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Omar AL-Hourani
Omar AL-Hourani
Omar AL-Hourani
(٣ﺑﻌﺾ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ " "a-ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ .ﻣﻦ ﺃﺷﻬﺮﻫﺎ:
asleepﻳﻨﺎﻡ sleep
ﻧﺎﺋﻢ sleep
ﺣﻲ aliveﳛﻴﺎ ،ﻳﻌﻴﺶ live
awakeﻳﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ wake
ﻣﺴﺘﻴﻘﻆ wake
"dis-ﰲ ﺃﻭﻝ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ،ﻭﻫـﺬﻩ
" , un- (٤ﺗﺼﺎﻍ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺍﳌﻀﺎﺩﺓ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ "in , im--
un , il- , in-
ﺍﳌﻘﺎﻃﻊ ﻟﻴﺲ ﳍﺎ ﻗﺎﻋﺪﺓ ﺛﺎﺑﺘﺔ ﺃﻱ ﳚﺐ ﺃﻥ ﲢﻔﻆ .ﻣﺜﻞ:
unhappyﺳﻌﻴﺪ happy
ﻏﲑ ﺳﻌﻴﺪ happy
inaccurateﺩﻗﻴﻖ accurate
ﻏﲑ ﺩﻗﻴﻖ accurate
impossibleﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ possible
ﻏﲑ ﻣﺴﺘﺤﻴﻞ possible
illegalﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ legal
ﻏﲑ ﻗﺎﻧﻮﱐ legal
dishonestﺃﻣﲔ honest
ﻏﲑ ﺃﻣﲔ honest
" "aa , anﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺟﺎﺀ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ .ﻗﺎﺭﻥ ﺑـﲔ
-ﻻ ﳚﻮﺯ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴﺒﻖ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺣﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘﻨﻜﲑ an
ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺘﲔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺘﲔ:
He is a smart man. ﻫﻮ ﺭﺟﻞ ﺫﻛﻲ
He is smart. ﻫﻮ ﺫﻛﻲ.
-ﻛﻠﻤﺔ " "heroﺍﺳﻢ ﻭﻟﻴﺲ ﺻﻔﺔ ﻭﺗﺄﰐ ﲟﻌﲎ "ﺑﻄﻞ" ﻭﺻﻔﺘﻬﺎ " "heroicﲟﻌﲎ "ﺑﻄﻮﱄ" ،ﻟﺬﺍ ﳚـﺐ
ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﻗﺒﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻨﺪ ﺍﻟﻘﻮﻝ:
I am a hero. ﺃﻧﺎ ﺑﻄﻞ.
-ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﰲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ ﺗﺄﰐ ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋﻜﺲ ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻟﻌﺮﺑﻴﺔ.
ﺛﻮﺏ ﺃﲪﺮ
Red dress
ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ
ﻃﺎﻭﻟﺔ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ
Beautiful table
ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﻮﺻﻮﻑ
أنواع الصفات:
ﺻﻔﺔ ﻣﺸﺘﻘﺔ ﻣﻦ ﺍﺳﻢ ﻋﻠﻢ .ﻭﺗﺒﺪﺃ ﺩﺍﺋﻤﹰﺎ ﲝﺮﻑ ﻛﺒﲑ .Capital Letter
ﺍﻟﻠﻐﺔ ﺍﻻﳒﻠﻴﺰﻳﺔ
English language
ﻣﺪﻳﻨﺔ ﻧﻴﻮﻳﻮﺭﻙ
ﻫﻲ ﺻﻔﺎﺕ ﺗﺒﲔ ﻧﻮﻋﻴﺔ ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺷﻜﻠﻪ ﺃﻭ ﻟﻮﻧﻪ ﺃﻭ ﺣﺎﻟﺘـﻪ ،ﻭﳚـﺐ ﺃﻥ ﺗﺴـﺒﻘﻬﺎ ﺇﺣـﺪﻯ ﺃﺩﺍﰐ ﺍﻟﺘـﻨﻜﲑ
" "a , anﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﳌﻔﺮﺩ ﻓﻘﻂ ﺃﻭ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ " "theﰲ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻌﺮﻳﻒ .ﻣﺜﻞ:
ﻣﻨﺰﻝ ﻗﺪﱘ , an old houseﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ , a beautiful girlﺷﺎﺭﻉ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ a long street
She is a beautiful girl. ﺇﺎ ﻓﺘﺎﺓ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ.
ﻭﺿﻌﻨﺎ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ ﰲ ﺍﳉﻤﻠﺔ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺑﻘﺔ ﻷﻧﻪ ﺃﺗﻰ ﻛﻼ ﻣﻦ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ ﻣﻌﹰﺎ " "beautiful girlﻟﺬﺍ ﳚﺐ
ﻭﺿﻊ ﺃﺩﺍﺓ ﺗﻨﻜﲑ.
-ﻻ ﺗﺄﰐ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﺑﺪﹰﺍ ﺑﻌﺪ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ ﺇﻻ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌـﻞ ""am , is , are , was , were , be
ﺃﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻛﺎﻥ ﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ Linking Verbsﺍﻟﱵ ﺗﺮﺑﻂ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋﻞ ﺑﺎﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﻭﻣﻦ ﻫـﺬﻩ ﺍﻷﻓﻌـﺎﻝ
ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊـﺲ Perception Verbsﻭﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻬـﻮﺭ Seeming Verbsﻭﺃﻓﻌـﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐـﻴﲑ
Becoming Verbsﻭﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ " .Remaining Verbsﺗﺪﺭﺱ ﺑﺎﻟﺘﻔﺼﻴﻞ ﰲ ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺚ ﺍﻟﺜـﺎﱐ
ﻋﺸﺮ".
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﳊﺲ :Perception Verbs
… ,ﻳﺸﻌﺮ ،ﻳﻠﻤﺲ , feelﻳﺼﺪﺭ ﺻﻮﺗﹰﺎ , soundﻳﺘﺬﻭﻕ , tasteﺗﻔﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ،ﻳﺸﻢ smell
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﻈﻬﻮﺭ :Seeming Verbs
… ,ﻳﺒﺪﻭ , lookﻳﺒﺪﻭ , seemﻳﻈﻬﺮ appear
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ :Becoming Verbs
,ﻳﻨﻤﻮ , growﻳﺼﺒﺢ , getﻳﺼﺒﺢ ﰲ ﺁﺧﺮ ﺍﻷﻣﺮ , end upﻳﺼﺒﺢ become
… ,ﻳﺜﺒﺖ , proveﳛﻮﻝ , turnﳛﻮﻝ , convertﻳﻐﲑ ،ﻳﺒﺪﻝ change
ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺒﻘﺎﺀ :Remaining Verbs
… ,ﳛﻔﻆ , keepﻳﺒﻘﻰ ،ﳝﻜﺚ , remainﻳﺒﻘﻰ stay
-ﻣﻮﺍﺿﻊ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ:
(١ﻗﺒﻞ ﺍﻻﺳﻢ )ﺍﳌﻮﺻﻮﻑ(.
I have a new computer. ﺃﻧﺎ ﻟﺪﻱ ﻛﻤﺒﻴﻮﺗﺮ ﺟﺪﻳﺪ.
ـﻮ
ـﻪ ﻫـ
ـﻮﻝ ﺑـ
ـﻮ " ،"computerﻭﺍﳌﻔﻌـ
ـﻢ ﻫـ
ـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻻﺳـ
ـﻲ " ،"newﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻـ
ـﻔﺔ ﻫـ
ﺍﻟﺼـ
"."a new computer
(٢ﺑﻌﺪ ﺃﺣﺪ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ Linking Verbsﻣﺒﺎﺷﺮﺓ.
(She has/She's) become beautiful. ﻟﻘﺪ ﺃﺻﺒﺤﺖ ﲨﻴﻠﺔ.
ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺔ ﺃﻭ ﺍﳌﻔﻌﻮﻝ ﺑﻪ ﻫﻮ " ،"beautifulﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ ﻫﻮ " ،"becomeﻭﺍﳌﻮﺻـﻮﻑ ﺃﻭ ﺍﻟﻔﺎﻋـﻞ ﻫـﻮ
" ."Sheﻭﺍﻟﻔﻌﻞ " "becomeﻭﻫﻮ ﻣﻦ ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺘﻐﻴﲑ )ﺃﻓﻌﺎﻝ ﺍﻟﺮﺑﻂ(.
The soup smells delicious. ﺍﳊﺴﺎﺀ ﺗﻔﻮﺡ ﻣﻨﻪ ﺭﺍﺋﺤﺔ ﻟﺬﻳﺬﺓ.
:Comparative
omparative ( ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛﻨﲔ٢
am :ﻳﺼﺎﻍ
Subject + is + V
Verb-er
er + than + Object
are
George is taller than his brother. .ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺃﻃﻮﻝ ﻣﻦ ﺃﺧﻴﻪ
I want a bicycle larger than this. .ﺃﻧﺎ ﺃﺭﻳﺪ ﺩﺭﺍﺟﺔ ﺃﻛﱪ ﻣﻦ ﻫﺬﻩ
"-est" ﻭﺍﳌﻘﻄـﻊ،Comparative " ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑـﲔ ﺍﺛـﻨﲔ--er" ﻧﻀﻴﻒ ﺍﳌﻘﻄﻊ-
.Superlative ﻟﺼﻴﺎﻏﺔ ﺩﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ
"
""most "moreﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﳌﻘﺎﺭﻧﺔ ﺑﲔ ﺍﺛـﻨﲔ ﻭ
ﻣﻌﻈﻢ ﺍﻟﺼﻔﺎﺕ ﺇﺫﺍ ﺯﺍﺩﺕ ﻋﻦ ﺳﺘﺔ ﺃﺣﺮﻑ ﺗﻘﺎﺭﻥ ﺑﺈﺿﺎﻓﺔ "more
ﻟﺪﺭﺟﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻔﻀﻴﻞ ﺍﻟﻌﻠﻴﺎ .ﻭﺗﺼﺎﻍ:
Subject + am + more + V.1
V1 + than + Object
is
Subject + are +
the most + V.1
V1 + of + Object
George is more interested than John. ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﻣﻬﺘﻢ ﺃﻛﺜﺮ ﻣﻦ ﺟﻮﻥ.
George is the most interested of his friends.
friends ﺟﻮﺭﺝ ﺍﻷﻛﺜﺮ ﺍﻫﺘﻤﺎﻣﹰﺎ ﺑﲔ ﺃﺻﺪﻗﺎﺋﻪ.
5) The World Trade Center was the … building in New York City.
A. taller
B. tallest
C. more taller
D. most tall