CHEMISTRY

EXPERIMENT 1: Basic Technologies of Handling Chemicals and Laboratory Apparatus Activity: Determining the density of water. Objective: 1. To determine the density of water. 2. To determine the most accurate and sensitive apparatus in determining the density of water. Materials: Distilled water Apparatus: Burette, glass rod, filter funnel, beaker (50ml), pipette (10ml), analytical balance, top loading balance, measuring cylinder (20ml) Procedure: (A) Burette 1. An empty beaker is first weighed on an analytical balance and its weight is recorded (A). 2. The burette is clamped vertically to the retort stand and 50ml of distilled water is poured into the burette using a filter funnel. 3. Then 10ml of the distilled water is taken out slowly from the burette into the beaker. 4. The mass of beaker and distilled water is weighed. The reading is recorded (B). 5. The mass of water transferred is calculated (B - A). Then, density of the water is calculated.

(B) Pipette 1. Mass of empty beaker is weighed on the analytical balance and its weight is recorded (A). 2. 10ml of distilled water is transferred into the pipette using a pipette bulb. 3. Then, 10ml of distilled water in the pipette is transferred into the empty beaker. 4. The mass of beaker and the distilled water is weighed and the reading of the analytical balance is recorded (B). 5. Mass of water transferred is then calculated (B A). Density of the water is then calculated. (C) Measuring cylinder 1. Mass of empty beaker is weighed and the weight obtained is recorded (A). 2. A 10ml of distilled water is filled into the measuring cylinder. 3. The distilled water in the measuring cylinder is then transferred into the empty beaker. 4. The mass of the beaker and the distilled water is weighed and the mass obtained is recorded (B). 5. The mass of water transferred (B A) and the density of water is calculated. Density of water obtained is calculated by using the formula:  Results: READING Mass of empty beaker/g Mass of beaker + water/g Mass of water transferred/s Density of water/g ml BURETTE PIPETTE MEASURING CYLINDER       

Discussion: From this experiment the reading of the density of water are different using different apparatus. The accuracy and sensitivity of each apparatus are also different. The results that we

obtain show that burette is more sensitive and accurate compare to pipette and measuring cylinder. We realise that the reading of empty beaker are different each time it is weighed using the analytical balance. The same things also happens when we take the reading of the beaker and the distilled water. There are three errors that we identify occur in this experiment. Systematic error is proven as the analytical balance did not give the same reading of mass for each apparatus. This may due to the vibrations that we made on the bench affect the reading of the analytical balance. For random error, it is done for not all water was transferred to the beaker due to the adhesive property of the water. As for the parallax error, it is done when we did not take the correct reading of the volume of distilled water for each apparatus. Thus, the volume of the water to be measured is affected. To make sure these errors did not happen again, we need to take some precautions. The precautions are: (a) Make sure to read the volume of water correctly. (b) Follow the procedure in right sequence. (c) Avoid making any vibrations which can affect the reading of the analytical balance. (d) Transfer all of the distilled water into the beaker.

Conclusions: The objective is achieved. The density of water is determined. While, the most accurate and sensitive apparatus is burette.