Instruction: Answer all the questions.

1. ISOTOPES AND THEIR IMPORTANCE

Elements exhibit the phenomenon of isotope
whereby an element can have more than one type
of isoptope. Carbon with a proton number of 6
has three isotopes: carbon-12, carbon-13 and
carbon-14.

X
Diagram 1
(a) Based on Diagram 1, answer the question below.
i.What are p and q shown in the diagram?
P: __________________
Q: __________________
ii. The number of neutrons can be determined from P and Q. State the relationship
between P, Q, and the number of neutrons.
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(b) Based on the above statement, answer the question below.
i.What is meant by isotope?
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ii. Write the correct isotope symbols for all the isotopes of carbon.
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iii. Give two uses of isotopes in daily life.
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2. THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURE OF AN ATOM
(a) Complete Table 1 below.
Element

Symbol

Number of
Electrons
8

Arrangement of Electrons

Number of
Protons
8

Oxygen
Silicon

Si

14

14

2.8.4

Chlorine

Cl

17

17

2.8.7

Sulphur

16

16

2.8.6

2.6

Table 1
(b) Explain the meaning of valence electrons
The number of electron in the outermost electron shells.
(c) State the valence electrons in oxygen.
___6 electrons___
(d) The atomic number of potassium is 19. Draw a diagram to show the electronic
structure of a potassium atom.
2.8.8.1