Transmission Line Basics II - Class 6

Prerequisite Reading assignment: CH2

Acknowledgements: Intel Bus Boot Camp: Michael Leddige

Real Computer Issues

Dev a data Dev b Signal Measured here

Clk

Switch Threshold

An engineer tells you the measured clock is nonmonotonic and because of this the flip flop internally may double clock the data. The goal for this class is to by inspection determine the cause and suggest whether this is a problem Linesnot. 6 Transmission or Class

Agenda
The Transmission Line Concept Transmission line equivalent circuits and
relevant equations Reflection diagram & equation Loading Termination methods and comparison Propagation delay Simple return path ( circuit theory, network theory come later)
Transmission Lines Class 6

Two Transmission Line Viewpoints

Steady state ( most historical view)

Frequency domain

Transient
Time domain Not circuit element Why?

We mix metaphors all the time

Why convenience and history

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transmission Line Concept

Power Frequency (f) is @ 60 Hz
Wavelength ( ) is 5 106 m
( Over 3,100 Miles)

Power Plant

Consumer Home

Transmission Lines Class 6

PC Transmission Lines
Signal Frequency (f) is approaching 10 GHz
Wavelength ( ) is 1.5 cm
( 0.6 inches)
PCB substrate Cross section view taken here Microstrip Integrated Circuit Stripline T

Stripline
W Cross Section of Above PCB Copper Trace Via FR4 Dielectric

Micro Strip

Signal (microstrip) Ground/Power Signal (stripline) Signal (stripline) Ground/Power Signal (microstrip) W Transmission Lines Class 6

Copper Plane

Key point about transmission line operation Voltage and current on a transmission line is a function of both time and position.

V = f ( z, t ) I = f ( z, t )

I1

I2

V1

V2

The major deviation from circuit theory with transmission dz line, distributed networks is this positional dependence of voltage and current! Must think in terms of position and time to understand transmission line behavior This positional dependence is added when the assumption of the size of the circuit being small compared to the signaling wavelength
Transmission Lines Class 6

Examples of Transmission Line Structures- I

Cables and wires
(a) (b) (c) (d) Coax cable Wire over ground Tri-lead wire Twisted pair (two-wire line)

Long distance interconnects

+ () a () b

+ -

+ () c

Transmission Lines + - 6 Class

() d

Segment 2: Transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations

Physics of transmission line structures Physics of transmission line structures Basic transmission line equivalent circuit Basic transmission line equivalent circuit ?Equations for transmission line propagation ?Equations for transmission line propagation

Transmission Lines Class 6

E & H Fields Microstrip Case How does the signal move from source to load?
Signal path Y Z (into the page) X Electric field Magnetic Remember fields are setup given field an applied forcing function. (Source) Ground return path

10

The signal is really the wave propagating between the conductors

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transmission Line Definition

General transmission line: a closed system in which power is transmitted
from a source to a destination

11

Our class: only TEM mode transmission lines

A two conductor wire system with the wires in close proximity, providing relative impedance, velocity and closed current return path to the source. Characteristic impedance is the ratio of the voltage and current waves at any one position on the transmission line Propagation velocity is the speed with which signals are transmitted through the transmission line in its surrounding medium.

V Z0 = I v= c

Transmission Lines Class 6

Presence of Electric and Magnetic Fields

I
+ + + +

12

I + I

I + I

E V I
-

V +V I +I

V I

V + V I + I

Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the transmission lines

Electric field is established by a potential difference between two conductors. Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line
Implies equivalent circuit model must contain inductor. Implies equivalent circuit model must contain capacitor.

These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the direction of wave propagation for TEM mode waves, which is the simplest mode, and assumed for most simulators(except for microstrip lines which assume quasi-TEM, which is an approximated equivalent for transient response calculations).

Transmission Lines Class 6

T-Line Equivalent Circuit

General Characteristics of Transmission
Line
Propagation delay per unit length (T0) { time/distance} [ps/in] Or Velocity (v0) {distance/ time} [in/ps] Characteristic Impedance (Z0) Per-unit-length Capacitance (C0) [pf/in] Per-unit-length Inductance (L0) [nf/in] Per-unit-length (Series) Resistance (R0) [ /in] Per-unit-length (Parallel) Conductance (G0) [S/in]

13

lR0

lL0

lG0

lC0

Transmission Lines Class 6

Ideal T Line
Ideal (lossless) Characteristics of Transmission
Line
Ideal TL assumes: Uniform line Perfect (lossless) conductor (R00) Perfect (lossless) dielectric (G00) We only consider T0, Z0 , C0, and L0.

14

lL0 lC0

A transmission line can be represented by a

cascaded network (subsections) of these equivalent models.
The smaller the subsection the more accurate the model

The delay for each subsection should be no larger than 1/10th the signal rise time.

Transmission Lines Class 6

Signal Frequency and Edge Rate vs. Lumped or Tline Models

In theory, all circuits that deliver transient power from one point to another are transmission lines, but if the signal frequency(s) is low compared to the size of the circuit (small), a reasonable approximation can be used to simplify the circuit for calculation of the circuit transient (time vs. voltage or time vs. current) response.

15

Transmission Lines Class 6

T Line Rules of Thumb

So, what are the rules of thumb to use?

16

May treat as lumped Capacitance Use this 10:1 ratio for accurate modeling of transmission lines

Td < .1 Tx
May treat as RC on-chip, and treat as LC for PC board interconnect

Td < .4 Tx
Transmission Lines Class 6

Other Rules of Thumb

Frequency knee (Fknee) = 0.35/Tr (so if Tr is
1nS, Fknee is 350MHz) This is the frequency at which most energy is below Tr is the 10-90% edge rate of the signal Assignment: At what frequency can your thumb be used to determine which elements are lumped?
Assume 150 ps/in

17

Transmission Lines Class 6

When does a T-line become a T-Line?

Whether it is a

18

When do we need to use transmission line analysis techniques vs. lumped circuit analysis?

bump or a mountain depends on the ratio of its size (tline) to the size of the vehicle (signal wavelength)

Similarly, whether or
not a line is to be considered as a transmission line depends on the ratio of length of the line (delay) to the wavelength of the applied frequency or the rise/fall edge of the signal

Wavelength/edge rate

Tline

Transmission Lines Class 6

Equations & Formulas

How to model & explain transmission line behavior

Relevant Transmission Line Equations

Propagation equation

20

= ( R + jL)(G + jC ) = + j
is the attenuation (loss) factor is the phase (velocity) factor

Characteristic Impedance equation

( R + j L ) Z0 = (G + jC )
In class problem: Derive the high frequency, lossless approximation for Z0

Transmission Lines Class 6

Ideal Transmission Line Parameters

Knowing any two out of Z0, Td, C0,
and L0, the other two can be calculated. C0 and L0 are reciprocal functions of the line cross-sectional dimensions and are related by constant me. is electric permittivity
0= 8.85 X 10-12 F/m (free space) ri s relative dielectric constant

21

Z0 = C0 =

L0 ; C0

Td =

L0 C0 ;

is magnetic permeability
0= 4p X 10-7 H/m (free space) r is relative permeability

T0 ; Z0 1 = v0 ;

L0 = Z 0 T 0 ; C0 L0 = ;

= r 0 ;

= r 0 .

Dont forget these relationships and what they mean! Dont forget these relationships and what they mean!
Transmission Lines Class 6

Parallel Plate Approximation

Assumptions
TEM conditions Uniform dielectric ( conductors TC<< TD; WC>> TD ) between

22

TC

TD

T-line characteristics are

function of:
Material electric and magnetic properties Dielectric Thickness (TD) Width of conductor (WC)

* PlateArea Base C= d equation

WC

C0

WC F TD m

WC pF 8.85 r TD m

Trade-off

TD ; C0 , L0 , Z0 WC ; C0 , L0 , Z0

L0 Z0

TD F WC m 377 TD WC r r

T D H 0.4 r WC m

To a first order, t-line capacitance and inductance can be approximated using the parallel plate approximation.
Transmission Lines Class 6

Improved Microstrip Formula

Parallel Plate Assumptions +
Large ground plane with zero thickness To accurately predict microstrip impedance, you must calculate the effective dielectric constant.

WC TC TD

23

Z0

5.98TD ln r + 1.41 0.8WC + TC 87

r 1
12TD 2 1+ WC

From Hall, Hall & McCall: Valid when: 0.1 < WC/TD < 2.0 and 1 < r < 15

r + 1 e = + 2

+ F 0.217( r 1)

TC WCTD

F=

2 WC 0.02 (r 1)1 TD 0

for

WC TD WC TD

<1

for

>1

You cant beat a field solver

Transmission Lines Class 6

Improved Stripline Formulas

Same assumptions as used for
microstrip apply here
WC TD1 TC TD2

24

From Hall, Hall & McCall: Symmetric (balanced) Stripline Case TD1 = TD2

4(TD1 + TD1) Z 0 sym ln 0.67 (0.8WC + TC ) r 60

Valid when WC/(TD1 +TD2 ) < 0.35 and TC/(TD1 +TD2 ) < 0.25 Offset (unbalanced) Stripline Case TD1 > TD2 You cant beat a field solver

Z 0 sym(2 A, WC , TC , r ) Z 0 sym(2 B, WC , TC , r ) Z 0offset 2 Z 0 sym(2 A,WC , TC , r ) + Z 0 sym(2 B,WC , TC , r )

Transmission Lines Class 6

Refection coefficient
Signal on a transmission line can be analyzed by
keeping track of and adding reflections and transmissions from the bumps (discontinuities) Refection coefficient

25

Amount of signal reflected from the bump Frequency domain =sign(S11)*|S11| If at load or source the reflection may be called gamma ( or s) Time domain is only defined a location Time domain analysis is causal. Frequency domain is for all time. We use similar terms be careful
The bump

Reflection diagrams more later

Transmission Lines Class 6

Reflection and Transmission

Incident 1+ Transmitted

26

Reflection Coeficient Transmission Coeffiecent

Zt Z0 Zt + Z0

Reflecte d

(1 + )

"" "" 2 Zt Zt + Z0

1+

Zt Z0 Zt + Z0

Transmission Lines Class 6

Special Cases to Remember

A: Terminated in Zo Zs Vs Zo Zo = Zo Zo = 0 Zo + Zo

27

B: Short Circuit Zs Vs Zo = 0 Zo = 1 0 + Zo

C: Open Circuit Zs Vs Zo

Zo =1 + Zo

Transmission Lines Class 6

Assignment Building the SI Tool Box

Compare the parallel plate approximation to the improved microstrip and stripline formulas for the following cases: Microstrip: WC = 6 mils, TD = 4 mils, TC = 1 mil, Symmetric Stripline: WC = 6 mils, TD1 = TD2 = 4 mils, TC = 1 mil,
r r

28

=4 =4

Write Math Cad Program to calculate Z0, Td, L & C for each case. What factors cause the errors with the parallel plate approximation?
Transmission Lines Class 6

Transmission line equivalent circuits and relevant equations

Basic pulse launching onto transmission lines Basic pulse launching onto transmission lines Calculation of near and far end waveforms for Calculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load conditions classic load conditions

29

Transmission Lines Class 6

Review: Voltage Divider Circuit

Consider the simple
circuit that contains source voltage VS, source resistance RS, and resistive load RL. VL is easily calculated from the source amplitude and the values of the two series resistors.
RS RL

30

VS

VL

The output voltage,

VL = VS RL RL + R S

Why do we care for? Why do we care for? Next page. Next page.
Transmission Lines Class 6

Solving Transmission Line Problems

The next slides will establish a procedure that will allow you to solve transmission line problems without the aid of a simulator. Here are the steps that will be presented:

31

1. Determination of launch voltage &

t =0 voltage voltage delivered to the load

final DC or

2. Calculation of load reflection coefficient and 3. Calculation of source reflection coefficient and
resultant source voltage

These are the steps for solving These are the steps for solving all t-line problems. all t-line problems.
Transmission Lines Class 6

Determining Launch Voltage

TD Vs 0
Vs

32

Rs A Zo

B Rt

(initial voltage) t=0, V=Vi

Vi = VS

Z0 Z 0 + RS

Vf = VS

Rt Rt + RS

Step 1 in calculating transmission line waveforms is to determine the launch voltage in the circuit.

The behavior of transmission lines makes it easy

to calculate the launch & final voltages simply a voltage divider!
Transmission Lines Class 6

it is

33

Voltage Delivered to the Load

TD Vs 0
Vs

Rs A Zo

B Rt

(initial voltage) t=0, V=Vi t=2TD, ( V=Vi + B(Vi) + A B)(Vi ) Rt Zo (signal is reflected) t=TD, V=Vi + B(Vi )

Rt + Zo

Vreflected

= (Vincident ) + Vreflected

VB = Vincident

Step 2: Determine VB in the circuit at time t = TD

The transient behavior of transmission line delays the arrival of launched voltage until time t = TD.

Voltage wavefront will be reflected at the end of the t-line

VB at time 0 < t < TD is at quiescent voltage (0 in this case) VB = Vincident + Vreflected at time t = TD

Transmission Lines Class 6

Voltage Reflected Back to the Source

Vs 0
Vs

34

Rs A

B Zo
A

Rt

(initial voltage) t=0, V=Vi

TD

t=2TD,

(signal is reflected) t=TD, V=Vi + B (Vi )

( V=Vi + B (Vi) + A B )(Vi )

Transmission Lines Class 6

Voltage Reflected Back to the Source

35

Rs Zo Rs + Zo

Vreflected

= (Vincident ) + Vreflected

VA = Vlaunch + Vincident

Step 3: Determine VA in the circuit at time t = 2TD

The

transient behavior of transmission line delays the arrival of voltage reflected from the load until time t = 2TD.
VA VA

at time 0 < t < 2TD is at launch voltage = Vlaunch + Vincident + Vreflected

Voltage

wavefront will be reflected at the source

at time t = 2TD

In the steady state, the solution converges to VB = VS[Rt / (Rt + Rs)]

Transmission Lines Class 6

Problems

36

Solved Homework

Consider the circuit

shown to the right with a resistive load, assume propagation delay = T, RS= Z0 . Calculate and show the wave forms of V1(t),I1(t),V2(t), and I2(t) for (a) RL= and (b) RL= 3Z0

RS

I1

Z0 , 0 l

I2

VS

V1

V2

RL

Transmission Lines Class 6

Step-Function into T-Line: Relationships

Source matched case: RS= Z0
V1(0) = 0.5VA, I1(0) = 0.5IA
S

37

= 0, V(x, ) = 0.5VA(1+ L)

Uncharged line
V2(0) = 0, I2(0) = 0

Open circuit means RL=

= / = 1

V1( ) = V2( ) = 0.5VA(1+1) = VA I1( ) = I2 ( ) = 0.5IA(1-1) = 0

Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6

Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt

38

At t = T, the voltage wave reaches load end

V2(T) = VA, I2 (T) = 0

and doubled wave travels back to source end V1(T) = 0.5VA, I1(T) = 0.5VA/Z0

At t = 2T, the doubled wave reaches the

source end and is not reflected V1(2T) = VA, I1(2T) = 0

V2(2T) = VA, I2(2T) = 0

Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6

Waveshape:
IA Curre (A) nt 0.75IA 0.5IA 0.25IA

39

Step-Function into T-Line with Open Ckt

I1 I2
RS I1 Z0 , 0 l I2

VS

V1

V2

Open

0 VA Voltag (V) e 0.75V A 0.5VA 0.25V A

n) 4 Time ( s

V1 V2

This is called reflected wave switching

Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6

Problem 1b: Relationships

Source matched case: RS= Z0
V1(0) = 0.5VA, I1(0) = 0.5IA
S

40

= 0, V(x, ) = 0.5VA(1+ L)

Uncharged line
V2(0) = 0, I2(0) = 0

RL= 3Z0

= (3Z0 -Z0) / (3Z0 +Z0) = 0.5

V1( ) = V2( ) = 0.5VA(1+0.5) = 0.75VA I1( ) = I2( ) = 0.5IA(1-0.5) = 0.25IA

Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6

Problem 1b: Solution

41

At t = T, the voltage wave reaches load end

V2(T) = 0.75VA , I2(T) = 0.25IA

and positive wave travels back to the source V1(T) = 0.5VA, I1(T) = 0.5IA

At t = 2T, the reflected wave reaches the

source end and absorbed V1(2T) = 0.75VA , I1(2T) = 0.25IA

V2(2T) = 0.75VA , I2(2T) = 0.25IA

Solution
Transmission Lines Class 6

Waveshapes for Problem 1b

IA Current (A) 0.75I A 0.5I A 0.25I A
VS V1

42

I1 I2

RS

I1

Z0 , 0 l

I2

V2

RL

0 VA Voltage(V) 0.75V A 0.5V A 0.25V A

Note that a I1 properly I2 terminated wave settle out at 0.5 V Solution Solution

4 Ti me (ns)

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transmission line step response

Introduction to lattice diagram analysis Introduction to lattice diagram analysis Calculation of near and far end waveforms for Calculation of near and far end waveforms for
classic load impedances classic load impedances Solving multiple reflection problems Solving multiple reflection problems

43

Complex signal reflections at different types of Complex signal reflections at different types of transmission line discontinuities will be analyzed transmission line discontinuities will be analyzed in this chapter. Lattice diagrams will be introduced in this chapter. Lattice diagrams will be introduced as a solution tool. as a solution tool.
Transmission Lines Class 6

44

Lattice Diagram Analysis Key Concepts

The lattice diagram is a tool/technique to simplify the accounting of reflections and waveforms
Vs 0 Vs Zo V(source) Rs TD = N ps V(load) Rt

source
Time V(source) 0 N ps a A

load
V(load) A b c B

Diagram shows the boundaries

(x =0 and x=l) and the reflection coefficients (GL and GL ) Time (in T) axis shown vertically Slope of the line should indicate flight time of signal
Particularly important for multiple reflection problems using both microstrip and stripline mediums.

2N ps 3N ps B

d 4N ps 5N ps C e

Calculate voltage amplitude

for each successive reflected wave Total voltage at any point is the sum of all the waves that have reached that point

Transmission Lines Class 6

Lattice Diagram Analysis Detail

source

45

load

V(source) 0 Vlaunch

V(load)

0 Time Vlaunch Vlaunch 2N ps Vlaunch Vlaunch (1+

lo d a

N ps

lo d a

Vlaunch (1+

lo d a

Time

lo d a

so rce u

lo d a

so rce u

)
Vlaunch

3N ps

2 lo d a

so rce u

4N ps Vlaunch V(load) V(source) Zo Vs Rs TD = N ps Vs Rt

2 lo d a 2 so rce u

Vlaunch (1+

lo d a

2 lo d a

so rce u

2 lo d a

2 so rce u

5N ps

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transient Analysis Over Damped

2v 0 Vs Zo V(source) Zs TD = 250 ps V(load) Assume Zs=75 ohms Zo=50ohms Vs=0-2 volts

46

source = 0.2
Time V(source) 0 500 ps 0.8v 0.8v

load = 1
V(load) 0v

Vin it ia l= Vs

Zo 50 = (2) = 0.8 Zs + Zo 75 + 50

s o ur ce = lo a d =

Zs Zo 75 50 = = 0.2 Zs + Zo 75 + 50

0.8v 0.16v 1.6v

Zl Zo 50 = =1 Zl + Zo + 50
Response fr om lattice diagram

1000 ps 1500 ps 1.76v

2.5

0.16v 2000 ps 2500 ps 1.92v 0.032v

V olt s

2 1.5 1 0.5 0 0 2 50 500 750 1000 1250 Tim e , ps Sour ce Load

Transmission Lines Class 6

Transient Analysis Under Damped

V(source) 2v 0 Vs Zs TD = 250 ps Zo V(load) Assume Zs=25 ohms Zo =50ohms Vs=0-2 volts

47

source = 0 . 3333
Time 0 V(source) 1.33v

load = 1
V(load) 0v

Vinitial = Vs

50 Zo = (2) = 1.3333 + Zo + 50 Zs 25

source = load =

Zs Zo 25 50 = = .33333 0 + Zo 25 + 50 Zs Zl Zo 50 = =1 + Zo + 50 Zl
Response from lattice diagram

500 ps 1.33v

1.33v 2.66v

1000 ps 1500 ps 2.22v

-0.443v

-0.443v 1.77v 0.148v

Volts

2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5

2000 ps 2500 ps 1.92

Source Load
0 250 500 750 1000 1250 1500 1750 2000 2250 Time, ps

0.148v 2.07

Transmission Lines Class 6

Two Segment Transmission Line Structures

X X Rs Vs Zo1 TD Zo2 TD Rt

48

1
a TD A 2TD 3TD B 4TD 5TD C c d f h j

T3 T2 2 3

A= a B = a+c+d C = A+ c+ d + f + h

A' = b + e B' = b + e + g + i C' = b + e + g + i + k + l

b e g i k l C B A

Z o1 vi = Vs Rs + Z o1

a = vi b = aT2 c = a 2 d = c 1 e = b 4 f = d 2 + eT3 g = e 3 + dT2 h = f 1 i = g 4 j = h 2 + iT3 k = i 3 + hT2

1 = 2 =

Rs Z o1 Rs + Z o1 Z o 2 Z o1 Z o 2 + Z o1

Z Zo2 3 = o1 Z o1 + Z o 2 Rt Z o 2 4 = Rt + Z o 2 T2 = 1 + 2

Transmission Lines Class 6

T3 = 1 + 3

Assignment

49

Previous examples are the preparation

Consider the two segment

transmission line shown to the right. Assume RS= 3Z01

and Z02 = 3Z01 . Use Lattice diagram and calculate reflection coefficients at V the interfaces and show theS wave forms of V1(t), V2(t), and V3(t).

RS I1

Z0 1, 01 l1

I2

Z0 2, 02 l2

I3

V1

V2

V3

S h o rt

Check results with PSPICE

Transmission Lines Class 6