin g t)j)
and F = mg j
P
instan.
= (mg j) . {v
0
cos i + (v
0
sin g t)j}
= mg(v
0
sin g t)
The average power is given by
(P) =
T
0
T
0
dt
dt ) t ( P
=
T
dt ) gt sin v ( mg
T
0
0

=
T
] 2 / gT T sin v [ mg
2
0

Here T is total time of flight
T = (2 v
0
sin )/g
Substituting this value, we have
(P) = mg

g / ) sin v 2 (
) g 2 / sin v 4 ( g g / ) sin v 2 ( sin v
0
2 2 2
0 0 0

Solving we get (P) = 0

4. Two blocks of masses m
1
= 2 kg and m
2
= 5 kg are
moving in the same direction along a frictionless
surface with speeds 10 m/s and 3m/s respectively, m
2

being ahead of m
1
. An ideal spring with k = 1120
nt/m is attached to the back side of m
2
. Find the
maximum compression of the spring when the blocks
collide.
Sol. The situation is shown in fig.

u
1
m
1 m
2
u
2

Let v be the speed of the system after collision.
Applying the law of conservation of energy, we have
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
Substituting the given values
(2 10) + (5 3) = (2 + 5)v
v =
7
15 20 +
= 5 m/s
Now applying the law of conservation of kinetic
energy, we get

2
1 1
u m
2
1
+
2
2 2
u m
2
1
=
2
1
(m
1
+ m
2
)v
2
+
2
1
kx
2

or m
1
u
1
2
+ m
2
u
2
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
2
+ kx
2

(2 100) + (5 9) = (7 25) + (1120 x
2
)
200 + 45 = 175 + 1120 x
2

x
2
=
1120
175 45 200 +
=
16
1

x =
4
1
= 0.25 m

5. A wooden block of mass 10g is dropped from the top
of a cliff 100 metres high. simultaneously, a bullet of
mass 10 g is fired from the foot of the cliff vertically
upwards with a velocity of 100 m/sec.
(i) Where and after what time will they meet ?
(ii) If the bullet, after striking the block, gets
embedded in it, how high will it rise above the cliff
before it starts falling ?
Sol. (i) Let the wooden block and bullet meet after a time
t seconds. The distance s
1
moved by the block is
given by
s
1
=
2
1
gt
2
...(1)
The distance s
2
moved by the bullet in time t second
is given by
s
2
= ut
2
1
gt
2
= 100t
2
1
gt
2
...(2)
Adding eqs. (1) and (2)
s
1
+ s
2
= 100 t
or 100 = 100t (Q s
1
+ s
2
= 100 m)
t = 1 sec.
Now s
1
=
2
1
gt
2
=
2
1
9.8 1 = 4.9 m
Thus the two meet after 1 sec. at distance of 4.9 m
from the top of the cliff.
(ii) The velocity of the block before impact
u
1
= 0 + gt = 9.8 m/s
The velocity of the bullet before impact
u
2
= u gt
u
2
= 100 (9.8 1) = 90.2 m/s
Let after the impact. v be the velocity of combined
mass. Applying the law of conservation of linear
momentum, we have
m
1
u
1
+ m
2
u
2
= (m
1
+ m
2
)v
10 9.8 + 10 ( 90.2) = (10 + 10)v
Here we have taken the velocity positive in
downward direction.
v =
2
2 . 90 8 . 9
= 40.2 m/s
The negative sign shows that the velocity of
combined mass is in the upward direction.
The height to which the combined mass rises after
impact
=
g 2
v
2
=
8 . 9 2
) 2 . 40 (
2
= 82.45 m
The height to which it rises above the cliff is
= 82.45 4.90 = 77.5 m

Regents Physics
You Should Know Electricity
1. A coulomb is charge, an amp is current
[coulomb/sec] and a volt is potential difference
[joule/coulomb].
2. Short fat cold wires make the best conductors.
3. Electrons and protons have equal amounts of
charge (1.6 x 10
-19
coulombs each).
4. Adding a resistor in parallel decreases the total
resistance of a circuit.
5. Adding a resistor in series increases the total
resistance of a circuit.
6. All resistors in series have equal current (I).
7. All resistors in parallel have equal voltage (V).
8. If two charged spheres touch each other add
the charges and divide by two to find the final
charge on each sphere.
9. Insulators contain no free electrons.
10. Ionized gases conduct electric current using
positive ions, negative ions and electrons.
11. Electric fields all point in the direction of the
force on a positive test charge.
12. Electric fields between two parallel plates are
uniform in strength except at the edges.
13. Millikan determined the charge on a single
electron using his famous oil-drop experiment.
14. All charge changes result from the movement
of electrons not protons (an object becomes
positive by losing electrons)

Anti 1,2-Dihydroxylation of Alkenes via Epoxides :
Epoxidation of cyclopentene produces 1,2-
epoxycyclopentane :

+ RCOOH
H
O
H
(1)
+ RCOH
O
Cyclopentene 1,2-Epoxycyclopentane
O

Acid catalyzed hydrolysis of 1, 2-epoycyclopentane
yields a trans diol, trans-1, 2-cy-clopentanediol.
Water acting as a nucleophile attacks the protonated
epoxide from the side opposite the epoxide group.
The carbon atom being attacked undergoes an
inversion of configuration. We show here only one
carbon atom being attacked. Attack at the other
carbon atom of this symmetrical system is equally
likely and produces the enantiomeric form of trans-1,
2-cyclopentanediol :

H
OH
H
(2)
H
:O:
H
+ H
O
H H + O
H H
+
+
OH
H
:O
H H
H
O
H
H
+
OH
H
:OH
H
+ enantiomer
trans-1,2-Cyclopentanediol

Epoxidation followed by acid-catalyzed hydrolysis
gives us, therefore, a method for anti 1,2-
dihydroxylation of a double bond.
Electrophilic Attack on Conjugated Dines: 1, 4
Addition :
Not only are conjugated dienes somewhat more
stable than nonconjugated dienes, they also display
special behavior when they react with electrophilic
reagents. For example, 1, 3-butadiene reacts with one
molar equivalent of hydrogen chloride to produce
two products, 3-chloro-1-butene and 1-chloro-2-
butene:

CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2

HCl
25C
CH
3
CH CH = CH
2
+ CH
3
CH = CH CH
2
Cl
Cl
1,3-Butadiene
3-Chloro-1-butene (78%)
1-Chloro-2-butene (22%)

If only the first product (3-chloro-1-butene) were
formed, we would conclude that hydrogen chloride
had added to one double bond of 1,3-butadiene in the
usual way :
CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
1
+
H Cl
CH
2
CH CH = CH
2
H Cl
3-Chloro-1-butene
2
3 4
1,2-addition
It is the second product , 1-chloro-2-butene, that is
unusual. Its double bond is between the central
atoms, and the elements of hydrogen chloride have
added to the Cl and C4 atoms :
CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
1
+
H Cl
CH
2
CH = CH CH
2
H
1-Chloro-2-butene
2
3 4
1,4-addition
Cl
This unusual behavior of 1, 3-butadine can be
attributed directly to the stability and the delocalized
nature of an allylic cation . In order to see this ,
consider a mechanism for the addition of hydrogen
chloride :
Step 1
:Cl H + CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2

CH
3
CH CH = CH
2
CH
3
CH = CH CH
2
+ :Cl:
An allylic cation equivalent to

CH
3
CH CH CH
2

+ +
+
Step 2
CH
3
CH CH CH
2
+ :Cl:

CH
3
CH CH = CH
2 + +
Cl
1,2 Addition
CH
3
CH = CHCH
2
Cl
1,4 Addition
(a)
(b)
(a)
(b)

In step 1 a proton adds to one of the terminal carbon
atoms of 1, 3-butadiene to form, as usual, the more
stable carbocation, in this case a resonance-stabilized
allylic cation. Addition to one of the inner carbon
atoms would have produced a much less stable
primary cation, one that could not be stabilized by
resonance :

CH
2
=CHCH=CH
2

+
CH
2
CH
2
CH=CH
2
+ Cl

A1 carbocation
H Cl

Organic
Chemistry
Fundamentals
REACTION
MECHANISM
KEY CONCEPT
In step 2 a chloride ion forms a bond to one of the
carbon atoms of the allylic cation that bears a partial
positive charge. Reaction at one carbon atom results
in the 1,2-addition product; reaction at the other gives
the 1, 4-addition product.
Kinetic Control versus Thermodynamic Control of a
Chemical Reaction :
The addition of hydrogen bromide to 1, 3-butadiene
is interesting in another respect. The relative amounts
of 1, 2- and 1, 4-addition products that we obtain are
dependent on the temperature at which we carry out
the reaction.
When 1,3-butadiene and hydrogen bromide react at a
low temperature (80C) in the absence of peroxides,
the major reaction is 1, 2 addition; we obtain about
80% of the 1, 2 product and only about 20% of the
1,4 product. At a higher temperature (40C) the result
is reversed. The major reaction is 1, 4 addition; we
obtain about 80% of the 1, 4 product and only about
20% of the 1, 2 product.
When the mixture formed at the lower temperature is
brought to the higher temperature, moreover, the
relative amounts of the two products change. This
new reaction mixture eventually contains the same
proportion of products given by the reaction carried
out at the higher temperature :

CH
2
= CHCH = CH
2
+ HBr
CH
3
CHCH=CH
2
+ CH
3
CH=CHCH
2
Br
Br
(80%) (20%)
40C
CH
3
CHCH=CH
2
+ CH
3
CH = CHCH
2
Br
40C
80C
Br
(20%) (80%)
It can also be shown that at the higher temperature
and in the presence of hydrogen bromide, the 1,2-
addition product rearranges to the 1,4 product and
that an equilibrium exists between them :

CH
3
CHCH = CH
2
CH
3
CH = CHCH
2
Br
40C, HBr
Br
1,2-Addition product 1,4-Addition product

Because this equilibrium favors the 1,4-addition
product, that product must be more stable.
The reaction of hydrogen bromide with 1, 3-
butadiene serve as a striking illustration of the way
that the outcome of a chemical reaction can be
determined, in one instance, by relative rates of
competing reaction and, in another, by the relative
stabilities of the final products. At the lower
temperature, the relative amounts of the products of
the addition are determined by the relative rates at
which the two additions occur; 1, 2 addition occurs
faster so the 1,2-addition product is the major
product. At the higher temperature, the relative
amounts of the products are determined by the
position of an equilibrium the 1,4-addition product is
the more stable, so it is the major product.
This behavior of 1, 3-butadiene and hydrogen
bromide can be more fully understood by the
following way.
The step that determines the overall outcome of the
reaction is the step in which the hybrid allylic cation
combines with a bromide ion, that is,

CH
2
= CH CH = CH
2
H
3
C CH CH CH
2
+
+
CH
3
CH CH = CH
2

Br
1,2 Product
Br
CH
3
CH = CH CH
2
Br
Br
1,4 Product
This step
determines the
regioselectivity
of the reaction
For this step, the free energy of activation leading to
the 1, 2-addition product is less than the free energy
of activation leading to the 1, 4-addition product,
even though the 1, 4 product is more stable. At low
temperatures, a larger fraction of collisions between
the intermediate ions has enough energy to cross the
lower barrier (leading to the 1, 2-product), and only a
very small fraction of collisions has enough energy to
cross the higher barrier is crossed at low temperature
(i.e., 80C in this example), product formation is
essentially irreversible because there is not enough
energy available to lift either product out of its deep
potential energy valley. Since 1,2 addition occurs
faster, the 1, 2 product predominates and the reaction
is said to be under kinetic control or rate control.
At higher temperature, the intermediate ions have
sufficient energy to cross both barriers with relative
ease. More importantly, however, at higher
temperatures both reactions are reversible. Sufficient
energy is also available to take the products back
over their energy barriers to the intermediate level of
allylic cations and bromide ions. The 1, 2 product is
still formed faster, but, being less stable than the 1, 4
product, it also reverts to the allylic cation faster.
Under these conditions, that is, at higher
temperatures, the relative proportions of the products
do not reflect the relative heights of the energy
barriers leading from allylic cation to products.
Instead, they reflect the relative stabilities of the
products themselves. Since the 1,4 product is more
stable, it is formed at the expense of the 1,2 product
because the overall change from 1, 2 product to 1, 4
product is energetically favored. Such a reaction is
said to be under thermodynamic control or
equilibrium control.


Density of Cubic Crystals :
The density based on the structure can be calculated
from the mass contained in a unit cell and its volume.
If N is the number of molecules per unit cubic cell of
edge length a, then the mass and volume per unit cell are
Mass =
|
|
.
|
\
|
A
N
M
N Volume = a
3

Therefore, Density =
volume
mass
=
A
3
N a
NM

The value of N for the three cubic cells can be
calculated as follows :
Primitive cubic cell : In a primitive cubic cell, atoms
are present at the corners of the cube. There are eight
corners of a cube and thus eight atoms are present at
these corners. Now, any particular corner of the cube
is actually shared amongst eight such cubic unit cells
placed adjacent to one another. Thus, the contribution
of the atom placed at one of the corners to the single
cubic unit cell is 1/8. Since there are eight corners of
a cube, the number of atoms associated with a single
primitive unit cell is 8/8 = 1.
Body-centred cubic cell : In a body-centred cubic
unit cell, besides atoms being present at the corners,
there is one atom in the centre of the cube which
belongs exclusively to this cubic unit cell. Therefore,
number of atoms per unit cell are two.
Face-centred cubic cell : Here, atoms, besides being
at the corners, are also present at the centre of the six
faces. Each of these atoms is shared between two
such unit cells. Thus, their contribution to the unit
cell is 6/2 = 3 atoms, making a total of 4 atoms per
cubic unit cell
Packing in a simple Cubic Lattice :
In a lattice of this type, the spheres are packed in the
form of a square array by laying down a base of
spheres and then piling upon the base other layers in
such a way that each sphere is immediately above the
other sphere, as shown in fig.

Packing in a simple cubic lattice

In this structure, each sphere is in contact with six
nearest neighbours (four in the same base, one above
and one below). The percentage of occupied volume
in this structure can be calculate as follows:
The edge length a of the cube will be twice the radius
of the sphere, i.e. a = 2r. Since in the primitive cubic
lattice, there is only one sphere present in the unit
lattice, the volume occupied by the sphere is
V =
3
4
r
3
or V =
3
4
3
2
a
|
.
|
\
|

The fraction of the total volume occupied by the
sphere is
=
3
3
a
2
a
3
4
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
= 0.5236
or 52.36 percent
Thus, the structure is relatively open since only
52.36% (/6) of the total volume is occupied by the
spheres. The remainder, i.e. 0.4764 of the total
volume is empty space or void volume.
No crystalline element has been found to have this
structure.
Closest Packing :
In closest packing arrangements, each sphere is in
contact with the maximum possible number of
nearest neighbours. Fig. shows a closest packed layer
of spheres. Each sphere is surrounded by six nearest
neighbours lying in the plane, three spheres Just
above it and three below it, thus making the total
number of nearest neighbours equal to twelve.
If the spheres are packed in the same plane, then just
above these spheres

A
B
A A
A
B B B
C
C
C C
A A A
A A
A
A
A
A
A
B B
Fig. (a) Closest packed layers of spheres
B
C C C C

Physical
Chemistry
Fundamentals
Solid State
KEY CONCEPT

A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
C
B
A
C
B
A
Fig. (b) Two types of packing

there exist two different types of voids, pointing in
different directions as shown in fig. (a). Thus, we can
have three different types of locations as shown by A,
B and C in fig. (a). Location A is occupied by the
spheres while B and C are the two different types of
voids. But because of the size of the spheres, both
types of voids cannot be occupied simultaneously.
The third layer of closest-packed sphere can be
formed in two different ways. If, for example, we
choose to place the spheres of the second layer in B
sites, one of the available sets of voids for the third
layer will be directly above the spheres in the original
layer. These are A sites. The other set of voids will be
directly above the voids designated by C in the
original layer.
Types of Packing :
Thus, two types of packing (fig. b) are possible
ABABA.... or ABCABC ....
We can have many other varieties of patterns such as
ABCACB....., ABAC .... etc. But for many of the
common substances that form closest-packed
structures, one of the above two symmetrical
arrangements is observed.
Hexagonal Closest Packed Structure :
The packing ABAB.... is known as a hexagonal
closest-packed structure (HCP). The unit cell of
shown in figure.

A
B
A
Exploded view Hexagonal closest -packed
Unit cell formed by ABA packing

The fraction of the volume occupied in HCP can be
calculated as described in the following.
The distance C/2 (in figure) is the distance between
the layers A and B. This distance will be from the
centre of a sphere to the plane of the three spheres
that are in contact with it. This distance can be
determined by reference to a face centred cubic
lattice with unit cell length a. In such a lattice, the
distance between closest-packed layers (Miller
indices 111)is one third of the body diagonal, i.e.
3 a./3.
Thus,
2
C
=
3
a 3

Layer A
Layer B
Layer A
C/2
a
2r
Hexagonal closest-packed structure

Now, in the face-centred lattice spheres touch one
another along the face diagonal. Thus, we have
4r = 2 a or a =
2
4
r
With this, the distance C becomes
C = 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
a
3
3
= 2
|
|
.
|
\
|
2
r 4
3
3
=
6
8
r
The hexagonal base consists of six equilateral
triangles, each with side 2r and with an altitude of 2r
sin 60, i.e. 3 r. Therefore,
Area of the base = 6 ( )
) r 2 ( r 3
2
1
= 3 6 r
2

Volume of the prism = ( )
2
r 3 6
|
|
.
|
\
|
r
6
8
= 24 2 r
3

Number of spheres belonging to this prism
3 spheres in B layers exclusively belong to this prism.
1 from the centre of the base. There are two spheres
of this type and each is shared by two prisms.
2 from the corners. There are twelve such spheres
and each is shared amongst six prisms of this type.
Thus, the total number of spheres is 6.
The fraction of volume of the prism actually
occupied by the spheres is

3
3
r 2 24
r
3
4
6 |
.
|
\
|
=
6
2
= 0.7405
or 70.05 percent
Example of HCP are Ca, Cd, Cr, Mg and Zn.
Cubical Closest-Packed Structure
The packing ABCABC, .... is a cubical closest-
packing (CCP) or face-centred cubic packing. The
fraction of volume occupied in CCP can be
calculated as follows :
The radius of the sphere in terms of the unit length of
the face-centred cube is given by
r =
4
a 2

since the sphere will be touching each other along the
diagonal of the face of the cube.
In the face-centred cubic lattice, there are four
spheres per unit cell. Therefore, fraction of volume
occupied by the spheres is

3
3
a
4
a 2
3
4
4
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6
2
= 0.7405
or 74.05 percent

A
C
B
Exploded view Cubical closest-packed stricture
Face-cented cubic unit cell
formed by ABCA packing
A

out of all these packings, HCP and CCP are more
common for uniform spheres.
In general, the packing fraction, i.e. fraction of
volume occupied, is independent of the radius of the
sphere and depends only on the nature of packing.
From the values of packing fractions, it follows that
the density of a substance in HCP and CCP structures
will be more than in the other two packings.
Packing in a Body Centred Cubic Lattice :
Here the packing consists of a base of spheres,
followed by a second layer where each sphere rests in
the hollow at the junction of four spheres below it, as
shown in figure.

Packing in a body-centred
cubic lattice

The third layer then rests on these in arrangement
which corresponds exactly to that in the first layer. In
this arrangement, spheres are touching one another
along the cross diagonal of the cube, making its
distance equal to 4r. This must be equal to 3 a.
Thus, 4r = 3 a,
i.e., r =
4
3
a
Volume of the cube = a
3

Volume of one sphere =
3
4
r
3
=
3
4
3
a
4
3
|
|
.
|
\
|

Since there are two spheres in each unit cell, the total
volume occupied will be
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
a
4
3
3
4

The fraction of the volume occupied by the spheres
=
3
3
a
a
4
3
3
4
2
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
8
3
= 0.6802
or 68.02 percent
In this arrangement each sphere has eight nearest
neighbours.

Commitment
When you believe in a thing, believe in it all
the way, implicitly and unquestionably.
Stand up to your obstacles and do something
about them. You will find that they haven't
half the strength you think they have.
Most of the important things in the world
have been accomplished by people who have
kept on trying when there seemed to be no
hope all.
One worthwhile task carried to a successful
conclusion is worth a hundred half-finished
tasks.
A man who won't die for something is not fit
to live.

1. What is the solubility of AgCl in 0.20 M NH
3
?
Given : K
sp
(AgCl) = 1.7 10
10
M
2

K
1
= [Ag(NH
3
)
+
] / [Ag
+
] [NH
3
] = 2.33 10
3
M
1
and
K
2
= [Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
]/[Ag(NH
3
)
+
][NH
3
] = 7.14 10
3
M
1

Sol. If x be the concentration of AgCl in the solution, then
[Cl
] = x
From the K
sp
for AgCl, we derive
[Ag
+
] =
] Cl [
K
sp
=
x
M 10 7 . 1
2 10

If we assume that the majority of the dissolved Ag
+

goes into solution as Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
then [Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
] = x
Since two molecules of NH
3
are required for every
Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
ion formed, we have [NH
3
] = 0.20 M 2x
Therefore,
K
inst
=
] ) NH ( Ag [
] NH ][ Ag [
2 3
2
3
+
+
=
x
) x 2 M 20 . 0 (
x
M 10 7 . 1
2
2 10
|
|
.
|
\
|

= 6.0 10
8
M
2

From which we derive

2
2
x
) x 2 M 20 . 0 (
=
2 10
2 8
M 10 7 . 1
M 10 0 . 6
= 3.5 10
2

which gives x = [Ag(NH
3
)
2
+
] = 9.6 10
3
M, which
is the solubility of AgCl in 0.20 M NH
3

2. The values of
for HCl, NaCl and NaAc (sodium

acetate) are 420, 126 and 91
1
cm
2
mol
1
,
respectively. The resistance of a conductivity cell is
520 when filled with 0.1 M acetic acid and drops
to 122 when enough NaCl is added to make the
solution 0.1 M in NaCl as well. Calculate the cell
constant and hydrogen-ion concentration of the
solution. Given :

m
(HCl) = 420
1
cm
2
mol
1
,

m
(NaCl) = 126
1
cm
2
mol
1
,
and
m
(NaAc) = 91
1
cm
2
mol
1

Sol. Resistance of 0.1 M HAc = 520
Resistance of 0.1 M HAc + 0.1 M NaCl = 122
Conductance due to 0.1 M NaCl,
G =
122
1

520
1
= 0.00627
1

Conductivity of 0.1 M NaCl solution
k =
m
c = (126
1
cm
2
mol
1
)(0.1 mol dm
3
)
= 12.6
1
cm
2
dm
3
= 12.6
1
cm
2
(10 cm)
3

= 0.0126
1
cm
1

Cell constant,
K =
G
k
=
) 00627 . 0 (
) cm 0126 . 0 (
1
1 1
= 2.01 cm
1

Conductivity of 0.1 M HAc solution
k =
R
K
=
520
cm 01 . 2
1

Molar conductivity of 0.1 M HAc solution

m
(HAc) =
c
k
=
) dm mol 1 . 0 (
cm ) 520 / 01 . 2 (
3
1 1

= 0.038 65
1
cm
1
dm
3
mol
1

= 38.65
1
cm
2
mol
1

According to Kohlrausch law,
(HAc) is given by

m
(HAc) =
m
(HCl) +
m
(NaAc)
m
(NaCl)
= (420 + 91 126)
1
cm
2
mol
1

= 385
1
cm
2
mol
1

Therefore, the degree of dissociation of acetic acid is
given as
=
m
m
=
) mol cm 385 (
) mol cm 65 . 38 (
1 2 1
1 2 1

0.1
and the hydrogen-ion concentration of 0.1 M HAc
solution is
[H
+
] = c = (0.1 M)(0.1) = 0.01 M
Thus, its pH is pH = log{[H
+
]/M} = log(0.01) = 2

3. Potassium alum is KA1(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O. As a strong
electrolyte, it is considered to be 100% dissociated
into K
+
, Al
3+
, and SO
4
2
. The solution is acidic
because of the hydrolysis of Al
3+
, but not so acidic as
might be expected, because the SO
4
2
can sponge up
some of the H
3
O
+
by forming HSO
4
. Given a
solution made by dissolving 11.4 g of
KA1(SO
4
)
2
.12H
2
O in enough water to make 0.10 dm
3

of solution, calculate its [H
3
O
+
] :
(a) Considering the hydrolysis
Al
3+
+ 2H
2
O Al(OH)
2+
+ H
3
O
+

with K
h
= 1.4 10
5
M
(b) Allowing also for the equilibrium
HSO
4
+ H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ SO
4
2

with K
2
= 1.26 10
2
M
Sol. (a) Amount of alum =
1
mol g 38 . 474
g 4 . 11
= 0.024 mol
Molarity of the prepared solution =
3
dm 1 . 0
mol 024 . 0

= 0.24 M
Hydrolysis of Al
3+
is
UNDERSTANDING
Physical Chemistry
Al
3+
+ 2H
2
O

Al(OH)
2+
+ H
3
O
+

K
h
=
] Al [
] O H ][ ) OH ( Al [
3
3
2
+
+ +

If x is the concentration of Al
3+
that has hydrolyzed,
we have
K
h
=
x M 24 . 0
) x )( x (
= 1.4 10
5
M
Solving for x, we get
[H
3
O
+
] = x = 1.82 10
3
M
(b) We will have to consider the following equilibria.
Al
3+
+ 2H
2
O

Al(OH)
2+
+ H
3
O
+

H
3
O
+
+ SO
4
2

HSO
4
+ H
2
O
Let z be the concentration of SO
4
2
that combines
with H
3
O
+
and y be the net concentration of H
3
O
+

that is present in the solution. Since the concentration
z of SO
4
2
combines with the concentration z of
H
3
O
+
, it is obvious that the net concentration of H
3
O
+

produced in the hydrolysis reaction of Al
3+
is (y + z).
Thus, the concentration (y + z) of Al
3+
out of 0.24 M
hydrolyzes in the solution. With these, the
concentrations of various species in the solution are

z y M 24 . 0
3
Al

+
+ 2H
2
O

z y
2
) OH ( Al
+
+
+
y
3
O H
+

y
3
O H
+
+
z M 48 . 0
2
4
SO

z
4
HSO
+ H
2
O
Thus, K
h
=
) z y M 24 . 0 (
) y )( z y (

+
= 1.4 10
5
M ...(i)
K
2
=
) z M 48 . 0 ( y
z
=
M 10 26 . 1
1
2
...(ii)
From Eq. (ii), we get
z =
y ) M 10 26 . 1 (
y ) M 48 . 0 (
2
+

Substituting this in Eq. (i), we get

|
|
.
|
\
|
+

|
|
.
|
\
|
+
+
y ) M 10 26 . 1 (
y ) M 48 . 0 (
y 24 . 0
y
y ) M 10 26 . 1 (
y ) M 48 . 0 (
y
2
2
= 1.4 10
5

Making an assumption that y <<1.26 10
2
M, and
then solving for y, we get
[H
3
O
+
] = y = 2.932 10
4
M

4. The critical temperature and pressure for NO are 177
K and 6.485 MPa, respectively, and for CCl
4
these
are 550 K and 4.56 MPa, respectively. Which gas (i)
has smaller value for the van der Walls constant b;
(ii) has smaller value of constant a; (iii) has larger
critical volume; and (iv) is most nearly ideal in
behaviour at 300 K and 1.013 MPa.
Sol. We have T
c
(NO) = 177 K T
c
(CCl
4
) = 550 K
p
c
(NO) = 6.485 MPa p
c
(CCl
4
) = 4.56 MPa
(i) Since
c
c
T
p
=
Rb 27 / a 8
b 27 / a
2
=
b 8
R
therefore, b =
c
c
p 8
R T

Thus,
b(NO) =
) MPa 485 . 6 )( 8 (
) mol K cm MPa 314 . 8 )( K 177 (
1 1 3

= 28.36 cm
3
mol
1

and
b(CCl
4
) =
) MPa 56 . 4 )( 8 (
) mol K cm MPa 314 . 8 )( K 550
1 1 3

= 125.35 cm
3
mol
1

Hence b(NO) < b(CCl
4
)
(ii) Since a = 27p
c
b
2

therefore
a(NO) = (27) (6.485 MPa) (28.36 cm
3
mol
1
)
2

= 140827 MPa cm
6
mol
2
140.827 kPa dm
6
mol
2

a(CCl
4
) = (27) (4.56 MPa) (125.35 cm
3
mol
1
)
2

= 1934538 MPa cm
6
mol
2
1934.538 KPa dm
6
mol
2

Hence a(NO) < a(CCl
4
)
(iii) Since V
c
= 3b
therefore, V
c
(NO) = 3 (28.36 cm
3
mol
1
)
= 85.08 cm
3
mol
1

V
c
(CCl
4
) = 3 (125.35 cm
3
mol
1
)
= 376.05 cm
3
mol
1

Hence V
c
(NO) < V
c
(CCl
4
)
(iv) NO is more ideal in behaviour at 300 K and
1.013 MPa, because its critical temperature is less
than 300 K, whereas for CCl
4
the corresponding
critical temperature is greater than 300 K.

5. At 298 K, the emf of the cell
Hg
2 2
-3
Cl Hg with . sat
KCl dm mol 01 . 0
1 mol dm
3
KNO
3
HgO with . sat
KOH dm mol 01 . 0
-3
Hg
is found to be 0.1634 V and the temperature
coefficient of the emf to be 0.000837 VK
1
. Calculate
the enthalpy and entropy changes of the reaction.
What is the reaction that occurs in the cell ?
Sol. For the given cell, we have
Electrode Reduction reaction
Right HgO(s) + H
2
O(1) + 2e
= Hg(1) + 2OH
(aq)
...(i)
Left Hg
2
Cl
2
(s) + 2e
= 2Hg(1) + 2Cl
(aq)
...(ii)
Subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
HgO(s) + H
2
O(1) + Hg(1) + 2Cl
(aq) = Hg
2
Cl
2
(s) + 2OH
(aq)
The number of electrons involved in the electrode
reactions is 2.
Thus G = nFE = 2(96500 C mol
1
)(0.1634 V)
= 31536.2 J mol
1

H = nF
|
.
|
\
|
p
T
E
T E
= 2(96500 C mol
1
)[(0.1634V)
(298 K 0.000837VK
1
)]
= 16603 J mol
1
S = nF
p
T
E
|
.
|
\
|
= 2(96500 C mol
1
)(0.000837 V K
1
)
= 161.54 JK
1
mol
1


1. If two circles cut orthogonally, prove that the polar of
any point P on the first circle with respect to the
second passes through the other end of diameter of
the first circle which goes through P.

2. Let ABCD be a tetrahedron. If perpendiculars from B
and C to the opposite faces intersect, then show that
BC is perpendicular to AD and the perpendiculars
from A and D to the opposite faces will also intersect.

3. For a real number u ;
I(u) =
+
0
2
) u x cos u 2 1 ( n l dx;
prove that I (u) = I ( u) =
2
1
I(u
2
).
Generalize the result as ) u ( I
2
1
n
2
n
.

4. Let f(x) = x
2
+ ax + b be a quadratic polynomial
where a and b are integers. Let n be an integer, show
that f(n). f(n + 1) = f(m) for some integer m.

5. Show that the straight lines joining any two fixed
points on a rectangular hyperbola to any variable
point on it intercept a constant length on either
asymptote.

6. Solve :

2
2
) y x (
y
x
1
dx +
y
1
) y x (
x
2
2
dy = 0

7. Through a focus of an ellipse two chords are drawn
and a conic is described to pass through their
extremities, and also through the center of the ellipse.
Prove that it cuts the major axis in another fixed
point.

8. Let f |
.
|
\
|
2
xy
=
2
) y ( f ). x ( f
for all real x & y. If
f (1) = f(1) 0 then show that f(x) is
differentiable x R except zero. Also find f(x) for
all x 0.

9. Let there be n straight lines in a plane, no two of
which being parallel or coincident and no three of
them meet at a point, then show that they divide the
plane in

2
1
(n
2
+ n + 2) parts.

10. Prove that

x 3 cos
x sin
+
x 9 cos
x 3 sin
+
x 27 cos
x 9 sin

=
2
1
[tan 27 x tan x]

`t{xt|vt V{txzx
This section is designed to give IIT JEE aspirants a thorough grinding & exposure to variety
of possible twists and turns of problems in mathematics that would be very helpful in facing
IIT JEE. Each and every problem is well thought of in order to strengthen the concepts and
we hope that this section would prove a rich resource for practicing challenging problems and
enhancing the preparation level of IIT JEE aspirants.
By : Shailendra Maheshwari
Joint Director Academics, Career Point, Kota Sol ut i ons wi l l be publ i shed i n next i ssue
4
Set
Puzzle : Farmer Crosses
River

A farmer wants to cross a river and
take with him a wolf, a goat, and a
cabbage. There is a boat that can fit
himself plus either the wolf, the goat,
or the cabbage. If the wolf and the
goat are alone on one shore, the wolf
will eat the goat. If the goat and the
cabbage are alone on the shore, the
goat will eat the cabbage.
How can the farmer bring the wolf,
the goat, and the cabbage across the

1.
dx
dy
y ln 2 = 2
sin x
(cos x 1) ln 2
I.F. =
dx 2 ln
e
= 2
x

so y2
x
=
x x sin
2 . (cos x 1). ln 2 dx
y2
x
= 2
sin x x
+ c
y = 2
sin x
+ c.2
x
Ans (B)
y . 2
x
= 2
sin x x
+ c
Now if x and y is bounded (finite) then c = 0
Ans (C)
For option (D) : f(x) = 2
sin x

c.2
x
= 0,
so c = 0 but in this case y is bounded so this is not
correct option.
Hence correct answers are (B, C)

2. AC = 4p

A
B
C
D

p

tan =
DC
p
=
p
AD
= 4
cot + tan =
p
DC
+
p
AD
= 4
tan
2
4 tan + 1 = 0
tan =
2
4 16 4
= 2 3
= 15 & 75
Hence correct answer is (D)

3. z
2
= z
1
i/3

z
3
z
1
(a + i)
z
2
(1+bi)
O

1 + bi = (a + i)
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ i
2
3
2
1

=
|
|
.
|
\
|

2
3
a
2
1
+ i
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
a
2
3

1 =
2
1
a
2
3

a = 2 3
b =
2
3
a +
2
1

b = 3 +
2
3
+
2
1
= 12 3
Hence correct answer is (B)

4. c
1
x
2
+ y
2
= a
2

c
2
(x h)
2
+ (y k)
2
= r
2

c
1
c
2
P

Director circle x
2
+ y
2
= 2a
2
...(1)
Pt. P |
.
|
\
|
+
+
+
+
r a
0 . r ak
;
r a
0 . r ah

it lies on eqn. (1)
a
2
h
2
+ a
2
k
2
= (a + r)
2
2a
2

h
2
+ k
2
= 2(a + r)
2

x
3
+ y
3
= 2(a + r)
2

Hence correct answer is (A)

5. 4a = 2(2a) = 2 .
13
17 36 5 +

= 2 .
13
14
=
13
28

Hence correct answer is (C)

6.
x 6 sin x 3 sin
x 3 sin .
2
x
cos
2
x 9
cos 2

=
2
x 3
sin
2
x 9
cos 2
x 3 sin .
2
x
cos
2
x 9
cos 2

MATHEMATICAL CHALLENGES

SOLUTION FOR JULY ISSUE (SET # 3)
=
2
x 3
cos
2
x
cos 2 dx
=
+ ) x cos x 2 (cos dx
=
2
x 2 sin
sin x + c

7. (x 1)
2
= a
2

a = 1 |a|
f(x) = x
2
2(a + 1)x + a(a 1) = 0

1
2

D = 4(a + 1)
2
4a (a 1) > 0
a
2
+ 2a + 1 a
2
+ a > 0
a >
3
1
...(1) not essential
f(1 |a|) < 0
(1 |a|)
2
2(a + 1) (1 |a|) + a(a 1) < 0
1 + a
2
2|a| 2a m 2a|a| 2 m 2|a| + a
2
a < 0
2a
2
m 2a|a| 3a 1 < 0
if a 0
2a
2
2a
2
3a 1 < 0
a >
3
1
a 0
2a
2
+ 2a
2
3a 1 < 0
4a
2
3a 1 < 0
(4a + 1) (a 1) < 0

4
1
< a < 1
0 a < 1
So, similarly if a < 0 then
f(1 |a|) < 0 f(1 m a) < 0
so f(1 |a|) < 0
4
1
< a < 1 ...(2)
eqn. (1) (2)
4
1
< a < 1

8. 2r = a + b + c
ON = BN + BO
Let BN = x
2BN + 2CN + 2AR = 2s
x + (a x) + (b a + x) = s
x = s b

A
B
N
O C
R
r
M
I(h,k)

so h = ON =
2
a
(s b)
=
2
b 2 a s 2 + +
=
2
c b

& r = k
so r = k =
s
=
s
) c s )( b s )( a s ( s

r = k =
s
) c s )( b s )( a s ( s

2sk = ) c b a )( c b a )( a s ( s + +
= ) x 2 a )( x 2 a )( a s ( s +
2sk = ) h 4 a )( a s ( s
2 2

required lows is
4s
2
y
2
= A(a
2
4x
2
) s
2
y
2
+ A x
2
=
4
Aa
2

where A is = s(s a)
here h
2
< ab so it is an ellipse.

9. Total no of ways of drawing = 7
4
= 2401
favorable no of drawings = coeffi. of x
8
in the
expansion of (x
0
+ x
1
+ x
2
+ ...... x
6
)
4

= coeffi. of x
8
is (1 x
7
)
4
(1 x)
4

= coeffi of x
8
in (1 4x
7
+ ....) (1 + 4x +
..... + 165x
8
+ ..........)
= 165 16 = 149
so required probability =
2401
149

10. f(x) = (x )Q(x) + R
f(+1) = 2; f(2) = 1, f(1) = 1.
If f(x) is divided by (x
2
1) (x + 2) which is a cubic
expression then remainder should be a quadratic
expression.
f(x) = (x
2
1) (x + 2) Q(x) + (ax
2
+ bx + c)
f(1) = a + b + c = 2
f(2) = 4a 2b + c = 1
f(1) = a b + c = 1
Solving these eq
n
, a =
6
7
, b =
2
3
, c =
3
2

so the remainder is
6
7
x
2
+
2
3
x
3
2


1. A function f : R R satisfies the equation
f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) x, y R and is continuous
throughout the domain. If
I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+ I
4
+ I
5
= 450, where I
n
= n
n
0
) x ( f .dx
find f(x)
Sol. Putting x = y = 0
f(0) = 0
Now f (x) =
h
) x ( f ) h x ( f
lim
0 h
+

=
h
) x ( f ) h ( f ) x ( f
lim
0 h
+

=
h
) 0 ( f ) h ( f
lim
0 h
= f (0)
f(x) = x . f (0) + c for x = 0 c = 0
so I
n
= n
h
0
) 0 ( f . x dx =
2
) 0 ( f n
3

Hence, I
1
+ I
2
+ I
3
+ I
4
+ I
5

=
2
) 0 ( f
(1
3
+ 2
3
+ 3
3
+ 4
3
+ 5
3
)
450 =
2
) 0 ( f
|
.
|
\
|
4
900

f (0) = 4 f(x) = 4x

2. Let [x] stands for the greatest integer function find
the derivative of f(x) =
x sin x 3
2
]) 1 x [ x (
+
+ + , where it
exists in (1, 1.5). Indicate the point(s) where it does
not exist. Give reason(s) for your conclusion.
Sol. The greatest integer [x
3
+ 1] takes jump from 2 to 3 at
3
2 and again from 3 to 4 at
3
3 in [1, 1.5] and
therefore it is discontinuous at these two points. As a
result the given function is discontinuous at
3
2 and
hence not differentiable.
To find the derivative at other points we write :
in (1,
3
2 ), f(x) =
x sin x
2
) 2 x (
+
+
f (x) =
1 x sin x
2
) 2 x (
+
+
{x
2
+ sin x + (x + 2) (2x + cos x) log (x + 2)}
in (
3
2 ,
3
3 ), f(x) =
x sin x
2
) 3 x (
+
+ ,
f(x) =
1 x sin x
2
) 3 x (
+
+ {x
2
+ sin x
+ (2x + cos x) (x + 3) log
e
(x + 3)}
in (
3
5 , 1.5), f(x) =
x sin x
2
) 4 x (
+
+ ,
f (x) =
1 x sin x
2
) 4 x (
+
+ , {x
2
+ sin x + (2x + cos x)
(x + 4) log
e
(x + 4)}

3. Determine the values of k for which the equation |x|
2

(|x|
2
2k + 1) = 1 k
2
has
(i) no real solution
(ii) exactly two real solution
Sol. since |x|
2
= x
2
, put x
2
= t ( 0)
f(t) = t
2
+ (1 2k) t + (k
2
1) = 0
(i) for no real solutions we can have two cases,
case I : If D < 0
(1 2k)
2
4(k
2
1) < 0
k >
4
5

case II : If D 0
k 5/4 (and both roots , should be ve)
+ < 0 k <
2
1
and > 0
k > 1 or k < 1
common values of k are such that
x (, 1) |
.
|
\
|
,
4
5

(ii) for exactly two real solutions one root of the
equation f(t) = 0 should be positive and other
negative, as for one positive t we have two real x. For
this D > 0 and f(0) < 0 (or c < < 0)
k <
4
5
and k
2
1 < 0
1 < k < 1, Thus k (1, 1).

4. Prove that for a differentiable function f(x)

)
`
+
n
0 2
1
x ] x [ ) x ( f dx =
n
0
) x ( f dx
2
1
f(0) +
2
1
f(n)
=
n
0 r
) r ( f , [.] denotes greatest integer.
Sol. L.H.S. =
n
0
] x )[ x ( f dx
n
0
) x ( f . x dx
+
n
0
) x ( f
2
1
dx
Experts Solution for Question asked by IIT-JEE Aspirants
Students' Forum
MATHS
=
n
1 r
r
1 r
] x )[ x ( f dx |
.
|
\
|
n
0
n
0
) x ( f | ) x ( xf +
2
1
f(x)
n
0
|
=
r
1 r
n
1 r
) 1 r ( f (x)dx n f(n)+ dx ) x ( f
n
0
+
2
1
(f(n) f(0))
=
n
1 r
) 1 r ( {f(r) f(r 1)} n f(n) +
n
0
) x ( f dx
+
2
1
(f(n) f(0))
= (f(2) f(1)) + 2{f(3) f(2)} + .... + (n 1) (f(n)
f(n 1)) |
.
|
\
|
2
1
n f(n)
2
1
f(0) +
n
0
) x ( f dx
= f(1) f(2) f(3) .... f(n 1) f(n)
+ |
.
|
\
|
+
2
1
n n f(n)
2
1
f(0) +
n
0
) x ( f dx
=
=
n
0 r
) r ( f +
2
1
f(n)
2
1
f(0) +
n
0
) x ( f dx

5. If normals at the points P and Q of the parabola
y
2
= 4ax meet at the point R of the parabola. Show
that the locus of centroid of the PQR is a ray. Find
the equation of the ray.
Sol. Let P = (at
2
, 2at). Then Q is

\
|
|
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
t
2
a 2 ,
t
2
a
2
= |
.
|
\
|
t
a 4
,
t
a 4
2

and R is (aT
2
, 2aT). where T = t
t
2

centroid of the PQR
=
+ + + +
3
aT 2 t / a 4 at 2
,
3
aT t / a 4 at
2 2 2

y co-ordinates of the centroid
= 2at +
t
a 4
+ 2a |
.
|
\
|

t
2
t = 0
Thus centrocid of the PQR for any choice of P on
the parabola lies on the axis of the parabola.
x coordinates the centroid
=
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
2
2
2
t
2
t
t
4
t
3
a

=
+ + 2
t
4
t
3
a 2
2
2

3
a 2
(4 + 2) = 4a
Hence equation of the ray is given by y = 0, x > 4a

6. For three unit vectors a , b
and c not all collinear

given that c a = b
c and a b
= c a . Show that
cos + cos + cos = 3/2, where , and are the
angles between a and b
, b
and c and c and a

respectively.
Sol. a c = b
c ( a + b
) c =
0
c is collinear with a + b
a + b
= c for
same R
Similarly b
+ c = a for some scalar u

Now a + b
= c a + b
+ c = ( + 1)
c
Similarly a + b
+ c = ( + 1) a
Hence ( + 1) c = ( + 1) a ,
either + 1 = + 1 = 0 or c is collinear with a .
But c can not be collinear to a other wise a c = 0
b
c = 0
b
is collinear to with c
a b
and c are collinear.

Hence c is not collinear to a
+ 1 = + 1 = 0
= 1
Hence b
+ c = a
a + b
+ c =
0
( a + b
+ c ) . ( a + b
+ c ) = 0
1 + 1 + 1 + 2 ( a . b
+ b
. c + c . a ) = 0
a . b
+ b
. c + c . a =
2
3

cos + cos + cos =
2
3

Know About

1.73
is also known as Theodorus' constant (it is named
after Theodorus of Cyrene, who proved that the
square roots of the numbers from 3 to 17,
excluding 4, 9, and 16, are irrational).
is the diagonal of a cube having 1-unit sides.
is the height of an equilateral triangle having 2-unit
sides.
The shape 'Vesica piscis' (fish bladder) has a major
axis/minor axis ratio equal to the square root of 3,
this can be shown by constructing two equilateral
triangles within it.
1.7320508075 6887729352 7446341505
8723669428 0525381038 0628055806 9794519330
1690880003 7081146186 7572485756 7562614141
5406703029 9699450949 9895247881
1655512094...
= 2sinus(60) = 2sinus(30)
= 1 + (1 / (1 + (1 / (2 + (1 / (1 + (1 / 2 + ... )))))))
97/56

Representation of vectors :
Geometrically a vector is represent by a line segment.
For example, a = AB. Here A is called the initial
point and B, the terminal point or tip.
Magnitude or modulus of a is expressed as
|a| = | AB | = AB.

B
a
A

Types of Vector:
Zero or null vector : A vector whose magnitude
is zero is called zero or null vector and it is
represented by O.
Unit vector : A vector whose modulus is unity, is
called a unit vector. The unit vector in the
direction of a vector a is denoted by a , read as a
cap. Thus, | a | = 1.
a =
| | a
a
=
a of Magnitude
a Vector

Like and unlike vectors : Vectors are said to be
like when they have the same sense of direction
and unlike when they have opposite directions.
Collinear or parallel vectors : Vectors having
the same or parallel supports are called collinear
or parallel vectors.
Co-initial vectors : Vectors having the same
initial point are called co-initial vectors.
Coplanar vectors : A system of vectors is said to
be coplanar, if their supports are parallel to the
same plane.
Two vectors having the same initial point are
always coplanar but such three or more vectors
may or may not be coplanar.
Negative of a vector : The vector which has the
same magnitude as the vector a but opposite
direction, is called the negative of a and is
denoted by a. Thus, if PQ = a, then QP = a.

Properties of vectors :
(i) Addition of vectors
Triangle law of addition : If in a ABC,
AB = a, BC = b and AC = c, then
AB+ BC = AC i.e., a + b = c

A B
C
b
a
c = a + b

Parallelogram law of addition : If in a
parallelogram OACB, OA = a, OB = b and
OC = c
C
A
a
O
b
B
c = a + b

Then OA + OB = OC i.e., a + b = c, where OC
is a diagonal of the parallelogram OABC.
Addition in component form : If the vectors are
defined in terms of i, j, and k, i.e.,
if a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k and b = b
1
i

+ b
2
j + b
3
k, then
their sum is defined as
a + b = (a
1
+ b
1
)i + (a
2
+ b
2
)j + (a
3
+ b
3
)k.
Properties of vector addition :
Vector addition has the following properties.
Binary operation : The sum of two vectors is
always a vector.
Commutativity : For any two vectors a and b,
a + b = b + a.
Associativity : For any three vectors a, b and c,
a + (b + c) = (a + b) + c
Identity : Zero vector is the identity for addition.
For any vector a, 0 + a = a = a + 0
Additive inverse : For every vector a its negative
vector a exits such that a + (a) = (a) + a = 0
i.e., (a) is the additive inverse of the vector a.
VECTOR
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
Subtraction of vectors :
If a and b are two vectors, then their subtraction a b
is defined as a b = a + (b) where b is the
negative of b having magnitude equal to that of b and
direction opposite to b. If
a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k, b = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k
Then a b = (a
1
b
1
)i + (a
2
b
2
)j + (a
3
b
3
)k.
B
b
A
b
B
a
a + (b) = a b
O
a + b

Properties of vector subtraction :
(i) a b b a
(ii) (a b) c a (b c)
(iii) Since any one side of a triangle is less than the
sum and greater than the difference of the other two
sides, so for any two vectors a and b, we have
(a) |a + b| |a| + |b|
(b) |a + b| |a| |b|
(c) |a b| |a| + |b|
(d) |a b| |a| |b|
Multiplication of a vector by a scalar : If a is a
vector and m is a scalar (i.e., a real number) then ma
is a vector whose magnitude is m times that of a and
whose direction is the same as that of a, if m is
positive and opposite to that of a, if m is negative.
Properties of Multiplication of vector by a scalar :
The following are properties of multiplication of
vectors by scalars, for vector a, b and scalars m, n.
(i) m(a) = (m)a = (ma)
(ii) (m) (a) = ma
(iii) m(na) = (mn)a

= n(ma)
(iv) (m + n)a

= ma

+ na
(v) m(a + b) = ma + mb
Position vector :
AB in terms of the position vectors of points A
and B : If a and b are position vectors of points A
and B respectively. Then, OA = a, OB = b
AB = (Position vector of B) (Position vector of A)
= OB OA = b a
Position vector of a dividing point : The
position vectors of the points dividing the line AB
in the ratio m : n internally or externally are
n m
n m
+
+ a b
or
n m
n m
a b
.

Scalar or Dot product
Scalar or Dot product of two vectors : If a and b
are two non-zero vectors and be the angle between
them, then their scalar product (or dot product) is
denoted by a . b and is defined as the scalar
|a| |b| cos, where |a| and |b| are modulii of a and b
respectively and 0 . Dot product of two
vectors is a scalar quantity.

A
B
b
a O

Angle between two vectors : If a, b be two vectors
inclined at an angle , then a . b = |a| |b| cos
cos =
| || |
.
b a
b a

= cos
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
| || |
.
b a
b a

If a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k

and b = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k; then
= cos
1
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + + +
+ +
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 3 2 2 1 1
b b b a a a
b a b a b a

Properties of scalar product
Commutativity : The scalar product of two
vector is commutative i.e., a . b = b . a
Distributivity of scalar product over vector
addition : The scalar product of vectors is
distributive over vector addition i.e.,
(a) a . (b + c) = a . b + a . c, (Left distributivity)
(b) (b + c) . a = b . a + c . a, (Right distributivity)
Let a and b be two non-zero vectors a . b = 0
a b.
As i, j, k are mutually perpendicular unit vectors
along the coordinate axes, therefore,
i . j = j . i = 0; j . k = k . j = 0; k . i = i . k = 0.
For any vector a . a . a = |a|
2
.
As i. j. k are unit vectors along the co-ordinate
axes, therefore i . i = |i|
2
= 1, j . j = |j|
2
= 1 and
k . k = |k|
2
= 1
If m, n are scalars and a . b be two vectors, then
ma . nb = mn(a . b) = (mna) . b = a .(mnb)
For any vectors a and b, we have
(a) a . (b) = (a . b) = (a). b
(b) (a) . (b) = a . b
For any two vectors a and b, we have
(a) |a + b|
2
= |a|
2
+ |b|
2
+ 2a.b
(b) |a b|
2
= |a|
2
+ |b|
2
2a.b
(c) (a + b) . (a b) = |a|
2
|b|
2

(d) |a + b| = |a|

+ |b| a | | b
(e) |a + b|
2
= |a|
2
+ |b|
2
a b
(f) |a + b| = |a

b| a b
Vector or Cross product
Vector product of two vectors : Let a, b be two
non-zero, non-parallel vectors.

O a
b

Then a b = |a| |b| sin , and |a b| = |a| |b| sin ,
where is the angle between a and b, is a unit
vector perpendicular to the plane of a and b such that
a, b, form a right-handed system.
Properties of vector product :
Vector product is not commutative i.e., if a and b
are any two vectors, then a b b a, however,
a b = (b a)
If a, b are two vectors and m, n are scalars, then
ma nb = mn(a b) = m(a nb) = n(ma b).
Distributivity of vector product over vector
addition. Let a, b, c be any three vectors. Then
(a) a (b + c) = a b + a c (left distributivity)
(b) (b + c) a = b a + c a (Right disributivity)
For any three vectors a, b, c we have
a (b c) = a b a c.
The vector product of two non-zero vectors is
zero vector iff they are parallel (Collinear) i.e.,
a b = 0 a| | b, a, b are non-zero vectors.
It follows from the above property that a a = 0
for every non-zero vector a, which in turn implies
that i i = j j = k k = 0.
Vector product of orthonormal triad of unit
vectors i, j, k using the definition of the vector
product, we obtain i j = k, j k = i, k i = j,
j i = k, k j = i, i k = j.
Vector product in terms of components :
If a = a
1
i + a
2
j + a
3
k and b = b
1
i + b
2
j + b
3
k.
Then, a b =
3 2 1
3 2 1
b b b
a a a
k j i

Angle between two vectors :
If is the angle between a and b then sin =
| || |
| |
b a
b a

Right handed system of vectors : Three mutually
perpendicular vectors a, b, c form a right handed
system of vector iff a b = c, b c = a, c a = b
Left handed system of vectors : The vectors a, b, c
mutually perpendicular to one another form a left
handed system of vector iff c b = a, a c = b,
b a = c.
Area of parallelogram and triangle :
The area of a parallelogram with adjacent sides a
and b is |a b|.
The area of a plane quadrilateral ABCD is
| BD AC |
2
1
, where AC and BC are its
diagonals.
The area of a triangle ABC is | AC AB |
2
1
or
| BA BC |
2
1
or | CA CB |
2
1

Scalar triple product
Scalar triple product of three vectors : If a, b, c are
three vectors, then scalar triple product is defined as
the dot product of two vectors a and b c. It is
generally denoted by a . (b c) or [a b c].
Properties of scalar triple product : If a, b, c are
cyclically permuted, the value of scalar triple product
remains the same. i.e.,
(a b) . c = (b c) . a = (c a). b
or [a b c] = [b a c] = [c a b]
Vector triple product
Let a, b, c be any three vectors, then the vectors
a (b c) and (a b) c are called vector triple
product of a, b, c.
Thus, a (b c) = (a . c) b (a . b)c
Properties of vector triple product :
The vector triple product a (b c) is a linear
combination of those two vectors which are
within brackets.
The vector r = a (b c) is perpendicular to a
and lies in the plane of b and c.
The formula a (b c) = (a . c)b (a . b)c is true
only when the vector outside the bracket is on the
left most side. If it is not, we first shift on left by
using the properties of cross product and then
apply the same formula.
Thus, (b c) a = {a (b c)}
= {(a . c)b (a . b)c}
= (a . b)c (a . c)b
Vector triple product is a vector quantity.
a (b c) (a b) c


Permutation :
Definition : The ways of arranging or selecting a
smaller or an equal number of persons or objects at a
time from a given group of person or objects with
due regard being paid to the order of arrangement or
selection are called the (different) permutations.
Number of permutations without repetition :
Arranging n objects, taken r at a time equivalent
to filling r places from n things.

r-places :
Number of choice
1 2 3 4 r
n (n1)(n2) (n3) n(r 1)

The number of ways of arranging = The number
of ways of filling r places.
= n(n 1) (n 2) ....... (n r + 1)
=
! ) r n (
) ! ) r n )(( 1 r n )....( 2 n )( 1 n ( n
+
=
! ) r n (
! n

=
n
P
r

The number of arrangements of n different
objects taken all at a time =
n
P
n
= n !
(i)
n
P
0
=
! n
! n
= 1;
n
P
r
= n.
n1
P
r 1

(ii) 0 ! = 1;
! ) r (
1
= 0 or (r) ! = (r N)
Number of permutations with repetition :
The number of permutations (arrangements) of n
different objects, taken r at a time, when each
object may occur once, twice, thrice, ....... upto r
times in any arrangement = The number of ways
of filling r places where each place can be filled
by any one of n objects.

r-places :
Number of choices :
1 2 3 4 r
n (n) (n) (n) n

The number of permutations = The number of
ways of filling r places = (n)
r
.
The number of arrangements that can be formed
using n objects out of which p are identical (and
of one kind) q are identical (and of another kind),
r are identical (and of another kind) and the rest
are distinct is
! r ! q ! p
! n
.
Condition permutations :
Number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken r at a time when p particular things always
occur =
n p
C
r p
r !.
Number of permutations of n dissimilar things
taken r at a time when p particular things never
occur =
n p
C
r
r !.
The total number of permutations of n different
things taken not more than r at a time, when each
thing may be repeated any number of times, is
1 n
) 1 n ( n
r
.
Number of permutations of n different things,
taken all at a time, when m specified things
always come together is m ! (n m + 1) !.
Number of permutation of n different things,
taken all at a time, when m specified things never
come together is n ! m! (n m + 1) !.
Let there be n objects, of which m objects are
alike of one kind, and the remaining (n m)
objects are alike of another kind. Then, the total
number of mutually distinguishable permutations
that can be formed from these objects is
! ) m n ( ) ! m (
! n

.
The above theorem can be extended further i.e., if
there are n objects, of which p
1
are alike of one kind;
p
2
are alike of another kind; p
3
are alike of 3
rd
kind;
.....; p
r
are alike of r
th
kind such that p
1
+ p
2
+ .... + p
r

= n; then the number of permutations of these n
objects is
) ! p ( .... ) ! p ( ) ! p (
! n
r 2 1

.
Circular permutations :
Difference between clockwise and anti-clockwise
arrangement : If anti-clockwise and clockwise order
of arrangement are not distinct e.g., arrangement of
beads in a necklace, arrangement of flowers in
garland etc. then the number of circular permutations
of n distinct items is
2
! ) 1 n (
.
Number of circular permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, when clockwise and
anticlockwise orders are taken as different is
r
p
r
n
.
PERMUTATION &
COMBINATION
Mathematics Fundamentals
M
A
T
H
Number or circular permutations of n different
things, taken r at a time, when clockwise and
anticlockwise orders are not different is
r 2
p
r
n
.
Theorems on circular permutations :
Theorem (i) : The number of circular
permutations on n different objects is (n 1) !.
Theorem (ii) : Then number of ways in which n
persons can be seated round a table is (n 1) !.
Theorem (iii) : The number of ways in which n
different beads can be arranged to form a
necklace, is ! ) 1 n (
2
1
.
Combinations :
Definition : Each of the different groups or selection
which can be formed by taking some or all of a
number of objects, irrespective of their arrangements,
called a combination.
Notation : The number of all combinations of n
things, taken r at a time is denoted by C(n, r) or
n
C
r
or
|
.
|
\
|
r
n
.
n
C
r
is always a natural number.
Difference between a permutation and
combination :
In a combination only selection is made whereas
in a permutation not only a selection is made but
also an arrangement in a definite order is
considered.
Each combination corresponds to many
permutations. For example, the six permutations
ABC, ACB, BCA, CBA and CAB correspond to
the same combination ABC.
Number of combinations without repetition
The number of combinations (selections or groups)
that can be formed from n different objects taken
r (0 r n) at a time is
n
C
r
=
! ) r n ( ! r
! n
. Also
n
C
r
=
n
C
n r
.
Let the total number of selections (or groups) = x.
Each group contains r objects, which can be arranged
in r ! ways. Hence the number of arrangements of r
objects = x (r!). But the number of arrangements =
n
p
r
.
x(r !) =
n
p
r
x =
! ) r n ( ! r
! n
=
n
C
r

Number of combinations with repetition and all
possible selections :
The number of combinations of n distinct objects
taken r at a time when any object may be repeated
any number of times.
= Coefficient of x
r
in (1 + x + x
2
+ ...... + x
r
)
n

= Coefficient of x
r
in (1 x)
n
=
n + r 1
C
r

The total number of ways in which it is possible
to form groups by taking some or all of n things at
a time is
n
C
1
+
n
C
2
+ .... +
n
C
n
= 2
n
1.
The total number of ways in which it is possible
to make groups by taking some or all out of
n = (n
1
+ n
2
+ .....) things, when n
1
are alike of one
kind, n
2
are alike of second kind, and so on is
{(n
1
+ 1) (n
2
+ 1) .....} 1.
The number of selections taking at least one out
of a
1
+ a
2
+ a
3
+ .... + a
n
+ k objects, where a
1
are
alike (of one kind), a
2
are alike (of second kind)
and so on ............... a
n
are alike (of n
th
kind) and k
are distinct
= [(a
1
+ 1) (a
2
+ 1) (a
3
+ 1) ......... (a
n
+ 1)]2
k
1
Conditional combinations :
The number of ways in which r objects can be
selected from n different objects if k particular
objects are
(i) Always included =
n k
C
rk

(ii) Never included =
n k
C
r

The number of combinations of n objects, of
which p are identical, taken r at a time is

n p
C
r
+
n p
C
r 1
+...........+
n p
C
0
, if r p and

n p
C
r
+
n p
C
r 1
+ ........... +
n p
C
r p
, if r > p.
Division into groups
The number of ways in which n different things
can be arranged into r different groups is
n + r 1
P
n

or n !
n 1
C
r 1
according as blank group are or are
not admissible.
Number of ways in which m n different objects
can be distributed equally among n persons (or
numbered groups) = (number of ways of dividing
into groups) (number of groups)!
=
! n ) ! m (
! n ! ) mn (
n
=
n
) ! m (
! ) mn (

If order of group is not important: The number of
ways in which mn different things can be divided
equally into m groups is
! m ) ! m (
! ) mn (
m
.
If order of groups is important : The number of
ways in which mn different things can be divided
equally into m distinct groups is

! m ) ! n (
! ) mn (
m
m ! =
m
) ! n (
! ) mn (

Derangement :
Any change in the given order of the things is called
a derangement.
If n things form an arrangement in a row, the number
of ways in which they can be deranged so that no one
of them occupies its original place is
n !
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ + +
! n
1
. ) 1 ( ...
! 3
1
! 2
1
! 1
1
1
n

XtraEdge for IIT-JEE AUGUST 2009 45
a

PHYSICS

Questions 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions. Each
question has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which ONLY ONE is correct.

1. A helicopter takes off along the vertical with an
acceleration a = 3 m/s
2
and zero initial velocity. In a
certain time t
1
, the pilot switches off the engine. At
the point of take off, the sound dies away in a time
t
2
= 30 s. If the speed of sound is 320 m/s, then the
velocity of the helicopter at the moment when its
engine is switched off is
(A) 120 m/s (B) 60 m/s
(C) 80 m/s (D) 720 m/s

2. A glass ball is thrown as a projectile in an evacuated
tube. Let t
L
be the time interval between two
successive passages across the lower level and t
u
the
time interval between the two passages across the
upper level, and H the distance between the two
levels. Then
H
t
L
t
U

(A) t
L
t
U
=
g
H 8
(B)
2
L
t
2
U
t =
g
H 8

(C)
U
L
t
t
=
g
H 8
(D)
U
L
t
t
= gH 8

3. A ball of mass m having charge q and attached to a
string of length L can rotate in a circle in a vertical
plane about the centre O, where another charge q is
kept stationary. Then the minimum velocity of the
ball at its lowest position, so that the string may not
slacken in any position, should be

q
L
m, q

(A)
mL 4
q
gL 5
0
2
(B)
mL 4
q
gL 5
0
2
+
(C)
2
2
0
2
2
mL 4
q
) gL 5 (
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
(D) gL 5

IIT-JEE 2010
XtraEdge Test Series # 4
Based on New Pattern
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Essential Mathematics, Vector, Units & Dimension, Motion in One dimension, Projectile
motion, Circular motion, Electrostatics & Gauss's Law, Capacitance, Current electricity, Alternating Current,
Magnetic Field, E.M.I. Chemistry : Mole Concept, Chemical Bonding, Atomic Structure, Periodic Table, Chemical
Kinetics, Electro Chemistry, Solid state, Solutions, Surface Chemistry, Nuclear Chemistry. Mathematics:
Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonmetrical Equation, Inverse Trigonmetrical Functions, Properties of Triangle, Radii of
Circle, Function, Limit, Continiuty, Differentiation, Apllication of Differentiation (Tangent & Normal,
Monotonicity, Maxima & Minima).

Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Question 7 to 10 are Multiple choice questions with multiple correct option. 4 marks will be awarded for each correct
answer and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
Question 11 to 16 are Passage based multiple correct type questions. 5 marks will be awarded for each correct answer
and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 17 to 19 are numerical response questions. Each question carries +6 marks. There is no negative marking
in this section.
4. An isolated, conducting spherical shell of radius R
carries a negative charge Q. A small charged
spherical metal ball, carrying positive charge q is
placed inside the shell and connected by a wire to the
inner wall of the shell. Then the common potential of
the two is
(A) positive (B) negative
(C) zero (D) any of the above

5. Two large parallel copper plates are L metre apart
and have a uniform electric field between them. An
electron is released from the negative plate at the
same time that a proton is released from the positive
plate. The gravity and the force of the particles on
each other are neglected. The two particles cross each
other at a distance x from the positive plate. Then x
is
P
e
+
L

(A) x =
e
p
m
m
L (B) x =
2
L

(C) x =
e p
e p
m m
m m
+
L (D) x =
p e
e
m m
m
+
L

6. The conducting bar of length L shown in figure,
oscillates across the rails with the velocity
v = v
0
cos t in a magnetic field B = B
0
cos t (in a
direction perpendicular to the rails and into the
paper). At the mean position the rails are connected
by a conductor. If at t = 0, the rod is at the mean
position, then the instantaneous emf induced in the
loop is

conducting bar
v B L
between this region
c
o
n
d
u
c
t
i
n
g

r
a
i
l
s
rod oscillates
mean position

(A) B
0
V
0
L sin t (B) B
0
V
0
L cos t
(C) B
0
V
0
L cos t (D) B
0
V
0
L sin (2t)

questions has four choices (A), (B), (C) and (D), out of
which MULTIPLE (ONE OR MORE) is correct.

7. A ball is dropped from a height h. Wind is blowing
horizontally in such a manner that it imparts the ball
a horizontal constant acceleration of a m/s
2
to the
ball. The ball strikes the ground at B (see figure).
Then

A
h
a(m/s
2
)

B R

(A) the path of the ball is a parabola
(B) the path of the ball is a straight line
(C) the angle = tan
1
(g/a)
(D) the range R = h a/g

8. An uncharged capacitor C is fully charged by a
constant emf E in series with a resistor R. Then the
correct statement (s) is (are)
(A) Final energy stored in the capacitor is half of the
energy supplied by the emf.
(B) Internal energy dissipated by the resistor is equal
to the final energy stored in the capacitor
(C) Final energy stored in the capacitor is equal to
the energy supplied by the emf.
(D) All of the above.

9. A rectangular N-turn coil in the-yz plane (see figure)
carrying a current I is placed in a uniform magnetic
field B = B
0
( x + y ). Then the maximum torque will
act when the coil is rotated by an angle

Y
X
a
I
b
Z

(A) = /4 (B) = + 3/4
(C) = + /4 (D) = 3/4

10. Mark the correct statement (s) :
(A) The potential difference between two points in
an electric field must be zero
(B) The potential difference two points in an electric
filed may be zero
(C) If a positively charged metal sphere is brought
near a conducting sphere, it is found that a force
of attraction occurs between the two, this means
that one conducting sphere must be charged
(D) In (C) the conducting sphere may be charged

This section contains 2 paragraphs; each has 3 multiple
choice questions. (Question 11 to 16) Each question has
4 choices (A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which ONE OR
MORE THAN ONE is correct.

Passage : I (Q. No. 11 to 13)

Consider a point object of mass 'm' moving in a circle
of radius a = 1 m. For any instantaneous position of
the object, is the angle that the radial line joining
the object and the centre makes with the positive X-
axis of a cartesian coordinate system with the centre
of circle O as the origin. i
and j
are unit vectors

along X-axis and Y-axis, respectively. Suppose that
the motion is a 'Uniform Circular Motion' with a
constant angular speed
36
rad/sec and that the sense

of rotation is counter clock with = 0 at t = 0. For an
object which moves in a circle, it is usually
convenient to introduce two mutually perpendicular
unit vectors,
r
r and
t
r , as shown in fig. Here
r
r is the
radial unit vector and
t
r , the tangential unit vector.

X
Y
P
O

t
r r
r

11. For any instantaneous position of the object P, the
radial unit vector
r
r can be expressed as
(A)
r
r = i
sin + j
cos
(B) r = i
cos + j
sin
(C) r = i
sin j
cos
(D)
r
r = i
cos j
sin

12. For any position of the object P, the tangential unit
vector can be expressed as
(A)
t
r = i
cos j
sin
(B)
t
r = i
sin j
cos
(C)
t
r = i
cos + j
sin
(D)
t
r = i
sin + j
cos

13. In terms of
r
r ,
t
r and , i
can be expressed as
(A) = sin r cos r i
t r

(B) + = cos r sin r i
t r

(C) + = cos r sin r i
t

(D) + = sin r cos r i
t r

Passage : II (Q. No. 14 to 16)
As a charged particle 'q' moving with a velocity
v
enters a uniform magnetic field
B , it experiences a
force
F = q(
B ). For = 0 or 180, being the

angle between
v and
B , force experienced is zero

and the particle passes undeflected. For = 90, the
particle moves along a circular arc and the magnetic
force (qvB) provides the necessary centripetal
force
|
|
.
|
\
|
r
mv
2
. For other values of ( 0, 180,
90), the charged particle moves along a helical path
which is the resultant motion of simultaneous circular
and translational motions.
Suppose a particle, that carries a charge of magnitude
q and has a mass 4 10
15
kg, is moving in a region
containing a uniform magnetic field
B = 0.4 k
T.
At any instant, velocity of the particle is
v = (8 i
6 j
+ 4 k
) 10
6
m/s and force acting on it
has a magnitude 1.6 N.

14. Pitch of the helical path is
(A) 122.4 cm (B) 62.8 cm
(C) 24.6 cm (D) 74.4 cm

15. Which of the following is correct ?
(A) Motion of the particle is non-periodic but y and
z-position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
(B) Motion of the particle is non-periodic but x and
y-position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
(C) Motion of the particle is non-periodic but x and
z-position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner
(D) Motion of the particle is periodic and all the
position co-ordinates vary in a periodic manner

16. If the co-ordinates of the particle at t = 0 are (2m, 1m,
0), co-ordinate at a time t = 3T, where T is a time
period of circular component of motion, will be
(A) (2m, 1m, 400 m)
(B) (0.142 m, 130 m, 0)
(C) (2m, 1m, 1.884 m)
(D) (142 m, 130m, 628 m)

Numerical response questions (Q. 17 to 19). Answers to
this Section are to be given in the form of nearest
integer-in four digits. Please follow as per example :
(i.e. for answer : 1492.2 write 1492; 491.8 write 0492;
92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

17. A current of 4 A flows in a coil when connected to a
12V dc source. If the same coil is connected to a
12V, 50 rad/s ac source a current of 2.4 A flows in
the circuit. Also find the power developed in the
circuit if a 2500 F capacitor is connected in series
with the coil.

18. A capacitor of capacity 2 F is charged to a potential
difference of 12V. It is then connected across an
inductor of inductance 0.6 mH. What is the current in
the circuit at a time when the potential difference
across the capacitor is 6.0 V ?

19. A ball of mass 100 g is projected vertically upwards
from the ground with a velocity of 49 m/s. At the
same lime another identical ball is dropped from a
height of 98 metre to fall freely along the same path
as that followed by the first ball. After some time the
two balls collide and stick together and finally fall to
ground. Find the time of flight of the masses. (g = 9.8
m/s
2
)

CHEMISTRY


1. A mixture of CO and CO
2
having a volume of 20 ml
is mixed with x ml of oxygen and electrically
sparked. The volume after explosion is (16 + x) ml
under the same conditions. What would be the
residual volume if 30 ml of the original mixture is
treated with aqueous NaOH ?
(A) 12 ml (B) 10 ml
(C) 9 ml (D) 8 ml

2. Rutherfords experiment, which estabilished the
nuclear model of the atom, used a beam of -
(A) particles, which impinged on a metal foil and
got absorbed
(B) rays, which impinged on a metal foil and
ejected electrons
(C) helium atoms, which impinged on a metal foil
and got scattered
(D) helium nuclei, which impinged on a metal foil
and got scattered

3. The correct order of acidic strength is
(A) Cl
2
O
7

>SO
2
>P
4
O
10

(B) CO
2

>N
2
O
5
<SO
3

(C) Na
2
O

>MgO

>Al
2
O
3

(D) K
2
O

>CaO

>MgO

4. A reaction follows the given concentration (C) vs
time graph. The rate for this reaction at 20 seconds
will be

0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0 20 40 60 80 100
Time/second

(A) 4 10
3
Ms
1
(B) 8 10
2
Ms
1

(C) 2 10
2
Ms
1
(D) 7 10
3
Ms
1

5. The potential of the Daniell cell,
Zn
) M 1 (
ZnSO
4
) M 1 (
CuSO
4
Cu was reported by Buckbee,
Surdzial, and Metz as
E = 1.1028 0.641 10
3
T + 0.72 10
5
T
2
, where
T is the celcius temperature. Calculate S for the
cell reaction at 25 C -
(A) 45.32 (B) 34.52
(C) 25.43 (D) 54.23

6. In a hypothetical solid C atoms form CCP lattice with
A atoms occupying all the Tetrahedral voids and B
atoms occupying all the octahedral voids. A and B
atoms are of the appropriate size such that there is no
distortion i n the CCP l at tice. Now if a plane is
cut (as shown) then the cross section would like

Plane
CCP unit cell

(A)
C C
C
C
B
B
B B
A
A
B

(B)

C C
C
B B B
C C
C C

(C)
C
C
B B B
C C
C C
A
A A
A

(D)
C C
C
B B B
C C
C C


7. Select the correct statements from the following
regarding sols
(A) Viscosity of lyophilic sols (emulsoid) is much
higher than that of solvent
(B) Surface tension of lyophobic sols (suspensoid) is
usually low.
(C) The particles of lyophilic sols always carry a
characteristics charge either positive or negative
(D) Hydrophobic sols can easily be coagulated by
addition of electrolytes

8. Which of the following is/are correct ?
(A) -rays are more penetrating than -rays
(B) -rays have greater ionizing power than -rays
(C) -particles are not present in the nucleus, yet they
are emitted from the nucleus
(D) -rays are not emitted simultaneously with and
-rays.

9. Choose the correct statement(s) -
(A) At the anode, the species having minimum
reduction potential is formed from the oxidation
of corresponding oxidizable species
(B) In highly alkaline medium, the anodic process
during the electrolytic process is
4OH
O
2
+ 2H
2
O + 4e

(C) The standard potential of Cl
| AgCl | Ag half
cell is related to that of Ag
+
| Ag through the
expression

Ag / Ag
E
+
=
Ag | AgCl | Cl
E +
F
RT
ln K
sp
(AgCl)
(D) Compounds of active metals (Zn, Na, Mg) are
reducible by H
2
whereas those of noble metals
(Cu, Ag, Au) are not reducible.

10. The co-ordination number of FCC structure for
metals is 12, since -
(A) each atom touches 4 others in same layer, 3 in
layer above and 3 in layer below
(B) each atom touches 4 others in same layer, 4 in
(C) each atom touches 6 others in same layer, 3 in
(D) each atom touches 3 others in same layer, 6 in


The cell potential for the unbalanced chemical
reaction :
Hg
2
2+

+ NO
3

+ H
3
O
+

Hg
2+
+HNO
2
+ H
2
O
is measured under standard state conditions in the
electrochemical cell shown in the accompanying
diagram. The cell voltage is positive : E
Cell
= 0.02 V
E = 0.02 V
Dish A anode
Dish B cathode

Given
NO
3

+ 3H
3
O +

2e

HNO
2
+ 4H
2
O
E = 0.94 V

11. Which of the following statements must be true of the
solutions in order for the cell to operate with the
voltage indicated ?
(A) The solution in Dish A must be acidic
(B) The solution in Dish B must be acidic
(C) The solutions in both Dish A and Dish B must be
acidic
(D) No acid may be in either Dish A or Dish B

12. At what pH will the cell potential be zero if the
activity of other components are equal to one ?
(A)
059 . 0 2
02 . 0
(B)
059 . 0
02 . 0

(C)
059 . 0
04 . 0
(D)
059 . 0
02 . 0

3
2

13. How many moles of electrons pass through the
circuit when 0.6 mole of Hg
2+
and 0.30 mole of
HNO
2
are produced in the cell that contains 0.5 mole
of Hg
2
2+

and 0.40 mole of NO
3

at the begining of the
reaction ?
(A) 0.6 mole (B) 0.8 mole
(C) 0.3 mole (D) 1 mole

According to Raoults law partial pressure of any
volatile constituent of a solution at a constant
temperature is equal to the vapour pressure of pure
constituent multiplied by mole-fraction of that
constituent in the solution.
This law is the major deciding factor whether a
solution will be ideal or non-ideal. Ideal solution
always obey Raoults law at energy range of
concentration.
A liquid mixture of benzene & toluene is composed
of 1 mol of benzene & 1 mol of
toluene. Benzene & toluene mixture behave
ideally. Given
0
t
p = 4.274 KN/m
2
;
0
b
p = 13.734
KN/m
2
where subscript t & b stands for toluene &
benzene respectively.

14. If pressure over mixture at 300 K is reduced at what
pressure does the first vapour form ?
(A) 18.008 KN/m
2
(B) 9.004 KN/m
2

(C) 13.05 KN/m
2
(D) 3.003 KN/m
2

15. What is the composition of first trace of
vapour formed in terms of mole-fraction of toluene
(A) 0.2373 (B) 0.7627
(C) 0.333 (D) 0.67

16. If the pressure is further reduced, at what pressure
does last trace of liquid disappear
(A) 9.004 KN/m
2
(B) 6.519 KN/m
2

(C) 3.03 KN/m
2
(D) None of these

92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

17. The specific rate constant of the decomposition of
N
2
O
5
is 0.008 min
-1
. The volume of O
2
collected
after 20 minutes is 16 ml. Find the volume (in ml)
that would be collected at the end of reaction. NO
2

formed is dissolved in CCl
4
.

18. Graph between log x/m and log p is straight line
inclined at an angle of 45. When pressure is
0.5 atm and ln k = 0.693, what will be the amount of
solute adsorbed per gm of adsorbent ?

19. A current of dry air was passed through a series of
bulbs containing 1.25 g of a solute A
2
B in 50 g of
water and then through pure water. The loss in
weight of the former series of bulbs was 0.98 g and in
the later series 0.01 g. If the molecular weight of A
2
B
is 80 calculate degree of dissociation of A
2
B.

MATHEMATICS


1. The value of
sin
14
sin
14
3
.sin
14
5
.sin
14
7
.sin
14
9
.sin
14
11
.sin
14
13

is equal to :
(A) 1 (B) 1/16
(C) 1/64 (D) None of these

2. If A and B are acute positive angles satisfying
the equation 3 sin
2
A + 2 sin
2
B = 1 and
3 sin 2A 2 sin 2B = 0, then (A + 2B) is
(A) 0 (B) /2
(C) /4 (D) /3

3. If , are the roots of the equation;
6x
2
+ 11x + 3 =0 then :
(A) both cos
-1
and cos
1
are real
(B) both cosec
1
and cosec
1
are real
(C) both cot
1
and cot
1
are real
(D) None of these

4. If f(x) = 64x
3
+
3
x
1
and , are the roots of
4x +
x
1
= 2 then
(A) f() = 64 (B) f() = 8
(C) f() = 16 (D) f() = 24

5. A differentiable function f is defined for all x > 0 and
satisfies f(x
2
) = x
4
for all x > 0, then f(16) is equal to
(A) 64 (B) 16
(C) 8 (D) None of these

6. Let f(x) = xe
x(1 x)
, then f(x) is
(A) increasing on [1/2, 1]
(B) decreasing on R
(C) increasing on R
(D) decreasing on [1/2, 1]


7. The
3
8
0 x
x
1
x lim (where [x] is greatest integer
function) is
(A) a nonzero real number
(B) a rational number
(C) an integer
(D) zero

8. Let f(x) = g(x)
x / 1 x / 1
x / 1 x / 1
e e
e e
where g is the
derivative of g and is a continuous function then
) x ( f lim
0 x
exist if
(A) g(x) is polynomial
(B) g(x) = x
(C) g(x) = x
2

(D) g(x) = x
3
h(x) where h(x) is a polynomial

9. For x > 1, y = log x (x 1) satisfies the inequality
(A) x 1 > y (B) x
2
1 > y
(C) y > x 1 (D)
x
1 x
< y

10. If the line, ax + by + c = 0 is a normal to the curve
xy = 2, then
(A) a < 0, b > 0 (B) a > 0, b < 0
(C) a > 0, b > 0 (D) a < 0, b < 0


Let f(x) be a real valued function not identically zero,
such that
f(x + y
n
) = f(x) + (f(y))
n
x, y R
where n N
n 1
and f(0) 0.
We may get an explicit form of the function f(x).

11. The value of f(0) is
(A) 1 (B) n
(C) 1 + n (D) 2

12. The value of f(5) is
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 5n (D) 5

13.
1
0
) x ( f dx is equal to
(A) 1/2n (B) 2n
(C) 1/2 (D) 2

Among several applications of maxima and minima
is finding the largest term of a sequence. Let <a
n
> be
a sequence. Consider f(x) obtained by replacing x by
n e.g. let a
n
=
1 n
n
+
consider f(x) =
1 x
x
+
on [1, ]
f(x) =
2
) 1 x (
x
+
> 0 for all x.
Hence max f(x) = ) x ( f lim
x
= 1.

14. The largest term of a
n
= n
2
/(n
3
+ 200) is
(A) 29/453 (B) 49/543
(C) 43/543 (D) 41/451

15. The largest term of the sequence
a
n
= n/(n
2
+ 10) is
(A) 3/19 (B) 2/13
(C) 1 (D) 1/7

16. If f(x) is the function required to find largest term in
Q. 14 then
(A) f is increase for all x
(B) f decreases for all x
(C) f has a maximum at x =
3
400
(D) f increases on [0, 9]

92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

17. Let P
n
(x) be a function satisfying

=0 n
n
n
) x ( P h = (1 2hx + h
2
)
1/2
, |x| 1, |h| < 1/3.
Find P
3
(10).

18. The value
3 x tan 4 x tan
x tan 3 x tan 2 x tan
lim
2
4 5 6
3 tan x
1
+

is.

19. Let (a b cos y) (a + b cos x) = a
2
b
2
and
dx
dy
=
2
) x cos b a (
) y ( f x sin
+
. If a
2
b
2
= 192 then f(/2) =

The Andromeda Galaxy is 2.3 million light
years away.
Pluto lies at the outer edge of the planetary
system of our sun, and at the inner edge of
the Kuiper Belt, a belt of icy comets that are
the remnants of the formation of the solar
system.
On June 8 2004, Venus passed directly
between the Earth and the Sun, appearing as
a large black dot travelling across the Sun's
disk. This event is known as a "transit of
Venus" and is very rare: the last one was in
1882, the next one is in 2012.
A sunbeam setting out through space at the
rate of 186,000 miles a second would
describe a gigantic circle and return to its
origins after about 200 billion years.
Mercury can only be seen from the Earth at
twilight.

PHYSICS


1. A balance can weight with a precision of 0.5 kg.
Your weight on this balance is 55 kg. wt and when
you hold your books bag, your weight is 64 kg. What
is the percentage uncertainty in your bag's weight ?
(A) 0.9% (B) 0.8%
(C) 5.6% (D) 18%

2. It is given that Planck's time t
p
is
t
p
c
i
G
j
h
k

where c = speed of light, G = gravitational constant
and h = Planck's constant. Then the exponents i, j and
k are
(A) i =
2
5
, j =
2
1
, k =
2
1

(B) i =
2
1
, j =
2
3
, k = 1
(C) i =
2
3
, j = 1, k =
5
2

(D) i = 0, j =
2
1
, k =
2
1

3. Fig shows six successive positions of a particle
moving along the x axis. At t = 0, it is at position x =
1 meter. The arrow shows velocity. At t = 0, it has
velocity v = 2 m/s in the forward direction. Then the
average velocity in the intervals AD and AF are,
respectively

2 m/s
A
B
C
D
E
F
0
1
2
2.5
3.5
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
4 m/s
t(s)
x (m)

(A) 2 m/s and 4 m/s
(B) 1 m/s and 1/4 m/s
(C) 1/4 ms and 2ms
(D) 2 m/s and 1/4 m/s

4. A particle moves so that its position as a function of
time in SI units is
) t ( r
r
= i
+ t
2
j
+t k

Then the velocity of the particle varies with time as
IIT-JEE 2011
Time : 3 Hours
Syllabus : Physics : Essential Mathematics, Vector, Units & Dimension, Motion in One dimension, Projectile
motion, Circular motion. Chemistry : Mole Concept, Chemical Bonding, Atomic Structure, Periodic Table .
Mathematics: Trigonometric Ratios, Trigonmetrical Equation, Inverse Trigonmetrical Functions, Properties of
Triangle, Radii of Circle.

Instructions :
Section - I
Question 1 to 6 are multiple choice questions with only one correct answer. +3 marks will be awarded for correct
answer and -1 mark for wrong answer.
Question 7 to 10 are Multiple choice questions with multiple correct option. 4 marks will be awarded for each correct
answer and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
Question 11 to 16 are Passage based multiple correct type questions. 5 marks will be awarded for each correct answer
and 1 mark for each wrong answer.
Section - II
Question 17 to 19 are numerical response questions. Each question carries +6 marks. There is no negative marking
in this section.

XtraEdge Test Series # 4
Based on New Pattern
(A)
time (t)
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
v
)
(B)
time (t)
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
v
)

(C)
time (t)
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
v
)
45
(D)
time (t)
v
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
v
)
60

5. A particle A moves along the line y = 30 m with a
constant velocity v = 3.0 m/s directed parallel to the
x-axis. A second particle B starts at the origin with
zero speed and constant acceleration a = 0.4 m/s
2
at
the same instant that the particle A passes the y-axis.
If B makes an angle with the x-axis, then the value
of for collision to occur between A and B should
be

v
a

A
B
X
Y

(A) 30 (B) 45 (C) 60 (D) 72

6. An object moves in a straight line as described by the
velocity time graph in fig.

0 1 2 3 4 5 6
20
15
10
5
Times (s)
V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y

(
m
/
s
)

Then the graph that represent the acceleration of the
object as a function of time is
(A)
0 1 2 3 4 5
a
times (s)
(B)
0 1 2 3 4 5
a
times (s)

(C)
0 1 2 3 4 5
a
times (s)
(D)
0 1 2 3 4 5
a
times (s)


7. For the three vectors d
r
,
1
d
r
and
2
d
r
, suppose
d
r
=
1
d
r
+
2
d
r
then
(A) d must be greater than d
1
, d
2

(B) d may be greater than d
1
, d
2

(C) d must be smaller than d
1
, d
2

(D) d may be smaller than d
1
, d
2

8. A jumbo jet needs to reach a speed of 360 km/h on
the runway for takeoff. If we assume constant
acceleration and a runway of length 1.8 km, then
(A) the minimum acceleration required from rest is
2.8 m/s
2

(B) the minimum time from rest to takeoff is 36
second
(C) the minimum acceleration required is 9.8 m/s
2

(D) the minimum time for takeoff is 72 second

9. The engineer of a train moving at a speed v
1
sights a
freight train a distance d ahead of him on the same
track moving in the same direction with a slower
speed v
2
. The puts on the brakes and gives his train a
constant deceleration a. Then
(A) if d > (v
1
v
2
)
2
/2a, there will be no collision
(B) if d < (v
1
v
2
)
2
/2a, there will be a collision
(C) The x versus t graph of the two trains if no
collision occurs, may be as shown here in fig.

time
x
O

(D) All of these

10. A body is dropped from rest and falls freely. The
position (y), the velocity (v) and the acceleration (a)
of the body at t = 0, 1, 2, 3, (second) are given in the
table. Then the correct statements are

t
(s)
y
(m)
v
(m/s)
a
(m/s
2
)
0 0 0 g
1 y
1
v
1
a
1
2 y
2
v
2
a
2
3 y
3
v
3
a
3

(A) y
1
: y
2
: y
3
= 1 : 3 : 5
(B) y
1
: y
2
: y
3
= 1 : 4 : 9
(C) v
1
: v
2
: v
3
= 1 : 2 : 3
(D) a
1
: a
2
: a
3
= 1 : 3 : 5

Suppose that a point mass 'm' is moving under a
constant force
F = 2 i
+ k
newton. At some
instant, t = 0, point P (x, m, ym,) [m metre] is the
instantaneous position of the mass. We know that
torque can be expressed as the cross-product of
position vector and force vector, i.e.,

X
O
Y
Z
Q(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
)
P(x, y, 1)

F
At P, torque can be expressed as,

= 4 j
4 k
newton-metre
At some other instant, t = 3 sec, the point mass has
another instantaneous position Q(x, y, z) such that the
displacement vector between point P and Q and the
given force are mutually perpendicular. Also, x-
component of torque at Q is zero and y and z-
components are equal in magnitude and directed
along the negative directions of the respective axes.
Using a definite scale, if we construct a parallelogram
with the position vector of Q and the given force
F
as its adjacent sides, area of this parallelogram is
2 2 m
2
. Area of the given parallelogram, in fact,
represents a physical quantity whose magnitude in SI
system can be expressed as 5 times the given area.

11. Coordinates of point P (measured in metre) are
(A) (1, 0, 1) (B) (2, 1, 1)
(C) (1, 1, 1) (D) (2, 2, 1)

12. At Q, torque acting on the mass can be expressed as
(A) 5 j
5 k
newton-metre
(B) 8 j
8 k
newton-metre
(C) 10 j
10 k
newton-metre
(D) 12 j
12 k
newton-metre

13. Coordinates of point Q(measured in metre) are
(A) (4, 3, 3) (B) (2, 1, 1)
(C) (3, 2, 2) (D) (2, 4, 2)

Consider a simple penduluman object attached to
one end of a thread is suspended vertically from the
other end. If the object is released from a slight
displacement from the mean position, it oscillates in a
simple harmonic manner with a time period
T = 2
g
l

Here l is the distance of centre of mass of the object
from the point of suspension. Obviously, it is
possible to determine acceleration due to gravity 'g'
by measuring time period of oscillation of a given
pendulum. Let us perform this experiment. Length of
the thread is measured using a metre scale. Six
measurements of length of thread give its values as
20 cm, 20.5 cm, 18.5 cm, 21 cm, 19.5 cm and 20.5
cm. We take a spherical object of uniform density,
and its diameter, if required, is measured with the
help of a vernier callipers. In the given vernier
callipers, 20 VSD 19 MSD and a part of the main
scale is as shown if fig. Using the least count
(vernier constant) of vernier callipers as the mean
absolute error, percentage error in the measurement
of diameter is found to be 1%. Finally, time of 20
oscillations is measured and five measurements give
its value as : 17 sec, 18 sec, 19 sec, 17.5 sec, 18.5 sec
3 (cm) 4 (cm)

14. Percentage error in the measurement of length is
nearly
(A) 10.6% (B) 5.8%
(C) 3.3% (D) 1.8 %

15. Vernier constant of the given vernier callipers is
(A) 2.5 10
3
cm (B) 2.5 10
2
cm
(C) 0.25 cm (D) 2.5 10
4
cm

16. Effective length of the pendulum, i.e., distance
between the point of suspension and the centre of
mass of the object, can be written as
(A) (20.5 0.6) cm (B) (20.125 0.446) cm
(C) (20.125 0.669) cm (D) (20.25 0.54) cm

92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

17. The width of a river is 25 m and in it water is flowing
with a velocity of 4 m/min. A boatman is standing on
the bank of the river. He wants to sail the boat to a
point at the other bank which is directly opposite to
him. In what time will he cross the river, if he can
sail the boat at 8 m/min. relative to the water ?

18. At a picnic spot on a hill, a boy falls over the cliff.
Suddenly Shaktiman arrives and dives off the edge
2.0 s after the start of the boy's fall. If the cliff is 100
m high, what must Shaktiman's initial velocity be if
he is to catch the boy just before he reaches the
ground ?

19. On a cricket field, the batsman is at the origin of co-
ordinates and a fielder stands in position
(46
i + 28
j )m. The batsman hits the ball so that it

rolls along the ground with constant velocity
(7.5
i + 10
j ) m/s. The fielder can run with a speed

of 5 m/s. If he starts to run immediately the ball is hit,
what is the shortest time in which he could intercept
the ball?

CHEMISTRY


1. Iron forms two oxides, in first oxide 56 gram. Iron is
found to be combined with 16 gram oxygen and in
second oxide 112 gram . Iron is found to be
combined with 48 gram oxygen. This data satisfy the
law of -
(A) Conservation of mass
(B) Reciprocal proportion
(C) Multiple proportion
(D) Combining volume

2. A carbon compound containing carbon and oxygen
has molar mass equal to 288. On analysis it is found
to contain 50% by mass of each element. Therefore
molecular formula of the compound is-
(A) C
12
O
9
(B) C
4
O
3

(C) C
3
O
4
(D) C
9
O
12

3. Lattice energy of BeCO
3
(I) , MgCO
3
(II) and CaCO
3

(III) are in the order -
(A) I > II > III (B) I < II < III
(C) I < III < II (D) II < I < III

4. Which of the following conditions is not correct for
resonating structures ? -
(A) The contributing structures must have the same
number of unpaired electrons
(B) The contributing structures should have similar
energies
(C) The contributing structures should be so written
that unlike charges reside on atoms that are far
apart
(D) The positive charge should be present on the
electropositive element and the negative charge
on the electronegative element

5. Light of wavelength shines on a metal surface with
intensity x and the metal emits y electrons per second
of average energy, z. What will happen to y and z if x
is doubled ?
(A) y will be doubled and z will become half
(B) y will remain same and z will be doubled
(C) both y and z will be doubled
(D) y will be doubled but z will remain same

6. In two H atoms X and Y the electrons move around
the nucleus in circular orbits of radius r and 4r
respectively. The ratio of the times taken by them to
complete one revolution is
(A) 1 : 4 (B) 1 : 2
(C) 1 : 8 (D) 2 : 1


7. Which of the following statements is/are
correct ?
(A) Group 12(IIB) elements do not show
characteristic properties of transition metals
(B) Among transition elements, tungsten has the
highest melting point
(C) Among transition elements, group 3 (IIIB)
elements have lowest densities
(D) Transition metals are more electropositive than
alkaline earth metals.

8. 11.2 g of mixture of MCl (volatile) and NaCl gave
28.7 g of white ppt with excess of AgNO
3
solution.
11.2 g of same mixture on heating gave a gas that on
passing into AgNO
3
solution gave 14.35 g of white
ppt. Hence ?
(A) Ionic mass of M
+
is 18

(B) Mixture has equal mol fraction of MCl and NaCl
(C) MCl and NaCl are in 1 : 2 molar ratio

(D) Ionic mass of M
+
is 10

9. Specify the coordination geometry around the
hybridization of N and B atoms in a 1 : 1 complex of
BF
3
and NH
3
- [IIT- 2002]
(A) N : tetrahedral, sp
3
;B : tetrahedral, sp
3
(B) N : pyramidal, sp
3
; B : pyramidal, sp
3

(C) N : pyramidal, sp
3
; B : planar, sp
2

(D) N : pyramidal, sp
3
; B : tetrahedral, sp
3

10. The radii of two of the first four Bohr orbits of the
hydrogen atom are in the ratio 1 : 4. The energy
difference between them may be :
(A) Either 12.09 eV or 3.4 eV
(B) Either 2.55 eV or 10.2 eV
(C) Either 13.6 eV or 3.4 eV
(D) Either 3.4 eV or 0.85 eV


The radius of the nucleus of an atom can be
approximately determined as,
r
nu
= (1.410
13
)A
1/3

where A is mass number of the atoms and M is the
charge of the electron = 4.8 10
10
esu.
The mass of -particle = 4 mass of H-atom
mass of hydrogen atom =
6
10
10
24
gm.
Consider during collision kinetic energy of
-particle just equal to coulombic force of repulsion.
The mass number of Au = 197
The mass number of He = 4
The atomic number of Au = 79
Given : (4)
1/3
= 1.59 and (197)
1/3
= 5.82

374 . 10
) 8 . 4 ( 79 2
2

= 351
3 51 . 3 = 3.245
Planks constant, h = 6.625 10
34
JS

11. What is the distance between the -particle and Au
nucleus during the collision
(A) 10.374 10
13
cm (B) 10.374
(C) 10.374 10
10
cm (D) 10.374 nm

12. What should be the minimum velocity of the
-particle to strike the nucleus of
79
Au
197
?
(A) 3.245 10
8
m/s (B) 3.245 10
9
m/s
(C) 3.245 10
5
m/s (D) 3.245 10
7
m/s

13. What is the de-broglies wave length associated with
a -particle while it is moving to colloide with the
Au nucleus ?
(A)
245 . 3 4
6 625 . 6
10
25
m (B)
245 . 3
6 625 . 6
10
15
m
(C)
245 . 3 4
6 625 . 6
10
15
m (D)
245 . 3 5
6 625 . 6
10
15
m

Electronegativity is defined as the power of an atom
in a molecule to attract the sigma bonded electron
pair itself. Pauling established a scale of
electronegativity based on the excess bond energy in
heteronuclear covalent bond AB. The energy of the
bond D
AB

can be considered to be the sum of the
nonpolar contribution, D
np
and a polar contribution
D
p

which gives additional stability to the covalent
bond due to coulombic attraction arising out of the
partial ionic nature of the bond.
D
AB
= D
np
+ D
p

Pauling assumed that the nonpolar bond energy D
np

is average energy of the bond energies
D
AA
& D
BB

D
np
= ) D D (
2
1
B B A A
+
so that , D
p

=D
AB
D
np

= D
AB
) D D (
2
1
B B A A
+
The polar contribution D
p
, also called ionic
resonance energy , is a relative measure of the
polarity of the AB bond. As per pauling
electronegativity difference , x is proportional to the
, as
x = (x
A
x
B
) = 0.088
where x
A
and x
B
are electronegativities of
A & B respectively x
A
> x
B
. The bond energies are
in KJ/mol. On further study it is seen
electronegativity of the atom also linearly increases
with the partial ionic charge (q). Thus
electronegativity, x = a + bq. Large and soft atoms
have low value of b, while small and hard atoms have
a large value of b. The % ionic character related with
the % ioinic character = 3.5 (x
A
x
B

)
2
+ 16 |(x
A
x
B

)|

14. Enthalpy of formation AB(g) from A
2
(g) & B
2
(g) is
represented by
f
H(AB) in KJ/mol. Thus
electronegativity difference (x) between A and B is
related with f H (AB) in KJ/mol as
(A)
f
H = 129.13 (x)
(B)
f
H = 129.13 (x)
(C)
f
H = 129.13 (x)
2

(D)
f
H = 129.13 (x)
2

15. What is the order of polarity of the following bond?
(i) C H (ii) F H
(iii) Br H (iv) Na I
(v) K F (vi) Li Cl
(A) Li Cl >K F>FH > Br H > CH >Na I
(B) KF>Li Cl > F H >Br H > Na I >CH
(C) K F >F H > Li Cl >BrH>Na I >CH
(D) KF>LiCl > F H >Na I > Br H > CH

16. As per the relation, x = a + bq which of the given plot
describes the electronegativity variation of F & Cl
accurately ?
Given : x
F
= 4, x
Cl
= 3 & x
H
= 2;
(A)

4
3
2
Cl
F
x
q

(B)

4
3
2
Cl
F
x
q

(C)

4
3
2
Cl
F
x
q
(D)

4
3
2
Cl
F
x
q

92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

17. The vapour density of a mixture containing NO
2
and
N
2
O
4
is 38.3 at 27C. Calculate the millimoles of NO
2

in 100 g mixture.

18. A sample of a mixture of CaCl
2
and NaCl weighing
4.22 g was treated with sodium carbonate to
precipitate all the calcium ion as CaCO
3
which was
heated and quantitatively converted to 0.959 g of
CaO. Calculate % of CaCl
2
in the mixture.

19. The line at 434 nm in the Balmer series of the
hydrogen spectrum corresponds to a transition of an
electron from the n
th
to second Bohr orbit. What is
the value of n ?

MATHEMATICS


1. The numerical value of sin
18
.sin
18
5
.sin
18
7
is equal
to
(A) 1 (B)
8
1
(C)
4
1
(D)
2
1

2. If tan x tan
2
x = 1, then the value of
tan
4
x 2 tan
3
x tan
2
x + 2 tan x + 1 is :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

3. The number of roots of the equation |sinx| = |cos 3x|,
belonging to [2, 2] are :
(A) 32 (B) 28 (C) 24 (D) 30

4. The value 'a' for which the equation
4 cosec
2
( (a + x)) + a
2
4a = 0 has a real solution is:
(A) a = 1 (B) a = 2
(C) a = 3 (D) None of these

5. If p
1
, p
2
, p
3
are respectively the perpendicular from
the vertices of a triangle to the opposite sides, then
1
p
A cos
+
2
p
B cos
+
3
p
C cos
is equal to
(A) 1/r (B) 1/R (C) 1/ (D) None

6. The number of solution of the equation;
1 + x
2
+ 2x sin (cos
1
y) = 0 is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4


7. If A and B are acute angles such that A + B and
A B satisfy the equation tan
2
4 tan + 1 = 0,
then
(A) A = /4 (B) A = /6
(C) B = /4 (D) B = /6

8. If the numerical value of tan (cos
1
(4/5) + tan
1
(2/3)
is a/b then
(A) a + b = 23 (B) a b = 11
(C) 3b = a + 1 (D) 2a = 3b

9. A solution of the equation
(1 tan ) (1 + tan ) sec
2
+
2
tan
2 = 0
where lies in the interval (/2, /2) is given by
(A) = 0 (B) = /3
(C) = /3 (D) = /6

10. Given an isosceles triangle with equal sides of length
b, base angle < /4, R, r the radii and O, I the
centres of the circumcircle and incircle, respectively.
Then
(A) R =
2
1
b cosec (B) = 2b
2
sin 2
(C) r =
) cos 1 ( 2
2 sin b
+
(D) OI =
) 2 / cos( sin 2
) 2 / 3 cos( b


Consider the equations
5 sin
2
x + 3 sin x cos x 3 cos
2
x = 2 ...(1)
sin
2
x cos 2x = 2 sin 2x ...(2)

11. If is root of (1) and is a root of (2) then
tan + tan can be equal to
(A) 1 +
6
69
(B) 1
6
69

(C)
6
69 3+
(D)
3
69 3

12. If tan , tan satisfy (1) and cos , cos satisfy (2)
then tan tan + cos + cos can be equal to
(A) 1 (B)
13
2
3
5
+
(C)
13
2
3
5
(D)
13
2
3
5

13. The number of solutions common to (1) and (2) is
(A) 0 (B) 1
(C) finite (D) infinite

= cos
1
(4/5), = tan
1
(2/3), 0 < , < /2

14. + is equal to
(A) tan
1
(17/6) (B) sin
1
(17/ 13 5 )
(C) sin
1
(3/5) (D) cos
1
(3/ 13 )

15. is equal to
(A) cos
1
(18/ 13 5 ) (B) sin
1
2/ 13 )
(C) tan
1
(1/18) (D) cos
1
(3/ 13 )

16. cos
1
(44/125) is equal to
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 3 (D) 2

92.5 write 0092; 2.1 write 0002)

17. In a triangle ABC, if r
1
= 2r
2
= 3r
3
then
[100 (4a/5b)]
2
is equal to

18. If y = sin(cot
1
x) and x = 99, then 1/y
2
is equal to

19. If sin 3 = 4 sin sin(x + ) sin (x ), then
864 sin
2
x + 3620 cos
2
x is equal to

Chemistry Facts
1. The element with the lowest boiling point is
also helium at -452.07 degrees Fahrenheit (-
268.93 degrees Celsius.
2. The word "atom" comes from the Greek word
atomos, meaning "uncut."
3. In 1964, scientists in Russia discovered
element 104, and suggested the name
Kurchatovium and symbol Ku in honor of Igor
Vasilevich Kurchatov. Then in 1969, scientists
in the U.S. also found element 104, and
propsed the name Rutherfordium (symbol Rf),
in the honor of the New Zealand physicist
Ernest R. Rutherford. To get the names past
the I.U.P.A.C., it won with rutherfordium.
4. The first and relatively pure atom of tantalum
was produced by von Bolton in 1907.
5. Andres Manual del Rio discovered what we call
today vanadium. He called it panchromium,
and then changed it to erythronium (red), after
noting that upon heating it turned red. In 1831,
Nils Gabriel Sefstrm (a Swedish chemist) was
working with some iron ores and this matter
was lead to honor the Northern Germanic
tribes' goddess Vanadis due to its inspiration in
multi-colors. In the same year, Friedrich
Whler came into posession of del Rio's
erythronium, and confirmed it to be vanadium,
after Vanadis. The name Vanadium is now
being used instead of del Rio's erythronium.
6. Hafnium was named after the city of
Copenhagen, Denmark.
7. The heaviest type of lepton is the tau.
XtraEdge Test Series
ANSWER KEY

PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C B B D D C B, C, D A, B A, B A, D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans B D A B B C 0017 0001 0007

CHEMISTRY

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans A D A D D C A, D B, C, D A, B B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans C D A B A B 0108 0001 0041

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C C C C D A B, C, D C, D A, B, D A, B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans A D C B A C 2485 0162 0192

IIT- JEE 2011 (August issue)

PHYSICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C A D C A D B, D A, B D B, C
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans B C A C A C 0004 0027 0004

CHEMISTRY

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans C A A C D C A, B, C A, B A B
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans A D C C D D 0437 0045 0005

MATHEMATICS

Ques 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Ans B D C B B A A, D A, B, C B, C A. C. D
Ques 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
Ans A, B B, D A, C A, B A, C C 9801 9802 1553

IIT- JEE 2010 (August) issue)

August 2009

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XtraEdge for IIT-JEE 1 AUGUST 2009

is applied, find the force and the torque

An allylic cation equivalent to

for HCl, NaCl and NaAc (sodium

and c not all collinear

and c and c and a

+ c = a for some scalar u

and c are collinear.

are unit vectors

rad/sec and that the sense

B ). For = 0 or 180, being the

B , force experienced is zero

j )m. The batsman hits the ball so that it

j ) m/s. The fielder can run with a speed

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