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EE1101 Circ N 5
EE1101 Circ N 5
Balanced 3-phase
1 j
z ! Zx @ z ! Z mx @ 1 ! 1 120n
o 3 1 3 o m
! 1120n ; n ! 0,1,2,3...
1 3 1 3 1 ! 1 j 0, j , j 2 2 2 2
3
@ 1 roots ! 0 j 0
10o
1240o
@ 1 roots ! 0 j 0
is evident from above that the sum of any three roots of the cube-root of any complex number is absolutely zero. This is the essence of a balanced three phase system and indeed the most powerful tool in power transmission. The results below are self-evident.
Let us use the above discovery and KCL: Suppose we have three currents such that
i1 ! I0 o , i2 ! I120 o , i3 ! I240 o @ If we decide to sup ply i1 , i2 , i3 to a load ; as shown below we ake int eresting conclusions :
i1
i2
i3
3-phase supply 3-phase load
In
Clearly,
I n ! i1 i2 i3 But , i1 i2 i3 ! 0 @ In ! 0 I n ! 0; needless to have neutral ire @ There is al ays NO neutral ire in a balanced 3 phase system
1.The elimination of a neutral wire is clearly the biggest saving. 2. If we wanted to supply the same amount of power using single phases, we would have used 6 wires! But we have managed with just 3 of them. 3. The fact that line voltages are higher means I 2R that the line currents are lower hence reduced losses.
practice, when a 3-phase system is used, we do have both the currents & voltages as 3-phase. Their values may be given as phase or line values. Let us consider a balanced 3-phase voltage system. Just as we did in the case of currents, the voltage is given by:
is however usual to measure voltage between one phase & another phase. So the value is that of one phase with respect to the other. Since it is measured between one phase & another it is referred as the line voltage. The line voltages must the phasor differences as shown below:
v2
v23
v1
v31
v3
v12
The following conclusions are made: 1. The line voltages also constitute a balanced 3phase system. line voltage ! 3 phase voltage. 2.
Exa ples :
! phase voltage ! 240 @ 3 ! line voltage ! 240 3 } 416 ! line voltage ! 11,000 11,000 @ ! phase voltage ! } 6,351 3 3
Please note that: 1. In a 3-phase system; the line values (voltage & current) are the ones specified. 2. It is very dangerous to touch any two line wire (because of much higher voltages). 3. All values are rms. 4. Red, Yellow, Blue representv1 , v2 , v3 .
it is easy to identify phase & line voltages; caution is taken on phase & line currents. It is easier to assume that phase & line currents are the same.
are two distinct ways of representing 3-phase voltages/currents; Star or Delta. [Star is sometimes called Wye]. Let us re-draw the phasors for 3-phase voltages.
Phasors
v2
Star
Delta
v2
v3
v1
v3
v1
Power connections
v2
Star
Delta
v2
Y n
v3
v1
v3
v1
R B B
It
is noted that: A Star connection has a neutral point (n) and can be accessed when need arises. But the Delta connection does not have one. Hence in a Delta connection only the line voltages can be measured. But in the Star connection both line & phase voltages are measurable.
Star-Star connection
Supply-load connections
i1
supply n n
Load
i2
i3
Star-Delta connection
Supply-load connections
i1
supply n
I1
Load
I3
i2
I2
i3
In the star connection; the line current=phase current. But in Delta connection; the line current DOES NOT equal to phase current e.g.
i1 { I1
But we may use KCL to find the relationships between line and phase currents.
i1 I1 I 3 ! 0
Power in 3-phase
I L cos U ! 3 L I L cos U
(assu e I ! I L )
3-phase Exercises
xercise 1 : v1 (t ) ! V sin( t ) ! reference voltage; exp ress v2 (t ), v3 (t ) as sin e functions. xercise 2 : A 2MW ,11kV ,3 phase source uses 80% of its capacity to sup ply a load . det er min e the current if po er factor is 0.5
3-phase exercises
3: A 0.6MW, 416V, 3-phase, 50Hz load has a power factor of 0.5. Determine the necessary capacitors and show their connections so as to improve the power factor to 0.9.
Exercise
Solution 1
Solution 2
sup ply ! 2 W @ Load ! 0.8 * 2 ! 1.6 W Load ! 3 L I L cos U @1.6 *10 6 ! 3 *11*103 * I L * 0.5 3200 @ IL ! } 168.0 11 3 ! current in @ line ! phase current if star connection
Solution 3
The
power factor improvement is done by connecting a capacitor between @ phase & the neutral point. [Though it is possible to connect a capacitor between phases but then the capacitors are more expensive because of the higher (line) voltages].
Star-Star connection
Supply-load connections
i1
C Supply n C n Load
i2
C
i3
Solution 3
Since
@ capacitor is connected across a phase & neutral; phase voltages must be used. We are at liberty to use the phasor diagram studied earlier.
Solution 3
-c
U J
Solution 3
cosU ! 0.5 cos J ! 0.9 I C ! I sin U I 1 sin J I cosU ! I 1 cos J I cosU @I ! cos J @ I C ! I (sin U cosU tan J )
1
Solution 3
But
! 3VL I L cos U
here I L ! I 0.6 *10 @I ! ! 3VL cos U 3 * 416 * 0.5 10 $ 1,388 416 3
6 6
Solution 3
106 0.5 sin J [sin U ] @I ! 0.9 416 3 106 3 5 19 [ ] ! 416 3 2 9 10 $ 865.9 Voltage across capacitor 1 !V ! I Z ! I * 2Tf
Solution 3
I ! 100T @ I I ! ! 100TV 100T * 416
$ 0.01839 F ! 18390 QF @ 3 cap @ of 18390 QF In pratice use nearest higher valuable available on market.
Question 4
440V, 3-ph, Y-connected source has two loads connected as: One load is balanced in @ phase with Z=10+j5. The second load is balanced in @ phase with Z=15+j0. (i) Find the average power to @ load. (ii) Find the total power delivered.
A
0 !
@ i phase !
440 U Z 3
} 7.45kW