Std07 Maths TM

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bkbaf bjhF
mikahJ yF vf
mikahJ fj cyF.
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rg
1.1 mKf
ma Kndw fhzKgLnghJ Kj eh vf gfis

mogil braghLfis g eF mJ bfhnth. vf e mwhl
th KaJt thjitahf sFwd. eh KG vfis g
mt jhd mogil braghLf g fUnwh. bghGJ
KGf, jKWbaf, jrkf, df kW mLFf nghw
jiyf gF thf fhngh.
vf
rrs
e mwhl th J mnua v Kiwia gagLJnwh. j

Kiw vGJtjF gogjF gagLjgL vf gjokhd vf
myJ jrk vf vW miHfgLwJ. Kiw 0 Kj 9 tius
FpLfis eh gagLJnwh.
1.2 ghit
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Mwh tF a vf, KGvf, KGf, df kW

jrkf g mt J mogil braghLfshd Tl, fjfis
fwnjh. mtiw nf RUfkhf id Tnth.
a vf
1 I bjhlf vzhf bfhl vylfhj, vQ vfSF

a vf vW bga. midJ a vf fzij N vw My
vGjh Ffyh.
N = "1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , vgJ a vf fzkhF.
KG vf
aJl a vfis nrf ilgJ KG vfshF. KG vf

aij Kj vzhf bfhL vylfhj vfshf Uwd.
midJ KG vf fzij W vw My vGjh Ffyh.
W = "0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ... , vgJ KG vf fzkhF.
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maha 1
KGf
KG vf kW Fiw vf nrj
bjhF KGf vW miHfgLwJ. midJ
KGf
fz Z vw My vGjh
FfgLwJ.
f
bga
fj
nkijahd uhkhD#
jeho, <nuho
wjt.
Z = "... - 2, - 1, 0, 1, 2, ... , midJ KGf

Z = "0, ! 1, ! 2, ... , midJ KGf fzkhF.
fzkhF (myJ)
(i) KGf Tl
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1.3 KGf jhd ehF moigil braf:
U KGfis Tl, ilgJ xU KG ( Integer ) MF.

vLJfhlhf,
v)
8 + 4 = 12
6+0 = 6
6 + 5 = 11
10 + ^- 4h = 10 - 4 = 6
rrs
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
4+0=4
(ii) KGf fj
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xU KGUJ kbwhU KGit ff ulhtJ KG Tl

vkiwia Kj vQl TlntL.
vLJfhlhf,
i)
ii)
iii)
iv)
5 3 = 5 + 3 Tl vkiw = 5 + ( 3) = 2.
6 ( 2) = 6 +( 2) Tl vkiw = 6 + 2 = 8.
( 8) (5) = ( 8) + ( 5) = 13.
( 20) ( 6) = 20 + 6 = 14.
(iii) KGf bgUf
KG vf fz bgUfyhdJ bjhl TlyhF vd KtF

fwnjh. eh mijg KGf fz bghGJ ffyh.
f :
1. U if KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.

2. U Fiw KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
3. xU if KGit xU Fiw KGit bgUf ilgJ xU
Fiw KGthF.
2
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bkbaf bjhF
1)
2)
3)
4)
vLJfhL:
i)
ii)
5 # 8 = 40
0 ( 10) =
9 ( 7)
=
5 ( 10) =
11 6
=
^- 5h # ^- 9h = 45
iii)
^- 15h # 3 =-^15 # 3h =- 45
iv)
12 # ^- 4h =-^12 # 4h =- 48
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braghL
i)
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jiu J xU nenfhil tiuf. eLia {a vdFf.

{a nk f. bghGJ nfho J tygfkhf xU moefJ
mj lij + 1 vdFf. mUJ L mnj ir xU mo
efJ mj lij + 2 vd Ff. bjhlahf njngh mnj ir
efJ xbthU moia (+ 3, + 4, + 5, ...) vdFJbfh. bghGJ
L nfho J {aiyF Uf. {aUJ lgf
ghjthW f. lgf xU mo efJ mj lij 1 vdFf.
bjhlahf mnj ir xbthU mo efJ mj lij 2, 3, 4...
vd Ff. bghGJ vnfhL jah. fl vfis bfhL
isahlyh.
vnfho J tygf ghjthW {a nk W xU
KiwF 2 mof j jhl. tygf bjhlahf njngh 3 Kiw
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jhodh {a UJ vts bjhiy Ugh?
ii)
vnfho J lgf ghjthW { nk f
xU KiwF 3 mof j bjhlahf lgf jhl. bjhlahf

njngh 3 Kiw jhodh {aUJ vts bjhiy Ugh?
braghL
6
5
3
4
24
15
8
40
21
vLJfhL 1.1
( 11) I ( 10) M bgUFf .
:
11 ( 10) = (11 10) = 110
3
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maha 1
vLJfhL 1.2
( 14) I 9 M bgUFf.
:

( 14) 9 = (14 9) = 126
vLJfhL 1.3
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k fhf 15 18.
:

15 18 = 270
vLJfhL 1.4
xU bjhiyfh bgo iy `5200. 25 bjhiyfh bgof

iy vd?
= `5200
= `5200 25
= `130000
rrs
xU bjhiyfh bgo iy
` 25 bjhiyfh bgof iy

g 1.1
1. rahd ilia njbjLf:

i) {aij kw vj xU KG cl bgUf ilgJ
(B) FiwKG
w
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(A) ifKG
ii) 152 k
(A) 225
(B) 225
iii) 15 ( 9) 0 k
(C) 1
(D) 0
(C) 325
(D) 425
(A) 15
(B) 9
(C) 0
iv) U Fiw KGf bgUfgy xU
(A) FiwKG
(C) a v
(B) ifKG
(D) KG v
2. nfhol lij uf:
(D) 7
i) xU Fiw KGit {aij bgUf ilgJ _________.

ii) _________ ^- 14h = 70
iii) ^- 72h # _________ = - 360
iv) 0 # ^- 17h = _________.
3. k fhf:
i) 3 # ^- 2h
iv) ^- 316h # 1
ii) ^- 1h # 25
v) ( 16) 0 ( 18)
iii) ^- 21h # ^- 31h

vi) ^- 12h # ^- 11h # 10
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bkbaf bjhF
viii) 5 # 5
vii) ^- 5h # ^- 5h
ix) ^- 3h # ^- 7h # ^- 2h # ^- 1h
x) ^- 1h # ^- 2h # ^- 3h # 4
xi) 7 # ^- 5h # ^9h # ^- 6h
4.
xii) 7 # 9 # 6 # ^- 5h
xiii) 10 16 ( 9)
xiv) 16 ( 8) ( 2)
xv) ( 20) ( 12) 25
xvi) 9 6 ( 10) ( 20)
bgUFf
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i) ^- 9h kW 15
ii) ^- 4h kW ^- 4h
iii) 13 kW 14
iv) ^- 25h kW 32
vi) ^- 100h kW 0
5.
v) ^- 1h kW ^- 1h
xU ngdh iy `15. 43 ngdhf iy vd?
20 dhf csd. xbthU dhF 5
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6. xU dhjh
kbgf v xU khzt 15 dhfSF rahd ilajh

mtDila kbgiz fLo?
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7. nut xbthU ehS `150 rghwh. 10 ehf mt vts

gz rghgh?
8. xU M iy `20. 12 Mf iyia fhf.
(iv) KGf tFj
tFj vgJ bgUf jiy bra vgJ ekF bj.

tFjYFa fis flthW tiuaWfyh.
ifKG
= if v
ifKG
FiwKG
= if v
FiwKG
ifKG
= Fiw v
FiwKG
a) 0 =
10
c) - 3 =
-3
FiwKG
= Fiw v
ifKG
b) 9 =
-3
10
d) -2 =
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maha 1
{ajh tFj

vij {ajh tFj vgJ mjkwJ.
Vbd {ajh
tFj vgJ tiuaWfglhjJ.
vLJfhL 1.5
250 I 50 M tFf
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250 I 50 M tFj 250 = 5.

50
vLJfhL 1.6
( 144) I 12 M tFf.
:
( 144) I 12 M tFj - 144 = 12.
12
vLJfhL 1.7
15 # ^- 30h # ^- 60h
.
2 # 10
rrs
k fh
15 # ^- 30h # ^- 60h
= 27000 = 1350.
2 # 10
20
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vLJfhL 1.8

xU ngUJ 5 k neu 200 bjhiyit flwJ. 1 k neu
flF bjhiy vd?
5 k neu flF bjhiy
= 200 = 40
~ 1 k neu flF bjhiy
= 200 .
5
g 1.2
1. rahd ilia njbjLf :

i) KGf tFjyhdJ ________________ jiy bra MF.
(A) Tl
(B) fj
ii) 369 ............ = 369.
(C) tFj
(D) bgUf
(A) 1
(B) 2
iii) 206 ............ = 1.
(C) 369
(D) 769
(C) 206
(D) 7
(A) 1
(B) 206
6
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bkbaf bjhF
iv) 75 ............ = 1.
(A) 75
2.
i)
iv)
vii)
ix)
(B) 1
(C) 75
(D) 10
kfhf
ii) 50 ' 5
iii ) ^- 36h ' ^- 9h
^- 30h ' 6
v) 12 '6^- 3h + 1 @ vi) 6^- 36h ' 6 @ - 3
^- 49h ' 49
viii) 6^- 7h + ^- 19h@ ' 6^- 10h + ^- 3h@
6
7
3
^
h
^
h
6 - + @ ' 6 - + 2@
67 + 13 @ ' 62 + 8 @ x) [7 + 23] [2 + 3]
i)
^- 1h # ^- 5h # ^- 4h # ^- 6h
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3. kfhf
40 # ^- 20h # ^- 12h
ii) 8 # 5 # 4 # 3 # 10 iii)
4#5#6#2
2#3
4 # ^- 6h
4. U vf bgUfgy 105. mtW xU v (21). kbwhU v vd?
1.5 KGf Tl gf
(i) mil g
fl vLJfhLfis ftf:
19 + 23 = 42
2.
- 10 + 4 =- 6
3.
18 + (- 47) =- 29
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1.
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bghJthf, a,b vgd VnjD uL KGf v a + b xU KG MF.

Mifah KGf Tl mil gig iw br.
(ii) gkhW g
U KGfis vj tirY Tlyh. ntwhf, KGf TlyhdJ
gkhWgig iw br.
8 + ^- 3h = 5 kW ^- 3h + 8 = 5 vd eh bgwyh.
Mifah 8 + ^- 3h = ^- 3h + 8
bghJthf a, b vw VnjD U KGfSF a + b = b + a
Mifah, KGf TlyhdJ gkhW gig iw br.

flit rkkhditah?
i) ^5h + ^- 12h kW ^- 12h + ^5h

ii) ^- 20h + 72 kW 72 + ^- 20h
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maha 1
(iii) nr g
fl vLJfhil ftf:
5, 4 kW 7 vw KGfis vLJ bfhf.

5 + [( 4) + 7]
= 5 + 3 = 8 kW
[5 + ( 4)] + 7 = 1 + 7 = 8
i) 7 + ^5 + 4h, ^7 + 5h + 4
ii) ^- 5h + 6^- 2h + ^- 4h@,
6^- 5h + ^- 2h@ + ^- 4h
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Mifah, 5 + [( 4) + 7] = [5 + ( 4)] + 7
f h g i t
rkkhditah?
bghJthf a, b, c, vw KGfSF a + ^b + ch = â + bh + c vd eh
brhy Ko.
Mifah TlyhdJ nr gig iw br.
(iv) Tl rk
vj KGlD {aij TL bghGJ mnj KGit bgwyh.

vLJfhlhf, 5 + 0 = 5.
rrs
bghJthf, VnjD xU KG a F, a + 0 = a . Mifah

{akhdJ KGf Tl rkahF.
KGf fj gf.
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(i) mil g
i) 17 + ___ = 17
ii) 0 + ___ = 20
iii) 53 + ___ = 53
fl vLJfhLfis ftf
i) 5 - 12 =- 7
ii) ^- 18h - ^- 13h =- 5
nkfl vLJfhLfUJ U KGf fjyhdJ L

xU KG vgJ bjthwJ.
bghJthf a, b vgd VnjD uL KGf v a - b vgJ xU

KG MF.
Mifah fjyhdJ mil gig iw br.
(ii) gkhWg
7 kW 4 vw KGfis vLJ bfhf
7-4 = 3
4 - 7 =- 3 vd fhzy.
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bkbaf bjhF
` 7-4 ! 4-7
bghJthf a kW b vw VnjD U KGfSF
a-b !b-a
Mifah KGf fjyhdJ gkhW ia iw brahJ .
(iii) nr g
7, 4 kW 2 vw KGfis vLJbfhf
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7 - (4 - 2) = 7 - 2 = 5
(7 - 4) - 2 = 3 - 2 = 1
` 7 - (4 - 2) ] (7 - 4) - 2
bghJthf, a , b kW c vw VnjD _W KGfSF

a - (b - c) ! (a - b) - c.
(i) mil g
rrs
KGf bgUf gf
Mifah KGf fjyhdJ nr gig iw brahJ.
fltiw ft:
10 ( 5) = 50
w
.e
40 ( 15) = 600
bghJthf a kW b vw vyh KGfSF a b xU KGthF.

Mifah KGfshdJ bgUf mil gig iw br.
(ii) gkhW g
fltiw ft :
5 ( 6) = 30 kW ( 6) 5 = 30
5 ( 6) = ( 6) 5
bghJthf a kW b vw VnjD U KGfSF.

f h g i t
rkkhditah?
ab=ba
Mifah KGf bgUfyhdJ gkhW gig i) 5 ( 7), ( 7) 5

iw br
ii) 9 ( 10), ( 10) 9
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maha 1
(iii) {ajh bgUf
{akyhj VnjD xU viz {ajh bgUf
ilgJ {akhF.
vLJfhlhf,
i)
0 0 = _____
ii) 100 0 = _____
iii)
0 x = _____
50 = 0
bghJthf {akyhj vj xU KG a F
a0 = 0a=0
(iv) bgUf rk:

vLJfhlhf,
1 # (- 7) = - 7
5#1 = 5
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80 = 0
rrs
1 vgJ KGf bgUf rkahF vgij J

fhLwJ.
i) ( 10) 1 = ___
ii) ( 7) ___ = 7
iii) ___ 9
=9
bghJthf VnjD xU KG a F
a # 1 = 1 # a = a vd eh bgwyh.
w
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(v) nr g
2, 5, 6 vw KGfis vLJbfhnth.
62 # ^- 5h@ # 6 = - 10 # 6
=- 60 kW
2 # 6^- 5h # 6 @= 2 # ^- 30h
= - 60
UJ 62 # ^- 5h@ # 6 = 2 # 6^- 5h # 6 @
bghJthf VnjD a, b, c, vw KGfSF (a b) c = a (b c).

Mifah, KGf bgUfyhdJ nr gig iw br vd eh
Twyh.
(vi) gL g
12, 9, 7 vw KGfis vLJbfhf.
12 # ^9 + 7h = 12 # 16 = 192
10
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bkbaf bjhF
^12 # 9h + ^12 # 7h = 108 + 84 = 192
UJ 12 # ^9 + 7h
= ^12 # 9h + ^12 # 7h
fhgit rkkhditah?
gL gig iw br
KGf tFj gf
(i) mil g
fl vLJfhLfis ft:
15 ' 5 = 3
(ii)
^- 3h ' 9 = - 3 = - 1
(i)
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bghJthf a, b, c vw VnjD _W 1) 4 # ^5 + 6h kW ^4 # 5h + ^4 # 6h
2)3 # ^7 - 8hkW^3 # 7h + ^3 # - 8h
KGfSF a # ^b + ch = â # bh + â # ch
Mifah KGf bgUfyhdJ 3) 4 # ^- 5h kW ^- 5h # 4
gig iw brahJ
rrs
9
3
7
(iii) 7 ' 4 =
4
nkfl vLJfhLfUJ KGf tFjyhdJ mil
w
.e
(ii) gkhW g:
fl vLJfhil ft:
8 4 = 2 kW
48= 1
2
` 84! 48
nkfl vLJfhoUJ KGfshdJ gkhW ia iw

brahJ .
(iii) nr g
fl vLJfhil ft.
12 ' (6 ' 2) = 12 ' 3 = 4
(12 ' 6) ' 2 = 2 ' 2 = 1
` 12 ' (6 ' 2) ! (12 ' 6) ' 2
nkfl vLJfhoUJ KGfshdJ nr ia iw brahJ.

11
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maha 1
1.6 df
mKf:
eh K tFf dfis (jFd, jfh d kW fy
df) g mt Tl, fjfis g goUnwh.
df bgUf kW tFjiy g bghGJ ghngh.
.o
rg
ghit :
jF d : xU d gF, bjhFia fhoY mfkhf
Ujh md jFd vwiHfgLwJ.
vJfhL: 3 , 1 , 9 , 5
4 2 10 6
jfhd : xU d bjhF, gFia fhoY mfkhf

Ujh md jfhd vwiHfgLwJ.
rrs
vLJfhL : 5 , 6 , 41 , 51
4 5 30 25
fy d : xU dkhdJ xU a v kW xU jF d
w
.e
nrjjhf Ujh md fy d vwiHfgLwJ.

vLJfhL : 2 3 , 1 4 , 5 1
4 5
7
id bfhf : fy d = a v + jF d
thf
{aF
vjid vf csd.
1F
ilna
vyh KG vfS 1
I gFahf bfhl
d vfshF.
ghit:
df Tl kW fj
vLJfhL (i)
RUFf : 2 + 3
5 5
:
2 + 3 = 2+3 = 5 = 1
5 5
5
5
12
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bkbaf bjhF
vLJfhL (ii)
RUFf : 2 + 5 + 7
3 12 24
2 + 5 + 7 = 2#8+5#2+7#1
24
3 12 24
= 16 + 10 + 7
24
= 33 =1 3
24
8
vLJfhL (iii)
RUFf : 5 1 + 4 3 + 7 5
4
4
8
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5 1 + 4 3 + 7 5 = 21 + 19 + 61
4
4
8
4
4
8
rrs
= 42 + 38 + 61 = 141
8
= 17 5
8
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.e
vLJfhL (iv)
RUFf : 5 - 2
7 7
5 - 2 = 5-2 = 3.
7 7
7
7
vLJfhL (v)
RUFf : 2 2 - 3 1 + 6 3
3
6
4
2 2 - 3 1 + 6 3 = 8 - 19 + 27
3
6
4
3
6
4
= 32 - 38 + 81
= 75 = 6 1
12
12
13
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maha 1
gl. 1.1
.o
rg
(i) dfis KG vfsh bgUf
gl (1.1) cs glfis ft. Hlgl gFahdJ xU tl
1 gFahF. uL Hlgl gFfS nrJ vts gFia

8
FwJ? 1 + 1 = 2 # 1 = 2 = 1 I FwJ.
8 8
8
8
4
xU jF d myJ jfh dij KG vzh bgUf eh Kj
vGjntL.
gFia mgona
rrs
d bjhFia KG vzh bgUfntL.
bgUfgy jfh dkhf Ujh mij fy dkhf khwyh.
w
.e
xU fy dij xU KG vzh bgUf, Kj fy dij
jfh dkhf kh wF bgUf ntL.
Mifah, 4 # 3 4 = 4 # 25 = 100 = 14 2
7
7
7
7
fLo:
i) 2 # 4
5
iii) 4 # 1
5
fLo :
ii) 8 # 4
5
iv) 13 # 6
11
i) 6 # 7 2
3
2
ii) 3 # 7
9
14
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bkbaf bjhF
(ii) klF myJ gF (OF) vw bra
rrs
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rg

glUJ (gl 1.2) xbthU Hlgl gFfS 1 1 gif
3
FwJ.

_W Hlgl gFfS 3 1 gif FwJ
3
gl. 1.2
_W Hlgl gFfis xwhf nrf eh 1 I bgwyh.
w
.e
Mifah 1 gF 3 = 1 # 3 = 1.
3
3
` klF (OF) vgJ bgUfiy FF vd khfyh
nukh
15
rhnyLf
itUwh.
yh,
nukh
itUj
1 gF vifs rhnyLf itUwh.

3
itUF rhnyLf vif ahJ?
rhnyf
yh itUF rhnyLf =
yh
1 # 15 = 5 rhnyLf
3
vLJfhL: 1.9
kfhf : 2 1 1 gF
4
5
:
1 #21
2 1 1 gF =
4
4
5
5
= 1 # 11 = 11
4 5
20
15
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maha 1
vLJfhL 1.10

60 khztf bfhl xU FG 3 gF khztf ma gof
10
Uwhf. 3 gF khztf r_f ma gof Uwhf.
5

(i) ma gof U khztf vjid ng?
(ii) r_f ma gof U khztf vjid ng ?

:
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tFYs bkhj khztf = 60
(i) 60 khztf 3 gF khztf ma gof Uwhf.
10
vdnt, ma gof U khztf vif
= 60 3 gF

(ii) 60 khztf
Uwhf.
10
3
=
# 60 = 18 ng.
10
3 gF khztf r_f ma gof
5
rrs
vdnt, r_f ma gof U khztf vif
= 60 3 gF
5
3
= # 60 = 36 ng.
5
1. bgUFf :
i) 6 # 4
5
v) 2 # 7
3
4
ix) # 14
7
ii) 3 # 3
7
vi) 5 # 8
2
x) 18 # 4
3
w
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g 1.3
iv) 15 # 2
10
vii) 11 # 7 viii) 5 # 12
4
6
2. k fhf
i) 28 1 gF
ii) 27 7 klF iii) 64 1 gF
iv) 125 1 gF
v) 216 8 klF vi) 32 4 gF
iii) 4 # 4
vii) 27 3 gF
viii) 100 7 gF
ix) 35 5 gF
x) 100 1 gF
10
2
16
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bkbaf bjhF
3. flitfis bgU bgUfgyid fy dkhf khWf:
i) 5 # 5 1
ii) 3 # 6 3
iii) 8 # 1 1
5
v) 7 # 7 1
2
iv) 6 # 10 5
5
vi) 9 # 9 1
2
.o
rg
4. thR kW R UtU xU RWyhF brwhf. mtfSila

mkh mtfSF xU l j ghof 10 bfhLjDdh. thR
2 gF jiu gagLdh. jKs jiu R gagLdh.
5
thR vts j Fojh?
(iii) xU dij kbwhU djh bgUf

vLJfhL 1.11
fLo 3 1 gF
8
5
3 1 gF = 1 3 = 3
8
5
5
8
40
vLJfhL 1.12
:
rrs
fLo 2 3 .
9
2
2 3 = 1
9
2
3
w
.e
vLJfhL 1.13
yh xU jf 1 gFia 1 k neu gowh.

4
neu mt jf vts gFia gogh?
3 1 k
2
yh xU k neu goF jf gF = 1
4
1
3 k neu mt goF jf ms
2
= 31 # 1
2 4
=7#1
2 4
= 7#1
4#2
=7
8
fLo
i) 1 7
3
5
2
8
ii) #
3 9
~ yh 3 1 k neu jf 7 gFia gogh.

8
2
17
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
g1.4
1. fLo :
i) 5 10 gF
5
10
ii) 7 2 gF
3
8
iii) 7 1 gF
4
3
iv) 7 4 gF
9
8
v) 9 4 gF
9
4
vi) 2 1 gF
9
7
ii) 2 # 9
9 10
9
v)
#3
2 3
iii) 3 # 6
8 9
vi) 4 # 12
5
7
2. l to vGJf

i) 2 # 3 2
9
3
7
9

iv)
#
8 14
3. fl dfis bgUFf :
i) 2 # 5 2
5
3
ii) 6 3 # 7
4 10
iv) 5 3 # 3 1
4
2
v) 7 1 # 8 1
4
4
iii) 7 1 # 1
2
.o
rg
4. xU kGJ xU l bgnuh 20 . . XLwJ. mj kJ 2 3

4
l bgnuh vts uij flF?
5. nfhgh xU jfij xbthU ehS 1 3 k neu gowh. mt 7

4
ehf jf KGtij goJ Kowh. jf KGtij gof
mtUF vjid k neu njit?
w
.e
rrs
xU d jiy:

{akw U vf bgUfgy 1 Mf Ujh mj vf

xWbfhW jiy vd miHfgLwJ. Mifah, 3 jiy 5 ,
5
3
5 jiy 3 MF.
3
5
1F mJnt jiy MF.
0F jiy iy.
(iv) xU KG viz xU djh tFj
xU KG viz xU djh tFf mj KG viz mj d
jiyah bgUf ntL.
vLJfhL 1.14
fLo
(i) 6 ' 2
5
(ii) 8 ' 7
9
18
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
:
(i) 6 2 = 6 5 = 15
5
2
7
9
(ii) 8 ' = 8 # = 72
9
7
7
xU KG viz fy djh tFF nghJ fy dijKj
jfhdkhf kha fhz ntL.
63 4
5
:
6 3 4 = 6 19 = 6 5 = 30 = 1 11
5
19
19
19
.o
rg
vLJfhL 1.15
fLo:
i) 6 ' 5 2 ii) 9 ' 3 3
3
(v) xU dij kbwhU djh tFj:
xU dij kbwhU djh tFf Kj dij ulhtJ

d jiyah bgUf ntL.
=1 #7 = 7
5 3
15
fLo:
rrs
eh bghGJ 1 ' 3 I fhngh

5 7
1 ' 3 = 1 # 3 jiy
5 7
5
7
i) 3 ' 4 , ii) 1 ' 4 , iii) 2 3 ' 7

7
w
.e
g1.5
1. fl df jiyia fLo.
i) 5
ii) 4
iii) 10
iv) 9
7
7
9
4
v) 33
vi) 1
vii) 1
viii) 7
2
9
13
5
2. fLo :
i) 5 25
ii) 6 36
iii) 7 14
iv) 1 1 15
3
9
3
4
3. fLo :
(i) 2 ' 1
(ii) 5 ' 6
(iii) 2 3 ' 3
(iv) 3 3 ' 8
5 4
6 7
4 5
2 3
1
4. xU rhuz UilF njitahd J ms 2 l v 47 1
4
4
l J vjid Uilf ijfyh?
5. U lfSF ilna cs bjhiy 47 1 .. xU nt mj
2
bjhiyit flf 1 3 k neu vLJbfhwJ v nt
16
ntf vd?
19
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 1
1.7 jKW vf - mKf:
q ^ 0 , p kW q KG vf v
tiuaWfgLwJ.
p
, xU jKW v vd
q
nf p vgJ bjhF kW q vgJ gF.

7 , - 5 , 2 , 11 , - 3 vgd jKW vf.
3 7 9 - 7 11
.o
rg
xU jKW v gF if vzhf, nkY gF kW
bjhFF 1I ju ntbwj fhu iyba mj jKW v l

to UwJ vd Twyh.
xU jKW v l to iyba mjid l to khwyh.
72 l totF khWf
54
khWKiw: 72 = 72 ' 18 = 4
54
54 ' 18
3
rrs
vLJfhL 1.16
w
.e
72 = 72 ' 2
54
54 ' 2
= 36 = 36 ' 3
27
27 ' 3
= 12 = 12 ' 3
9
9'3
4
=
3
j vLJfho 72 kW 54 t bgU bghJfhu 18 Mf UwJ.
xU jKW viz mjDila l totF khw mjDila gF
kW bjhFia mt bgU bghJfhuah tFf ntL. F

Fiw Fia fUj ntlh.
gF Fiw F Ujh bgU bghJfhuah tFf ntL.
vLJfhL 1.17
(i)
18 (ii)
- 12
-4
- 16
l to vGJf.
i) - 18 , ii) - 12 , iii) 7
51
(i) 18 kW 12 . bgh.t. 6
28
35
vdnt, mjDila l totij bgw -6M tFf ntL.
20
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
18 = 18 ' ^- 6h = - 3
2
- 12
- 12 ' ^- 6h
(ii) 4 kW 16 .bgh.t 4.
vdnt, mjDila l totij bgw 4 M tFf ntL.
- 4 = - 4 ' ^- 4h = 1
4
- 16
- 16 ' ^- 4h
.o
rg
1.8 jKW vfis vnfho Fj:

KGfis vnfho vgo FgJ vgJ cfSF bj.
bghGJ xU vnfhil tiunth.
{aF tygf cs f if KGfshF. {aF

lgf cs f Fiw KGfshF.
rrs
bghGJ jKW vfis vnfho vgo FgJ vgij ghngh.
gl. 1.3
1 vw viz vnfho Ff KgLnth.
w
.e
4

if KGfis vnfho FjJ nghy if jKW vfis
{aF tywkh, Fiw jKW vfis {aF lwkhf
Ffyh
gl. 1.4
- 1 I {aF vj gf Fgh?
4
xU Fiw jKW vzhf Ujh mjid {aF lgfkhf
Ffyh.
KGfis vnfho FFnghJ mLjLJtU KGf rk
ilbtf FfgLwJ vgJ cfSF bj. 1,1 vgit 0 -
UJ rku UF. njngh jKW vf 1 kW - 1 vgit

4
4
1
0 - UJ rku UF.
vw jKW viz vgo FgJ
4
21
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
vgJ cfSF bj. J {aF 1F ilgl bjhiy
4 1 gF bjhiy FfgLwJ. Mifah - 1 vgJ 0F 1F
4
ilgl bjhiy 4 1 gF bjhiy FfgLwJ.
3 I vnfho vgo FgJ vgJ ekF bj. J {aF
2
tygfkhf. 1F 2F ilgl gF FfgLwJ. bghGJ
.o
rg
- 3 I vnfho Ff KgLnth. J {aF lwkhf,

2
{aUJ 3 cs mnj bjhiy lwkhf mik.
2
nj nghy - 1 {aF lwkhf UwJ. mnj bjhiy
2
1 tywkhf UwJ.
Mifah, nkny flthW vnfho - 1 I
2
2
FfKo. njnghy kw midJ jKW vfis Ffyh.
U jKW vfSilna cs jKW vf

4 kW 12 MatF ilgl KG vfis Tl uh Udh.
rrs
4 kW 12F ilna rahf 7 KG vf csd vgJ mtUF bj

5 kW 6F ilna VjhtJ KGf Uwdth?
5F 6F ilna vjbthU KG iy.
` U KGvfSilna cs KGf vif Kosjhf
w
.e
UwJ. bghGJ j tif jKW vf vd VgLwJ vgij

eh ghngh.
uh 3 kW 2 F ilgl jKW vfis fhz Udh.

7
3
mt mtiw xnu gFf bfhl jKW vfshf khWwh.
Mifah 3 = 9 kW 2 = 14
7
21
3
21
bghGJ mt 9 1 10 1 11 1 12 1 13 1 14 vdbgWwh.
21 21 21
21 21 21
Mifah
9
21
kW
14 F
21
ilgl
jKW
vf
10 , 11 , 12 , 13 .
21 21 21 21
bghGJ
3 kW 2 MatWF ilnas nkY gy

7
3
jKW vfis fLof Kanth.

22
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
3 = 18 kW 2 = 28 vd eh bgwyh.
7
42
3
42
Mifah, 18 1 19 1 20 1 g 1 28 .
42
42
42
42
vdnt 3 1 19 1 20 1 21 1 g 1 2 .
7
42
42
vdnt 3 kW 2 MatWilna gy jKW vfis fhz Ko.

7
3
U jKW vfSilna Koyh jKW vfis ekh fhz Ko.
.o
rg
42
vLJfhL 1.18
2 kW 4 F ilgl IJ jKW vfis fhf.

5
7
eh Kj bfhLfgl jKW vfis xnu khahd

gFfis bfhlitfshf khWnth.
bghGJ 2 = 2 # 7 = 14 kW 4 = 4 # 5 = 20
5#7
35
7
7#5
35
Mifah eh bgWtJ 14 1 15 1 16 1 17 1 18 1 19 1 20
35
35
35
35
35
35
35
rrs
~ njitahd IJ jKW vf
w
.e
15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19
35 35 35 35 35
vLJfhL 1.19
- 5 kW - 8 F ilgl VG jKW vfis fhf.

3
7
eh Kj bfhLfgl jKW vfis xnu khahd

gFfis bfhlitfshf khWnth.
bghGJ- 5 =- 5 # 7 =- 35 kW - 8 =- 8 # 3 =- 24
3
3#7
21
7
7#3
21
Mifah eh bgWtJ - 35 1 - 34 1 - 33 1 - 32 1 - 31 1 - 30
21
21
21
21
21
21

1 - 29 1 - 28 1 - 27 1 - 26 1 - 25 1 - 24
21
21
21
21
21
21
` njitahd VG jKW vf
- 34 , - 33 , - 32 , - 31 , - 30 , - 29 , - 28 .
21
21
21
21
21
21
21
23
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
g 1.6


i) 3 xU
8
(A) if jKW v
(C) KG v
(B) Fiw jKW v

(D) if KG
(D) 10
9
(A) 4
12
(D) - 7
14
(C)
iv) midJ dfS
(A) KGv
(B) a v
1
- 12
(C) xiw v (D) jKW v.
(B) 1
12
.o
rg
ii) xU l Fiw jKW viz FLf.

(B) - 7
(C) 10
(A) 4
3
9
-5
iii) fltW vJ l to csJ?
2. ilgl ehF jKW vfis goaL :

ii) 1 kW 4 iii) 7 kW 8
i) - 7 kW - 2
5
3
2
3
4
7
i) - 12
16
iv) - 70
42
ii) - 18
48
v) - 4
8
iii) 21
- 35
4. v nfhL tiuJ fhQ jKW vfis mj nk F.
i) 3
4
iv) 6
5
iii) - 8
3
ii) - 5
8
v) 7
10
5. ltW vit l tot csd?
rrs
3. l tot vGJ.
w
.e
i) 2
3
iv) - 1
7
ii) 4
16
v) - 4
7
iii) 9
6
1.9 jKW vf jhd ehF mogil braf:
KGf Tl, fj, bgUf, tFj cfSF bj.

jnghJ jKW vf jhd ehF mogil brafis
ghngh.
(i) jKW vf Tl
gFf xnu khahf cs jKW vfis TLnth.
24
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
vLJfhL 1.20
9 kW 7 I TLf.
5
5
:
9 + 7 = 9+7
5 5
5
= 16 .
5
gFf ntW khahf cs jKW vfis TLnth.
.o
rg
vLJfhL 1.21
7 + -5
3 ` 4 j
RUFf:
= 28 - 15
12
= 13
12
(3 kW 4 .bgh.k 12)
7 + -5
3 ` 4 j
rrs
vLJfhL 1.22
RUFf: - 3 + 1 - 5 .
4
2 6
w
.e
- 3 + 1 - 5 = (- 3 # 3) + (1 # 6) - (5 # 2) (4,2,6 .bgh. k 12)

12
4
2 6
= - 9 + 6 - 10
12
= - 19 + 6 = - 13
12
12
(ii) jKW vf fj
vLJfhL 1.23
ff: 10 UJ 8 I ff.
3
10 - 8
3
7
= 70 - 24 = 46
21
21
25
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.24
RUFf:
6 - - 10 .
35 ` 35 j
:
6 - - 10 = 6 + 10 = 16
35 ` 35 j
35
35
vLJfhL 1.25
7
6
`- 2 35 j - `3 35 j .
.o
rg
RUFf:
:
77 111
7
6
`- 2 35 j - `3 35 j = -35 - 35
= - 77 - 111 = - 188 =- 5 13
35
35
vLJfhL 1.26
35
rrs
5
U jKW vf TLj 1. mt xU v 20 v kbwhU
v ahJ?
U jKW vf TLj = 1
bfhLfgl v + njitahd v = 1
w
.e
5 + njitahd v = 1
20
njitahd v = 1 - 5
20
20
-5
=
20
15
=
= 3
4
20
3
~ njitahd v MF.
4
7 - 5 , ii) 5 - 7 ,
35 35
6 12
iii) 7 - 3 , iv) `3 3 j - `2 1 j ,
3 4
4
4
5
1
v) `4 7 j - `6 4 j
i)
g 1.7
1. rahd ilia njbjLf.

i) 1 + 2 F rkkhdJ
3
3
(A) 2
(B) 3
ii) 4 9 F rkkhdJ
5 5
(A) 1
(B) 3
(C) 1
(D) 4
(C) 1
(D) 7
26
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
iii) 5 1 + 1 10 F rkkhdJ
11
11

(A) 4
(B) 3
(C) 5
(D) 7
iv) uL jKW vf TLj 1. xU v 1 v kbwhU v

2
3
4
3

(A)
(B)
(C)

(D) 1
3
4
4
2

2. TLf :
i) 12 kW 6
5
35 35
iv) `3 3 j - `2 1 j
4
4
iii) - 3 + 6
6
6
4 11
v) 4 + 7
vi) `- 6 j + `- 14 j
5 20
13
26
viii) `- 2 j + 5 + `- 7 j
5
12
10
x) 6 + `- 7 j + `- 9 j
3
6
12
ii) 5 - 7
6
12
iii) 7 - 3
3
v) `4 5 j - `6 1 j
7
4
5. RUFf: :
ii) `3 4 j - `7 3 j
5
10
iii) `- 1 2 j + `- 3 5 j + `6 3 j
11
11
11
iv) `- 3 9 j + `3 2 j + `6 5 j
10
5
20
v) `- 3 4 j + `2 3 j
5
8
vi) `- 1 5 j + `- 2 7 j
12
11
i) `1 2 j + `3 5 j
11
11
vii) `9 6 j + `- 11 2 j + `- 5 7 j
7
3
42
7
5
vi) - kW 7
7
6
ix) 9 , 8 kW 1
4 7
28
.o
rg
i) 7 - 5
ii) 9 + 15
w
.e
4. RUFf: :
iii) 8 kW 6
rrs
4 4
iv) - 7 + 9
8 16
vii) 11 + `- 7 j
13
2
ix) 7 + `- 10 j + `- 7 j
9
18
27
13
13
7
8
v) kW
3
4
viii) 3 kW - 7
6
2
iv) - 7 kW - 5
13
13
vii) 9 kW - 10
7
3
4
7
x) , kW - 8
5
10
15
3. tUtdt TLjiy fLo.
i) - 3 + 7
ii) 7 kW 17
viii) `7 3 j + `- 10 7 j
10
21
6. U jKW vf TLj 17 . mtW xU v 5 , v kbwhU

4
2
viz fLo .
7. vj vQl 5 I Todh 49 . ilF?
6
30
27
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
8. xU filfhu xU eh 7 3 ., 2 1 . kW 3 3 . rfiu wh.
4
2
5
mW KGtJ mt w rfiu bkhj msit fLo.
9. uh#h 25 m th Kj eh 1 3 mia, ulhtJ

4
eh4 1 mia gagLdh. jKs m msit
2
fLo.
10. uh 10 Mfis th 3 4 mt jifF, 2 3
5
10
egUF bfhLjh. vjid Mf j UF?
(iii) jKW vf bgUf

.o
rg
U jKW vfis bgUf, mt gFfis, bjhFfis
jjahf bgU a jKW vzhf vGjyh. a jKW viz
mjDila l totF RUfyh.
vLJfhL 1.27
rrs
4
22
` 11 j kW ` -8 j Mat bgUf gyid fLo
:
4
22
` 11 j # ` -8 j
-
=` - 4 j # ` - 22 j = 88
8
88
w
.e
11
=1
vLJfhL 1.28
4
2
`- 2 15 j kW `- 3 49 j Mat bgUf gyid fLo
34
149
4
2
`- 2 15 j # `- 3 49 j = ` -15 j # ` -49 j
= 5066 = 6 656
735
735
vLJfhL 1.29
U jKW vf bgUfgy 2 . mtW xU jKW v 1

2
9
v kbwhU jKW viz fLo.
28
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
.o
rg
U jKW vf bgUfgy = 2
9
bfhLfgl jKW v = 1
2
` bfhLfgl jKW v # njitahd v = 2
9
1 # njitahd v = 2
2
9
2
njitahd v =
#2 =4
9 1
9
` njitahd jKW v 4 MF.
9
xU jKW v bgUf nekhW (myJ jiy).
U jKW vf bgUfgy 1Mf Ujh xU v kw
vQF bgUf nekhW vwiHfgLwJ.

7 # 23 = 1
23
7
i)
rrs
` 7 bgUf nekhW 23 .
23
7
njngh 23 bgUf nekhW 7 .

23
7
ii) ` - 8 j # ` 12 j = 1
12
8
w
.e
` ` - 8 j bgUf nekhW ` 12 j .
12
-8
fhf
1) 7 # 9 , 2) 11 # 24
8
12
12 33
3) `- 1 1 j # `- 7 2 j
4
3
8
12
` 8 j bgUf nekhW ` 12 j
-
(iv) jKW vf tFj
xU jKW viz kbwhU jKW vzh tFf, Kj jKW
viz ulhtJ jKW v bgUf nekhwh bgUf ntL.
vLJfhL 1.30
fLo ` 2 j ' ` - 5 j .
3
10
:
2
5 = 2 ' -1
` 3 j ' `10 j
3 ` 2 j
= 2 # (- 2) = - 4
3
3
29
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.31
fLo 4 3 ' 2 3 .
7
8
:
4 3 ' 2 3 = 31 ' 19
7
8
7
8
= 31 # 8 = 248
7 19
133
= 1 115
133
g 1.8
i) 7 13 F rkkhdJ
13
7
2. bgUFf :
i) - 12 kW 6
5
5
iii) - 3 kW 7
9
8
v) - 50 kW 28
7
10
(D) 1
(D) - 8
7
(C) 3
(D) 4
(C) 5
(D) 7
ii) - 7 kW 5
13
13
iv) - 6 kW 44
11
22
vi) - 5 kW - 4
6
15
(B) 2
iv) 4 9 F rkkhdJ
9
36

(A) - 16
(B) 4
9
(C) - 7
8
w
.e
(A) 1
(C) 1
rrs
(A) 7
(B) 13
ii) 7 bgUf nekhW.
8
(B) 8

(A) 7
8
7
4
22
iii)
`
F rkkhdJ
8 j
- 11
.o
rg
3. flt kfis fLo:

i) 9 # - 10 # 15
ii) - 8 # - 5 # - 30
5
4
18
4
6
10
iii) 1 1 # 2 2 # 9 3
iv) - 3 4 # - 2 1 # 9 1
5
5
10
15
5
5
v) 3 # 9 # 10
6 7
4
4. flt kfis fLo:

i) - 4 ' 9
ii) 3 ' ` - 4 j
9
5
10
-4
30
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
iii) ` - 8 j ' 7
35
35
iv) - 9 3 ' 1 3
4
40
5. U jKW vf bgUfgy 6. mtW xU v 14 , kbwhU

3
viz fLo:
21
6. vj vQl 7 I bgUdh 4 ilF?
2
1.10 jrk vf
.o
rg
(i) jKW vfis jrk vfshf Fj
jrk vfis g K tFf f goUf. mtiw g
RUfkhf id Tnth.

vyh jKW vfis jrk vfshf khw Ko.
vLJfhlhf,
1 = 1'8
8
` 1 = 0.125
8
(ii)
3 = 3'4
4
` 3 = 0.75
4
rrs
(i)
w
.e
(iii) 3 1 = 16 = 3.2
5
(iv)
2 = 0.6666g (F 6 Koyhk UgUg

3
tJbfhoUwJ)
jrk vf

jrk vf Tl kW fj
vLJfhL 1.32
TLf 120.4, 2.563, 18.964
120.4
2.563
18.964
141.927
31
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.33
63.7 UJ 43.508 I ff.
:
63.700
( ) 43.508
20.192
vLJfhL 1.34
.o
rg
kfhf 27.69 - 14.04 + 35.072 - 10.12.
:
14.04
10.12
62.762
24.16
62.762
24.16
38.602
il: 38.602.
vLJfhL 1.35
27.690
35.072
gh xU ngdhit `177.50F xU bgiy `4.75F kW xU nehL
rrs
jfij `20.60F thdh. mtSila bkhj bry vd?
= `177.50
xU bg iy
= `4.75
w
.e
xU ngdh iy
xU nehLjf iy = `20.60
` gh bkhj bry
= `202.85
1.11 jrk vf bgUf
uh 1 .. gH iy % `23.50 j 2.5 gHfis thdh.

mt brYj ntoa bjhif vts? rakhf mJ `(2.5 23.50) vUF.
2.5 kW 23.5 uL jrk vfshf Uwd. jUz eh U jrk
vfis bgUf ntoa Niy cUthwJ. vdnt eh U jrk vf
bgUfiy ghngh.
bghGJ 1.5 4.3 k fhngh.
43 I 15 M bgUf ekF ilgJ 645.
4.3 kW 1.5 uoY tywJF xU yf

j jrk csJ.
Mifah, bgUf gy uL yff
tyUJ lwkhf j jrk ia itf ntL
(1 + 1 = 2). vdnt 1.5 4.3 = 6.45
i) 2.9 5
ii) 1.9 1.3
iii) 2.2 4.05
32
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
bghGJ 1.43 I 2.1 M bgUf Kj 143 I 21 M bgUf ntL.

bgUfgy jrk ia Ff (2 + 1 = 3) yff tyUJ lwkhf
j itf ntL. vdnt, 1.43 2.1 = 3.003 .
vLJfhL 1.36
xU rJu gf 3.2 br., mjDila Rwsit fLo.
.o
rg
xU rJu midJ gffS rkkhf Uwd.

xbthU gf s = 3.2 cm.
vdnt, rJu Rws = 4 gf
= 4 3.2 = 12.8 br.

vLJfhL 1.37
xU rJu
Rws= 4 gf
xU brtf s 6.3 br. kW mjDila mfy 3.2 br. Mf

UwJ, brtf gu vd ?
rrs
brtf s = 6.3 br.

brtf mfy = 3.2 br.
brtf gu = (s) (mfy)
= 6.3 3.2 = 20.16 br.2
jrk vfis 10, 100 kW 1000 M bgUf
w
.e
3.7 = 37 , 3.72 = 372 kW 3.723 = 3723 vd uh fhwh. Mfnt

100
1000
10
jrk lij bghWJ jrk viz 10 , 100 kW 1000 I gFahf
bfhl d vfshf khw Ko vgij fhwh. bghGJ xU jrk
viz 10, 100, 1000 M bgUf vd fG vgij fhngh.
vLJfhlhf,
3.23 10 = 323 10 = 32.3
100
jrk viz 10 M bgUF nghJ jrk ahdJ tyJ wkhf xU
yf efwJ.
3.23 100 = 323 100 = 323
100
jrk viz 100 M bgUF nghJ jrk
ahdJ tyJ wkhf uL yff efwJ.
3.23 1000 = 323 1000

100
i)
0.7 10
ii) 1.3 100

iii) 76.3 1000
= 3230
33
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
g 1.9
i) 0.1 0.1 F rkkhdJ
(A) 0.1
(B) 0.11
ii) 5 100 F rkkhdJ
(A) 0.5
(B) 0.005
iii) 1 1 F rkkhdJ
10 10

(A) 0.01
(B) 0.001
iv) 0.4 5 F rkkhdJ

(D) 0.0001
(C) 0.05
(D) 0.0005
(C) 0.0001
(D) 0.1
(C) 2
(D) 3
.o
rg
(C) 0.01
(A) 1
(B) 0.4
2. fLo :
(i) 0.3 7
(ii) 9 4.5
(iii) 2.85 6
(iv) 20.7 4
(v) 0.05 9
(vi) 212.03 5
(vii) 3 0.86
(viii) 3.5 0.3
(ix) 0.2 51.7
(x) 0.3 3.47
(xi) 1.4 3.2
(xii) 0.5 0.0025
(xiii) 12.4 0.17 (xiv) 1.04 0.03
(v) 32.3 100
rrs
3. fLo :
(i) 1.4 10
(ii) 4.68 10
(iii) 456.7 10
(vi) 171.4 100
(vii) 4.78 100
(iv) 269.08 10
4. s 10.3 br., mfy 5 br. msf cs brtf guig
w
.e
fLo
5. xU Urfu to xU l bgnuh 75.6 . uij flwJ. 10

l bgnuh vts uij mJ flF ?
(ii) jrk vf tFj:
#h mtSila tFgiwia myfhu brtjF totfis

jah brJbfhoUjh. s 1.8br. mss y tzfhj JLf
mtSF njitglJ. mt 7.2 br. sKs tz fhj Jil

thdh. j JoUJ mtSF njitahd vjid fhj
JLf mtsh bgw Ko? mt mij 7.2 br. Mf fUdh mt
1.8
fUaJ rah?
7.2 kW 1.8 uL jrk vfshf Uwd. Mifah jrk vf

tFjiy eh bjJ bfhs ntL.
34
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
vLJfhlhf,
141.5 ' 10 = 14.15

141.5 ' 100 = 1.415
fhf:
141.5 ' 1000 = 0.1415
i) 432.5 10
ii) 432.5 100
iii) 432.5 1000
vLJfhL 1.38
fLo 4.2 3.
:
4.2 3 = 42 ' 3 = 42 # 1
.o
rg
<it bgWtjF 1F gf vjid

{af csdnth mjid yff lwkhf
jrk ahdJ brY.
fhf:
i) 85.8 3
ii) 25.5 5
rrs
10
10 3
= 42 # 1 = 1 # 42
10 # 3
10 # 3
= 1 # 42 = 1 # 14
10
3
10
= 14 = 1.4
10
vLJfhL 1.39
w
.e
fLo 18.5 5.
fhf:
185 I 5 M tFf 37 bgWnwh.
18.5 jrk F tygf xU yf csJ.

vdnt 37 tyJwUJ lwkhf xU yf j
xU jrk ia itf 3.7 ilF.
i) 73.12 4
ii) 34.55 7
xU jrk viz kbwhU jrk vzh tFj
vLJfhL 1.40
fLo 17.6 .
0.4
:
eh bgWtJ 17.6 0.4 = 176 ' 4
10 10
fhf:
i) 9.25
0.5
ii) 36
0.04
iii) 6.5
1.3
= 176 # 10 = 44.
10
35
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
vLJfhL 1.41
xU kJ 129.92 bjhiyit 3.2 k neu flwJ. xU k
neu mJ flF bjhiy vts?
:
kJth flfglbjhiy
j bjhiyit flf njitahd neu
= 129.92 ..
= 3.2 k
Mifah, 1 k neu mJ flj bjhiy = 129.92 = 1299.2 = 40.6 ..

g 1.10

i) 0.1 0.1 F rkkhdJ

(A) 1
1 F rkkhdJ
1000
(A) 0.01
(B) 0.001
(C) 0.01
ii)
(C) 1.001
iii) xU M iy %.12.50
thfKo ?
(A) 2
v 50 %ghF vjid Mf
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 7
iv) 12.5 F rkkhdJ

2.5

(A) 4
(B) 5
(C) 7
(D) 10
w
.e
(D) 2
(D) 1.01
rrs
(B) 0.1
32
.o
rg
3.2
2. fLo :
(i) 0.6 2
(ii) 0.45 5
(iii) 3.48 3
(iv) 64.8 6
(v) 785.2 4
(vi) 21.28 7
3. fLo :
(i) 6.8 10
(ii) 43.5 10
(iii) 0.9 10
(iv) 44.3 10
(v) 373.48 10
(vi) 0.79 10
4. fLo:
(i) 5.6 100
(ii) 0.7 100
(iii) 0.69 100
(iv) 743.6 100
(v) 43.7 100
(vi) 78.73 100
5. fLo :
(i) 8.9 1000
(ii) 73.3 1000
(iii) 48.73 1000
(iv) 178.9 1000
(v) 0.9 1000
(vi) 0.09 1000
36
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www.errsm.org
6. fLo :
(i) 9 4.5
(iv) 40.95 5
bkbaf bjhF
(ii) 48 0.3 (iii) 6.25 0.5

(v) 0.7 0.35 (vi) 8.75 0.25
7. xU to2.4 bgnuh 55.2 uij flwJ. l bgnuh

mto vts uij flF?
8. xnu khahd 11 igf bkhj vil 115.5 v 1 ig vil

vd?

9. xU jf iy 40.25 % v 362.25 %ghF vjid jff

thf Ko?
.o
rg
10. xU thfd XLe 3.2 kneu 135.04 . bjhiyit flwh.

mtUila ntfij fLo?
11. U vf bgUfgy 45.36 mtW xU v 3.15 kw viz

fLo?
1.12 mLFf
Ma uhKit ghJ 2560000000000000? ij cdh gof
Kokh? vW nflh
rrs
mKf
ij gof fodkhf csJ Iah. vW mt gyjh.
Na kW r nfhfSF ilnas bjhiy 1,433,500,000,000 .
w
.e
uh#h, j viz cdh gof Kokh? vW Ma nflh.

J Tl gogjF fodkhf csJ Iah vW mt gyjh.
bghGJ nkny bfhLfgl vLJfhLfUJ gof fodkhf
cs vfis vgo gogJ vW fhngh.
mLFf

fl Kiwf bga vfis va totkhf eh vGj Ko.
100 = 101 101 = = 102
1000 = 101 101 101 = 103
njnghy

10 = 101
21 # 21 = 22
21 # 21 # 21 = 23
21 # 21 # 21 # 21 = 24
37
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
nkfl vLJfhLfUJ
= a2 [ a tf myJ a mLF 2 F cajgLwJ
a # a
vdgofyh. ]
= a3 [a fd myJ a mLF 3 F cajgLwJ
a # a # a
vdgofyh]
gggggggg gggggggg
.o
rg
a # a # a # a = a4 [a ehF mLFF cajgLwJ myJ a

ehF mLF vd gofyh. ]
a # a # ... m Kiwf = am [a, m mLFF cajgLwJ myJ a
m mLF vd gofyh.
F a mokhd vwiHfgLwJ. m mLF F (myJ) mLF

vwiHfgLwJ ]
rrs
F: a2 kW a3 vgtd a tf kW a fd vw
w bgaf bgWsd.
` mLF Ffis gagL bga vfis va to ekh vGj Ko.
vLJfhL 1.42
w
.e
512 I mLF bjhl TW.

:
eh bgWtJ

512 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 2
Mifah 512 = 29 vd eh brhyyh.
vLJfhL 1.43
vJ bgaJ 25 , 52 ?
25 = 2 # 2 # 2 2 2 = 32
kW 52 = 5 # 5 = 25 vd eh bgwyh.
32 > 25.
` 25 MdJ 52 I l bgaJ.
vLJfhL 1.44
144I gfh fhuf mLFf bgUfyhf TWf.
38
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
:
144 = 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 3 # 3
= 24 # 32
` 144 = 24 # 32

vLJfhL 1.45
(i) 45 (ii) (-4)5 kfis fhf.
.o
rg
:
(i) 45
45 = 4 # 4 # 4 # 4 # 4
= 1024.
(ii) ( 4)5
(4)5 = ( 4) # ( 4) # ( 4) # ( 4) # ( 4)
= 1024.
rrs
g 1.11

i) 102 F rkkhdJ
(A) 100
(B) 100
(C) 10
(D) 10
(C) 10
(D) 10
w
.e
ii) ( 10)2 F rkkhdJ
(A) 100
iii) a a a ..... n KiwfSF rkkhdJ

(A) am
(A) 103
(C) an
(D) am + n
(B) 9
(C) 0
(D) 3
2. flt k fhf :
(B) an
iv) 1033 0 F rkkhdJ
(B) 100
(i) 28
(iv) 123
(ii) 33
(v) 134
(iii) 113
(vi) 010
3. fltiw mLFbjhl mik vGJf :
(i) 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 # 7 7
(ii) 1 # 1 # 1 # 1 # 1
(iii) 10 # 10 # 10 # 10 # 10 # 10
(iv) b # b # b # b # b
(v) 2 # 2 # a # a # a # a
(vi) 1003 1003 1003
39
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
4. fltiw mLFbjhl Fpo TW (a mokhd)
(i) 216
(ii) 243
(iii) 625
(iv) 1024
(v) 3125
(vi) 100000
5. fltW bga v vJ:

(i) 45 , 54
(ii) 25 , 52
(iii) 32 , 23
(iv) 56 , 65
(v) 72 , 27
(vi) 47 , 74
6. fltiw mt gfh fhufmL bgUfyhf TWf:

(ii) 384
(iv) 678
(v) 948
(iii) 798
(vi) 640
7. RUFf :
(i) 2 # 105
(ii) 0 # 104
(iv) 24 # 34
(v) 32 # 109
(iii) 52 # 34
(vi) 103 # 0
8. RUFf :
(i) ( 5)3
(iv) ( 4)2 # ( 5)3
.o
rg
(i) 100
(ii) ( 1)10
(v) (6)3 # (7)2
rrs
mLF bjhl f
(iii) ( 3)2 # ( 2)3

(vi) ( 2)7 # ( 2)10
xnu khahd mokhdfis bfhl mLFfis bgUFj
32 # 34
1)
= (3 # 3) # (3 # 3 # 3 3)
w
.e
= 31 # 31 # 31 # 31 # 31 # 31
= 36
2)
( 5)2 # ( 5)3
= [( 5) # ( 5) ] # [( 5) # ( 5) # ( 5)]
= ( 5)1 # ( 5)1 # ( 5)1 # ( 5)1 # ( 5)1
a2 # a5
3)
= ( 5)5
= (a # a) # (a # a # a # a # a)
= a1 # a1 # a1 # a1 # a1 # a1 # a1
= a7
m kW n vw KG vfis
mLfhf, {akw mokhd a
cs U vfis bgUFtJ, U
mLFfis To a mL nghl
i) 25 # 27
ii) 43 # 44
iii) p3 # p5 iv) ^- 4h100 # ^- 4h10
ntL a m # a n = a m + n .
40
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
xnu khahd mokhdfis bfhl mLFf tFj :

i)
7
27 25 = 25
2
= 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2 # 2
2#2#2#2#2
= 22
( 5) 4
(- 5) 4 ' (- 5) 3 = - 3
(- 5)
ii)
.o
rg
= (- 5) # (- 5) # (- 5) # (- 5)
(- 5) # (- 5) # (- 5)
= - 5
tUJ bghJthf {akyhj KG a F am ' an = amn, m
mL mLF
fltiw ft :
(i)
(33)2 = 33 33
(ii)
rrs
kW n KG vf nkY m > n.
= 33+3 = 36
(22)3 = 22 22 22
= 22+2+2
w
.e
= 26
bghJthf, UJ {akyhj vj xU KG a F â mhn = a mn , m

kW n KG vf.
vLJfhL: 1.46
mLF F mik vGJf. mokhd 3 vd vLJ bfhf.
9999
:

9 9 9 9 = 94 vd eh bgwyh.

Mifah
9 = 3 3 vgJ ekF bj.

94 = (32)4
= 38
41
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www.errsm.org
maha 1
g 1.12

i) am ax F rkkhdJ
(A) am x
(B) am + x
(D) a m
ii) 1012 1010 F rkkhdJ

(A) 102
(B) 1
(C) 0
(D) 1010
iii) 1010 102 F rkkhdJ

(A) 105
(B) 108
(C) 1012
(D) 1020
iv) (22)10 F rkkhdJ

(A) 25
(B) 212
(C) 220
(D) 210
.o
rg
(C) am x
mLFbjhl fis gagL mLF bjhl mik vGJf.
2. i) 35 # 33 # 34
ii) a3 # a2 # a7
iii) 7 x # 72 # 73
v) 56 # 52 # 51
3. i) 510 ' 56
w
.e
rrs
iv) 100 # 102 # 105
ii) a6 ' a2
iii) 1010 ' 100

iv) 46 ' 44
v) 33 ' 33
4. i) ^34h3
ii) ^25h4
iii) ^45h2
iv) ^40h10
v) ^52h10
42
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www.errsm.org
bkbaf bjhF
id bfhf!
1. a vf N = {1, 2, 3, ...}
2. KG vf W = {0, 1, 2, ...}
3. KGf Z = {..., 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ...}
4. U if KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
5. U Fiw KGf bgUfgy xU if KGthF.
6. xU if KG kW xU Fiw KG Mat bgUfgy xU Fiw

KGthF.
7. U KGf tFjyhdJ xU KGthf Uf ntoa njitiy

myJ mtaiy.
8. d vgJ xU KGgF xU gF MF.
9. bgUfgy 1Mf Uw {akyhj U vf xWbfhW

jiy vd miHfgLwd
10. a a a ... m Kiwf = am (jid a mLF m myJ a m

MtJ mLF vd gofyh)
11. {akw KGf a, b kW KG vf m, n F
w
.e
rrs
.o
rg
i)
am an = am + n
m
ii) a n = a m - n , m > n vDnghJ
a
iii) â mhn = a mn
iv) ( 1)n = 1, n xU uil v vDnghJ

( 1)n = 1, n xU xiw v vDnghJ
43
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
afj
2.1 afj nfhitf
.o
rg
(i) mKf
eh Mwh tF x + 10, y 9, 3m + 4, 2y 8 nghw vjhd afj

nfhitfis ghUnwh.
rrs
(ii) khf, khf, bfGf
afj nfhitf vgJ f Kakhd lij twJ.

gF afj nfhitf cUthF Kiw, nfhitfis vthW xW
nrgJ, nfhit kfis vgo fhgJ, va rkghLf mikJ
mtiw gJ nghwtiw fWbfhs Uf.
kh
w
.e
btntW v kfis bgwToa X cW kh (myJ cU) vdgL.

khfis a, b, c, x, y, z nghw My vGJfsh Ffyh.
kh
iyahd v k bfhl x cW xU kh vdgL.

vLJfhlhf, 3, - 25, 12 kW 8.9 Mad khf MF.
13
v nfhit
v fj braghLf _ykhf nrJ vGjgl vf v nfhit

myJ v fj nfhit vwiHfgLwJ.
vLJfhlhf, 3 + (4 5), 5 (4 2), (7 9) 5 kW (3 4) (4 5 7)

Mad v nfhitf.
afj nfhit (Algebraic Expression)
khfis, vfis (kh) fj braghLf _ykhf nrJ

vGjgLtJ afj nfhitahF.
44
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www.errsm.org
afj
vLJfhL 2.1
TW
nfhit
y cl 5 I TLf
y+5
(ii)
n UJ 8 I ff
n8
(iii)
12 I x M bgUFf
12 x
(iv)
p I 3 M tFf
p
3
.o
rg
(i)
cW
xU khahfnth myJ xU khahfnth myJ kh kW khf

bgUf nrifnah X cW vdgL.
3x2 + 6x - 5 vw nfhit, 3x2, 6x kW 5 vgit nfhit

cWf vdgL.
X cW vgJ flthW mikayh.
(i) xU kh
rrs
(ii) xU kh
(iii) xU kh kW kh (khf) bgUfgy

(iv) uL myJ mjF nkgl khf bgUf.
w
.e
4a2 + 7a + 3, vw nfhit 4a2, 7a , 3 vgd cWfshF. bkhj cWf 3.

- 6p2 + 18pq + 9q2 - 7, vw nfhit - 6p2, 18pq, 9q2 , 7 vgd cWfshF.
bkhj cWf 4.
vjid cWf csd?
(i) 88b
(iv) 7x2 y - 4y + 8x - 9
(ii) 33p 2q
(v) 4m2 n + 3mn2
(iii) a2 + 4a - 5
bfG
X cW cs kh myJ fhu bfG vgJ W kbwhU
fhu MF. fhuia bfhL bfhLfgLs kh (myJ fhu)

l bgUdh mnj cW ilF.
6xy, vw cW 6, x kW
y vgd fhufshF.
45
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
vLJfhL 2.2
5xy vw cW,
xy bfG 5 MF (v bfG),
5x bfG y MF,
5y bfG x MF.
(i) 3z
(iv) pq
(ii) 8ax
(iii) ab
(v) 1 mn
(vi) - 4 yz
n2 bfG m,
rrs
mn2 bfG 1,
vLJfhL 2.3
mn2 vw cW,
.o
rg
v bfGit fhf.
w
.e
m bfG n2 .
nfhit
10 2y
t.v
11 + yz
yn2 + 10
- 3m2 y + n
y I bfhl
cW
y bfG
yz
46
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www.errsm.org
afj
g 2.1

(i) - 7xy cs v bfG

(A) - 7
(B) x
(C) y
(D) xy
(C) 1
(D) - 1
(ii) - q cs v bfG

(A) q
(B) - q
(A) 12 + z
.o
rg
(iii) z UJ 12 I fjh
(B) 12z
(C) 12 - z
(iv) n I - 7 M bgUdh

(B) - 7n
(A) 21p
(B) 3p - 7
(C) 3p + 7
(D) - 7
n
(D) 7 - 3p
(C) 7
n
(v) p _W klFl 7I nrjh
(A) 7n
(D) z - 12

2. tUtit cs khfis, khfis fLo
a, 5, - xy, p, - 9.5
w
.e
rrs

3. nHs xbthiw nfhitahf khw

(i) x I l 6 mf

(ii) - m UJ 7 I ff

(iii) 3q cl 11 I TLf

(iv) x _W klifl 10 mf

(v) y IJ klifl 8 Fiw

4. 3y2 - 4yx + 9x2 vw nfhit cs xbthU cWF vbfG

fhf.
5. x I bfhoUF cWig, mj bfGit fhf.

(i) y2 x + y
(iv) 2x2 y - 5xy2 + 7y2
6. y2 I bfhoUF cWig mj bfGit FLf.
(iii) 5 + z + zx
(ii) 3 + x + 3x2 y
(i) 3 - my2
(ii) 6y2 + 8x
(iii) 2x2 y - 9xy2 + 5x2
(iii) mLF

xU kh a I, 5 Kiw bgUFtij a # a # a # a # a = a5 vd vGjyh.
(jid a mLF 5 vd Twyh). nj ngh, b # b # b = b3 (b mLF
3) kW c # c # c # c = c4 (c mLF 4). F a, b, c vgit mokhd MF.
5, 3, 4 vgit mLF MF.
47
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
vLJfhL 2.4
(i) - 8a2 vw cW, kh a mLF 2 MF.
(ii) m vw cW, kh m mLF 1 MF.
(iv) xj cWfS, khWgl cWfS
.o
rg
xj mLFfis bfhl xj kh myJ khf bgUf xj

cWf vdgL. btntW mLFfis bfhl btntW khf myJ
khf bgUf khWgl cWf vdgL.
vLJfhL 2.5
(i) x, - 5x, 9x Ma cWf midJ x vw khiana

bfhLsjh, it xj cWf vdgL.
(ii) 4x2 y, - 7yx2 Ma cWf midJ x2 y vw khiana

vLJfhL 2.6
bfhLsjh, it xj cWf vdgL.
rrs
(i) 6x, 6y Mait khWgl cWfshF.
(ii) 3xy2, 5xy, 8x, - 10y Mait khWgl cWfshF.
w
.e
xj cWfis khWgl cWfis FLf.

(i) 13x kW 5x
(iv) 36mn kW - 5nm
(ii) - 7m kW - 3n
(iii) 4x2 z kW - 10zx2
(v) - 8p2 q kW 3pq2
(v) afj nfhit go
8x2 - 6x + 7 vw nfhitia vLJ bfhnth. 8x2, - 6x kW

7 vw 3 cWf csd. 8x2 vw cW, kh x mLF 2 MF. - 6x
vw cW, kh x mLF 1 MF. 7 vw cWig kh myJ j
cW vd Twyh.
7 = 7 # 1 = 7x0 F x mLF 0 MF. nkny TwgLs nfhit

8x2 MdJ fbga mLfhf 2 I bfhLsJ. vdnt, 8x2 - 6x + 7 vw
nfhit go 2 MF.
48
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www.errsm.org
2
afj
2
F : xU kh go 0 MF.
vLJfhL 2.7
.o
rg
6x y + 2xy + 3y vw nfhitia vLJ bfhnth. 6x y vw

2
cW kh x y mLF 3. (x kW y mLFfis Tl eh bgWtJ
2
mjhtJ 2 + 1 = 3) 2xy vw cW kh xy mLF 2. 3y vw cW kh
y2 mLF 2.
2
2
2

vdnt, 6x y + 2xy + 3y vw nfhit 6x y vw cWghdJ fbga
mLfhf 3 I bfhLsJ. Mfnt , nfhit go 3 MF.

vdnt xnu xU khia bfhl nfhit mj kh f caj
mLF mj nfhit go vdgLwJ. xWF nkgl khfis bfhl
nfhit khf caj mLFf TLbjhif mj nfhit go
vdgLwJ.

(i) 5a2 - 6a + 10 vw nfhit go 2
(ii) 3x2 + 7 + 6xy2 vw nfhit go 3
(iii) m2 n2 + 3mn + 8 vw nfhit go 4
rrs
(vi) xU afj nfhit k
w
.e

xU nfhit khfis bfhlJ vW, xU kh vj kig bgwyh
vW eh mnth. vdnt xbthU kh xU kig bgWnghJ nfhit
xU kig bgWwJ.

vLJfhlhf, xU jf iy x v, 5 jff thdh,
bfhLf ntoa gz 5x MF. 5x vw nfhit kghdJ kh x vLF
kig bghWJ mik.
x = 4 v, 5x = 5 # 4 = 20 .
x = 30 v, 5x = 5 # 30 = 150.

vdnt, xU nfhit kig fhz x bfhLfgl kig ul
ntL.
vLJfhL 2.8
x = 2 v, fhQ nfhitf kig fhf.

(i) x + 5
(ii) 7x - 3
(iii) 20 - 5x2
: x = 2 I tU nfhitf ulh
(i)
(ii)
x + 5 = 2 + 5 = 7
7x 3 = 7 (2) 3
= 14 3 = 11
49
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
(iii)
20 5x2 = 20 5 (2)2
= 20 5 (4)
= 20 20 = 0
vLJfhL 2.9
a =- 3 , b = 2 v fl nfhitf kig fhf.
(ii) 9a - 5b
(iii) a2 + 2ab + b2
a =- 3 , b = 2 vd ul
(i)
a+b = 3+2=1
(ii)
9a 5b = 9 ( 3) 5 (2)
.o
rg
(i) a + b
= 27 10 = 37
(iii) a2 + 2ab + b2 = (- 3) 2 + 2 ( 3) (2) + 22

1. p =- 3 v, fl
= 9 12 + 4 = 1
rrs
nfhitf kig fhf.
(i) 6p - 3
(ii)
2p2 - 3p + 2
2. bfhLfgLs kig itJ nfhit
w
.e
kig fhf.
x
10
x- 3
3. kh kig fhf.
x
2x
14
28
42
g 2.2
1. rahd ilia njbjLf
(i) 5m2 + 25mn + 4n2 vw nfhit go

(A) 1
(ii)
(B) 2
(C) 3
(D) 4
p = 40 , q = 20 v (p q) + 8 vw nfhit k
(A) 60
(B) 20
(iii) x y + x y + y vw nfhit go
(A) 1
(B) 2
2
(C) 68
(D) 28
(C) 3
(D) 4
50
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www.errsm.org
afj
(iv) m = - 4 v 3m + 4 vw nfhit k

(A) 16
(B) 8
(C) - 12

(D) - 8
(v) p = 2, q = 3 v (p + q) - ^ p - qh vw nfhit k

(A) 6
(B) 5
(C) 4
(D) 3
2. flt xj cWfis FLf.
(i) 4x, 6y, 7x
(ii) 2a, 7b, - 3b
(iii) xy, 3x2 y, - 3y2, - 8yx2
(iv) ab, a2 b, a2 b2, 7a2 b
(v) 5pq, - 4p, 3q, p2 q2, 10p, - 4p2, 25pq, 70q, 14p2 q2
.o
rg
3. nfhitf goia FLf.

(i) x2 + yz
(ii) 15y2 - 3
(iv) a2 b2 - 7ab
(v) 1 - 3t + 7t2
4. x = 1 v, tUtdt kig fhf.

(i) 3x - 7
(ii) - x + 9
(iii)
5. a = 5 , b =- 3, v, tUtdt kig fhf.

(i) 3a - 2b
(ii) a2 + b2
(iii) 4a2 + 5b - 3
6x2 y + xy
3x2 - x + 7
rrs
(iii)
2.2 nfhitf Tl kW fj
xj cWf TlY fjY
w
.e

xj cWf, khWgl cWf g eh Kng mUnwh. xj
cWfis kLnk Tl Ko vgJ Tl mogil jJtkhF.

uL myJ mjF nkgl xj cWf Tliy fhz, mt
v bfGfis eh Tl ntL. ijnghW, uL xj cWf
ntWghL fhz, mt v bfGf ntWghil eh fhz ntL.
xj cWf Tl myJ fj fhz uL tKiwf csd. mit,

(i) il Kiw (Horizontal method)

(ii) iy FJ Kiw (Vertical method)
(i) il Kiw : j tKiw midJ cWfis il tir
tirgL, xj cWfis xW gLa d mt Tl myJ

fjiy fhz ntL.
vLJfhL 2.10
TLj fhf : 2x, 5x.
: 2x + 5x = ^2 + 5h # x
= 7 # x = 7x
51
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
(ii) iy FJ Kiw : j tKiw, xj cWfis iyFjhf
vG d, eh mt Tl myJ fjiy fhz ntL.
vLJfhL 2.11
TLj fhf : 4a, 7a.
:
+ 7 a
11 a
vLJfhL 2.12
TLj fhf : 7pq, - 4pq , 2pq .
:
il Kiw
iy FJ Kiw
7pq - 4pq + 2pq
= ^7 - 4 + 2h # pq
=5 pq
7 pq
4 pq
+ 2 pq
rrs
.o
rg
4a
5 pq
vLJfhL 2.13
TLj fhf 5x2 y, 7x2 y, - 3x2 y, 4x2 y .

:
w
.e
il Kiw
iy FJ Kiw
5x2 y + 7x2 y - 3x2 y + 4x2 y
=^5 + 7 - 3 + 4h x2 y
+ 7x2 y
= 13x2 y
- 3x2 y
+ 4x2 y
5x2 y
13x2 y
vLJfhL 2.14
7a UJ 3a I ff.
:
il Kiw
iy FJ Kiw
7a - 3a = ^7 - 3h a
7a
= 4 a
+ 3 a (Fpil
(- ) khw)
4a

52
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www.errsm.org
afj
eh xU vUJ kbwhU viz fFnghJ ulhtJ

v Tl nekhiw Kj vQl Tl ntL. mjhtJ, 6
UJ 4 I ff, 4 Fpilkh (Tl nekhW) 6 - 4 = 2 vd
vGj ntL.
rkkhdJ.
vLJfhL 2.15
9 xy UJ - 2xy I ff.
9 xy
2 xy
(+)
(Fpil khw)
rrs
11 xy
(ii)
(i)
.o
rg
F : xU cWig fF bra vgJ mj ne khiw TL

braYF rkkhdJ cjhuzkhf + 3a I fj vgJ 3aI TLtjF
- 6p2 q2 UJ 8p2 q2 I ff.

- 6p2 q2
w
.e
+ 8p2 q2
()
- 14p2 q2
xj cWfis TLtJ myJ fgJ nghW khWgl cWfis

TLtJ myJ fgJ vgJ ayhJ.
x cl eh 7I TLtjF, x + 7 vd vGJnth. x kW 7 Ma
U cWfS khwhk csd.

J nghynt khWgl cWfshd 4xy kW 5 I To t Tliy
4xy + 5. vd vGJnth. 5pq UJ 6 I fjh 5pq- 6 ilF.
vLJfhL 2.16
TLj fhf : 6a + 3, 4a - 2 .
:
xj cWf
xj cWf
53
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
= 6a + 4a + 3 2
(xj cWfis xW nrj)
= 10a + 1
vLJfhL 2.17
RUFf : 6t + 5 + t + 1
xj cWf
xj cWf
.o
rg
= 6t + t + 5 + 1 (xj cWfis xW nrj)

= 7t + 6
vLJfhL 2.18
(xj cWfis xW nrj)

(khWgl cWghd 3z mgona UF)
rrs
5y + 8 + 3z + 4y - 5
= 5y + 4y + 8 - 5 + 3z
= 9y + 3 + 3z
TLj fhf : 5y + 8 + 3z , 4y - 5
:
vLJfhL 2.19
15n2 - 10n + 6n - 6n2 - 3n + 5 vw nfhitia RUFf.
w
.e
xj cWfis xW nrf
15n2 - 6n2 - 10n + 6n - 3n + 5
= ^15 - 6h n2 + ^- 10 + 6 - 3h n + 5
= 9n2 + ^- 7h n + 5
= 9n2 - 7n + 5
vLJfhL 2.20
TLj fhf : 10x2 - 5xy + 2y2, - 4x2 + 4xy + 5y2 , 3x2 - 2xy - 6y2 .
:
10x2 - 5xy + 2y2

- 4x2 + 4xy + 5y2
+ 3x2 - 2xy - 6y2
2
9x - 3xy + y
TLj fhf :
(i) 8m - 7n, 3n - 4m + 5
(ii) a + b, - a + b
(iii) 4a2, - 5a2, - 3a2, 7a2
54
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www.errsm.org
afj
vLJfhL 2.21
UJ 6a - 3b I ff
- 8a + 9b
:
-^8 - 5h = - 8 + 5,
- 2^m - nh =- 2m + 2n
- 8a + 9b
+ 6a - 3b
()
vf Ffis
gagLJtJ nghynt
afj cWf
FfS ifahsgLwJ
(+)
- 14a + 12b
.o
rg
vLJfhL 2.22
3^5p - q + 3h UJ 2^ p - qh I ff
:
3^5p - q + 3h - 2^ p - qh
= 15p - 3q + 9 - 2p + 2q
= 13p - q + 9
rrs
vLJfhL 2.23
= 15p - 2p - 3q + 2q + 9
a2 - b2 - 3ab UJ a2 + b2 - 3ab I ff
:
il Kiw
iyFJ Kiw
a2 b2 3ab
w
.e
â2 - b2 - 3abh - â2 + b2 - 3abh
a2 + b2 3ab
= a2 - b2 - 3ab - a2 - b2 + 3ab
()
= - b2 - b2
()
(+)
2 b2
= - 2b2
vLJfhL 2.24
A = 5x2 + 7x + 8, B = 4x2 - 7x + 3 v , 2A - B I fhf.
2A = 2^5x2 + 7x + 8h
= 10x2 + 14x + 16
vdnt 2 A B = ^10x2 + 14x + 16h - ^4x2 - 7x + 3h
= 10x2 + 14x + 16 - 4x2 + 7x - 3

= 6x2 + 21x + 13
55
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
ff:
(i) (a+b) UJ (ab) I ff
(ii) ( 2x + 8y) UJ
(5
(5x 3y) I ff
vLJfhL 2.25
6b2 I bgWtjF 14b2 UJ vij ff ntL?
.o
rg
14b2
6b2
()
8b2
vLJfhL 2.26
- a2 - b2 + 6ab I bgWtjF 3a2 - 4b2 + 5ab UJ vij ff

ntL?
:
rrs
3a2 - 4b2 + 5ab

- a2 - b2 + 6ab
(+)
(+)
()
w
.e
4a2 - 3b2 - ab
g 2.3
(i) 4x, - 8x kW 7x Mat TLj

(B) 4x
(A) 5x
(ii) 2ab,
(C) 3x
(D) 19x
(C) 2ab
(D) - 14ab
(C) 9ab
(D) 3ab
4ab, - 8ab TLj

(B) - 2ab
(A) 14 ab
(iii) 5ab + bc - 3ab
vgJ
(A) 2ab + bc
(B) 8ab + bc
(iv) 5y - 3y - 4y + y vgJ
2
(A) 9y + 4y
(B) 9y - 4y
(C) y + 2y
(D) y - 2y
(v) A = 3x + 2 , B = 6x - 5 v, A - B vgJ
(A) - 3x + 7
(B) 3x - 7
(C) 7x - 3
(D) 9 x + 7
56
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www.errsm.org

3. TLf :

rrs
(v) n^5 - mh UJ m^n - 3h I ff

2
(vi) - 10p - 6p2 UJ 9p - 5p I ff
w
.e
7ab, 8ab, - 10ab, - 3ab

s + t, 2s - t, - s + t
3a - 2b, 2p + 3q
2a + 5b + 7, 8a - 3b + 3, - 5a - 7b - 6
6x + 7y + 3, - 8x - y - 7, 4x - 4y + 2
6c - c2 + 3, - 3c - 9, c2 + 4c + 10
6m2n + 4mn 2n2 + 5, n2 nm2 + 3, mn 3n2 2m2n 4
(iii) - 4x2 y2 UJ 7x2 y2 I ff

(iv) xy + 12 UJ 3xy - 4 I ff
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(i) 14a UJ 6a I ff
2
(ii) 6a2 b UJ - a b I ff
6a - 3b + 7a + 5b
8l - 5l2 - 3l + l2
- z2 + 10z2 - 2z + 7z2 - 14z
p - ^ p - qh - q - ^q - ph
3mn - 3m2 + 4nm - 5n2 - 3m2 + 2n2
^4x2 - 5xy + 3y2h - ^3x2 - 2xy - 4y2h
4. ff :
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
.o
rg
2. RUFf:
afj
2
(vii) 5m2 - 9 UJ - 3m + 6m + 3 I ff
2
(viii) 6s - 10 UJ - s + 12s - 6 I ff
2
2
(ix) 6n2 - 4mn - 4m2 UJ 5m + 6mn - 3n I ff
5. (i) 4x2 + 6xy I bgWtjF 3x2 + xy + 3y2 cl vij Tl ntL?
(ii) - 5p + 8q + 20 bgWtjF 4p + 6q + 14 UJ vij ff ntL?
(iii) A = 8x - 3y + 9, B =- y - 9 kW

C = 4x - y - 9 v, A + B - C I fhf.

6. xU Knfhz _W gff 3a + 4b - 2,
v, mj Rws vd?
7. xU brtf gff 3x + 2 kW 5x + 4 v, mj Rwsit

fhf.
8. uh nkrilfhf %gh 4a+3 kW nehLjffhf %gh

8a - 5 bry brwh v, uLF bry br bkhj bjhif
vts?
a - 7 kW 2a - 4b + 3
57
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www.errsm.org
maha 2

9. xU f s 10x - 3 mUJ gaghoF 3x + 5 s

btobaLfgLwJ v jKs f s vts?
10. A = p2 + 3p + 5 kW B = 2p2 - 5p - 7 v,
(i) 2A + 3B

11. P = m2 + 8m
fhf.
(ii) A- B
kW
fhf.
Q =- m2 + 3m - 2 v P - Q + 8 k
.o
rg
2.3 U khf bfhl va nfhit

brtfij g f midtU mJf mj gus l # b
MF. F 'l' kW 'b' khfshF. vfSfhd ehF mogil braf,
khfY gwgL. khfis gagL xU y TWfis nfhitfshf
khw eh Kangh.

TW
x kW y TLj
afj nfhit
x+y
fj
a kW bFs ntWghL
bgUf
x kW y bgUfgy
x # y (myJ) xy
tFj
p I q th tFf
p
p ' q (myJ)
q
bra
Tl
w
.e
rrs
a - b â > b vh (myJ)
b - a (b > a v)

vjifa fj brafis, fj thaf gagLJtJ vgij
ff, kd itJ bfhs fl mltiz gagL.
Tl
TLj
mfj
Tl
TLtjF
mfkhf
fj
bgUf
tFj
ntWghL
bgUfgy
<
Fiwj
fj
fgjF
Fiwthf
bgUfgLj
klF
tFfgLj
j
vLJfhL 2.27

fltiw afj nfhitfshf vGJf.
1)
m kW n Mat TLgy UklF.
2)
a UklUJ b I Fiwj.
58
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www.errsm.org
afj
3)
x kW y vw U vf tff TLj.
4)
p kW q bgUfgyiz 7 cl Tl.
5)
a kW b bgUf U klif 5 M tFj.
6)
x MdJ y _ U gif l mf.
7)
x vw v ghUJ 3 I Fiwj.
8)
m kW n vw vf TLj UJ mt
.o
rg
bgUf gyid Fiwj.
9)
y kW 6 TLj UJ x 4 klif ff.
10)
a _ xU gFl m TLj U klF.
11)
y I 5M tFJ x cl TLf.
3)
x2 + y2
5)
2ab
5
x -3
2
^ y + 6h - 4x
y
+x
5
2) b - 2a
2^ m + nh
4) 7 + pq
6) 2 y + x
rrs
1)
7)
9)
10) 2` 1 a + mj
3
w
.e
11)
3
8) (m + n) - mn
fltiw afj nfhitfshf vGJf.
(i) a klF b.
(ii) a, b TLjiy 5 M bgUFf.
(iii) uL klF m I n M Fiwj.
(iv) ehF klF x I y M tFj.

(v) IJ klF p I 3 klF q M bgUFf.
g 2.4
(i) 5 klF x, 3 klF y kW 7 TLj

(A) 5^ x + 3y + 7h
(B) 5x + 3y + 7
(C) 5x + 3^ y + 7h
(D) 5x + 3^7yh
59
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
(ii) a kW b TLj gh

(A) 1 â + bh
(B) 1 a + b
(C) 1 â - bh
2
2
2
(iii) x kW y ntWgho 3 klF

(B) 3 - x - y
(A) 3x - y
(C) xy - 3
(D) 1 + a + b
2
(D) 3^ y - xh
(iv) y kW z bgUf UJ 2 Fiw

(D) 2y - z
.o
rg
(v) 6 kW q bgUfYl p ghia Tl

p
6q

(A) + 6q
(B) p +

(C) 1 ^ p + 6qh
2
2
2
(D) 1 ^6p + qh
2
2. kh, kh kW vfj braghLfis

fltiw afj nfhitfshf vGJf :

(i) x kW uL klF y TLj.
(ii) y UJ z I ff.
(iii) x kW y bgUfYl 4 I TLf.
(iv) 3 klF x kW 4 klF y ntWghL.
(v) 10, x kW y TLj.
(vi) p kW q bgUfUJ 5 I ff.
(vii) 12UJ m kW n bgUfiy ff.
cgnahJ
(C) yz - 2
(B) 2 + yz
rrs
(A) 2 - yz
(viii) a kW b TLjiy mj bgUf UJ ff.

(ix) c kW d bgUf 3 klFl v 6 I TLf.
(x) x kW y bgUf 4 klif 3 M tFf.
w
.e
2.4 va nea rkghLf

xU iyia kyUF mt khkh mgghf
mjh. mj iy vilia mt mJ bfhs
Udh . mij ma juhR jil gagLdh.
mt vil 40. nkY iy vil,
cUisH vil nrjJ mt vil vd
fljh.

mjhtJ,
cUis
iy
TLj
vil
+
s
cUisH
vil
15 .
rk
=
kh
.
ky
vil
40 .
u
fi
r .
5
mltiz 2.1
60
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www.errsm.org
afj
nkflt UJ s kig ma ngh.
15 I U wK f
.
.
.o
rg
rrs

jKsJ iy vilahF.
s + 15 = 40
s + 15 15 = 40 15
w
.e
(mltiz 2.1 UJ)
(15 I UgfUJ vLJl)
s = 25

vdnt iy vil 25..

s + 15 = 40 vw TW xU rkghlhF. mjhtJ xU T U v
nfhitf rkkhf U mij rkghL vnwh.

rkgLj xU Fl vilia kw gfUJ dh, mnj ms
vilia kw gfUJ f ntL.

xU Fl vilia xU gf Todh mnj ms vilia kw
gfY Tl ntL.

ij nghynt UwK rk vil bfhl juhR nghwJ rk ghlhF.
rkgho rkFpL vnghJ l bgUF lwKs nfhit
k (LHS) tywKs nfhit k (RHS) rk vgij j rkFpL
czJwJ.

x + 7 = 15 vw rkghil fUJf

lw csJ x + 7
61
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www.errsm.org
maha 2

tyw csJ 15
UwK 7 I ff
x + 7 - 7 = 15 - 7 (7 I ff lwKsJ x Mf FiwwJ)
(kh x jahf fgLwJ)
x = 8
lw n - 3
tyw 10
UwK 3 I nrf
n - 3 + 3 = 10 + 3
n = 13
(kh n jahf fgLwJ)
4m = 28 vw rkghil fUJf
y
= 6 vw rkghil fUJf
2
UwK 2 M bgUFf
y
#2 = 6#2
2
y = 12
w
.e
rrs
m=7
UwK 4 M tFf
4m = 28

4
4
.o
rg
n - 3 = 10 vw rkghil fUJf
xU rkgho rkiy khwhUf, mrkgho xUw vj xU
viz TodhY (fjhY) kWwK mnj viz Tl (ff)

ntL.
nj ngh {akw vfsh UwK bgUf myJ tFf
rkghL rkiyUF. vdnt rkgho fhz, rkgho cs

khia
jahf
bjLf
vfj
braghLfis
nkbfhs
ntosJ.
vLJfhL 2.28
f 3p + 4 = 25
:
3p + 4 - 4 = 25 - 4 (UwK 4 I ff)
3p = 21
3p
= 21
3
3
p=7
(UwK 3 M tFf)
62
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www.errsm.org
afj
vLJfhL 2.29
f 7m - 5 = 30
:
7m - 5 + 5 = 30 + 5 (UwK 5 I TLf)
7m = 35
7m = 35
(UwK 7 M tFf)
7
7

m=5

rkghoF fhQ bghGJ, xnu vzh bghJthf UwK
Tlnth myJ ffnth brnwh. nj ngh xU viz UwK
Tlnth myJ ffnth brahk eh viz lkhw brayh.
.o
rg
vLJfhL 2.30

f 2a - 12 = 14
rrs

viz lkhw brtJ vgJ (xU gfUJ kbwhU gfF
vLJ brtJ) xnu viz UwK Tlnth myJ ffnth br
braY xnwahF. viz lkhw br bghGJ mj Fia khw
ntL. lkhwF y vLJfhLfis fhngh.
UwK Tl
myJ ff
2a - 12 = 14
lkhWj
2a - 12 = 14
lwKs ( 12) I tyw

lkhW
2a = 14 + 12 (lkhWif 12
vgJ +12 Mf khW)
2a = 26
2a = 26
2
2
(UwK 2 M tFj)
w
.e
2a - 12 + 12 = 14 + 12
(UwK 12 M Tl)
a = 13
2a = 26
2
2
a = 13
(Uw 2 M tFf)
2a = 26
vLJfhL 2.31
f 5x + 3 = 18
: +3 I lwUJ tywF lkhWf
5x = 18 - 3 (lkhWif +3, 3MF)
5x = 15
63
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
5x = 15
5
5
x=3
(UwK 5 M tFf)
vLJfhL 2.32
f 2^ x + 4h = 12
: lw cs milfis f UwK 2 M tFf
2^ x + 4h 12
=
2
2
x+4 = 6
x = 6 - 4
x=2
.o
rg
(+4 I tyJwF lkhWbghGJ)
vLJfhL 2.33
f - 3^m - 2h = 18
: lw cs milfis f UwK ^- 3h M tFf

- 3^ m - 2h
= 18
-3
-3
rrs
m - 2 =- 6
m=6+2
(- 2 I tyJwF lkhWbghGJ)
w
.e
m =- 4
vLJfhL 2.34
f (3x + 1 ) 7 = 12
(3x + 1) 7 = 12
3x + 1 7 = 12
3x 6 = 12
3x = 12 + 6
3x =
3
18
3
x = 6
vLJfhL 2.35
f 5x + 3 = 17 - 2x
64
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www.errsm.org
afj
5x + 3 = 17 - 2x
5x + 2x = 17 - 3
7x = 14
7x = 14
7
7
x=2
vLJfhL 2.36

.o
rg
(+ 3 I tyJwF, - 2x I lJwF lkhWbghGJ)
mLjLJ tU _W KGf TLj 45. mj KGfis fhf.

: Kj KG x vf
&
ulhtJ v = x + 1
_whtJ v = x + 1 + 1 = x + 2
mj TLj = x + ^ x + 1h + ^ x + 2h = 45
3x + 3 = 45
rrs
3x = 42
x = 14
Mfnt m_W KGf, x = 14 , x + 1 = 15 kW x + 2 = 16 .
w
.e
vLJfhL 2.37
X viz 60 cl TLbghGJ ilgJ 75. mj viz fhf.

: fLof ntoa v x vd bfhf.
rkghL,
60 + x = 75
x = 75 60
x = 15
vLJfhL 2.38
X vUJ 20 I ffilgJ 80. mj viz fhf.

rkghL,
x - 20 = 80
x = 80 + 20
x = 100
65
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
vLJfhL 2.39

X v g xU gF 63. mj viz fhf.

1 ^ xh = 63
10
1 (x) # 10 = 63 # 10
10
x = 630
.o
rg
rkghL,
vLJfhL 2.40

X viz 4 M tFJ mjDl 6 I Tl ilgJ 10.
viz fhf.
mj
x + 6 = 10
4
rkghL,
x = 10 - 6
4
x =4
4
x #4 = 4#4
4
` x = 16.
w
.e
rrs
vLJfhL 2.41

bjw taJ, nut taijl 3 Fiw. bjw taJ 18 v,
nut taJ vd?
: nut taJ x vf
& bjw taJ = x - 3
bjw taJ 18 tUlf vd bfhLfgLsJ.
&
x - 3 = 18
x = 18 + 3
x = 21
Mjyh nut ta 21 tUlfshF.
66
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www.errsm.org
afj
g 2.5


(i) p + 3 = 9 v, p vgJ

(A) 12
(B) 6
(ii) 12 x = 8 v, x vgJ
(A) 4
(B) 20
q
(iii)
= 7 v, q vgJ
6

(A) 13
(B) 1
42
(iv) 7(x9) = 35 v, x vgJ
(D) 27
(C) - 4
(D) - 20
(C) 42
(A) 5
(B) - 4
(C) 14
(v) X v _W klF 60 v, mj v

(A) 63
(B) 57
(C) 180
2. f :
(i) x - 5 = 7
(iv) b - 3 =- 5
(vii) 3 - x = 8

(iv) 51 = 17a
(vii) 7x = 42

(viii) 14 n = 10
(ii) 3l = 42
(iii) 36 = 9x
(v) 5x = 45
(vi) 5t = 20
(viii) 10m = 30
(ix) 2x = 1
4. f :

(vi) - x =- 7
(ix) 7 m = 4
(x) 3x = 18
(i) 1 x = 7
2
p
(iv)
= 8
-7
(v) - x = 5
(x) 20 y = 7
3. f :

(i) 2x = 100

(D) 20
(iii) 4 + y =- 2
w
.e
(D) 37
(ii) a + 3 = 10
rrs
(D) 7
6
.o
rg
(C) 3
5. f :

(i) 3x + 1 = 10
(iv) 4a - 5 =- 41
y+3
(vii)
= 14
5
(x) 11m = 42 + 4m
(xiii) 3x - 14 = x - 8
(ii) a = 5
6
(iii) n = 8
3
(v) - x = 2
5
(vi) - m =- 4
3
(ii) 11 + 2x =- 19
(iii) 4z - 3 = 17
(vi) - 4^2 - xh = 12
(v) 3^ x + 2h = 15
(viii) x + 5 = 7
(ix) 6y = 21 - y
3
(xi) - 3x =- 5x + 22 (xii) 6m - 1 = 2m + 1
(xiv) 5x - 2x + 7 = x + 1 (xv) 5t - 3 = 3t - 5
67
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www.errsm.org
maha 2
6. U vf Tl gy 33. X v 18 v, kbwhU viz
fhf.
7.
8.
9.
10.
X vQl 12 I Tl ilgJ 25. mj viz fhf.

X vUJ 60 I fjh 48 ilF. mj viz fhf.
X v 5 klF 60 v, mj v vd?
x v 3 klFUJ 6 I fjh 18 ilF mj viz
fhf.
11. mLjLJ tU U vf TLj 75 v mj vf ahit?
.o
rg
12. uh jij mtl 70 %gh bfhLjh. bghGJ mtl 130 %gh

UwJ mgoahdh Kj mtl vts %gh UjJ?
13. 8 tUlfSF K v taJ 27. bghGJ v taJ vd?
f:
(i) y + 18 =- 70
(iv) 2x + 9 = 19
(iii) t - 5 =- 6
(ii) - 300 + x = 100
3
(v) 3x + 4 = 2x + 11
rrs
thf isahlyh
w
.e
VjhtJ xU viz idJ bfhSf vW uh j egfshd

mU, ruah, u Mnahfl Tdh. idj vQl 50 I To
ilF ilia U klfhFkhW Tdh. wF mtfis ghJ
filah ilj ill 48 I To 2 M tFJ tU ilUJ
idj viz fFkhW Tdh. cf midtUF filahf
ilj v 74 jhnd vW uh Tw midtUF Mra.
mU idj v 16, ruah idj v 20, u idj v 7
tiw rghfyhnk!
50 I TLf
x+50
xU viz id bfhf
uL klfhf MFf
2x + 100
48 I TLf
2x + 148
2 M tFf
x + 74
idj viz ff
mU
ruah
16
20
74
68
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www.errsm.org
afj
id bfhf!

1. afj, fj xU gF MF. fj braghLf, vf kW

My vGJfis cslajhf gF csJ.
2. ntWgl v kfis vLJ bfhsToa xU msoF xU kh myJ
.o
rg
cU vdgL.

3. iyahd v kig bgwToa xU msL kh vdgL.
4. khfis, vfis fj braghLf _ykhf nrJ vGjgL

nfhit afj nfhitahF.
5. gy cWfsh cUthdJ nfhitf vdgL.
6. xj mLFfis bfhl xj kh myJ khf bgUf xj cWf
rrs
vdgL. btntW mLFfis bfhl btntW khf myJ khf

bgUf khWgl cWf vdgL.

7. xU khah Md xU nfhit go vgJ mj kh f caj mLF

MF. xWF nkgl khfsh Md xU nfhitgo vgJ, khfSila
w
.e
mLFf caj TLj MF.
8. rk jiks U nfhitfis bfhl xU TW rkghL vW

miHfgL.
9. xU rkgho tyJgfij, lJgfij lkhw brtjh mj

k khwhJ.
10. kh vj k rkghil iw brwnjh, mj kig mrkgho
vwiHfgLwJ.
69
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
tha fj
3.1 mKf
.o
rg
eh eKila mwhl ntiyf - e L rika, il myfj,

e mwhl tu bryfis fzLj Mat eik mahknyna
fj bfhiffis gagLJnwh. j bfhifis kf gy
flf, gy ehLf gy Mu fzfhd tUlfshf gy ehLf,
gagL tUwhf. f brid flfiu glif brYdhY
(m) Co il fodhY, fzif gagLna brafis brJ
Kof.
rrs
fzF vgo ts bghJthf Uf Ko? Kj, kjf

fz nfhghLfis maiy, mij UgUnj cUthf
brjhf. fz bkh Mynkh (m) b#kndh (m) ua bkhnah
ilahJ, fzbkh vf MF. eh vf bkh if
njjtfshf Ujh, mJ Kakhd Kofis vLg cjtJ
kL e mwhl gfY cjwJ. eh rhjdkhf bghUfis
thFtjF, xU Fl bjhifF il gLJtjF, kfbjhif
mfig J bfhtjF, rahf nrgjf fzF cjwJ.
w
.e
eh e eilKiw thif gagLj Toa fz mogil

bfhiffis ffyh.
3.2 ghit - j, jrk

j kW jrk tiuaiwfis cikfis id TJ
fl nfhol lfis cj bgoia gagL uf:
1. xnu tifahd U msfis tFj _y xLtJ __________

MF .
2. xl Toa U msfis j ________ vg.
3.
4.
j Kj cWig _________
_______ vW Flyh.
vW, ulh cWig
xnu __________ cila U msfis j xlyh.
5. jYs cWf bghJ fhufis

mtYs _____ RUfyh.
bfhoUjh
6. j U cWfis xnu vzh bgUdhnyh (m)

tFjhnyh ( {aij ju) j _________ UF. mthW
ilF jfis _________ vd Twyh
70
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
7. j, cWf tir f KakhdJ. (rah/jtwh)
8. j vgJ vfsh MdJ. vdnt mjF myFf njitiy.

(rah/jtwh)
9. jf rkjikia __________. vd Twyh. a, b; c, d

Mait jrk UFkhdh, mtiw a: b: : c: d vd vGjyh.
10. jrk <bwf bgUFbjhif =___________
.o
rg
cj bgo:
1) j
2) cWf
3) KDW, DW
4) myF
5) bghJ fhuf 6) khwhk, rkhdkhd jf
7) r
8) r
9) jrk
10) il vf bgUFbjhif
vLJfhL 3.1
rrs
2:7 vw jF 5 rkhdkhd jfis fhf.
2 vd vGjyh. 2 vw d bjhFia,
7
7
gFia 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 M bgUf,
2 : 7 vgij
2 # 2 = 4 , 2 # 3 = 6 , 2 # 4 = 8
7#2
21 7 # 4 28
14 7 # 3
2 # 5 = 10 , 2 # 6 = 12

7#5
7#6
35
42
w
.e
4 : 14, 6 : 21, 8 : 28, 10 : 35, 12 : 42 vgit 2 : 7 rkhd jfshF.
vLJfhL 3.2
270 : 378I RUFf.

:
270:378 = 270
378
bjhFia, gFia 2 M tFf,
khWKiw :
270,378 I fhugLj,
270 ' 2 = 135

270 = 2 # 3 # 3 # 3 # 5
378 ' 2
189
378
2#3#3#3#7
3 M tFf
5
=
135 ' 3 = 45

7
189 ' 3
63
9 M tFf
71
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www.errsm.org
maha 3

45 ' 9 = 5
63 ' 9
7
270 : 378 vgJ 5 : 7 vd MwJ.
vLJfhL 3.3
9 khjF, 1tUlF ilnaahd jij fhf.

1 tUl
12 khjf
9 khjF 12 khjF
ilnaahd j = 9 : 12
9 : 12 vgjid 9 vd vGjyh.
= 9'3 = 3
12 ' 3
4
= 3:4
vLJfhL 3.4
12
.o
rg
j xnu tifahd U
msfis kLnk xl
Ko vgjh tUlij
khjF khw ntL.
rrs
60 khztf bfhl xU tF, khzt, khzfSF ilnaahd

j 2:1 v, mtF khzt, khzf vif ahJ?
bkhj khztf = 60
khzt, khzfSilnaahd cs j =
bkhj gF = 2 + 1 = 3
w
.e
2:1
2
khztf vif = 60 3 gF
= 2 # 60 = 40
3
khztf vif = 40
khzf vif = bkhj khztf - khztf vif
= 60 - 40
= 20 [myJ]
khzf vif = 20
khzf vif
= 60 1 gF
= 20
vLJfhL 3.5
24 sKs xU g 3 : 2 : 7 vw j 3 JLfshf
btlgLwJ v, xbthU Jo s vd?
:

g s =
24
72
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
_W JLf jf =
bkhj gFf =
3:2:7
3 + 2 + 7 = 12
3 # 24 = 6
12

ulh Jo s = 2 # 24 = 4
12

_wh Jo s = 7 # 24 = 14
12
g _W JLf sf 6 , 4 , 14 MF.
Kj Jo s =
.o
rg
vLJfhL 3.6
xU tF cs khzt khzf j 4 : 5 khztf

vif 20 v, khzf vif vd?
khzt, khzf j = 4 : 5
khztf vif = 20
rrs
khzf vif x vf
khzt, khzf vif j 20 : x
4 : 5, 20 : x uL khzt, khzfisna FwJ
w
.e
vdnt 4 : 5 :: 20 : x
<bwf bgUFbjhif =
il vf bgUFbjhif
4#x
5 # 20
j rk, <bwf bgUFbjhif = il vf
bgUFbjhif
4 # x = 5 # 20
x = 5 # 20 = 25
4
khzf vif = 25
vLJfhL 3.7
A : B = 4 : 6, B : C = 18 : 5, v, A : B : C jij fhf.
73
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
:
A:B= 4 :6
B : C = 18 : 5
_W jfis xl,
Kj j ulhtJ
cWig (f cW),
ulh j Kj
cWig (Kf cW)
rkkhf ntL.
6, 18 ..k = 18
A : B = 12 : 18
.o
rg
B : C = 18 : 5
A : B : C =12 : 18 : 5
bjJ bfhf
jfj: jf j vgJ xU w vzhF. mj
jrk vfsh Mdjy.
njhuha k 1.6180339887498948482gMF. jid ig ( U ) vw nuf

vGjh FLnwh. jf j l bgW jrk vf RH
rrs

jf brtf: brtf s, mfy
msf jf jf j mikUjh,
mbrtfij jf brtf vW Twyh.jf
brtf xU gf 2 mo v mj kbwhU
w
.e
gf ( njhuhakhf) = 2 (1.62) = 3.24 mo MF.
jf JL : xU nfhL Jil
ghffshf
JLf
nghJ,
jfj
U
v
AB = BC v, mJ jf JL MF.
BC
AC
jfj gaghL
74
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
nahJgh!

1. 1UJ 9 tiuahd vfis gagL jrk gytiw
.o
rg
vGJf. j rk xbthU vQ xU Kiw kLnk l

bgwntL. j rkij mikF vf Xyf vfshf
Uf ntL.

vLJfhL: 1 = 3
2
6

2. fy cnyhf, JjehfK, br 4 : 9 vw j
csd. j fy cnyhf vj cnyhf mf csJ?
3. xU btfy iy, br, jfu, <a Ma cnyhfjh
bragLsJ. mJ 1 gF jfuK, 1 gF <aK, jKs

10
4
gF brghY MdjhF. btfyiy br gF
vd?
3.2 khw
rrs
is
thfd mf
gagLJj
is
w
.e
kufis
btLj
btg
ms mfF
khR
mfF
nkfl TWf vij bjwd? it y khwfis
czJwd.
ewhf gojh
mf rhlh
mf kbg bgwyh.
cl gUkdhF
tF Tr FHgkhF
tF cuf ngdh
nkfl TWfUJ, xU fhu khw VgL bghGJ,

mjndhL bjhlila fhuY khw VgL vgJ bjthwJ. j
khwij eh khw vnwh.
75
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
fltiw bghUJf:
Maf vif mfkhF
mf ngdhf thdh?
bry mfkhF
Fiwj bjhiy gajh?
ig vil Fiw
jff vif Fiwjh?
neu Fiw
.o
rg
khztf vifmfkhdh?
nkflit xiwbahW rhJ, ms kL khwkilwJ.

UJ, xU bghU ms mfF nghJ (-) mjndhL
bjhlila kbwhU bghU ms mfF (-) . xU bghU ms
Fiw nghJ (.) mjndhL bjhlila kbwhU bghU ms Fiw
(.) vgij mnwh.
rrs
nghGJ fl mltizfis ftf:
10 ngdhf iy (`)
10 # 5 = 50
20
10 # 20 = 200
30
10 # 30 = 300
w
.e
xU ngdh iy(`)
ngdhf vif mfF nghJ mt bkhj iy

mjF jFjthW mfF.
5 rilf iy (`)
xU ril iy (`)
3000
3000 = 600
5
1000
1000 = 200
5
rilf vif Fiw bghGJ, mt iy mjF

jFjthW Fiw.
76
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
vdnt, xU bghU ms mfF ( ) [Fiw ( )] bghGJ kbwhU

bghU ms xnu j mfjh ( ) [Fiwjh ( )] mit uL
ne j khWwJ vdyh.
nkY y vLJfhLfis ghngh:
i) kG ntfij mfF bghGJ, brwila ntoa lfhd

neu mfFkh (m) Fiwkh?
ii) xU L khztf vif FiwbghGJ, mtfSF
.o
rg
tHfgl rika bghUf cgnahf mf ehfSF tUkh (m)

Fiwkh?
kG ntf mfF nghJ brwila ntoa lfhd
neu Fiw vgJ eh mjnj.
mijnghy, L cs khztf vif FiwbghGJ,
rika bghUf mfkhd ehfSF tU vgJ cik.
vdnt, xU bghU ms mfF ( ) [Fiw ( )] bghGJ mjndhL

bjhlila kbwhU bghU ms Fiw ( ) [mfF ( )] v mit
uL vkhw vnwh.
rrs
flit nekhwyh myJ vkhwyh vd

1.
2.
w
.e
3.
fhf.
bgf vif mt iyfS.
fgf cauK, bfhLfgl neu
mt Hf sfS.
xU Fl uij flf ntfK
vLJbfhS neuK
tlf MufS mt gugsfS
bjhyhsf vif bfhLfgl
ntiyia Kogjfhd ehfS.
xU Kfh cs gil uf vif
thuhu bryfS
mrY to
xU jf tf vif gff
vif
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
nH bfhLfgLs mltizia ftf:
ngdhf
x
vif
ngdhf iy (`) y
10
20
100
200
350
500
1000
x mfF ( ) bghGJ y mfF ( ) vgij mnwh.
77
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
ngdhf
jij fhf.
vifF
mt
iyF
ilnaahd
ngdhf vif = x = 2 , 4 , 7 , 10 , 20 MF.

ngdhf iy
y
100 200 350 500 1000

j = 1 = kh
50
ngdhf vifF ngdhf iyF ilnaahd
j xU kh.
x = iyj kh
y
.o
rg
U bghUf nekhw U, mt jf vbghGJ

khahfnt UF.
bghGJ, bfhLfgLs vLJfhil ftf:
x1 = 2
x2 = 10
gaz u (..)
y1 = 10
y2 = 50
vLJbfhl neu (k)
rrs
UJ, gaz neu mfF ( ) bghGJ gaj uK mfF

( ) vgij mJ bfhsyh.
x

X = 1 = 2 = 1
x2
10
5
y1

Y=
= 10 = 1
y2
50
5
X = Y = 1
w
.e
5
nekhw, xU msthdJ xU Fl j khW bghGJ
kbwhU msthdJ mnj j khwkilwJ vgij nkfl vLJ
fhoUJ bjJ bfhsyh.
nH bfhLfgLs khf bjhlig mJ bfhL a kW b I
fL of.
x
10
12
gaz u (..)
120
300
480
600
vLJbfhl neu (k)
F vLJbfhl neuF gaz uF cs jij

fhngh.
vLJ bfhl neu
= 2 = 5 = 10 = 8 = 1 = kh
gaz u
120
300
600
480
60
(i.e.) x = 1 .

y
60
bghGJ a it fL ongh
1 =6
60
a
78
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
1 6 = 6
60 6 = 360
a = 360
1 = 12
60
b
1 12 = 12
60 12 = 720
b = 720
.o
rg
nH bfhLfgLs mltizia fhf :

x
y
ntf (.. k-1)

vLJbfhl neu (k)
120
4
80
6
60
8
48
10
40
12
F x Fiw (.) bghGJ y mfgij (-) fhzyh

xy
= 80 # 6 = 60 # 8 = 48 # 10 = 40 # 12 = 480
= kh
rrs
= 120 # 4 = 480
xy
U msf v khw U, mt bgUfgy kh MF.

fl vLJfhil ftf.
fl vLJfhil ftf:
x1 = 120
x2 = 60
vLJ bfhl neu (k)
y1 = 4
y2 = 8
w
.e
ntf (.. k-1)
ntf mfF ( )bghGJ, gaz neu Fiw ( ).
x1
= 120 = 2
x2
60
y1

Y=
= 4 = 1 1/Y =2
y2
8
2

X= 1
Y
Mjyh, vkhw bfhLfgl msthdJ xU j khW
bghGJ, kbwhU msthdJ mjF jiy j khW.
bghGJ khf bjhlig mJ, a kW b I fhf :
X=
Mf
vif
ehf
vif
15
60
12
20
79
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
6a
60
6 10
60
a
xy
b 20
3 20
=
=
=
=
10
60
60
60
.o
rg
xy = 15 # 4 = 5 # 12 = 60
xy = 60 = kh
xy kh vgij mnwh.
1. x kW y nekhw U, fltiw uf:

(i)
1
3
9
15
x
y
x
y
10
2
6
16
(ii)
18
21
y
x
y
50
200
10
w
.e
(ii)
rrs
2. x kW y vkhw U, fltiw uf:

(i)
20
10
40
50
x
8
50
250
4
16
vLJfhL 3.8
16 bgf iy ` 48 v, 4 bgf iyia fhf.

:
4 bgf iyia a vd bfhnth.
bgf vif
iy (`)
x
16
4
y
48
a
bgf vif Fiwjh ( ), mj iy Fiw ( ).

vdnt j U ms ne khw csd.
nekhw, x = kh vgJ eh mjnj
y
16 = 4
48
a
80
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
16 # a = 48 # 4
a = 48 # 4 = 12
16
ehF bgf iy = ` 12
khWKiw:
4 bgf iyia a vd bfhnth .
bgf vif
iy(`)
16
48
.o
rg
bgf vif Fiw ( ) bghGJ, mj iy FiwwJ

16 = 48
4
a
16 # a = 4 # 48
vLJfhL 3.9
rrs
a = 4 # 48 = 12
16
4 bgf iy = ` 12.
( ). vdnt J nekhw.
w
.e
xU kGJ 360 nyh l uij 4 k neu flwJ.
mnj ntf kGJ brY bghGJ, 6 k 30 lf vts

uij flF .
:
1
6 2 k neu flj uij a vW FLnth.

neu (k)
gaj neu (..)
360
6 1
gazneu mfjh ( ),
30 lf = 30 k
60
1

=
k
2
6 k 30 lf
1
= 6 2 k
gaj uK mfF ( ). vdnt J nekhw .

nekhw, x = kh
y
81
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
4 = 61 2
360
a

4 # a = 360 # 6 1
2
13

4 # a = 360 #
2
360
13
#

= 585
a=
4#2
6 1 k neu gaj u = 585 ..
2
khWKiw:
.o
rg
6 1 k neu gaj uij a vW FLnth

2
neu (k)
gaj neu (..)
360
61
2

6 12
4 # a = 360 # 13
2
360
13
= 585
a=
#
4
2
k neu gaj u = 585..
w
.e
rrs
4 = 360
61 2
a
4 # a = 360 # 6 1 2
gazneu mfjh ( ), gaj uK mfF ( ). vdnt J

nekhw.
vLJfhL 3.10
7 Mf xU ntiyia 52 ehf brJ Kowd. mnj ntiyia13

Mf vjid ehf brJ Koghf?
fLof ntoa ehf vifia a vW FLnth .
Mf vif

x

7

13
ehf vif
y
52
a
Mf vif mfF ( ) bghGJ, ehf vif

Fiw( ). vdnt J vkhw.
vkhw, xy = kh
82
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
7 # 52 = 13 # a
13 # a = 7 # 52
a = 7 # 52 = 28
13
vdnt, 13 Mf j ntiyia 28 ehf Koghf.
khWKiw:
fLof ntoa ehf vifia a vW FLnth .
Mf vif
ehf vif

7

52
13
a
.o
rg
Mf vif mfF ( ) bghGJ, ehf vif
7 = a
13
52
7 # 52 = 13 # a
13 # a = 7 # 52
rrs
Fiw( ). vdnt J vkhw.
a = 7 # 52 = 28
13
vdnt, 13 Mf j ntiyia 28 ehf Koghf.
w
.e
vLJfhL 3.11
xbthU gfY 35 tfis bfhl jf bkhj gff
120. mnj br xbthU gfY 24 tfshf Ujh, jf bkhj

gff vtsthf UF?
fLof ntoa gff vifia a
vW
FLnth .
35
120
24
xbthU gfY cs
tf vif
bkhj gff vif
xU gf, tf vif Fiw ( ) bghGJ, jf
gff vif mfwJ ( ). vdnt J vkhw.
83
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3

35 = a
24
120
35 # 120 = a # 24
a # 24 = 35 # 120
a = 35 # 120
24
a = 35 # 5 = 175
g 3.1
.o
rg
xU gf 24 tf UF bghGJ, jf bkhj gff

vif= 175
i) 8 nyh m iy ` 160 v, 18 nyh m iy
(A) ` 480
(B) ` 25
(C) ` 35
(D) ` 50
iii) xU u to 195nyhl uij 3 k neu flwJ.

mnj ntf, mj u to 5 k neu flF u
(A) 195 . .
(B) 325 . .
(C) 390. . (D) 975 . .
iv) 8 Mf xU ntiyia24 ehf brJ Kojhf v, mnj ntiyia

24 Mf brJ Kof vLJbfhS ehf vif
(A) 8 ehf

(D) ` 1280
rrs
(A) ` 75
w
.e
(C) ` 360
ii) 7 khgHf iy ` 35 v, 15 khgHf iy
(B) ` 180
(B) 16 ehf
(C) 12 ehf
(D) 24 ehf
v) 18 Mf xU ntiyia 20 eh brJ Kojhf v, mnj ntiyia

24Mf brJ Kof vLJbfhS ehf vif
(B) 22 ehf
(C) 21 ehf
(D) 15 ehf
(A) 20 ehf
2. 300 egf fyJ bfhS fahz UF 60 nyh fhff

njitgLwJ. 500 eg mj UF tUthf v, vts
fhff njitgL?
3. 1500 khztf bfhl gF 90 Maf njitgLwhf.2000

khztf bfhl gF vjid Maf njit?
4. xU kGJ 45 lf 60 . flwJ. mnj ntf brY

bghGJ, xU k neu mJ vts u flF?
5. xU eg 96 r. gugsit 8 ehf btis mojh. 18 ehf

vts gugsit btis mof Ko?
84
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
6. 7 bgof vil 36.4 . v, mnj msthd 5 bgof vil

vtsthf UF?
7. 60 . ntf brY xU kJ xU Fl uij 5 k

neu flwJ. mnj uij 40 . ntf brwh, vts
neu flF?
8. xU ntiyia 150 Mf 12 ehf KoJLthf. 120 Mf

mnj ntiyia vjid ehf Koghf?
.o
rg
9. 276 uf cs xU glhs 20 ehfSF njitahd rika
bghUf csJ. mj bghUf 46 ehfSF of ntLbk

vjid uf j glhsij L bry ntL ?
10. xU jf 70
gff csd. xU gf 30 tf
mlgLwJ. Mdh mnj bria xU gf 20 tf vW
mlh, mj jf vjid gff UF?
11. xU uhQt Kfh 800 uf Uwhf. mtfSF 60 ehfSF

nghJkhd kif rhkhf csd. mj KfhF nkY 400 uf
rrs
tJ nrjhf v, vjid ehfSF mj kif rhkhf

nghJkhdjhf UF?
f
fh
f
xU Mij j Toid xU eho fodh, 200 Mijf
oi
w
.e
nt
jf Toid vts neu fL?
Mijf jf Toid fLtiy. mJ w gwitf

foa To myJ kubgh jF.
nH cs dhfis gof. f Jtiu goj gy Kiwfis

nahJ midJ KiwfY tiw brf.
1. xU rfu 3 dhof 48 Kiw RHwJ. 30 ehof mrfu

vjij Kiw RHY?
2. Hgl fiyP 5 lf 100 Hufis cUthFwh. mt
1200 Hufis cUthf vjid lf njitgL?
3. uL FGf 36 isahL uf csd. 5 FGf vjid
isahL uf Ughf?
85
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
3.3 rjj
.o
rg
KGfh rilf
kW nk
MilfSfhd
jSgo
fil cs sgu gyiff UF 25%, 20% UJ vd

mf?
uhK Mwh tF, fz vj iy Ujh vgij ma
uhK jhah mtUila kL milia ghwhf .
bga: uhK. nf
gUt
nj 1
fhyhL
nj
ghlf
tF & : 6 - m
myF
nj 1
mtUila kL
miu
ML
nj
myF
nj 2
gUt
nj 2
mfgr
kbg
mil bfhLfgLs
My
rrs
fzF kbgfshtJ
2M bkh ghl
17 / 25 , 36 / 50 , 75 / 100 ,
fzF
80 / 100 , 22 / 25, 45 / 50
17
36
75
80
22
45
ma
w
.e
rKf ma
Ma
ifbahg
jiyik Ma
ifbahg
bgnwh
ifbahg
uhK jhahuh kL milia ghjl uhK wj
kbg kW Fiwj kbgiz bjJ bfhs ayiy. Mjyh,

bfhLfgl midJ kbgiz mt bkhj kbg 100 Mf
khWwh. 100I gFahf cila rkhd dfshf khWwh.

myF
nj
1
khj
nj 1
fhyhL
nj
miuahL
nj
68
100
72
100
75
100
80
100
myF
nj
2
88
100
khj
nj
2
90
100
86
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
bghGJ, mtUila
khwgLsJ.
kbgf
midJ
kbgfSF
Mjyh, mt uhK kbgfis xL Mwh tF uhK

fz gogoahf Knd csh vgij mJ kjh.

j w dij g mnth.
j thJ jDila thJ Fol brwila cjf.

mJ brwila xiw l mfkhd ghij csjh?
.o
rg
rrs
Jtf
w
.e
iy, xnu xU ghij ghij jh csJ.

bkhj a rJuf vif
Hl rJuf vif
Ko
= 100
= 41
Hlhj rJuf vif
= 59
ghijia flF rJuf vif = ____
bghGJ, fhQ mltizia ghUf

j
rjj
100 41
gF
41 : 100
41
100
41%
HlhjgF
100 59
gF
59 : 100
59
100
59%
ghijia
flF gF
100
_____ gF
____ : 100
Hl gF
100
_____ %
87
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
100 I gFahf bfhl d rjj vdgL

rjjij% vw FpL bfhL Ffyh.

x : y vw vj xU jY, y = 100 v mij rjj vdyh

rjjij gy tifahf Ff:
.o
rg
rjjij gl
tahf FLj
HlgFia tUkhW Flyh :
5 : 100
17 : 100
43 : 100
5
100
17
100
43
100
rjj
5%
17%
43%
g 3.2

1) nH bfhLfgLsij rjjkhf vGJf:
(i) 43%

rrs
(i) 20: 100 (ii) 93

(iii)11 I 100 M tFf (iv) 1
100
100
2) nH bfhLfgLsij jkhf vGJf:
(ii) 75%
(iii) 5%
(iv) 17 1 2 %
(v) 100
100
(v) 33 1 3 %
3) nH bfhLfgLsij dkhf vGJf:

(ii) 12 1 2 %
(iii) 33%
w
.e
(i) 25%
(iv) 70%
(v) 82%
f!
fil 1 25% jSgo bfhLjh, gid iy rjjij fhf.

fil 2 bfhLfgLs jSgo rjjij fhf.
vj fil Fiwj iy wJ?
88
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
I. d kW jrk vfis rjjkhf khWj
.o
rg
5 = 5%, 1.2 = 1.2%, 175 = 175% vgd eh mjnj.

100
100
100
5 vgij rjjkhf khw:
10
5
10 vw dij rjjkhf flthW khwyh:
50
5
100
10
gFia100Mf khw, bjhFia, gFia 10 M bgUf
5 # 10 = 50 = 50%
10 # 10
100
w
.e
rrs
mjid tUkhW Tl brayh 5 I 100% M bgUf

10
5
` 10 # 100j % = 50%
tl 50%
HlgLsJ
tl 25%
HlgLsJ
tl (i) 50%, (ii) 25% gFia ntW jkhf Hl

Ka bra.
cfSF bjkh?
1 I l Fiwj viz100I l bga viz
rjjkhf Ff aY
120%
1%
2
89
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
(i) gFia 100 Mf khw aY df
vLJfhL 3.12
3 I rjjkhf khWf
5
:
5 I 20M bgUf 100 ilF
= 100
2) 5 20
= ____
3) 4 25
= ____
.o
rg
3 # 20 = 60 = 60%
5 # 20
100
3 = 60%
5
1) 2 ____
4) 10 _____ = 100
5) 1 _____ = 100
vLJfhL 3.13
6 1 I rjjkhf khWf
4
6 1 = 25
4
4
:
4I 25 M bgUf 100 ilF
rrs
25 # 25 = 625 = 625%
4 # 25
100
(ii) gFia 100Mf khw ayhj df

vLJfhL 3.14
w
.e
4 I rjjkhf khWf
7
: 100% M bgUf
4
400
` 7 # 100j % = 7 %
= 57 1 % = 57.14%
7
vLJfhL 3.15
1 I rjjkhf khWf
3
: 100% M bgUf
1
100
` 3 # 100j % = ` 3 j %
= 33 1 3 %(or) 33.33%
vLJfhL 3.16
250 khztf cs xU g, 55 khztf Tilgij,
75 khztf fhgij, 63 khztf vgij j cstf
bfil Uwd v,
90
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org

tha fj
(m) Tilgij (M) vgij

U khztf rjj vd?
:
bkhj khztf vif = 250
(m) Tilgij U khztf vif = 55
250- 55 ng Tilgij Uwd vgjid
Flyh.
vd
Tilgij U khztf rjj = ` 55 # 100j %

250
= 22%
.o
rg
55
250
(M) vgij U khztf vif = 63
250- 63 ng vgij Uwd vgjid 63 vd Flyh.
250
vgij U khztf rjj

= ` 63 # 100j %

250

= 126 % = 25.2%
5
Tilgij U khztf = 22%
vgij U khztf = 25.2%
rrs
(iii) jrk vfis rjjkhf khWj

vLJfhL 3.17
w
.e
0.07 I rjjkhf khWf

:

100% M bgUf
(0.07 # 100) % = 7%
khWKiw:
0.07 = 7 = 7%
100
vLJfhL 3.18
0.567 I rjjkhf khWf
100% M bgUf
(0.567 # 100)% = 56.7%
khWKiw: 0.567 = 567 =
567
1000
10 # 100
= 56.7 = 56.7%
100
91
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
F: xU dij (myJ) xU jrk viz rjjkhf khWtjF
100% M bgUf ntL.
f!
1. cl cs uj 9 gF csJ v, mw uj
10
rjj vd?

2. cl vil 2 gF jirahyhdJ v, cl cs jir
5
rjj vd?
cl vil 2 gF csJ. jir vil kW vil
3
Mat TLj100%I l mfkhfnth (m) Fiwthfnth
UFkh? mgoahdh jiria g vd Tw aY ?
g 3.3
(i) 6.25 =
(ii) 0.0003 =
(A) 3%

(iii)
5 =
20
(B) 6250%
(C) 625%
rrs
(A) 62.5%
.o
rg
(B) 0.3%
(C) 0.03%
(B) 1 %
(C) 0.25%
4
(iv) xU k 20 lf rjj

(A) 25%
w
.e
(A) 33 1 3
(B) 33
(C) 33 2 3
(B) 1
(C) 50
2

2. fhQ dfis rjjkhf khWf
i) 20
ii) 9
iii) 5 1
iv) 2
4
20
50
3
(A) 500
(D) 5%
(D) it vJ iy
(D) 20
v) 5
11
3. fhQ jrk vfis rjjkhf khWf
i) 0.36

(D) 0.0003%
(v) xU %gh 50 igrh rjj.

(D) 6.25%
ii) 0.03
iii) 0.071
iv) 3.05
v) 0.75
4. xU Fl eh, 35 khztf cs xU tF7khztf tUif

juiy v, tUif juhj khztf rjjij fhf.
5. uh tha 36 khgHf, 5khgHf mGld v, mGa

khgHf rjjij fhf.
92
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org

tha fj
6. 50 ng bfhl xU tF, 23 ng khzf, kwtf khztf

v, khzt, khzf rjjfis fhf.
7. u, fj 75F 66 kbgfS ma 80F 72 bgWsh

v, vj ghl mf kbg bgWsh?
8. ah khj tUkhd %. 12,000.
mt nrF bjhif %. 1,200.
mt nr, bry Mat rjjij fhf.
.o
rg
II. rjjij dkhfnth (myJ) jrk vzhfnth khWj
i) rjj vgJ 100 I gFahf bfhl d. d FF bghGJ,

RUa to vGj ntL.
vLJfhL 3.19
:

12% =
12 (RUa toF khWf)

100
3
25
rrs
12% I dkhf khWf.
vLJfhL 3.20
233 1 3 % I dkhf khWf.
w
.e
va dfis
cila rjjf
50% = 1
2
1

25% =
4
1
1

33 % =
3
3
nkny FlgLsJ
ngh ntW y dfis
vGJf.

233 1 3 % = 700 %
3
700 = 7
=
3 # 100
3
= 2 13
vLJfhL 3.21
1 % I dkhf khWf
4
1%=
1
= 1
4
4 # 100
400
(ii) rjj vgJ 100 I gFahf bfhl d. j dij jrk
vzhf khw, bjhF cs v jrk ia uL vfSF
lJ wkhf itf ntL.
vLJfhL 3.22
15% I jrk vzhf khWf.
93
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
:
15% = 15 = 0.15
100
vLJfhL 3.23
25.7% I jrk vzhf khWf.
:
25.7%
25.7
100
.o
rg
= 0.257
fj isahL - (_W Lfis nrj)

j isahil 2 myJ 3 ng isahlyh.
1 : 20
0.05
rrs
5%
xbthU rjjF <lhd rkhd jij jrk viz nH

bfhLfgLsJ ngh jj Lf vGj.
1:3
0.33
w
.e
33 1 %
3

48 Lfis bfhl xU bjhFig cUthf. (16 fLf bfhl 48
Lf) m xbthU _W LfS, rjj, j kW jrkv to
xnu kig bfhoUF.
il FY midtUF rkkhd Lfis nghl.
mt xnu kig mF (rjj, j, jrkv cs) Lfis

flJ nk nehUFkhW nkir itf.
jKs Lfis bfhL isahil L bjhlf.
MLgtUF lwKstlUJ xU il bgw. xnu ks _W
Lf iljh mij nkil nk neh itf. xnu ks _W
Lfis cUthfiy v mij mgona itJbfhsntL.

isahL bjhlU xnu ks midJ _W Lf nrU tiu
isahil bjhlu. mf Lf cilat bt bgwtuhth.
94
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
rjj kig fhQj
xU tl 50% I gir wY, 25% I t wY uf
50% = 50 = 1 tlij gir w uf.

100
1 tlij t w uf.
4
.o
rg
mnj ngh, 25% = 25 = 25 = 1

100
100
4
bghGJ, rJu 1 gFia gir wY, 1

2
4
gFia t wY uf.
glfY
gir
gF
rkkhf
Uwjh?
tl 50% rJu50% rk my.
rrs
mnj ngh, tl 25% rJu 25% rk my.

bghGJ, `100 50% , `10 50% fL ofyh
`100 50% fhQj
`10- 50% fhQj
50% = 50 = 1
50% = 50 = 1
100
2
100
2
1 of 10 = 1 # 10 = 5
Mfnt, 100 1 = 1 # 100 = 50
2
2
2
2
w
.e
`100 50% = ` 50
`10 50% = ` 5
vLJfhL 3.24
1000 nyh 20% I fhf.
1000 20% =
1000 nyh 20% =
1000 20
100
20 # 1000
100
200 ..
vLJfhL 3.25
200 1 % fhf.
2
95
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 3
:

1
2
of 200
100
1
=
# 200
2 # 100
1 # 200 = 1
200
200 1 % = 1
.o
rg
vLJfhL 3.26
40 nyh uh 0.75% fhf.
:
0.75% = 0.75
40 nyh uh 0.75% =
0.75 # 40
100
3 = 0.3
10
rrs
100
40 . 0.75% = 0.3 ..
vLJfhL 3.27
w
.e
70 ng bfhl tF, 60% khztf v, khzt, khzf

vifia fhf.
:
bkhj egf
= 70
khztf vif = 70 60%
60 # 70
100
= 42
khztf vif = 42
khzf vif = b
khj khztf khztf vif
= 70 42
= 28
khzf vif = 28
96
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
vLJfhL 3.28
2010- , xU efu kf bjhif 1,50,000 mLj Mo, mJ 10%
mfFkhdh, 2011 kf bjhifia fhf.
:

2010 kf bjhif = 1,50,000
mfF kf bjhif =
10 # 1, 50, 000
100
.o
rg
= 15,000
2011 kf bjhif = 150000 + 15000
= 1,65,000
1. rahd ilia vGJf:
(i) 30 % bghJ d
(A) 1
10
(B) 7
10
(C) 3
100
(D) 3
10
rrs
g 3.4
(ii) 1 % bghJ d
2
(A) 1
(B) 1
2
200
(iii) 25% F rkkhd jrk v

(C) 200
100
(D) 100
(B) 25
(C) 0.0025
(D) 2.5
(B) ` 20
(C) ` 30
(D) ` 300
(B) ` 7.50
(C) ` 5
(D) ` 100
w
.e
(A) 0.25
(iv) `300 10%

(A) `10
(v) %. 150 5%
2. nH bfhLfgLs rjjij dkhf khWf:
(A) ` 7
iv) 2.5%
v) 66 2 3 %
iii) 1 %
4
3. nH bfhLfgLs rjjij jrk vzhf khWf:
i) 9%

i) 7%

ii) 75%
ii) 64%
iii) 375%
iv) 0.03%
v) 0.5%
4. kig fhf:
i) 24 75%
ii) `72 33 13 % iii) 80. 45%
iv) 150 72%
v) 50 . 7.5%
97
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www.errsm.org
maha 3

5. uh jDila tUkhd 25% I thlifahf bfhLwh. mtUila

tUkhd ` 25,000 Mf UF nghJ, mt thlifahf bfhLF
bjhif vd?
6. xU gUt, xU FG 25 nghofis isahLwJ. m 36% bt
bgWwJ. mj FG bt milj nghof vifia
fhf.
7. xU uhk 32,000 kf csd. mtf 40% Mf, 25%
bgf, j cnsh FHijf, Mf kW FHijf
vifia fhf.
.o
rg
8. xU giHa kG iy ` 45,000. mj iy 15% FiwfgLnkahdh,

mj a iy vd?
9. 7,500 kfbjhif bfhl uhk, gojtf

gofhjtf vjid ng?
47% v,
w
.e
rrs
f!
1) 25- 20%, 20 25% rkkh?
2) x
U cz L, gW o bkhj bjhif 1.5% t
tNfgLwJ.
a) t rjjij jrk vzhf khWf.
b) 6 egf bfhl FLg bkhj ` 750 F cz
mUdh t k vd?
c) cztfF mtf brYJ bjhif ahJ?
3.4 yhg kW el

2008 uh & nfh `1,50,000 yhg milwJ.

2009 uh & nfh `25,000 el milwJ.

uh & nfh Kj Mo yhgK mLj Mo elK mila
aYkh?

igf bjhrhiyUJ filF tJ nrU gy iyf.
bjhrhiy

bkhj ahghu
yiw ahghu
igf vnf jahf gLwd?

jahgtf bghUfis neuoahf whfsh?
bghUf filahf ahiu brW mil?
98
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
iygoa
(x iy)
khgH `10
M `6
thiHgH `3
MuR `5
iygoa
(x iy)
khgH `15
M `8
thiHgH `2
MuR `5
bkhj ahghufil
.o
rg
gHfil

uh#h vw gHfil ahgh, gHfis bkhj ahghu fil th,
j fil wh.

xU Fl eh, mt M, khgH kW thiH gHfis
thFwh. iygoa csJ nghy xbthU gHF 2 iyf
(xbthU filY btntW iyf) csd.

uh#h gHfis bkhj ahghu fil thF iyia mlf iy
vW TWt. mt gHfis fil F iyia gid iy vW
TWt.
rrs

nkny bfhLfgLs iy goUJ M kW khgH
gid iy mjDila mlf iyial mfkhf csJ vgjid
mnwh. j mf bjhifia yhg vW TWt.
w
.e
hgH gid iy =
k

gid iy =

yhg =
=
yhg =
khgH mlfiy + yhg

mlfiy + yhg
gid iy mlfiy
15 10
`5
yhg = gid iy mlf iy
M gid iy > M mlf iy, Mjyh yhg ilF.
yhg
yhg
= gid iy mlfiy
= 8 6
= `2

thiHgHf u mGfToa jik cilaJ. Mfnt mj
filfhu mjid zhfhk f Ugglh. Mjyh, mt thiHgHfis
rW Fiwthd iyF (mlf iyia l Fiwthd iy) wh. mlf
iyUJ Fiwfgl bjhifia el vW TWt.
99
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
thiHgH mlf iy > thiHgH gid iy
Mfnt, el clhF.
thiHgH gid iy =
thiHgH mlf iy Fiwfgl iy
=
gid iy
mlf iy el
1)
el
32
el
`1
.o
rg
el = mlf iy gid iy
xU bghU gid iy, mlf iyia l mfkhf

UFkhdh, yhg bgWt. yhg = gid iy - mlf
iy
xU bghU mlf iy, F iyia l mfkhf UFkhdh,

el milt. el = mlf iy - gid iy
3)
gid iy = mlfiy + yhg
4)
gid iy = mlfiy - el
rrs
2)
yhg / el rjjij fhz
w
.e
uhnfZ `10,000 F bghUfis th mtiw `11,000 F W `1,000,

yhg milwh. Mdh unkZ `1,00,000 F bghUfis th `1,01,000 F
W `1,000 yhg milwh.
UtU
bjhifia
xnu
bgwhY,
yhg
mtf
UtU rk gyid miljhf
vd Tw Kokh? KoahJ.
Vbd, ah mf yhg 1) gF 100 Mf bfhl xbthU

<osh
vgjid
ma,
dij ___________vW
yhgij KjL bjhifl
TWt.
xl ntL.
1
2) 2 = _________%
vfis rjjkhf vGJ
3) 35% = _________ (d)
bghGJ
xLtJ
RygkhwJ.
Mfnt yhgrjjij fhngh. 4) 0.05 = _________%
5) 1 = ___ %
4
uhnfZ `10,000 KjL br
bghGJ, `1,000 yhg milwh.
100
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
mjhtJ `10,000 F `1,000 yhg bgWwh.

Mjyh, xbthU `1 F, ilF yhg 1000 MF.
10000
Mfnt `100F, yhg = 1000 # 100
10, 000
yhg % = 10
unkZ `1,00,000 KjL br bghGJ `1,000 yhg milwh.
`1,00,000 `1,000 yhg = 1000

100000
yhg rjj = 1000 # 100 = 1
100000
yhg = 1
.o
rg
mnjnghy, el rjjK fL ofgLwJ.
el
# 100
mlf iy
rrs

nkny TwgLsUJ, unki l uhnfZ mf yhg bgWwh
vgij mnwh.
yhg

Mfnt, yhg rjj =
# 100
mlf iy
el rjj =
w
.e

yhg rjj (myJ) el rjj fhQ nghJ xU bghU mlf
iy jh fzl ntL.
vLJfhL 3.29

xU bkhj ahgh, xU bjhiyfh bgoia `10,000 F th `12,000
F wh. xU bgo yhg/ elij fhf. 5 bgofis gjh

ilF yhg/ elij fhf.
`12,000
xU bjhiyfh bgo mlfiy
`10,000
xU bjhiyfh bgo gid iy =

=
gid iy > m lf iy, Mjyh yhg L
yhg = gid iy mlfiy
= 12000 10000

yhg = `2,000
x
U bjhiyfhbgo gjh ilF yhg
= `2,000
5 bjhiyfhbgofis gjh ilF yhg = 2000 5

101
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
5 bjhiyfhbgofis gjh ilF yhg = `10,000
vLJfhL 3.30

r# toia `5,000F thdh. uL tUlfSF wF,
`600 FiwJ wh. to gid iy kW el rjjij fhf.

:
to mlfiy = `5000
el = `600
.o
rg
gid iy = mlfiy el
= 5000 600
to gid iy = `4400
el
# 100
mlfiy
= 600 # 100
5000
el rjj =
= 12
el = 12%
rrs
vLJfhL 3.31

xU eg xU giHa toia `1,250F thdh. mjid gLj
w
.e
`250 bry brjh. mt,mjid`1400F wh. mt yhgij myJ

elij fhf.
gLj Md bry = `250
to mlfiy = `1,250
bkhj mlfiy = 1250 + 250 = `1,500

gid iy = `1,400
mlfiy > gid iy, el clhF
el = mlfiy gid iy
= 1500 1400
= 100

el = `100
102
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www.errsm.org

tha fj
el rjj =
el
# 100
mlfiy
= 100 # 100
1500
= 20
3
= 6 2 (myJ) 6.67
3
el = 6.67
.o
rg
vLJfhL 3.32

xU gH ahgh 8 bgo uhirfis, xU bgo `150 vw j thdh.
m xU bgo uhir mG LwJ. jKs bgofis xU bgo `190 vw
iyF wh. yhg / el rjjij fhf.
xU bgo uhir mlfiy = `150

8 bgof mlfiy = 150 # 8
rrs
= `1200
mGa uhir cs bgof vif = 1

w bgof vif = 8 1
= 7
1 bgo gid iy = `190
w
.e
7 bgof gid iy = 190 7

= `1330
gid iy > mlfiy vdnt, yhg L

yhg = gid iy mlfiy
= 1330 1200
= 130

yhg = `130
yhg rjj =
yhg
# 100
mlfiy
= 130 # 100
1200
= 10.83

yhg = 10.83%
103
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.33

uh vw filfhu xU ngdhit `50F th `5 elF wh.
mj gid iyia;f fhf.
:
ngdh mlfiy = `50
el = `5
.o
rg
gid iy = mlfiy el
= 50 5
= 45
ngdh gid iy = `45.
vLJfhL 3.34
xU g Hhfhf rhuh, nf brjh. xU nf mlfiy
`55 MF. mt xbthU nfif `11 yhgF wh. 25 nfFfis
rrs
Ujh gid iyia yhg rjjij fhf.
xU nf mlfiy = `55
w nfFf vif = 25
25 nfFf mlfiy = 55 25 = `1375
w
.e
1 nf yhg = `11
25 nfFf yhg = 11 25 = `275
gid iy = mlfiy + yhg
= 1375 + 275
= 1,650
= `1,650
yhg rjj =
yhg
# 100
mlfiy
= 275 # 100
1375
= 20

yhg = 20%
104
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
g 3.5

1. rahd ilia vGJf
i) xU ig mlfiy `575 Mf, gid iy `625 Mf Ujh

bgwToa yhg
(A) `50
(B) `575
(C) `625
(D) it VJiy
ii) xU bgo mlfiy `155 Mf, gid iy `140 Mf

Ujh VgL el
(A) `155
(B) `140
(C) `15
(D) it VJiy
iii) xU ig gid iy `235 Mf mlfiy `200 Mf Ujh,
(A) yhg `235
(B) el `3
(C) yhg `35
(D) el `200
iv) yhg myJ el rjj vbghGJ __________ nk fzlgL.

(A) mlfiy
(C) yhg
(B) gid iy
(D) el
v) xU eg `250F tha bghUis `25 yhgF wh. mj yhg

rrs
rjj
(A) 25
(B) 10
(C) 250
(D) 225
2. tU mltizia br :
gid iy
yhg
el
144
168
59
38
600
635.45
26599
23237
107.50
100
w
.e
mlfiy
.o
rg
3. mlfiy kW yhg
iyia fLof
i) mlfiy = `450
ii) mlfiy = `760
iii) mlfiy = `980
iv) mlfiy = `430
v) mlfiy = `999.75
/ el bfhLfgLs nghJ, gid

yhg = `80
el = `140
yhg = `47.50
el = `93.25
el = `56.25
105
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
4. xU il neh `27, 50,000-F thFwh. mt il brtjfhf
`2,50,000I bryLwh. mj il `33,00,000F wh v,
yhg (m) el rjjij fLof.
5. xU filfhu 10 thiHgHfis `100F thFwh. 2 thiHgHf

mG ld. jKs gHfis, xU gH `11 vw iyF wh.
.o
rg
mtUF ilj yhg (m) el rjjij fhf.
6. xU filfhu 100 ngdhfis `250F thFwh. xU ngdh `4F

wh. yhg rjjij fhf.
7. xU fhf ahgh 40nyh btfhaij `360F thFwh. mt xU

nyh `11 vw iyF 36nyhit wh. jKstiw xU nyh `4.50
vw iyF wh. mtUF ilj yhg/ el rjjij fhf.
rrs
VnjD xU bghU bjhrhiy cgah bttUtJ

Kj Efnthiu brwil tiu flF gntW iyfis
fhf
w
.e
f!
cg brnthnu neuoahf wh, EfnthUF rhjfkhf
UFkh? thf.
f brJ ghf
1. nyh `100,`80 cs uL tifahd vizia xU gidahs

3: 2 vw j fyJ mfyitia nyh `101.20F gid
brwh. mtUila yhg myJ el rjjij fhf.
2. rZ xU nfkuhit uhn#l 10% yhgF wh. uhn#Z mjid
#hl 12 % elF wh. #h `4,840F thUjh, mj
nfkuhit rZ vd iyF thdh?
3. jf ahgh xU jfij 5% el fhk, 5% yhg

F nghJ `15 mfkhf ilwJ v, jf mlf
iyia fhf.
106
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
3.5 jto
jbghGJ `10,000
it bjhif brf.
7 tUlf Ko
`20,000 bgWf.
jbghGJ `10,000
KjL brf. 6
.o
rg
tUlf Ko
`20,000 bgWf.
`10,000 I bghGJ brY 7 MLf Ko `20,000 bgwyh.
`10,000 I bghGJ brY 6 MLf Ko `20,000 bgwyh.
J rhakh? j ntWghLfSF fhuz vd?
2008- t
itbjhifahf brYdh. xU tUlF wF `5,400Mf Ug
bgwh. mt V TLj bjhif bgwh? vts bjhif mtUF mfkhf
iljJ?
nyhnfZ
jh
`5,000I mt j ig
bgUf Kokh?
grhf
bgw
`5,000I
rrs
itJ bfhoUjh, `400I yhgkhf
w
.e
nyhnfZ `5,000ij xU tUl it bjhif brY, tUl W

`5,400 Mf bgwh.

eh fl thF(bfhLF) nghJ bgw (bfhLj) bjhifial
mfbjhifid brYJnth(bgWnth). TLj bjhifia jh to (I)
vd Fnwh.

nkTa f, nyhnfZ `400 I toahf bgwh. fldhf bgWw
(m) mfgLw bjhifia mr vd Fnwh.

f it bjhifahf brYjgl `5,000 mryhF.
mr tol izj bjhif, bkhj bjhif (A) MF.

nkTa f, bkhj bjhif = mr +to
= `5000 + `400 = `5,400.

to bjhifahdJ vnghJ xnu khahf mikkh? rakhf UfhJ.
, tU ffis fhngh.
107
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www.errsm.org
maha 3

(i) itbjhifahf brYjgL mr `5,000 MdJ
`10,000 Mf caU nghJ, to bjhif caUkh?
(ii) mnj nghW, `5,000 mf tUlfSF it bjhifahf

itfgL nghJ to bjhif caUkh?
M, nkTa U iyfY tobjhif foghf caU.
.o
rg
to
bjhif
mriy
bghWJ,

nkTa
iyf
go,
itbjhiffhd fhyij bghWJ kW to jij bghWJ
khWgL.
to jkhdJ MLnjhW `100 F fzlgL. mjhtJ, MoF
to j 10% Mf Ujh mj xUtUlF `100 F `10 toahf

ilfbgW.
Mfnt to tUtdtiw rhJ csJ vgij mnwh.
mryhf brYjgL (m) bgwgL bjhif (P) fhy ms (bgUghY

tUlfshf mik) (n) kW to j (r)

mr bjhifia bghWJ kLnk mik toahdJ j to vdgL.
rrs
to fzl
mr `100 Mf, to j r Mf Ujh

= 100 # 1 # r
100
2 tUlfSF to = 100 # 2 # r

100
3 tUlfSF to = 100 # 3 # r

100

n tUlfSF to = 100 # n # r
100
Mjyh,
I = Pnr
100
1 tUlF to
w
.e
A = P + I
A = P + Pnr
100
A = P`1 + nr j
100
to = KGbjhif mr
I = A P
108
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
Pnr vw NuUJ tU
100

Nufis bgwyh
I =
r = 100I
nfhol lij uf
mr
to
5,000
500
KGbjhif
17,500
6,000
12,000
25,000
750
rrs
8,450
12,500
.o
rg
Pn

n = 100I
Pr

P = 100I
rn
F: n vgJ bghJthf tUlf fzlgL. n khjfnyh,
ehfnyh Ujh, mij tUlfshf kh fzlgl ntL.
15,600
vLJfhL 3.35
fk xU tUlF 7 % to j `3,000 nrwh. xU tUl Ko
w
.e
mt bgW j toia, bjhifia fhf.
mr (P) = `3,000
tUlf (n) = 1
to j (r) = 7 %
j to (I) = Pnr
100
= 3000 # 1 # 7
100
I = `210
A = P + I
= 3000 + 210

A = `3,210
109
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.36

uhfh MoF 11 % to j `5,000 I 2 MLfSF KjL
brwh. ulh Mo Ko mt bgW j toia bjhifia

fhf.
:
mr (P) = `5,000
tUlf (n) = 2 years
to j (r) = 11 %
.o
rg
jto I = Pnr
100
= 5000 # 11 # 2
100
= 1100
I = `1,100
bjhif (A) = P + I
rrs
= 5000 + 1100
A = `6,100
vLJfhL 3.37

`7,500 F 8 % to j xU tUl 6 khjfSfhd jtoia
w
.e
bjhifia fhf.
P = `7,500
n = tUl 6 khjf
= 1 6 tUlf
12
= 1 1 = 3 tUlf
2
r = 8 %
I = Pnr
100
7500 # 3 # 8
2
=
100
= 7500 # 3 # 8
2 # 100
110
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
= 900
I = `900
12 khjf = 1 tUl
bjhif (A) = P + I
= `8,400
P = `7,500
n = 3 tUl
2
r = 8%
A = P`1 + nr j
100
.o
rg
to = `900, bjhif = `8,400

khW :
= 6 tUl
12
= 1 tUl
2
3 khjf = 3 tUl
12
= 1 tUl
4
6 khjf
= 7500 + 900
rrs
3 #8
e
o
2
= 7500 1 +
100
= 7500 c1 + 3 # 8 m
2 # 100
= 7500` 28 j
25
w
.e
= 300 # 28
= 8400
A = `8400
I = AP
= 8400 7500
= 900
I = `900
to = `900
bjhif = `8,400
vLJfhL 3.38
`6,750F 219 efSF 10 % to j jtoia, bjhifia
fhf.
111
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
:
P
`6,750
219 ehf
365 ehf = 1 tUl
219 tUl = 3 tUl

365
5
219 ehf = 219 tUl
10 %
Pnr
100
6750 # 3 # 10
5 # 100
.o
rg
405
`405
P+I
6750 + 405
7,155
`7,155
`405, bjhif = `7,155
rrs
to
365
= 3 tUl
5
73 ehf = 73 tUl
365
1
=
tUl
5
vLJfhL 3.39
w
.e
uhF 7-6-2006 mW `4,000I fldhf bgW mij 19-8-2009 mW Ug

brYdh. 5% j to fzlglh mt brYa bjhif vts?
ehf,
= `4,000
= 5%
= 24 (30 6)
iy
= 31
MfL
= 18
bkhj ehf
= 73
= 73 ehf
=
=
73 tUl
365
1 tUl
5
112
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
A = P`1 + nr j
100
= 4000 c1 + 1 # 5 m
5 # 100
= 4000`1 + 1 j
100
= 4000` 101 j
= 4,040
100
.o
rg
bjhif = `4,040

vLJfhL 3.40

`7,000 mrYF 16 khjf `1,680 jto iljh, to jij
fL o.
P = `7,000
n = 16 khjf
= 16 tUl = 4 tUl

I = `1,680
rrs
12
r = ?
r = 100I
w
.e
Pn
= 100 # 1680
7000 # 4
3
= 100 # 1680 # 3
7000 # 4
= 18
r = 18 %
vLJfhL 3.41

# `10,000I 5% to j it ahf brYJwh. vjid
tUlf `11,000I mt bgWth?
A = `11,000
P = `10,000
r = 5 %
n = ?
113
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www.errsm.org
maha 3

I = A P
= 11,000 10,000
= 1,000

I = `1000
n = 100 I
.o
rg
Pr
= 100 # 1000
10000 # 5

n = 2 tUlf.
khW Kiw :
A = P`1 + nr j
100
11000 = 10000 `1 + n # 5 j
100
11000 = 1 + n
20
10000
11 = 20 + n
20
10
11 # 20 = 20 + n
10
22 = 20 + n
22 20 = n
n = 2 tUlf
w
.e
rrs
vLJfhL 3.42

xU Fl mryhdJ 8% to j vjid tUlf _W
klfhF vd fhf?
mriy `P vd vLJ bfhnth.
bjhif = _W klF mr
= `3 P

r = 8 %
n = ?
I = A P
= 3P P
= 2P
114
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www.errsm.org
tha fj
I = ` 2 P
n = 100I
n = 25
tUlf = 25
Pr
100
# 2P
=
P#8
mriy `100 vd bfhnth.
bjhif = 3 # 100
= `300

I = A P
= 300 - 100
.o
rg
khW Kiw :
I = `200.
n = 100I = 100 # 200
rrs
Pr
100 # 8
200

n =
= 25
8
tUlf vif = 25.
vLJfhL 3.43
w
.e

xU Fl bjhifahdJ 8% to j 5 tUlf `10,080 MwJ.
mriy fhf.
A = `10,080
n = 5 tUlf
r = 8 %
P = ?
A = P`1 + nr j
100
10080 = P`1 + 5 # 8 j
100
10080 = P` 7 j
5
5
10080 # = P
7,200 = P
mr = `7,200
115
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
vLJfhL 3.44

xU Fl mryhdJ 6 tUlf `8,880 Mf 4 tUlf `7,920
Mf khWwJ v mr kW to jij fhf.
6 tUl Ko bjhif = mr + 6 tUl to
= P + I6 = 8880

4 tUlKo bjhif = mr + 4 tUl to
.o
rg
= P + I4 = 7920

I2 = 8880 7920
= 960

2 tUl Ko to = `960
1 tUl Ko to = 960
2
= 480
4 tUl Ko to = 480 # 4
P + I 4 = 7920
P + 1920 = 7920
P = 7920 - 1920
w
.e
rrs
= 1,920
mr = `6,000
r = 100I
P = 6,000
r = 8 %
pn
= 100 # 1920
6000 # 4
g 3.6
i) `1000 F 10 % toj 2 MLfSF jto

(A) `1000
(B) `200
(C) `100
(D) `2000
ii) bjhif = `11,500 kW mr = `11,000 v, to MdJ
(A) `500
(B) `22,500
(C) `11,000
(D) `11,000
116
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www.errsm.org
iii) 6 khjf =

(A) 1 tUl
2
iv) 292 ehf =

(A) 1 tUl
5
tha fj
(B) 1 tUl
4
(C) 3 tUl
4
(D) 1 tUl
(B) 3 tUl
5
(C) 4 tUl
5
(D) 2 tUl
5
v) P = `14000 kW I = `1000 v, A vgJ

(A) `15000
(B) `13000
(C) `14000
(D) `1000
2. `5,000 F 10% to j 5 tUlf bgwgL jtoia

bjhifia fhf.
3. `1,200 F 12 1 2 % to j 3 MLf bgwgL jtoia

bjhifia fhf.
4. tUlF 10% j to jU xU t nyhnfZ `10,000 it

ahf brYdh. mbjhifia 2 tUl 3 khjfSF wF mt
Ug bgWwh. mt bgw toia fhf.
5. `2,500 I 13 % tUl to j it ahf brYdh, 146 ehf
rrs
bgW bjhifia fhf.
.o
rg
6. `12,000 F 9 % tUl to j 21 nk 1999 UJ 2 MfL 1999 tiu

ilF jtoia, bjhifia fhf.
7. rah `6,000 I xU t brY 5 tUlf Ko `7500 I
w
.e
bgwh v, to jij fhf.
8. 10% tUl to j 2 1 tUlf `250 toahf jU mr

bjhifia fhf.
9. vjid MLf 8 % to j `5,000 khdJ `5,800 Mf khW?
10. xU bjhifahdJ 10 tUlf uo MwJ. to jij fhf.
11. xU bjhifahdJ 12 1 % tUl to j xU Fl tUlf
2
uoghwJ. tUlf vifia fhf.
12. xU Fl bjhifahdJ 6% to j 3 MLf `6,372

MwJ v mriy fhf.
13. xU Fl bjhifahdJ 3 MLf `6,500 Mf 1 1

2
MLf `5,750 Mf khWwJ. mr kW to jij fhf.
117
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www.errsm.org
maha 3
2) gJ tUlF wF uhKF `6,00,000 njitgLwJ. xU

t tUlF 20% mjh t uhK vts mryhf
brYjntL?
.o
rg
f!
1) xU mryhdJ 2 tUl 9 klfhf MFbk, mj to
4
j vts?
id bfhf!
1. U msf nekhw UFbk, xU ms mfF nghJ

(Fiw nghJ) mjndhL bjhlila kbwhU ms mfF
(Fiw).
2. U msf vkhw UFbk xU ms mfF

nghJ (Fiw nghJ) mjndhL bjhlila kbwhU ms Fiw
(mfF).
3. nekhw, x U ntW msf j, kbwh mjFfj

msf jF rkkhF.
4. vkhw, x U ntW msf j kbwh mjFfj

msf jF jiyHhF.
5. xU d gF 100 ( m ) xU j ulhtJ cW 100 Mf

U, mij rjj vg.
w
.e
rrs
6. rjjij % vW Ffyh
7. dij (myJ) jrk viz rjjkhf khw, 100 M bgUf

ntL
8. xU bghU thF iyia mlf iy vW TWt.
9. xU bghU F iyia gid iy vW TWt.
118
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tha fj
10. xU bghU gid iy mlf iyia l mfkhf U

yhg ilF.
11. xU bghU mlf iy gid iyia l mfkhf U,

el clhF
12. bkhj mlf iy = mlf iy + gGJghF bry (myJ

nghFtuJ bry).
13. yhg (myJ) el xnu mss bghUfSF jh fzlgl

ntL.
14. yhg = gid iy mlf iy
15. el = mlfiy gid iy
17. el rjj =
yhg
# 100
mlf iy
16. yhg rjj =
el
# 100
mlf iy
rrs
.o
rg
18. gid iy = mlf iy + yhg
19. gid iy = mlf iy - el
20.
j to fzLtjfhd Nu (I) = Pnr

100
21.
A = P + I
w
.e
= P + Pnr
100
= P`1 + nr j
100
22.
23.
24.
25.
I = A P
P = 100I
nr
r = 100I
Pn
n = 100I
Pr
119
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
msitf
.o
rg
_oa
totfshd brtf, rJu kW brnfhz Knfhz
Mat Rws kW gugs fhQ Kiwfis Mwh tF
fUnwh. _oa totfshd Knfhz, izfu, rhrJu, rtf
kW tl gugs fhQ Kiwfis tF fhngh.
4.1 ghit
Mwh tF eh fwj brtf, rJu kW brnfhz

Knfhz Rws, gugs g F id Tnth.
Rws
w
.e
rrs
xU _oa tot viyia eh xU Kiw RtU nghJ ilF

unk mtot Rws MF.
gl 4.1
brtf Rws = 2 (s) + 2 (mfy)
= 2 [s + mfy]
brtf Rws = 2 (l + b) myFf. F l = s, b = mfy
rJu Rws = 4 xU gf s
= 4 gf
rJu Rws = 4 a myFf. F a vgJ rJu gf
Knfhz Rws = _W gf msf TLj

Knfhz Rws = (a + b + c) myFf
F a, b, c Knfhz gffshF.
120
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www.errsm.org
msitf
gugs
gl 4.2
brtf gugs = s mfy
.o
rg
xU _oa tot milF l ms mj gugsthF.
brtf gugs = l b rJu myFf

rJu gugs = gf gf
rJu gugs = a a rJu myFf

brnfhz Knfhz gugs
= 1 brnfhzij csla gff bgUfgy
rrs
2
1
= # ^b # hhrJumyFf
2
F b, h vgit brnfhzij csla gffshF.

cf tF cs fUgyif, nkir, rd
Mat Rws kW gugsit fhf.
w
.e
xU jhid vLJ bfhL m gntW

msf bfhl brtf, rJu kW brnfhz
Knfhzfis tiuJ mij fjJ jna
vLJ bfhs. mtiw nkir J itJ
mt Rws, kW gugsit fL of.
vLJfhL 4.1
s 15 , mfy 10 cila brtf tot

y gugs , Rws fhf.
s = 15 , mfy = 10 vd jugLsJ.
brtf gugs = s mfy
gl4.3
=15 10
121
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www.errsm.org
maha 4

= 150 2

brtf Rws = 2 [s + mfy]
= 2 [15 +10] = 50

brtf gugs = 150 2
brtf Rws = 50
vLJfhL 4.2
.o
rg
80 s cila brtf tot njhl gugs 3200 r.. njhl

mfyij fhf.
s = 80 , gugs = 3200 r. vdjugLsJ.

brtf gugs = s mfy
brtf gugs

mfy =
s
3200
= 80 = 40
vLJfhL 4.3
rrs
` njhl mfy = 40
40 sKila rJutot kid gugs, Rws fhf.
w
.e
rJu tot kid gf = 40

rJu gugs

rJu Rws

rJu gugs

rJu Rws
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
( jugLsJ )
gf gf
40 40
1600 r.
4 gf
4 40 = 160
1600 r.
160
gl 4.4
vLJfhL 4.4
rJu tot njhl gf 50 . njhlij R lUF

`10 j ntnghl MF bryit fhf.
:
rJu tot njhl gf 50 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
122
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www.errsm.org
msitf
ntnghl MF bkhj bryit fhz njhl Rwsit fL

mij lUF MF bryl bgUdh nghJkhdJ
=
=
=
ntnghl xU lUF MF bry =
` 200 lUF MF bry =
=
4 gf
4 50
200
`10 (bfhLfgLsJ)
`10 200
`2000
.o
rg
rJu tot njhl Rws
vLJfhL 4.5
gf 60 cila rJu tot fhit rk bra rJu lUF ` 2

j MF bryit fhf.
rJu tot fh gf 60 vd bfhLfgLsJ.
rk bra MF bryit fhz, gugsit fL mjid rJu

lUF MF bryl bgUdh nghJkhdJ.
fh gugs = gf gf
60 60 = 3600 r..
`2
`2 3600
`7200
w
.e
rrs
=
xU rJu lUF MF bry =
` 3600 rJu lUF MF bry =
=
vLJfhL 4.6
xU isahLl brnfhzKnfhz to
csJ. brnfhzij jhF gff 50 , 80 . l
bk r rJu lUF `5 j MF bkhj bryit
fhf.
gl 4.5
bk r MF bkhj bryit fhz, isahLl gugsit

fL mij xU rJu lUF MF bryl bgUdh nghJkhdJ.
brnfhzKnfhz isahLl gugs = 1 b h
2
F b, h vgd brnfhzij jhF gffshF.
= 1 # (50 80)
2
= 2000 r.
1 V = 100 2
xU rJu lUF MF bry = `5
` 2000 rJu lUF MF bry = `5 2000 1 bAnl = 100 V (m)
= 10000 r.
= `10000
123
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 4
4.2 TL cUtf gugs

brtf, rJu kW brnfhz Knfhz Mat VnjD U
TL cUtf gugsit fhQ Kiwfis gF fhngh.
.o
rg

xU uhkthF gl
fhoago U yf mLjLJ
csd. mj gugs mtUF
bjahJ. xU y 30 gfKila
rJuy. kwJ 50 20 msila
brtf y. nghJ uhkth
itUF
y
bkhj
gugsit fL mtUF cfsh
cjt Kokh?
gl 4.6
rrs
1.5

xU g aF fj kwJF
tsk kybfho tfhof. mtf fj
miwia gl tiuJ mHFgLd. miw
Rt 2 sK 1.5 mfyK cila brtf tot
2
1.5
glij Kj tsk tiujh. mglF mU
gl 4.7
kybfho brnfhz Knfhzij tiujh.
brnfhzij csla gff sf Kiwna 1.5, 2 v mtf
tiuj glf bkhj guig ekh fhz Kokh?
bghGJ eh y TL cUtf gugsfis fhngh.
w
.e
br.
br.
vLJfhL 4.7
bfhLfgLs gl gugsit fhf.
br.
gl 4.8
rJu gugs (1) = 3 br 3 br = 9 br 2
brtf gugs (2) = 10 br 4 br = 40 br 2
br.
br.
br.
bfhLfgl glij gl 4.9 fhoago rJu, brtf U

gFfshf J bfhnth.
` gl bkhj gugs (gl 4.9) = ( 9 + 40 ) br 2

= 49 br 2
br.
gl 4.9
124
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www.errsm.org
msitf
br.
khWKiw:
br.
br.
br.
bfhLfgl glij gl 4.10 fhoago U

brtffshf J bfhnth.
brtf gugs (1) = 7 br 3 br = 21 br 2

brtf gugs (2) = 7 br 4 br = 28 br 2
br.
= 49 br2
vLJfhL 4.8
fhQ gl gugsit fhf
br.
br.
br.
gl 4.10
.o
rg
` gl bkhj gugs (gl 4.10) = ( 21 + 28 ) br 2
br.
w
.e
br.
glkhdJ brtf, brnfhz

Knfhz vd U gFfis
bfhLsJ.
br.
rrs
gl 4.11
br.
gl 4.12
br.

brtf gu (1) = 5 br. 10 br.
= 50 br. 2
brnfhz Knfhz gu (2) = 1 (7br. 5br.)

2
35
= 2 br. 2 = 17.5 br. 2

` gl bkhj gu = ( 50 + 17.5) br. 2
bkhj gu = 67.5 br. 2
vLJfhL 4.9
60 sKila rJutot kidia m thdh. myF mLj
70 50 msila brtf tot kidia m thdh. UtU xnu
iyF thdhf v yhg miljt ah?
125
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
gl 4.13
.o
rg
m tha rJutot kid gugs (1) = 60 60 = 3600 2

m tha brtftot kid gugs (2) = 70 50 = 3500 2
F rJu tot kid gugs brtf tot kid gugsit l
mfkhf csJ.
vdnt, yhg miljt m.
w
.e
rrs
rk gugsit bfhl U rJutot jhid vLJ

bfhf. _iyl tahf rJu jhid btl. vjid
brnfhz Knfhzf iljd? mt gugs g
VnjD Tw Kokh? btoa gFfis kbwhU rJu jh
J rahf bghU TJ nehf. vd mJ bfhs
KowJ? To thf.
xnu khahd U brtf tot jhid vLJbfhf.
xU brtf tot jhid _iy l tahf btl. vjid
brnfhz Knfhzf iljd?
mt gugs g VnjD TwKokh? btoa gFfis kbwhU
brtf tot fhj J rahf bghUj. brtfF,
brnfhz KnfhzF ilna cs bjhl vd? thf.
g 4.1
br.
br.
br.
br
br.
br.
br.
br.
br.
br.
br.
br
br.
1. fhQ glf gugsfis fhf.
br.
br.
126
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www.errsm.org
rJu Xo gugs 1 2 v jiu KGtJ XL gf, vjid XLf

2
njitgL?.
3. brnfhz Knfhz tot yK, brtf tot yK mLjLJsd.
brnfhz Knfhz y brnfhzij csla gff
msf 30 , 40 . brtf tot y s, mfyf Kiwna 20 ,
15. brnfhz Knfhz tot y iy, brtf tot y
iy rkkhdit v vj yij thFtJ wjJ?
4. 50 sKila rJu tot kidia k thdh. mkidF mLJs
60 sK 40 mfyK cila brtf tot kidia u thdh.
Ut tha iy rk v ah yhg miljJ? vts gugs
mf?
5. vjDila gugs mfkhdJ? brnfhzij jhF gff 80,
60 sKila brnfhz Knfhz gugs myJ 50 sKila
rJu gugs.
.o
rg
2. 5 sK 4 mfyK cila jiuF rJu XL gf Uwh. xU
msitf
4.3 Knfhz gu
rrs
brnfhz Knfhz gu vgJ mij

csla brtf gugs ghahF.
brnfhz Knfhz gu
= 1
w
.e
(brnfhzij csla gff

2
bgUfgy)
gl 4.14
(myJ) = 1 b h r.myFf
2
F b, h vgJ brnfhzij csla gffshF.
gF Knfhzf gugs fhQ Kiwfis fhngh.
Knfhz gugs fhz
brtf tot JLjhid vLJ bfhf. mt cfSF

A,B,C kW D vdbgaLf. DC J E vw VnjD xU ia Ff.
AE kW BE I nrf. gl 4.15 (i) fhoago brtf ABCD F mikj
Knfhz ABE ilF.
gl 4.15
127
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
DE = AF vd UfkhW AB J F vw ia Ff. EF I
nrf. EF = BC vgij ftf. bghGJ EF I h vd AB I b
vd bfhnth.
AE kW BE tahf btl. bghGJ ilF Knfhz (2), (3)

I gl 4.15 (iii) fhoago ABE J rahf bghUj, bghGJ
D ABE gu = D ADE gu + D BCE gu
..... (1)
brtf ABCD gu = D ABE gu + ( D ADE gu +
.o
rg
D BCE gu)
= D ABE gu + D ABE gu ((1) go)

= 2 D ABE gu
mjhtJ 2 D ABE gu = brtf ABCD gu
cau
= 1 (s mfy)
` Knfhz ABE gu
1
= 2 (brtf ABCD gu)
w
.e
rrs
2
mogf
= 1 bh r.myFf
2
gl 4.16
` Knfhz gu = 1 bh r.myFf
2
F b, h vgJ Kiwna Knfhz mogf kW caukhF.
vw
nfhz
Knfhzij fUJf. C UJ
tiuagl brFJ, BA
D vw rwJ.
Knfhz gugs vd?
cau
ABC
mogf
gl 4.17
fhj ko Kiw
Knfhz toyhd JLjhid vLJbfhf. mj cfSF

A, B, C vd bgaLf. mogf AB I b vW FJauij h vW fUJf.
AC kW BC ikafis fhf. mtiw Kiwna D kW E

vf. nkY C UJ AB F xU brFJ nfhLJL tiuf. mJ
DE I F vw lY AB I G vw lY rF. bghGJ CF = FG
vgij ftf.
128
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www.errsm.org
msitf
gl 4.18
.o
rg
DE tahf btl, ilF Knfhz DCE I CF tahf btodh

U brnfhz Knfhzf ilF. mtiw gl 4.18 (iii) fhoago
ehfu ABED UwK nrf.
(i) MtJ gl gugs = (iii) MtJ gl gugs
mjhtJ Knfhz gu = cUthfgl brtf gu

1
= b # ( 2 h) r. myFf [CF + FG = h]
= 1 b h r. myFf
vLJfhL 4.10
w
.e
br.
rrs
fhQ glf gugsit fhf.
br.
br.
br.
gl 4.19
(i) mogf = 5 br., cau = 4 br. vd jugLsJ.

1
Knfhz PQR gugs = 2 b h
= 1 5 4
2
= 10 r.br. (myJ) br. 2

(ii) mogf = 7 br., cau = 6 br. vd jugLsJ.
1
Knfhz ABC gugs = 2 b h

1
= 2 7 6
= 21 r.br. (myJ) br. 2
129
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
vLJfhL 4.11
40 cau bfhl xU Knfhz tot njhl gugs 800 r..
mj mogf sij fhf.
:
Knfhztot njhl gugs = 800 r. (jugLsJ)
1bh
= 800
2
1 # b # 40
= 800 ( a h = 40)
2
20 b = 800
b = 40
` mogf s 40 .
g 4.2
rrs
(iii)
br.
br.
(iv)
fhQ msfSF Knfhz gugsit fhf.

(i) mogf = 6 br., cau = 8 br.
(ii) mogf = 3 ,
cau = 2
(iii) mogf = 4.2 ,
cau = 5
3. fhQ Knfhz gugs kW cau msfis bfhL

mj mogf sij fhf.
(i) gugs = 40 2 ,
cau = 8
(ii) gugs = 210 br. 2 , cau = 21 br.
(iii) gugs = 82.5 2 , cau = 10
(ii)
w
.e

2.

br.
(i)
br
br
br.
br.
1. fhQ Knfhzf gugsfis fhf.

br.
.o
rg
4. fhQ Knfhz gugs kW mogf msfis

bfhL mj cau fhf :
(i) gugs = 180 2 ,
mogf = 20
(ii) gugs = 62.5 2 , mogf = 25
(iii) gugs = 20 br. 2 , mogf = 5 br.

5. xU njhlkhdJ Knfhz to csJ. mj mogf 26 , cau
28 . njhlij rkbra rJu lUF `5 j MF bkhj
bryitfhf.
130
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www.errsm.org
msitf
4.4 ehfu gu
gl 4.20
gl (iv) ehfuky.
rrs
ehfu tiff
nkfl gl
gl (i), (ii), (iii) Mait ehfukhF
.o
rg
ehF nfhLJLfsh milgL cUt ehfu MF. uL

nfhL JLf xiwbahW FWfhf bto bfhshJ.
fl glkhdJ ehfu gy tiffis fhLwJ.
w
.e
ehfu
izfu
rh
rJu
midJ nfhzfS
90 Mf Ujh
brtf
rtf
U rkgf
rtf
rJu
midJ gffS
rkkhf Ujh
gl 4.21
131
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 4
ehfu gugs
ABCD vw ehfu _iy l AC I tiuf. mJ ehfuij ABC kW
ADC vd ulhf wJ. bghJ mogf ACF
FJnfhL BE kW DF I tiuf.
ehfu ABCD gugs
= 3 ABC gugs + 3 ADC gugs

= [ 1 # AC # h1 ] + [ 1 # AC # h2 ]
.o
rg
2
2
1
= # AC # (h1 + h2)
2
gl 4.22
1
= # d # (h1 + h2) r. myFf.
2
F d vgJ _iyl AC- sij, h1, h2 vgJ
vgfUJ _iylF tiuagl FJnfho sij
FF.
` ehfu gugs = 1 # d # (h1 + h2) r. myFf.
2
br
br
gl fhos ehfu PQRS

gugs fhf.
br
rrs
vLJfhL 4.12
w
.e
d = 20 , h1 = 7 br., h2 = 10 br. vd
jugLsJ.
ehfu PQRS gugs
= 1 # d # ^h1 + h2h
2
1
= 2 # 20 # ^7 + 10h = 10 # 17
= 170 br. 2
gl 4.23
` ehfu PQRS gugs = 170 br. 2.
vLJfhL 4.13
xU L kidahdJ ehfuto csJ.

mj xU _iyl s 200 . ehfu
U v cf _iylUJ 60, 50
bjhiy csd v ehfu gugs
ahJ?
gl 4.24
132
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msitf
:
d = 200 , h1 = 50 , h2 = 60 vd jugLsJ.
1
ehfu ABCD gugs = 2 # d # ^h1 + h2h
1
= 2 # 200 # ^50 + 60h
= 100 # 110
\ ehfu gugs = 11000 2
vLJfhL 4.14
.o
rg

xU ehfu gugs 525 r.. mj U cfUJ _iylF
tiuagL brF sf 15, 20 v _iyl sbkd?
gugs = 525 r., h1 = 15 , h2 = 20 vd jugLsJ.

bghGJ,
ehfu gugs
1 # d # ^h1 + h2h

2
1 # d # ^15 + 20h

2
1 # d # 35

2
= 525 r.
= 525
= 525
rrs
= 525
525 # 2
1050
= 35 = 30
35
d =
` _iyl s = 30 .
w
.e
vLJfhL 4.15
400 br. 2 gugs bfhl ehfu PQRS xU _iyl s
PR = 25 br.. Q UJ PR F tiuagL brFJnfho s 15 br.
v S UJ PR F tiuagL brFJ nfho sbkd?
:
d = 25 br., h1 = 15 br., gugs = 400 br. 2 vd jugLsJ.
ehfu PQRS gugs = 400 br. 2
1 d (SL + QM) = 400 F SL = h , QM = h
1
2
2
1 # d # ^h1 + h2h
= 400
2
1 # 25 # ^15 + h2h
= 400
2
400 # 2
15 + h2 = 25 = 16 # 2 = 32
h2 = 32 15 = 17
` S UJ PR F tiuagL brF s 17 br.
gl 4.25
133
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maha 4
g 4.3
.
br
.
br
.
br

1. glUJ, ehfu
ABCD gugsit fhf.
2. bfhLfgLs
3. xU ehfu _iyl 25 br.. v cf UJ _iyl

nkyikj brF sf 5 br., 7 br. v ehfu gugs
ahJ?
bfhL
4. xU ehfu gugs 54 br.2.mj U cUJ
msfis
.o
rg
_iyl kW cau
ehfu gugsit fhf.
(i) d = 15 br., h1 = 5 br., h2 = 4 br.
(ii) d = 10 br., h1 = 8.4 br., h2 = 6.2 br.
(iii) d = 7.2 br., h1 = 6 br., h2 = 8 br.
_iy lF tiuagL brF sf 4 br., 5 br. v

_iyl sbkd?
5. xU L kidahdJ ehfu to csJ. mj xU _iyl

s 250 . ehfu U v cf _iylUJ 70 , 80
rrs
bjhiy csd. L kid gugs ahJ?
w
.e
4.5 izfu gugs
rJu, brtf, Knfhz Ma rkjs cUtfis ju gntW rkjs

cUtfis e mwhl th ghUnwh. kw rkjs cUtfis
g cfSF bjkh?
izfu vgJ rkjs cUtf xwhF.
izfuij
g,
fltiw
gF
thngh.
izfu toYs y gugsit vthW fhgJ?
izfuij mj gugsF rkkhd brtfkhf khw Kokh?
izfuij mj gugsF rkkhd U Knfhzfshf khw

Kokh?
izfu tiuaiw
ehF bjdFfis vLJ bfhs. mtiw ir th
o bfhL brtf tUkhW izf (ghf gl 4.26 (i))
134
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msitf
gl 4.26
.o
rg
mogf AB I iyahf itJ bfhL D Kidia bkJthf tyw

js, gl 4.26 (ii) fhoa totij bgwyh.
nghJ fltF gyf :
tot iz gffis bgWsjh? xWbfhW izahd

gff vit?
rrs
F AB DC izahdit. nkY AD
BC izahdit. iz vgij Ff||
vw Fpil gagLJnwh.
mjhtJ
AB || DC kW AD || BC. (ij AB F iz DC
kW AD F iz BC vd gofyh).
gl 4.27
w
.e
vdnt, xU ehfu, U vbu gff

izahf Ujh mij izfu vd miHfyh ( gl 4.27 ).
izfu gugs
tiugljh gl 4.28 (i) bfhLJsgo izfu xiw tiua.
gl 4.28
c D UJ mogf AB F xU brFJ nfhL tiuf. mJ AB
bjhL lij E vf.
bghGJ, Knfhz AED I jahf btobaLJ mij kWw,
gl 4.28 (iii) fhoago nrf.

vd tot ilJsJ? brtfkh?
izfu gu bghGJ ilJs brtf gu rkkh?
135
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maha 4
M. izfu gu = cUthfgl brtf gu
h cau
b (= x + y, mogf )
b (= x + y, mogf )
.o
rg
gl 4.29
cUthfgl brtf s izfu mogfF,
brtf mfy izfu cauF rkkhF vgij eh mJ
bfhsyh.
` izfu gugs = brtf gugs
= s mfy
= mogf cau
izfu gugs = bh rJu myFf
F b vgJ izfu mogfij h vgJ cauij

FwJ
w
.e
rrs
` izfu gugs
vgJ mogf (b) kW cau izfu
(h) Mat bgUf gydhF. vgff izahF.
vbu nfhzf rkkhF
F:
izfu
vj vbu gff rkkhF.
gfij
mogfkhf _iylf sf rkky
fUjyh.
v
cUJ _iylf xiwbahW
mgfF
tiuagL
Urk TL.
brFJ bjhiy mj cau
( FJau ) MF.
ABI mogfkhf bfhL izfu
(i)
br.
gl bfhLfgl msfSF
br
.
vLJfhL 4.16
br
gugs fhf.
(ii)
ADI mogfkhf bfhL

izfu gugs fhf.
br.
gl 4.30
:
izfu gugs = mogf cau
136
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msitf
(i) ABI mogfkhf bfhL, izfu gugs

= mogf AB cau DE
= 6 br 4 br = 24 br 2
(ii) ADI mogfkhf bfhL, izfu gugs
= mogf AD cau FB
= 5 br. 4.8 br. = 24 br.2
.o
rg
F: F, bfhLfgl
izfu ABI mogfkhf
bfhL fzlgl izfu
gugs,
ADI
mogfkhf
bfhL fzlgl izfu
gugs rkkhF.
` vdnt , i zf u
gl 4.31 I bfhL
izfu gugsF,
Knfhz gugsF
cs bjhlig fhf.
VnjD xU gfij mogfkhf

bfhL, mjnfw cauij
bfhL gugsit fzlyh.
rrs
vLJfhL 4.17
mogf 9 br., FJau
5 br. cila izfu x

gugsit fhf.
gl 4.31
w
.e
b = 9 br., h = 5 br. vd jugLsJ

izfu gugs = b h
= 95
\ izfu gugs = 45 br. 2
vLJfhL 4.18
X izfu gugs 480 br. 2, mogf 24 br. bfhl

izfu FJau vd?
gugs = 480 br. 2, mogf b = 24 br. vd jugLsJ.

izfu gugs = 480
b h = 480
24 h = 480
h = 480 = 20 br.
24
` izfu FJau = 20 br..
137
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maha 4
vLJfhL 4.19

X izfu gugs 56 br. 2. mj FJau 7 br. v
izfu mogf vd?
izfu gugs = 56
b h = 56
b 7 = 56
.o
rg
gugs = 56 br. 2, FJau h = 7 br. vd jugLsJ.
56
PQRS
vw
izfu,
U
gff sf 9 br. kW 5 br..
mogf PQ it bghWJ mj FJau
4 br. (glij ghf) v
vLJfhL 4.20
br.
br.
b = 7 = 8 br..
` izfu mogf = 8 br..
(i) izfu gugs ahJ?
br.
gl 4.32
rrs
(ii) mogf PS I bghWJ mj FJau fhf.

:
(i) izfu gugs = b h
w
.e
= 9 4
= 36 br. 2
(ii)
mogf PS ( b ) = 5 br., v,
b h = 36
gugs = 36
5 h = 36
h = 36 = 7.2 br..
5
` mogf PS I bghWJ FJau 7.2 br..
J thf:
Rws rkkhf csthW gntW izfufis tiua.
mj izfuf midJ xnu gugsit bfhoUFkh?
138
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msitf
g 4.4

i) gugs 300 br. 2, mogf 15 br. bfhl izfu FJau

(B) 15 br.
(C) 20 br.
(D) 30 br.
ii) gugs 800 br. 2, FJau 20 br. bfhl izfu mogf
(A) 20 br.
(B) 30 br.
(C) 40 br.
(D) 50 br.
(B) 400 br. 2
(C) 500 br. 2
2. fhQ izfuf gugsfis fhf:

br.
(D) 600 br. 2

br.
br.
(A) 300 br. 2
br.
.o
rg
iii) mogf 20 br., FJau 30 br. bfhl izfu gugs
(A) 10 br.
br.
3. izfuf mogfK, FJauK jugLsd. mt

gugsfis fhf :
(i) b = 14 br., h = 18 br.
(ii) b = 15 br., h = 12 br.
(iii) b = 23 br., h = 10.5 br.
(iv) b = 8.3 br., h = 7 br.

4. xU izfu mogfK, mjnfw FJauK Kiwna 14 br.,
8 br. v izfu gus ahJ?

5. xU isahLl izfu to csJ. mj mogf 324
kw FJau 75 v isahLl gugs vd?

6. gugs 324 r.br., mogf 27 br. bfhl izfu FJau
fhf.
w
.e
rrs
br
4.6 rhrJu

midJ gffS rkkhf UF X izfu
rhrJu vdgL.

rh rJu mogf b myF vW, mjnfw
FJau h myF vW bfhnth.

rh rJu X izfu vgjh izfuF
gagLa mnj Nuij jF gagLjyh.
` rh rJu gugs = b h r. myFf
gl 4.33
139
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
rhrJu,
(i) vyh gffS rk

(ii) vbu gff izahF.
(iii) rh rJu _iyl mj rh rJuij U
Knfhzfshf F
(iv) rh rJu _iylf xiwbahW brFjhf
Urk TL.
.o
rg
rh rJu gugsit _iy lf mogil fhz:

rh rJu ABCD , AB || DC kW BC || AD
nkY, AB = BC = CD = DA
_iylf d1 ( AC ) kW d2 ( BD ) vf.
rhrJu _iylf xiwbahW brFjhf
Urk TLtjh
AC = BD kW BD = AC
gl 4.34
rh rJu ABCD gugs
= D ABC gugs + D ADC gugs
rrs
= 8 1 # AC # OB B + 8 1 # AC # OD B
2
2
1
=
# AC # ÔB + ODh
w
.e
2
1 # AC # BD
2
1 # d1 # d2
r. myFf
2
1 6 d1 # d2 @
r. myFf
2
1 (_iylf bgUfgy) r. myFf
2
` rhrJu gugs =
f kW thf
rJu xU rhrJu MF. Mdh rhrJu xU rJu my.
vLJfhL 4.21
mogf ms 15 br., FJau 10 br. bfhl rhrJu gugs fhf
:
mogf = 15 br., FJau = 10 br. vd jugLsJ.
rh rJu gugs = mogf # FJau
= 15 br. # 10 br.
\ rh rJu gugs = 150 br. 2
140
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msitf
vLJfhL 4.22
xU njhl rhrJu to csJ. mj _iylf 18 , 25 .
njhl gugs fhf.
:
d1 = 18 ,
d2 = 25 vd jugLsJ.
rh rJu gugs = 1 # d1 # d2
` njhl gugs = 225 2
vLJfhL 4.23
.o
rg
2
1
= 2 # 18 # 25

rh rJu x gugs 150 r.br.. mj xU _iyl 20 br..
kbwhU _iyl msit fhf.
gugs = 150 r.br., xU _iyl d1 = 20 br. vd jugLsJ.
rh rJu gugs = 150

1 # d1 # d2
= 150
2
1 # 20 # d2
= 150
2
10 # d2 = 150
rrs
d2 = 15 br.
w
.e
` kbwhU _iyl ms = 15 br..
vLJfhL 4.24
xU tayhdJ rhrJu to csJ. ta _iyl msf 50,

60. mj taiy rkbra rJu lUF `2 j MF bryit fhf.

d1 = 50 , d2 = 60 vd jugLsJ.
ta gugs = 1 # d1 # d2
2
1
= # 50 # 60 r.
2
= 1500 r.
1 r. rkbra MF bry = `2
` 1500 r. rk bra MF bry = `2 1500

= `3000
141
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maha 4
gl 4.35
.o
rg
xU brtftot jhid vLj bfhs. mj gff

ikaf fL gl 4.35 fhoago nrf
Hl gF EFGH xU rhrJukhF. jkhf Hlgl Knfhzfis

btobaLJ rhrJu tUkhW xW nrf.
bghGJ cUtha
w
.e
rrs
rhrJuK, K ilJ rhrJu EFGH xnu khahf Ugij fhzyh.

(gl 4.36 ghf)
gl 4.36
` brtf gugs
rh rJu gugs
= U rhrJu gugs
=
=
=
rh rJu gugs
1 [brtf gugs]
2
1 6 AB # BC @
2
1 6 HF # EG @ [ see Fig. 4.35 ]
2
1 ^d1 # d2h r. myFf.
2
g 4.5
i) rhrJu gugs
(A) d1 # d2
(B) 3 (d1 # d2)
(C) 1 (d1 # d2)
4
2
(D) 1 (d1 # d2)

4
142
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ii) rhrJu
_iylf
UrkTL

(A) 30
xiwbahW
(B) 45
(C) 60
vj
nfhz
(D) 90
iii) _iy lf 10 br., 12 br. bfhl xU rhrJu gugs
msitf
(A) 30 br. 2
(B) 60 br. 2
(C) 120 br. 2
(D) 240 br. 2
2. rh rJuf _iyl msf bfhLfgLsd. mt

gugsfis fhf.
ii) 13 br., 18.2 br.
iv) 20 br., 12 br.
.o
rg
i) 15 br., 12 br.
iii) 74 br., 14.5 br.
3. xU rhrJu xU gf ms 8 br., FJau 12 br.. rh rJu

gugs fhf.
4. rhrJu x gugs 4000 r.. mj xU _iyl 100 . kbwhU

_iy l ms fhf.
5. xU ta rhrJu to csJ. mj _iyl msf 70 , 80 .

mj taiy rk bra rJu lUF `3 j MF bryit fhf.
rrs
4.7 rtf
w
.e

xU nrho vgff xWbfhW
izahf mikJs ehfu rtf vdgL.
izgffSF ilna cs bjhiy
rtf cau MF. gl 4.37 AD, BC
izawit. Mdh AB || DC.
gl 4.37
rtf izaw gff rkkhdh

(AD = BC ), mrtfij Urkgf rtf vnwh.
+ A = + B ; + C = + D
AC = BD
+ A + + D = 180 ; + B + + C = 180
gl 4.38
rtf gugs
ABCD vw rtf AB, DC Mait izgffshF.

mt sf Kiwna a, b vf. U iz gffSF ilna cs
bjhiyit h vngh. _iyl BD MdJ rtfij ABD, BCD vw U
Knfhzfshf wJ.
143
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maha 4
rtf gugs
= D ABD gugs + D BCD gugs
= 1 # AB # h + 1 # DC # h
.o
rg
2
2

= 1 # h6 AB + DC @
2
1

=
# h 6 a + b @ r. myFf
2
gl 4.39
1
` rtf gugs = 2 # cau # (izgff TLj) r. myFf
vLJfhL 4.25
xU rtf izgff msf 12 br., 8 br.

mtilna cs brFJ bjhiy 10 br.. rtf gugs fhf.
h = 10 br., a = 12 br., b = 8 br. vd jugLsJ.
1
rtf gugs = 2 # hâ + bh
1
= 2 # 10 # ^12 + 8h = 5 # ^20h
rrs
\ rtf gugs = 100 r. br.

vLJfhL 4.26
w
.e
xU rtf gugs 100 r.br., izgff s 15 br.,
10 br. v izgffSF ilna cs bjhiyit fhf.
a = 15 br., b = 10 br., gugs = 100 r.br. vd jugLsJ.

rtf gugs
1 h^ a + bh

2
1 # h # ^15 + 10h

2
h # 25
= 100
= 100
= 100
= 200
200
h = 25 = 8
` izgffSF ilna cs bjhiy = 8 br..
vLJfhL 4.27

xU rtf gugs 102 r.br. , brFJ bjhiy 12 br..
rtf izgff xU gf s 8 br. v kbwhU gf
sbkd?
144
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msitf
:
gugs = 102 br. 2, h = 12 br., a = 8 br. vd jugLsJ.
rtf gugs = 102
1 h^ a + bh
= 102
2
1 # 12 # ^8 + bh = 102
2
6 (8 + b) = 102
& b = 17 8 = 9
8 + b = 17
.o
rg
` izgff kbwhU gf s = 9 br.

fhj ko Kiw:
w
.e
rrs
mil jh VnjD xU ms ABCD vw rtf tiuJ, mij

jna bto vLJ bfhs. DC MdJ AB J bghUJkhW eL
kof EF ilF.
gl 4.40
EF MdJ rtfij gl 4.40 (ii) csgo U gFfshf wJ.

EFF brFjhf
DUJ
DGI tiua. ilF _W
gFfis jjahf btobaLf.

gl 4.40 (iii) fhoa go tir gLj brtf ilF. mj s
1
AB + CD = a + b kW mfy = 1 (rtf cau) = 2 h
2
145
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maha 4
` rt gugs = brtf gugs (gl 4.40 (iii) fhoago)
= s # mfy
1
= â + bh` 2 hj
= 2 hâ + bh r. myFf
g 4.6
i) rtf gugs ____________ r. myFf
1

(A) hâ + bh
(B) 2 h (a + b)
(C) hâ - bh
(D) 1 h (a b)
2
ii) U rkgf rtf v rtf

(A) izaw gff rk (B) izahd gff rk
(C) cau = mogf

(D) izgff = izaw gff
iii) xU rtf izgff TLj 18 br., FJau 15 br.
v mj gugs
(A) 105 br. 2

(B) 115 br. 2
(C) 125 br. 2
(D) 135 br. 2
iv) izgff TLj 20 br. Mf bfhl rtf gugs
80 br. 2 v mj FJau.
(A) 2 br.
(B) 4 br.
(C) 6 br.
(D) 8 br.
rtff izgffSF ilna cs bjhiyfS ( cau),
izgffS nH jugLsd. mt gugsfis fhf:
i) cau = 10 br., izgff = 4 br. , 6 br.
ii) cau = 11 br., izgff = 7.5 br. , 4.5 br.
iii) cau = 14 br., izgff = 8 br. , 3.5 br.
2.
w
.e
rrs
.o
rg
3. xU rtf gugs 88 br.2, brFJ bjhiy (cau) 8 br..

rtf izgff xU gf s 10 br. v kbwhU
gf sij fhf.
4. xU njhlkhdJ rtf to csJ. mj izgff

40 , 3 0 . izgffSF ilna cs bjhiy 25 . njhl
gugs fhf.
5. xU rtf gugs 960 br.2. mj izgff 40 br.,
60 br. v mtilna cs bjhiyit fhf.
4.8 tl

e mwhl thif rfuf, ehzaf, tisaf, uhrj
uhoz, fbgh tLf (CD) nghw gy bghUfis ghUnwh.

mit vj tot csd?
tl tot, tl tot, tltot.

146
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msitf
M, tl tot jh. fj mij

tl vd TWnwh. bghGJ tl
tiutjF Ka brnth.
VnjD
xU
sKila
id
vLJbfhL gl fhoago mj
xU Kidia O vw bghUj.
kWKid bg (myJ rhF fo)
bghU bjh VglhjthW GJ A vw
itf.
efU
iyahd
gl 4.41
.o
rg
bjh Vglhk A UJ bgiy ef bfhnl tu.

kWKiw bg A tUnghJ eftij Wl, bghGJ bgyh
VgLjgl ghijia ftf.
bgyh VgLjgl ghijahdJ tlkh? nenfhlh?
`tl
tl ghff
M, bfhLfgl rkjs J, xU iyahd UJ rku

efU ghij xU tl vdgL.
w
.e
rrs
iyahd tl ika vdgL. iyahd F, efU

F ilna cs khwhj u Mu vdgL.
mjhtJ tl ikaij xU Kidahf
tl nkYs VnjD xU ia kbwhU
Kidahf bfhl nfhLJL Mu MF.
Mu r vd FfgL.
tl nkYs VnjD U fis
l
nrF nfhLJL eh vdgL.
eh
tl ika tahf brY eh
l vdgL. l d vd FfgL.
gl 4.42
f skhd eh lkhF. ( mjhtJ d = 2r )
tlij U rkghffshf l wJ. xbthU ghfK miutl
vdgL.
f:
xU tl vjid
lfis
bfhoUF.
xU tl csMuf
xnu msthdit
tl g:
clg nkbfhS xUt tlghij UKiw XLwh. mt
Xoa bkhj uij cfsh fzl Kokh?
ghijahdJ tl totkhf Ugjh mj uij msf eh l
147
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maha 4
msitia ( msnfh) gagLj KoahJ.
eh vd brayh?
xU %gh ehzaij vLJ bfhs.
ehzaij xU jh itJ mij R viy
nfhL tiuJ, wF ehzaij jhUJ
vLJl. viy nfho, gl 4.44
fhoago A vw ia Ff.
gl 4.43
snk ehza gahF.
.o
rg
xU id vLJ xU Kidia A
itf. viy nfho J yhdJ rahf
bghUJkhW mikf, yhdJ kWKiw Ait
bjhLnghJ id fjf. mJ jh
kWKidahF.
gl 4.44
rrs
vdnt, tlij xU Kiw R tU u

tl g vdgL. g C vd FfgL.
mjhtJ tl Rwsnt gahF.
w
.e
rh_o myJ tltotkhd VnjD xU bghUis vLJ

bfhL mj gia fhz. Kojh tl gF,
tl lFKs bjhlig fL of.
xU tl gF, lF ilna cs bjhl

3.5 br., 7 br., 5 br., 10.5 br. Mu bfhl ehF tlfis
(Ma Jiz bfhL) tiua. lij msnfh bfhL, gia

Jizl gl 4.45 fhoago fhz.
g
14 br.
7 br.
l
gl 4.45
148
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msitf
mtiw mltiz 4.1 L, gF lFKs

jij fzl.
Mu
l
(d )
g
(C)
C
j ` d j
3.5 br.
7 br.
22 br.
22
7 = 3.14
7 br.
14 br.
44 br.
44 = 22
14
7 = 3.14
5 br.
10 br.
----
----
10.5 br.
21 br.
----
.o
rg
tl
----
mltiz 4.1
rrs
nkfl mltizUJ vd bjJ bfhlh?

C
j ` d j njhuhakhf rkkhf csjh?
M!
C
& C = ^3.14h d
d = 3.14
vdnt, tl gahdJ l _W klifl vnghJ
mfkhF vd Twyhkh?
M!
w
.e
C
vyh tifY d k xU khahF. j khia r vw
22
nuf vGjh Fnwh (ij ig vd gof). j njhuha k 7
myJ 3.14 MF. vdnt,
C r &
C = rd myFf
d =
F d vgJ tl lkhF.
tl l Mu UklfhF vd ekF bj. mjhtJ d = 2r .
vdnt, nkfl NuUJ, C = rd = r^2r h & C = 2rr myFf.
r kig gntW fj mPf fzLsd.

22
ghnyhaf : r = 3
nuff: r = 7 myJ 3.14
Mbko : 3 1 < r < 3 10
Maglh : r = 62838 myJ 3.1416
2000
7
71
22
bghGJ r =
(m) 3.14 vw kig gagLJnth.
7
149
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maha 4
vLJfhL 4.28
21 br.. lkhf bfhl tl Rws fhf.
:
l jugLsjh,

tl Rws = rd
22
= 7 # 21
vLJfhL 4.29
.o
rg
= 66 br..
F r = 22
7
3.5 Mukhf bfhl tl Rwsit fhf.

:
Mu jugLsjh,

tl Rws = 2rr
rrs
22
= 2 # 7 # 3.5
= 2 22 0.5
= 22
vLJfhL 4.30
88 br. sKs xU f xU tlkhf tisfgLwJ. tl Mu

fhf.
w
.e
tl Rws = f s
2rr = 88
2 # 22 # r = 88
7
88 # 7
r = 2 # 22 = 14 br.
f s = 88 br.
` tl Mu 14 br. MF.
vLJfhL 4.31
xU to rfu l 63 br.. mJ 20 RWf Rdh flF

bjhiyit fhf.
:
rfu xU KG RW Rdh,
xU KG R flF bjhiy = rfu Rws

` rfu Rws = rd myFf
150
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msitf
22
= 7 # 63
= 198 br.
xU KG RW Rdh flF bjhiy = 198 br.
` 20 KG RW Rdh flF bjhiy = 20 198
.o
rg
= 3960 br.
= 39 60 br. [100 br. = 1 ]
vLJfhL 4.32
8800 br.. bjhiy flf nkhlh to rfu 50 RWf
RWwJ. mrfu Mu vd?
flF bjhiy = RWf vif # Rws

flF bjhiy
Rws =
RWf vif
8800
50
2rr =
i.e., 2rr = 176
rrs
2 # 22 # r = 176
7
176 # 7
r = 2 # 22
r = 28 br.
w
.e
` rfu Mu = 28 br..
vLJfhL 4.33
khLto rfu Mu 70 br. mJ 132 bjhiy fljh rfu

vjid KGRWf RUF?
r = 70 br., flj bjhiy = 132 vd jugLsJ.
` to rfu Rws = 2rr
22
= 2 # 7 # 70
= 440 br.
flj bjhiy = RWf vif # Rws
flj bjhiy
Rws
= 132
440 br.
` RWf vif =
151
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maha 4
= 13200 br. (1 = 100 br., 132 = 13200 br.)
440 br.
= 30
` RWf vif = 30.
vLJfhL 4.34
.o
rg
xU ta bt Rws 44 . ta bt ika mofgLs

Kid JfW bfhL xU gRkhL flgLsJ. tabt KGtJ
gRkhL nka Kokhdh gRkhL flgLs J f sbkd?
Jf s = tl Mu

Rws = 44 (jugLsJ)
mjhtJ, 2rr = 44
2 # 22 # r = 44
7
44 # 7
` r = 2 # 22 = 7
gl 4.46
rrs
` gRkhL flgLs Jf s 7 .
vLJfhL 4.35
tl tot njhl Mu 56 . mnjhlF ntnghl lUF

`10 j MF bry vts?
w
.e
nt s = tl tot njhl Rws

njhl Rws = 2rr
= 2 # 22 # 56 = 352
7
nt s = 352
1 nt nghl MF bry = `10
` 352 nt nghl MF bry = `10 # 352
= `3520
` ntnghl MF bkhj bry `3520.
vLJfhL 4.36
xU tltot fhF ntnghl xU lUF `5 j MF bry
`1100. fh Mubkd?
152
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msitf
:
ntnghl MF bry = Rws # j

.o
rg
` Rws = ntnghl MF bry

j
1100
mjhtJ 2rr = 5
2rr = 220
` 2 # 22 # r = 220
7
220 # 7
r = 2 # 22
= 35

` fh Mu = 35 .
braghL - tltot toa gyif

rJu toyhd gyifia vLJ bfhL m tl
tiua.
tl Rws Mfis mof (glij ghf)
rrs
ug ng cjl gyjkhd lf, ehf,

Muf Matiw mikJ mt bjhlig
xl.
g 4.7
i) tl ikaij, tl nkYs VnjD xU ia nrF

nfhL Jo bga

w
.e
(A) l
(B) Mu
(C) eh
(D) xWiy
ii) tl nkYs VnjD U fis nrF nfhLJo bga

(A) l
(B) Mu
(C) eh
(D) xWiy
iii) tl ika tahf brY eh bga

(A) l
(B) Mu
(C) eh
(D) xWiy
iv) tl l 1 v mj Mu
(A) 100 br.
(B) 50 br.
(C) 20 br.
(D) 10 br.
v) 14 br. Mukhf bfhl tl Rws

(A) 22 br.
(B) 44 br.
(C) 66 br.
(D) 88 br.
153
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maha 4
2. tU mltiz nfhol lfis uf.
Mu ( r )
l ( d )
Rws (c)
(i)
35 br.
-----
-----
(ii)
-----
56 br.
-----
(iii)
-----
-----
30.8 br.
3. fl l msf bfhl tlf Rws fhf.:

(ii) 84 br.
(iii) 119 br.
(iv) 147 br.
.o
rg
(i) 35 br.
4. fl Mu msf bfhl tlf Rws fhf.

(i) 12.6 br.
(ii) 63 br.
(iii) 1.4
(iv) 4.2
5. fl Rwsfis bfhl tlf Mufis fhf.

(i) 110 br.
(ii) 132 br.
(iii) 4.4
(iv) 11
6. to rfu l 2.1 . mJ 100 RWf Rdh flF

bjhiyit fhf.
7. tl tot fh l 98 . fhit R nt mikf lUF
`4 j MF bryit fhf.
rrs
8. xU kG rfu 66 bjhiy flf 20 RWf Rdh

mrfu l fhf.
9. xU to rfu Mu 35 br. mJ 81.4 bjhiy flf rfu
vjid Kiw RUF?
w
.e
tl gugs
fltiw fUJf.
70 Mu bfhl xU tl toyhd taiy
trh rk brwh. mij rkbra mtUF

MF bry vd?
tl gah
milgL gF
tlgFahF.
1.5 Mukhf bfhl tltot nkir nkghf njJ, gsgsghf

khw MF bry vts?
bryfis vgo fLogJ?
j bryfis fLof, vij cik fla ntL?
gugsthmyJ Rwsth?
gugs, gugs, gugs.
M, ij nghw neuf eh tlgF gugsit fhgJ

mtakhwJ.
Jtiu, nenfhLfsh Md Knfhzf, ehfuf Mat
gugsfis fhQ Kiwfis bjJ bfhnlh. Mdh tl vgJ kw
js cUtfis ngh myhk tisnfhLfsh MdJ.
154
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msitf
vdnt tlij nenfhLfsh Md cUtkhf kh, gugs fhz eh

ntbwhU a tia fhz ntosJ.
xU sfgl milia (Chart) vLJbfhL tl tiuf. tlij
fjJ jahf vLJ bfhf. tlgF gh msit HLf. wF gl
gl 4.48
.o
rg
4.48 fhoago tlij 8 fshf J, jahf btobaLf.
rrs
btobaLfgl fis flthW tir gLj.
w
.e
gl 4.49
nghJ ilUF cUtbkd?

j 8 fS njhuhakhf xU izfuij mikJsd.

ijnghy tlgFia 64 fshf J, btobaLJ,
tirgLj, xU brtf miktij fhzyh (ghf gl 4.50).
gl 4.50
j brtf mfybkd?
tl Mu brtf mfykhwJ.
155
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maha 4
mfy b = r
mjhtJ
..... (1)
j brtf sbkd?
bkhj tl gFia 64 fshf gjh brtf xbthU
sK 32 fis bfhljhwJ. vdnt brtf s 32 f
skhF. j 32 f s tlg ghahF.
1
` s l = 2 [tl Rws]
1
= 2 62rr @ = rr
` l = rr

..... (2)
.o
rg
tl gugs = brtf gugs (gl 4.50 UJ)
= l # b
= (rr) # r
((1), (2) UJ)
= rr2 r. myFf
2
` tl gugs = rr r. myFf
vLJfhL 4.37
rrs
14 br. lkhf bfhl tl gugs fhf.

l d = 14 br.
d
14
vdnt,
Mu r = 2 = 2 = 7 br.
2
tl gugs = rr

22
= 7 # 7 # 7
w
.e
= 154 r. br.
` tl gugs = 154 r. br.
vLJfhL 4.38
ta mofgLs fil 3.5 s bfhl J fW bfhL

ML flgLsJ. ML nkaToa mfgr gF gugsit fhf.
tl Mu = J f s
7
` Mu r = 3.5 = 2

MLnka Toa mfgr gF

gugs = rr2 r. myFf
gl 4.51
156
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www.errsm.org
msitf
= 22 # 7 # 7
7
2 2
= 77 = 38.5 r. myFf
2
` ML nkaToa mfgr gF gugs 38.5 r. myFf.
vLJfhL 4.39
tl tot fh Rws 176 . fh gugs fhf.
Rws
2rr
2 # 22 # r
7
r
= 176 (jugLsJ)
= 176
= 176
= 176 # 7
44
` r = 28
.o
rg
2
fh gugs = rr
= 22 # 28 # 28
7
= 22 # 4 # 28
rrs
= 2464 r..
vLJfhL 4.40
w
.e
xU bt f tisfgL rJukhf khW nghJ, mjdh milgL

gF gugs 12 r.br.. mnj btf tlkhf tisfgLwJ v
tl gugs vd?
rJu gf a vf.

rJu gugs = 121 r. br.. (jugLsJ)
a2 = 121 & a = 11 br.
rJu Rws = 4a myFf
(11 # 11 = 121)
= 4 # 11 br.
= 44 br.

f s = rJu Rws
= 44 br.
fahdJ tlkhf tisfgLwJ.

tl Rws = f s
` tl Rws = 44 br.
2rr = 44
157
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maha 4
` 2 # 22 # r = 44
7
44 # 7
r = 44
r = 7 br.
` tl gugs = rr2
= 22 7 br. 7 br.
7

tl gugs = 154 br.2.
.o
rg
vLJfhL 4.41
tltot kidia xUt gJ Kiw RWwh. mt flj bkhj
bjhiy 352 vd fzlgLwJ. kid gugs fhf.
rrs
10 Kiw R flF bjhiy = 352

352
U Kiw R flF bjhiy = 10 = 35.2
x
tl tot kid Rws = xU Kiw R flF bjhiy
` Rws = 35.2

2rr = 35.2

22
2#
# r = 35.2

7
35.2 # 7
r =

44
w
.e
= 0.8 # 7
= 5.6
2
tl tot kid gugs = rr
22
= 7 # 5.6 # 5.6
= 22 # 0.8 # 5.6
= 98.56 r.
` tl tot kid gugs = 98.56 r.
vLJfhL 4.42
37 br. sK, 29 br. mfyK cila brtf tot fahdJ tl
totkhf kh mikfgLwJ. tl Mu kW gugsit fhf.
:

f s = brtf fws
= 2 [ s + mfy]
= 2 [37 br. + 29 br.] = 2 # 66 br.
= 132 br..
158
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msitf
fahdJ tlkhf khwgLwJ vgjh,

tl Rws = f s
` tl Rws = 132
2rr = 132
2 # 22 # r = 132
7
132 # 7
r = 44
= 21

` tl Mu = 21 br.

2
tl gugs = rr

22
= 7 # 21 # 21 = 22 # 3 # 21
` tl gugs = 1386 r. br..

g 4.8
1. fhQ l msf bfl tlf gugsfis fhf.

(i) 7 br. (ii) 10.5 br. (iii) 4.9
(iv) 6.3 ( r = 22 vd bfhf)
7

2. fhQMu msf bfhl tlf gugsfis fhf
(i) 1.2 br. (ii) 14 br. (iii) 4.2
(iv) 5.6 ( r = 22 vd bfhf)
7

3. tl tot kid l 28 . kidia rkbra xU r. lUF `3
j MF bryit fhf.
rrs
.o
rg
4. bt cs xU fil ML xW 7 sKs fwh

flgLwJ. mJ nk mfgr gF gugsit fhf.
5. xU tlK, xU rJuK 88 I Rwsthf bfhLsd. vJ mf

gugsit bfhoUF?
6. xU rfu 2200 bjhiyit flf 100 RWf RWwJ. rfu

gugsit fhf.
w
.e
7. xU f 28 br. MuJl tl to csJ. fahdJ tisfgL

rJukhf khwgLwJ. rJu Rws tl Rws rk v
rJu gugs fhf.
8. tltot kid gugs 3850 r. . kid Muijfhf. mjF

ntnghl lUF `10 j MF bryit fhf.
4.9 ghijt gugs

e mwhl thif eilg nkbfhS lfshf fh,
isahLl, r Fs Ra gF nghwit csd.

fh cs ghijia tiugl _y cfsh tiua Kokh?

159
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maha 4

it nghw ghijf gugsit fhzKo vwJ Mdj
kilJlh?

brtf tot r Fs cs ghijia, nghnlh nu
Hglij Rs gFia bjhl gLj Kokh?

it nghw vLJfhLfis cfsh f Kowjh?
gF
Matiw fhQ Kiwfis mJ bfhnth.
.o
rg
brtf ghij gugs

tl ghij gugs
brtf ghij gugs

(m) brtfij R btw mik uhd ghij
brtf tot folij fUJf.

mij R xU uhd gh mikfgLwJ.
gh gugsit vthW fhgJ?
rrs
uhd gh folK nrJ nkY

xU brtf totij clhF. ij bt
brtf vngh. folij cbrtf
vngh.
fol s, mfyf Kiwna l , b
vf.
fol
gl 4.52
w
.e
` c brtf gu = l b r. myFf.
gh mfyij w vngh.
bt
vd?

s,
mfyf
gl 4.53
btbrtf s (L) = w + l + w = ^l + 2wh myFf
btbrtf mfy (B) = w + b + w = ^b + 2wh myFf
brtf
` bt brtf gugs = L # B

= ^l + 2wh^b + 2wh r.myFf
bghGJ, gh gugs vd?
rahf brhtbjwh, gh gugs vgJ U brtffSF

ilna cs ghijahF.
` gh gugs = (folK, gh nrj gugs)
(fol gugs)
160
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msitf
bghJthf,
ghij gugs = (bt brtf gugs) (c brtf gugs)
mjhtJ, ghij gugs = (l + 2w) (b + 2w) lb.
vLJfhL 4.43
bt brtf gugs 360 r., c brtf gugs 280 r..
uhd ghij U brtffSF il csJ. ghij gugs vd?
:
= (360 280)
= 80
` ghij gugs = 80 2
vLJfhL 4.44
.o
rg
ghij gugs = (btbrtf gugs) (c brtf gugs)
xU brtf tot fol s 20 ,mfy 10 . folij R

btwkhf 1 mfKs ghij mikfgLsJ. ghij gugs fhf.
rrs
:
c brtf
( bfhLfgLsJ)
mfy, w
w
.e
l = 20
b = 10

gugs = l b
gugs = 20 10
btbrtf
= 200 2
=1

L = l + 2w

= 20 + 2 = 22

B = b + 2w

= 10 + 2 = 12
gugs = (l + 2w) (b + 2w)
gugs = 22 # 12
= 264 2
vLJfhL 4.45
xU g cs fiy Tl
s 45 , mfy 27 . fiy TlijR
btwkhf 3 mfyKs jhthu csJ.
jhthu gugs vd? mjhthu
XL gf 1 r. lUF `100 j MF bry
fhf.
ghij gugs = (bt brtf gugs) (c brtf gugs)

= ( 264 200 ) 2 = 64 2
` ghij gugs = 64 2
gl 4.54
161
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maha 4
:
c brtf
( bfhLfgLsJ)
b
gugs
mfy,
= 45
= 27
= 45 # 27
w = 3
L = l + 2w
= 45 + 6 = 51
B = b + 2w
= 27 + 6 = 33
gugs = 51 # 33
= 1215 2
.o
rg
btbrtf
= 1683 2
(i) jhthu gugs = (btbrtf gugs)

(c brtf gugs)
= (1683 1215) 2
= 468 2
` jhthu gugs = 468 2 (myJ) 468 r..

1 r. lUF XLgf MF bry = `100
rrs
(ii)
468 r. lUF XLgf MF bry = `100 # 468

= `46,800
w
.e
` jhthu XL gf MF bry = `46,800
(M) brtf cw mik uhd ghij

brtf tot ikjhd eL xU rFs csJ. mr
Fsij R jiu mikf uhd mfyKs ghij csJ.
ghij gugs, jiu mikf

1 r. myFF MF jK bjjh
jiu mikf MF bryit
ekh fhz aY.
r Fs
F, brtftot ikjhd
bt brtfkhF. j s l ,
mfy b .
jiu
r FsF btwKs ghij ntagLwJ v nta

MF bryit vgo fhgJ ?
gl 4.55
162
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msitf
` ikjhd gugs (bt brtf) = l b myFf.

w vgJ ghij mfybk (jiu), r Fs s, mfybkd?

r Fs s = l - w - w
= l - 2w

r Fs mfy = b - w - w
= lb (l 2w) (b 2w)
.o
rg
= b - 2w
` r Fs gugs (c brtf) = ^l - 2wh^b - 2wh r. myFf
jiu gugs = ikjhd gugs r Fs gugs
bghJthf,
ghij gugs = (btbrtf gugs) (c brtf gugs)
vLJfhL 4.46
rrs
miw cwkhf uhd t tz

ghij 0.5 mfy rgLwJ. t
tz ghij gugs fhf..
bt brtf
( bfhLfgLsJ)
=8
=5
=8# 5
= 40 2
b
gugs

gl 4.56
c brtf
w
.e
l
8 sK, 5 mfyK bfhl xU
mfy, w = 0.5

L = l - 2w

= (8 1) = 7

B = b - 2w

= (5 1) = 4
gugs = 7 4

= 28 2
ghij gugs = (bt brtf gugs)
= (40 28) 2
(c brtf gugs)
= 12 2
` t tz ghij gugs = 12 2
163
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maha 4
vLJfhL 4.47
xU jiu msf 3 # 2 . jiu midJ
gffUJ 0.25 mfy bfhl uhd gil xW btobaLfgLwJ.
jKs jiu gugs fhf. nkY, btobaLfgl gil
gugs vd?
:
btbrtf
(jiuUJ uhd
gil
btobaLgjF K)
.o
rg
mfy, w = 0.25
L = l - 2w = (3 0.5)

B

gugs
= 2.5
= b - 2w = (2 0.5)
= 1.5
= 2.5 # 1.5
l = 3
b = 2
gugs
= 3 # 2

=62
c brtf
( jiu UJ
uhd gil btovLj wF)
= 3.75 2
rrs
jiuUJ uhd gil btobaLj wF mj gugs = 3.75 2
w
.e
btobaLfgl uhd gil gugs = (jiu gugs)

(jKs gF gugs)
= (6 3.75) 2
= 2.25 2
F: c brtf s, mfyf
bfhLfglh, bt brtf s, mfyf
w vgJ uhd
Kiwna l + 2w , b + 2w MF. F
ghij mfykhF.
mfyf

bt
brtf
s,
bfhLfglh, c brtf s, mfyf
Kiwna l - 2w , b - 2w MF.
` btobaLfgl gil gugs = 2.25 2
g 4.9

gl 4.57
1. 60 # 40 mss isahL ikjhd midJ gffS 3

gLj gLwJ. gLjgl gF gugs vd?
164
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www.errsm.org
msitf
2. brtf to cs xU g isahL l s 80 , mfy

60 . mij R 2 mfy uhd bk ghij mikfgLwJ.
bk ghij xU rJu lUF `20 j mikf MF bryit
fhf.
3. brtf totKs xU njhl msf 30 # 20 . njhlij

R btw 1.5 mfy xU uhd ghij rJu lUF `10
j mikfgLwJ. bkhj bry vts?
4. 50 br. sK 30 br. mfyK bfhl xU tiugljh gl xW

tiuagLwJ. mj midJ gffY 2.5 br. mfy Xu
lgLwJ. Xu lgl gF gugs fhf.
5. brtf tot tunt miw s 10 . mfy 7 . RtUJ

cwkhf 1 midJ gffY lgL miw eL jiu
nghlgLwJ. jiu gugs fhf. nkY, jiugh
_lglhj gF gugs fhf.
6. rlf bghUjgl xU H gl btw s, mfyf Kiwna

80 br., 50 br. MF. mfy 3 br. bfhl rlf Hglij
RY csd. Hgl bja Toa gF gugs vd?
rrs
tlghij
bghJika tlf
.o
rg
xU rkjs xU ia bghJ ikakhf bfhL

btntW Mu msf tiuaggl tlf bghJika
w
.e
tlf vdgLwd.
tlghij

tl tot fh eil gfhf uhd mfy
bfhl ghij xW nghl goUF.
gl 4.58
mghij gugsit cfsh fLof Kokh?

Ko. U bghJika tlfSF ilgl gugsnt
ghij gugsthF. gl 4.59 O MdJ uL
tlfSF bghJ ika MF. bttl Mu R, c tl
Mu r vf.
gl 4.59

Hlgl gF tltiya myJ tlghij
vnwh. mjhtJ, uL bghJika tlfSF ilgl gF
tlghijahF.
tlghij mfy, w = R r myFf

mjhtJ w = R r & R = w + r myFf
r = R w myFf.

165
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maha 4
tlghij gugs = ( bttl gugs) - ( c tl gugs)
= rR2 - rr2
= r^ R2 - r2h r. myFf
` tlghij gugs = r^ R2 - r2h r. myFf
= r^ R + r h^ R - r h r. myFf
vLJfhL 4.48
.o
rg
mLUF gl U bghJika tlfis fhLwJ. bttl

Mu 14 br., c tlMu 7 br. v,
(i) bttl gugs fhf.
(ii) ctl gugs fhf.
(iii) U tlfSF il cs Hl gF
gugs fhf.
gl 4.60
:
R = 14
r = 7
2
2
gugs = rr
gugs = rR
22
22
= 7 # 14 # 14 = 7 # 7 # 7
= 22 # 28 = 22 # 7
rrs
ii) ctl
i) bttl
= 616 br.2
= 154 br.2
w
.e
iii) Hl gF gugs
= (bt tl gugs) (c tl gugs)
= (616 154) br.2 =
462 br.2
vLJfhL 4.49
5 br. MuKs tltot jhUJ, 3 br. MuKs bghJika tl
btobaLfgLwJ. jKs jh gugs fhf. ( r = 3.14 vd bfhf.)
:
R = 5 br., r = 3 br. vd jugLsJ.
jKs jh gugs = r^ R2 - r2h
= 3.14 (52 32)
= 3.14 (25 9)
= 3.14 16
= 50.24 br.2
166
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www.errsm.org
msitf
khWKiw:
bttl
R
gugs

ctl
= 5 br.
= rR2 r.myFf
= 3.14 # 5 # 5
= 3.14 # 25
= 78.5 br.2
r
gugs

= 3 br.
= rr2 r.myFf
= 3.14 # 3 # 3
= 3.14 # 9
= 28.26 br.2
.o
rg
jKs jh gugs = ( bttl gugs) - ( ctl gugs)
vLJfhL 4.50
tltot
njhl

= (78.5 28.26) br.2
= 50.24 br.2
` jKs jh gugs = 50.24 br.2
gugs
5002. Mu 12 bfhl tlgF kLnk
w
.e
rrs
ghR
wbfhl
fUahdJ
njhl
ika
bghUjgLsJ.
njhl KGikF fUahdJ ghRkh?
( r = 3.14 vd bfhf)
gl 4.60
njhl gugs = 500 2 vd jugLsJ.
fUahdJ, ghR gF gugs
= 3.14 # 12 # 12
= 3.14 # 144
= 452 .16 2
njhl gugsit l ghR gF gugs Fiwthf
2
= rr
Ugjh fUahdJ njhl KGikF ghrhJ.
vLJfhL 4.51
50 Mukhf bfhl tl tot fh btw 2 mfy

rkuhd tlghij mikfgLwJ. mghijia rkbra xU rJu
lUF `5 j MF bryit fhf ( r = 3.14 vd bfhf).
167
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
:
r = 50 , w = 2 , R = r + w = 50 + 2 = 52
tlghij gugs = r^ R + r h^ R - r h
= 3.14 # ^52 + 50h^52 - 50h

= 3.14 # 102 # 2
gl 4.61
= 640.56 2
.o
rg
= 3.14 # 204
1 rJu ghijia rkgLj MF bry = `5
640.56 rJu ghijia rkgLj MF bry = `5 # 640.56

= `3202.80
` tlghijia rk bra MF bry = `3202.80
g 4.10
rrs
1. tltotKs ijauF x mogf Mu 50 . bghJ

ikaUJ 20 uF fiyPf fia nkbfhs
tl tiya itfgLsJ. ghitahfSF xJfgl l
( r = 3.14 vd bfhf).
gugs fhf.
w
.e
2. 30 Mu bfhl tl tabt viyUJ cwkhf 3

mfy tlghij mikfgLwJ. tl ghij gugs fhf.
( r = 3.14 vd bfhf)
3. tl tiya cnyhf c tl Mu 7 br., bt tl Mu 10.5

br.. xU rJu l cnyhfJF `5 j brythdh, 25 tiya bra
MF bryit fhf.
4. 3 Mu bfhl tltot ziw R 1.5 mfy bfhl uhd

nkil mikfgLwJ. nkil gugs fhf. ( r = 3.14 vd
bfhf)
5. 56 MuKila tltot fh btw 2.5 mfyKila
uhd tlghij mikfgLwJ. ghijia rk bra r. lUF `5
j MF bryit fhf. ( r = 3.14 vd bfhf)
168
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
msitf
id bfhf!
mogf
gugs
Nu
.o
rg
cau
gl
1 mogf cau
2
1 b h r. myFf
2
1 _iyl
2
(vgfUJ
_iylF
tiuagL
brFJ uf
TLj)
1 d (h + h )
1
2
2
r. myFf
mogf mjnfw
FJau
bh r. myFf
w
.e
ehfu
rrs
Knfhz
izfu
1 _iylf
2
bgUf gy
1 d d
1
2
2
r. myFf
rhrJu
169
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www.errsm.org
maha 4
1 cau
2
izgff
TLj
1 h (a + b)
2
r. myFf
tl Rws =
2 r Mu
2 r r myFf
.o
rg
rtf
tl gugs =
r r2 r. myFf
r Mu Mu
tl
rrs
i) brtfghij
w
.e
gugs
ii) tlghij
gugs =
bttl gugs
- ctl gugs
bt brtf
gugs c brtf
gugs
r (R 2 r2)
r. myFf
(myJ)
r (R + r) (R r)
r. myFf
tl ghij
170
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
.o
rg
toa vgJ fj xU MF. J toa cUtf

gntWgl gfis bjJ bfhs gagLwJ. nuf bkh ``toa
vgjF `` msL vw bghUshF. toayhdJ bghUf cUt
, ms, iy kW w toa gfisg bjJ bfhs cjwJ.
bt, folfiy, tiufiy kW bgha Ma Jiwf toa
gF bgUks cgnahf csJ.
5.1. ghit
toa mogil TWf:
KtFf toa (toa) mogil TWf ytiw eh

goUnwh. mtiw nghJ id Tnth.
w
.e
rrs
Tikahd xU bgyh itfgL xU milahs rhjhuzkhf

vd FfgLwJ xU F s,
mfy jok VJiy Mdh iy csJ.
A, B, C, D ... vw My bga vGJfsh
FfgLwJ. gl A, B, C, D vgd
f
nfhL
gl 5.1
nfhL vgJ xU efU
ghijahF. bg Kidia xU jh itJ efJ bghGJ clhF
ghij xU nfhL MF. nfhoF s
cL Mdh mfy ilahJ. nfhL
AB-I AB vW vGjyh. xU nfhoid
l, m, n, vw My vGJfsh
Ffyh. eh mij nfhL l, nfhL m,
gl 5.2
nfhL n vW gofyh. xU nfhL
uL gffY Koyhk brYtjh mjF Kof ilahJ.
xU fUF Jtf cL
Jtfia iyahd vdyh.
Mdh
Ko
F OA vgJ f mij OA vd vGjyh. mjhtJ

f O UJ s A tahf brwJ.
ilahJ.
gl 5.3
171
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
nfhLJL
AB vgJ xU nenfhL vf. mj nenfho J C,D vw fis
vLJbfhf. AB xU gF CD MF. CD I xU nfhLJL vd Twyh
jid CD vW vGJt. xU nfhLJoF uL
gl 5.4
Kof csd.
js
js vgJ vyh gffY Koyhk brY xU rkgughF.
.o
rg
nkir nkgu, fUgyif, Rtf Mait jsF cjhuzfshF.
5.2. rkjik
rk jik vgJ toa TWf KakhdJ. J bghJthf

aif fhzgLwJ kW e mwhl thifY cgnahf csJ.
tiufiy, cgahsf , tiugljahghsf folJiwahsf, kW
gy rk jikf fUij cgnahfgLJwhf. njTL, f,
w
.e
rrs
ku iyf, ifFil, ghuf rk totij bfhLsd.
gl 5.5
xU bghU U miughff xnwhblhW cUt kW ms

rahf bghUdh mJ rk jik vd TwgLwJ. eh xU glij
uL ghahf koF bghGJ uL miugF-lJ gh kW tyJ
gh xnwhblhW bghUdh mglid
rk jik bfhlJ vd Twyh
cjhuzkhf xU Mis U rkghffshf

btodh, mU ghffS rkuhf UF.
Muh cs
jh{khAh rk jik
bgWs idd
gl 5.6
172
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
gl 5.7
.o
rg

tzJ rk jikF kW xU vLJfhlhF.
tzJ cl eLnt xU nfhL tiujh, mj UghfK rkkhf
njhW.
gytifahd rk jikf csd.

jikfis g fhngh.
1. rk nfhL myJ rk mR
2. Mo rk jik
3. RH rk jik
1. rk nfhL
mtW fl rk
rrs
gl 5.8 l nfhL glij uL rkghffshf wJ.

glij mjnfhLl kojh xU gFahdJ kbwhU gFl rahf
xnwhblhW bghUJ. j lnfhil rk nfhL vnwh.
w
.e
bfhLfgl gl css nfhlhdJ U rk gFfshf J lJgh

tyJghnahL rahf bghUJkhmnfhL
rknfhL myJ rk mR vdgL.
braghL 1:
xU brtf totjhis vLJbfhf.

mjjhis sth xUKiw kof m
xU gh kbwhU ghnahL rahf bghUJkhW
itJ sth kof ig njf
bghGJ J kWgo mfyth kof.
gl 5.8

j
fhj
ko
UJ
f
brtfF uL rknfhLf csd vgij mayh.
gl 5.9
thf :izfu rk jikia bgWsjh?
173
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
braghL 2:
0
totfbgo cs uL Knfhz tot fU 30 , 60 , 90 .

vw Knfhztotij vLJ bfhf. njnghw kbwhU
Knfhztot fUia vLJbfhf. mtiw gl 5.10-
csthW gf itJ `gl tot itf.
jgl
mj
_iylij
.o
rg
tot vjid rknfhLfis bfhLsJ?

xU
rk
nfhlhf
bfhLsJ vgij f bjJ bfhsyh.
gl 5.10
braghL 3:
rkgf Knfhz
rrs
bfhLfgl xGF gynfhzf rk jikia fhj ko

Kiwgo fLoJ rknfhil lnfho _y fhf.
rJu
w
.e
gl 5.11
xGF
Infhz
xGF
mWnfhz
nkTa fhj kof _y
(i) rkgf KnfhzF _W rknfhLf.
(ii) rJuF ehF rknfhLf
(iii) xGF
InfhzF
rknfhLf.
IJ
xU gynfhz, xGF
gynfhz v mt
mWnfhzF
MW vyh gffS rkkhf
(iv) xGF
vyh
nfhzfS
rknfhLf
csd
vgij
rkkhf Uf.
mayh.
xbthU
xGF
gynfhzfS
vjid
bfhLsnjh mjid rknfhLfis bfhLsd.
gffis
174
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
xGF gy nfhzfis fL kof
.o
rg
tl gy rk
nfhLfis bfhLsJ.
rk jik bgyhj totfS, cUtfS cL.
xGfw cUt
gl 5.12
mrkgf Knfhz
My vGjf
rknfhLf
yhj vGJfis
goaLf.
rrs
nkny cs glfSF rknfhLf ilahJ. mglfis rk

jikawit vd Twyh.
bghU ug vgJ Mo ug
Moia bghWj rk jik
w
.e
eh fzho ghF bghGJ fzho cw

eKila ugig fhnwh. j ug fzho
vbuhgh clhwJ. MoF Kdh eh vts
u Unwhnkh mnj u MoF cw eKila
ug mnj u UF.
gl 5.13
nkny cs gl rkjs Moia eLnfho nk
itjh gl miugF rkjs Mo tiuyhf kw
miugFia vbuhf brwJ. ntWj brhyntLkhdh
eh rkjs Moia vjnfho itnwhnkh mjnfhL mglij U
rkghffshf wJ. mit xj msY nfho xU gf mnfho
ugig mnj u mLj gf bfhLsJ. Mfnt J Mo
rk jik vdgLwJ.
eh Mo vbuhig Muh bghGJ lJ tyJ khwfis gl
ftfyh.
vLJfhL 5.1
bfhLfgLs gl Moia bghWj
rk jik vbuhig fhLwJ.
175
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
g 5.1

i) Urkgf KnfhzF
(A) rknfhLf ilahJ
(C) _W rknfhLf
iv) rhrJuF

(A) rknfhLf ilahJ

(C) uL rknfhLf
(B) ehF rkfnfhLf

(D) MW rknfhLf
.o
rg
(B) rknfhLf ilahJ

(D) gy rknfhLf
v) mrkgf KnfhzF

(A) rknfhLf ilahJ

(C) xU rknfhL
(B) _W rknfhLf
(D) gy rknfhLf
2. fl glf vit rknfhLfis bfhLsd? mit

vjid rknfhLfis bfhLsd?
iii) brtfF

(A) uL rknfhLf

(C) ehF rknfhLf
(B) ehF rknfhLf

(D) gyrknfhLf
rrs
ii) izfuF

(A) uL rknfhLf

(C) rknfhLf ilahJ
w
.e
(B) xU rknfhL
(D) gy rknfhLf
3. nH bfhLfgl glfSF nfhol nenfhL Mork

nfhL v Mork jikia gagL kbwhU gFia tiuf.
176
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org

toa
4. fl mltizia uf:
cUt
rknfhLf
vif
khgl
rkgf Knfhz
rJu
brtf
Urkgf Knfhz
5. fl vifs rknfhLfis bfhl Knfhz

bgafis vGJf
(i) xU rknfhL.
(ii) _W rknfhL.
(iii) rknfhLf ilahJ.
6. My bga vGJf
(i) xU iy FJnfhil bghWJ xU rknfhil cila
vGJfis.
(ii) xU ilnfhil bghWJ xU rknfhil cila
vGJfis.
iyFJ
nfhil
bghWJ
U
(iii) ilnfhil
rknfhLfis cila vGJfis goaLf.
rrs
.o
rg
rhrJu
w
.e
5.3 RH rk jik
tU glfUJ eh ikaij (O-it) itJ 90 myJ 180 F

RHW bghGJ ekF ilF cUtfis fhzyh.
vGJ H
90 RH
gl. 5.14
rJu
90 RH
gl 5.15
180 RH
180 RH
177
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
brtf
180 RH
90 RH
gl. 5.16
.o
rg

xU rJuij 90 F RHa wF mnj totKs rJu ilF .
Mdh xU brtfij 180F RHa wFjh mnj totKs brtf
ilwJ. j totfis 360F Fiwthf RHW bghGJ mnj tot
ilgij RH rk jik vW brhnwh.
RHnfhz
rrs
braghL 4:

xU Fl ia bghWJ vj Fiwj nfhz ms xU totij
RHdh mnj tot ilwnjh mj nfhzij RH nfhz vW
mj ia RHika vW TWnwh.
w
.e
uL miljhfis vLJ xU rkgf Knfhzij xbthU

milY tiuJ bto bfhs.
Knfhzf uL rt rkkhf
UfntL. xU miljh xU
tl tiuJ fofhu RW irF
vir 0 ghifUJ 360 ghif
tiu Ff. bghGJ Knfhzij
kbwhU Knfhz J rahf
bghUj brJ tl tot miljh
ika Knfhz ikaf tna
xU Fîa bghUj. nkny cs
Knfhz nH cs KnfhzJl
rahf L xU Kiw bghUJ tiu
RHw.
Knfhzij 120 RHa wF mJ L nHs Knfhz
rahf bghUJtij fhzyh .
kWgo ulhtJ Kiw nkny cs Knfhz nH cs

KnfhzJl bghUJ tiu RHw. bghGJ f nkny cs
Knfhz 240 jdJ MugiyUJ RH milJsij fhzyh.
nkny cs Knfhzij _whtJ Kiw nH cs KfnfhzJl
bghUj bra. bghGJ nkny cs Knfhz xU KGRW 360
178
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
60 RH
rkgf
Knfhz
gl 5.17
120 RH
rrs
mWnfhz RH nfhz
.o
rg
Mug iyia milJsij fhzyh. nkfl brafUJ f

rkgf Knfhz RHnfhz 120 vd mayh.
mWnfhz
gl 5.18
nkny cs glf 5.15 UJ 5.18 tiu
w
.e
60 RH
ekF rJu, brtf, rkgf Knfhz kW mWnfhz Maitf

0
0
0
0
Kiwna 90 , 180 , 120 , 60 RH xj totf ilJsd.
Mfnt
0
(i) rJu RH nfhz 90
0
(ii) brtf RH nfhz 180
0
(iii) rkgf Knfhz RH nfhz120
0
(iv) mWnfhz RH nfhz 60
RH rk tir

RH rk tir vgJ xU tot vjid Kiwf xU KGR mnj
totij ngh csnjh mj vif RH rk tir vdgL. xU
0
bghU RHnfhz x v mj
RH rk tir = 360
0
x
gl 5.15 UJ 5.18 tiu.
179
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
RH rk tir
0
360 = 4
0
90
0
360 = 2
0
180
0
360 = 3
120
(i) rJuF
(ii) brtfF
(iii) rkgf KnfhzF
360 = 6.
0
60
.o
rg
(iv) mWnfhzF
vLJfhL 5.2
rk nfhLf yhj totf RH rk jik bfhljhf

Ufyh.
90
w
.e
rrs
f fhj fhwho brJ ghUfsh? gl cs fhj

fhwho rk jik csJ ngh njhWwJ. Mdh m rk
nfhil fhz KoahJ. glij kojh uL gh rahf bghUjhJ.
UD f mij mj ikaia itJ 90 RHF RHW nghJ
fhj fhwho mnj khahfnt njhwkF. fhwho RH rk tir
bgWsJ. vW eh Twyh.
90
90
0
xU KGR ehF iyf Kiwna 90 , 180 270 kW 360f

RHW bghGJ fhwho mnjkh njhwkwJ. j fhuzkhf fhwho
ehF RH rk tiria bgWsJ vW Twyh.
braghL 5:
gl fhoathW miljh myJ fhj Knfhzij bto

bfhs. mij gyif J itJ tiugl Cia mj
xU c bghUj bghG mj Knfhz cia
0
90 F xbthU Kiw RH mJj iyia tjil
0
tiu RHw. UJ f xbthU 90 F tU
glf ii UJ v ilgij fhzyh.
180
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
(ii)
(iii)
.o
rg
(i)
(v)
(iv)
0
rrs
mj Knfhz mj iyia 360 F wF tjilwJ. Mfnt

0
0
j Knfhz RHnfhz 360 mj RH rk tir 3600 = 1 .
360
g 5.2
i) rkgf Knfhz RHnfhz
w
.e
(A) 60
0
(B) 4
(D) 180
(C) 6
(D) 1.
(B) 3
(C) 4
(D) 5
iv) S vw vG RHnfhz
(A) 90
(C) 120
iii) xU bghU RHnfhz 72 v mj RH rk tir
(A) 1
ii) rJu RH rk tir
(A) 2
(B) 90
(B) 180
0
(C) 270
0
(D) 360
v) V vw vG RH rk tir xW v mj RHnfhz
(A) 60
0
(B) 90
0
(C) 180
0
(D) 360
181
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5

2. tU glf bfhLJs RH ikaij itJ RHW bghGJ

xU a iyF tJsd. mj cUt vjnfhz RH
milJsJ vgij gnrhf.
(iii)
(iv)
3. tU glf RH ika 0 v mj RHnfhz kW

RH rk tiria fLof .
(i)
(iii)
(iv)
4. xU tlrfu vL Mufhfis bfhLsJ. mj

RHnfhz kW RH rk tir vd?
w
.e
rrs
(ii)
(ii)
.o
rg
(i)
5.3 nfhz

xU
bghJthd
UJ
uL
ff
brY bghGJ nfhz clhwJ. + AOB- O vgJ

bghJ c, OA kWOB vgd uL iff.
nfhzf tiff
gl 5.19
(i) FWnfhz
xU nfhz ms 0 I l mfkhf 90 I
0
l Fiwthf csJ v mJ FWnfhz MF.

cjhuz : 15 , 30 , 60 , 75 , gl -5.20 + AOB =
0
30 vgJ FWnfhz.
0
gl 5.20
182
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
(ii) brnfhz
0
nfhz ms 90 v mJ brnfhz vdgL.

0
gl 5.21- + AOB = 90 vgJ brnfhz.

gl 5.21
(iii) nfhz
0
.o
rg
0
xU nfhz ms 90 I l mfkhf 180 I
l Fiwthf csJ v mJ nfhz MF
vLJfhL: 100 , 110 , 120 , 140 gl 5.22

0
+ AOB = 110 vgJ nfhz.
0
(iv) nenfhz
gl 5.23
rrs
xU nfhz iff, vffshf cUthF

nghJ nenfhL clhwJ. thW clhF nfhz
0
nenfhz kW mj k 180 gl 5.23 + AOB =
0
180 vgJ nenfhz.
gl 5.22
(v) tisnfhz
w
.e
nfhz ms 1800 I l mfkhf3600 I

l Fiwthf cs nfhz tisnfhz.
gl5.24 - + AOB = 220vgJ Unfhz
gl 5.24
(vi) KGnfhz
gl 5.25 OP kW OQ xU KGtl
0
mjhtJ 360 VgLJ nfhzij KGnfhz
vg.
gl 5.25
bjhlila nfhzf
(i) unfhzf
0
uL nfhzf TLj 90 v mj
uL nfhzfS unfhzf MF. xbthU
nfhzK kbwhUnfhz unfhz MF.
0
30
unfhz
60 MF.
unfhz 300 .
kW 60
gl 5.26
183
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
(ii) if u nfhzf
0
uL nfhzf TLj 180

v mj uL nfhzfS if
unfhz MF. xbthU nfhzK
kbwhU nfhz if u nfhz
0
MF. 120 if unfhz 60
0
60 if unfhz 120 .
.o
rg
tU
nrhonfhzf if
unfhzf myJ
unfhzf vJ
vgij fL of
0
w
.e
btLnfhLf
() 60 if unfhz____
(d) 90 if unfhz____
(c) 65 kW 115
0
(M) 30 unfhz____
rrs
(<) 95 kW 85
(M) 70 kW 110
() 40 kW50
(m) 85 unfhz____
(m) 80 kW 10
gl 5.27
jf mLJs
f
My vGJ X
FWF rhiyf
gl 5.28
gl 5.28 - uL nfhLf l1 kW l2 I fhf. uL nfhLfS

P vw tna brwJ. l1 kW l2 vw nfhLf P vw
btLwd. uL nfhLfSF xU bghJ Ujh mit btL
nfhLf vdgL. P vgJ btobfhS .
184
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toa
btL nfhLf cs nfhzf

U
nfhLf
xU
btobfhS
nghJ
nfhzf
cUthwd.
.o
rg
gl 5.29- UnfhLf
AB kW CD O vw
btLwd. + COA, + AOD, + DOB,
gl 5.30
gl 5.29
+ BOC vw nfhzf cUthwd.
j ehF nfhzf Unfhzf
FWnfhzfshf kw U nfhzf nfhzfshf UF.
Mdh gl 5.30- U btL nfhLf xWbfhW brFjhf
csjh ehF nfhzfS brnfhzfshf csd.
mLJs nfhzf
uL nfhzf bghJ cia xU

bghJifia bfhoUjh mit mLJs
nfhzf vW miHfgLwd.
rrs
gl -5.31 + BAC kW + CAD vgd mLJs

nfhzf. (mjhtJ . + x kW + y) mnfhzf AC vw
bghJifia A vw bghJ cia bfhLsd.
Unfhzf + BAC kW + CAD vgd AC vw
bghJifF gfF xwhf mikJsd.
w
.e
+ ROP kW + QOP
vgd
mLJs
nfhzf my V?
gl 5.31
tU glij ghf
jfij nkny cs gl
csgo J ghf. U
nfhzfS
mLJs
nfhzfsh?
(i) xU nfho jhd mLJs nfhzf
xU nenfho J xU f tiugL bghGJ

U nfhzf clhwd. mU nfhzfS
nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf vdgL.
gl 5.32
185
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maha 5
gl 5.32 AB vw nfho J f OC wJ + BOC kW
+ COA vgd AB vw nfho J VgL mLJs nfhzf MF. F
O vgJ bghJ c vW OC vgJ, bghJthd if vW TwgLwJ. OA
kW OB vw ifff OC vw bghJ ifF vbu gf mikJsd.
xU nfho J cs U nfhzf mLJs nfhzf v mit
bghJ cia bghJ ifia kw uL iff xWbfhW bghJ ifF
vbu gffY UF.
.o
rg
(ii) xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj 180
gl 5.33
gl5.34
gl. 5.33 + AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz.
rrs
gl 5.34 AB vw nfho J f OC wJ. + AOC kW + COB

0
vgd mLJs nfhzf + AOB vgJ nenfhz vdnt mj k 180
+ AOC + + COB = 180
UJ xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj

180 vW mayh
w
.e
F 1: xU nrho mLJs nfhzf bghJtw if vbu ffshF.
F 2: uL mLJs ifu nfhzf xU ne nfhzij

clhFwd.
1, 2 vW Fl nfhzf mLJs nfhzfsh?

mit mLJs nfhzf iy v ilia bjgLJf..
186
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toa
ngdh jh ngdh
xU nrho nea nfhzij
VgLJwJ.
.o
rg
fhf btL gyif cs

f gyif xU nrho nea
nfhzfis VgLJwJ
thf:
(i)
uL mLjLj FWnfhzf xU nrho nenfhzij

cUthFkh?
(ii)
uL mLjLj nfhzf xU nrho nenfhzij

cUthFkh?
(iii) uL mLjLj brnfhzf xU nrho nenfhzij

cUthFkh?
rrs
(iv) mLjLj xU FWnfhzK, xU nfhzK xU nrho

nenfhzij cUthFkh?
(iii) xU clhF nfhz
w
.e
gl 5.35 O ehF nfhzf

0
clhwd. mj ehF nfhzf TLj 360 .
mjhtJ + 1 + + 2 + + 3 + + 4 = 360
gl 5.35
(iv) Fbj nfhzf
AB, CD vw ne nfhLfOvw
bto bfhlh + AOC + BOD vw xU nrho
Fbj nfhzfis + DOA + COB vw kbwhU
nrho Fbj nfhzfis clhFwd.
gl 5.36
tU e mwhl thif
cs vLJfhL bghUf
Fbj nfhzfSF vLJfhlhF.
187
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maha 5
6:
UgJngh l kW
vw UnfhLfis
P vw btLkhW tiuf.
+ 2, + 3 , + 4 vgdtiw gl 5.37 csthW Ff.
braghL
gl
5.37
m,
+ 1,
xF jh bfhL mjglij tiua. mj glij _y gl

J itJ + 1 I mj gl bghUJkhW, + 2 I mj gl bghUJkhW
itf.
Fîa l kW m btL P bghUj. mjglij
180 F RHw. kWgo mjnfhLf bghUJ wdth?
RHWbghGJ
gl 5.37
+ 1, + 3 j iyfis kh bfhwJ. nj ngh
.o
rg
ilwJ
+ 2, + 4 Mad
khbfhtij fhf. (nfhLf iy khwhk bragoUwJ.)
rrs
vdnt + 1 = + 3 kW + 2 = + 4.
UJ uL nfhLf bto bfhS nghJ
VgL Fbj nfhzf rk vW mayh.
bghGJ toa fUJgo ij %ngh.
w
.e
AB, CD nfhLf O vw btobfhS

bghGJ + 1, + 2, + 3 + 4 cUthwd.
bghGJ + 1 = 180 - + 2 " (i)
0
(Vbd
nfho
0
nfhzf TLj 180 )
clhF
mLJs
+ 3 = 180 - + 2 " (ii)

0
gl 5.38
(Vbd nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj180 ).

0
(i) kW (ii) UJ

+ 1 = + 3 kW J ngh + 2 = + 4 vd %fyh.
vLJfhL 5.3
bfhLJs gl tUtdtiw milahs fhf
(m) uL nrho mLJs nfhzf.

(M) uL nrho Fbj nfhzf.
188
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toa
:
(m) uL nrho mLJs nfhzf
(i) +EOA, +COE Vbd OE vgJ + EOA kW +COE F bghJthdJ
(ii) + COA, + BOC Vbd OC vgJ + COA kW + BOC F bghJthdJ
(M) uL nrho Fbj nfhzf

ii) + COA, + DOB.
.o
rg
i) + BOC, + AOD
vLJfhL 5.4
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf
:
+ BCD + + DCA = 180
(Vbd + BCA = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
45 + x = 180
x = 180 45
rrs
= 135
` x k 135 .
0
vLJfhL 5.5
w
.e
bfhLJs glUJ x kig fhf.
+ AOD + + DOB = 180
(Vbd + AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
100 + x = 180
x = 180 - 100
= 80
` x - k 80 .
0
vLJfhL 5.6
bfhLJs glUJ x - kig fhf.
:

+ POR + + ROQ = 180
0

( Vbd + POQ = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
0
189
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www.errsm.org
maha 5

x + 2x = 180
3x = 180
0
x = 180
3
0
= 60
` x k 60
vLJfhL 5.7
.o
rg
:
+ BCD + + DCA = 180

0
3x + x = 180
4x = 180
x = 180
4
0
= 45
` x k 45
rrs
vLJfhL 5.8
w
.e
+ BCD + + DCE + + ECA = 180
x + 70 = 180
x = 180 - 70
40 + x + 30 = 180
= 110
` x k 110 .
0
vLJfhL 5.9
:
+ BCD + + DCE + + ECA = 180 (Vbd + BCA=180 vgJnenfhz).
0
190
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www.errsm.org

toa
0
x + 20 + x + x + 40 = 180
3x + 60 = 180
3x = 180 - 60
3x = 120
0
x = 120 = 40
3
0
` x k 40
.o
rg
vLJfhL 5.10
+ BOC + + COA + + AOD + + DOE + + EOB = 360
(Vbd xU VgL nfhz ms 360 )
2x + 4x + 3x + x + 2x = 360
12x = 360
x = 360
12
= 30
w
.e
rrs
` x k 30
vLJfhL 5.11
+ BOD + + DOE + + EOA = 180
(Vbd + AOB = 180 vgJ nenfhz)
2x + x + x = 180
4x = 180
x = 180
4
= 45
` x k45
191
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
g 5.3

i) uL nfhLf btobfhS nghJ VgL bghJ

vif
(B) 180
iii) gl + COA vgJ
(A) 80
(B) 90
(C) 100
(D) 95
iv) gl + BOC vgJ
(A) 80
(B) 90
(C) 100
(D) 120
(C) 270
0
(D) 360
.o
rg
v) gl CD vgJ ABF brFJnfhL

v + BCE k.
(A) 45
(B) 35
(C) 40
(D) 50
2. tU glfUJ mLJs nfhzfis vGJf
(A) 90
w
.e
(D) ehF
ii) xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj
(B) uL (C) _W
rrs
(A) xW
3. gl cs Fbj nfhzfis fhf.
4. bfhLfgoUgJ + A v + B I fhf?
(i) 30
(ii) 80
(iii) 70
(iv) 60
(v) 45
0
192
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toa
5. gl AB, CD btL nfhLf, + DOB = 35 v

kw nfhzf msfis vGJf.
6. fl glfUJ x kig fhf.
(iv)
(ii)
(i)
.o
rg
(v)
7. fl gl AB, CD vw UnfhLf O vw
btL nghJ x , y kfis fhf.
8. xU nfho jhd uL mLJs nfhzf 4x

kW 3x + 5 v x kig fhf.
iznfhLf
(vi)
rrs
(iii)
w
.e
nkiria ghf.
nkirnkgF ABCD xU rkjsgu, nkgF y fis,
n f h L J L f i s
fhzKowjh? M.
A B , B C v w
nfhLJLf B vw
btLwd vj nfhL
JLf A, C kW D
btLwd? nfhLJLf
AD, CD btobfhwdth?
nfhLJLf AB, BC
gl 5.39
btobfhwdth?
nfhLJLf AB, CD ia vts u odhY xiwbahW
btobfhshk Ujh mnfhLf iznfhLf MF. AD, BC
vgd kbwhU nrho iznfhLf.
AB, CD vgd U iznfhLf v eh tiw AB || CD vd

vGjyh.
193
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
nH bfhLfgLsit
iznfhLfSF vLJfhLf
msnfh f
izahdJ.
l1, l2 vgd l3 F
rd
FWF ff
izahdit.
izahdJ
.o
rg
U nenfhLf iznfhLf v mit

xWbfhW vjY bto bfhshJ.
bfhLJsgl 5.40 U iznfhLfSF

ilgl brFJ u vyh lfY rkkhf
UF.
gl 5.40
FWF bto
rrs
uL myJ mjF nkgl nfhLfis

btntW f btL nenfhL FWF
bto vW TwgLwJ. bfhLJs nfhLf
iz nfhLfshf Ufyh. iznfhLfshf
yhkY Ufyh.
w
.e
FWF btoah VgL nfhzf bgaf.
gl 5.41
(ii)
(i)
nkny cs gl FWF
btofhd xU fUij
jUwJ. f xU rhiy
uL myJ mjF
nkgl
rhiyfis,
u n t n f h L
(bjhlto ghij) gy
nfhLfis btLtij
g h U f .
gl 5.41 (i) - AB, CD vw xU nrho nfhLf XY vw FWFbtoah

btLnghJ U nfhLf M kW N vw Kiwna btLwJ. M
kW N vw fis btL f vnwh.
gl 5.41 (ii)- xU FWFbto UnfhLfis btL nghJ 1 UJ
8 tiu FfgLs nfhzf w bgafis bfhLsd. eh
mnfhzfis F fhzyh.
1. cnfhzf
gl 5.41 (ii)- vyh nfhzfS MN vw nfhLJil xU
ifahf itJsd. cnfhzf vd TwgLgit AB kW CD F
il mikJs nfhz MF. gl 5.41 (ii) - + 3, + 4, + 5, + 6 vgd
cnfhzf.
194
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www.errsm.org
toa
2. xW l nfhzf cnfhzf
xU FWFbto U nfhLfis btL nghJ ehF cnfhzf
clhwd. mj cnfhzf FWFbto vgff mikj
jjahd nea nfhzf xWl nfhzf cnfhzf MF.
gl 5.41 (ii) - + 3 kW + 5, + 4
nfhzf cnfhzf.
kW + 6
vgd xWl
3. btnfhzf
.o
rg
MN vw nfhLJil xU ifahf bfhshk cs vyh nfhzfS

btnfhzf vdgL. + 1, + 2, + 7, + 8 vgd gl 5.41 (ii)
btnfhzf MF.
4. xWl nfhzf btnfhzf
xU FWF bto U nfhLfis btL nghJ ehF btnfhzf

clhwd. mj btnfhzf FWFbto vgff mikj
jjahd nea nfhzf xWl nfhzf bt nfhzf MF.
gl. 5.41 (ii), + 1 kW + 7, + 2 kW + 8

btnfhzf.
rrs
5. xj nfhzf
vgd xW l
xU nrho nfhzf FWF bto xU gf xU

btnfhzij xU cnfhzij VgL, Mdh uL
nfhzfS nrJ nenfhzij VgLjhk UF nfhzf xj
nfhzf vdgL.
w
.e
gl 5.41 (ii) - xj nfhzf nrhof + 1 kW + 5, + 2 kW

+ 6, + 3 kW + 7, + 4 kW + 8 vgd.
+ 6 kW + 7 vgd FWFbto xnu gf UD + 6 . vgJ

cnfhz Mdh + 7 vgJ btnfhz + 6 kW + 7 vgd xjnfhzf
iy Vbd mnfhzf nrJ nea nfhzfis VgLsd
vgij ftf. bghGJ eh nfhzfis mltiz gLJnth.
+ 3, + 4,+ 5,+ 6
M btnfhzf
+ 1,+ 2,+ 7,+ 8
m cnfhzf
uL nrho xjnfhzf
+ 1 kW + 5; + 2 kW+ 6
+ 3 kW + 7; + 4 kW + 8
< xU nfho xW l cnfhzf
+ 3 kW + 5 ; + 4 kW + 6
c xU nfho xW l btnfhzf
+ 1 kW + 7 ; + 2kW + 8
cnfhz nrhof FWF bto xnu

gf mikj xU nrho cnfhzf.
+ 3 kW+ 6 ; + 4 kW + 5
195
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
nH cs nfhzf
bgafis vGjf.
m) uL cnfhzf
________________
M) uL btnfhzf
.o
rg
_____________
gl (i) l, m vw
nenfhLf FWF bto
p. gl (ii) l, m nfhLf
p- btodhY, p vgJ
FWF bto my VbdW
cfsh brhyKokh?
) xU nrho cnfhzf
_______________
<) xU nrho xj nfhzf
_____________
xU FWF bto btLnghJ iznfhLf gf

braghL 7:
w
.e
rrs
xU btisjhis vLJ bfhf. l kW m vw nfhLfis joj

tzjh tiuf. t vw FWF btoia l kW m vw nfhoF tiuf.
+ 1 kW + 2 vgij gl 5.42 csthW Ff .
gl 5.42
tiuj gl J xFjhis itf l, m kW t vw

nfhLfis bjthf tiua. xFjhis l m I cl bghUJkhW t
tahf efj l m.
vLj gl cs + 1 tiuj gl cs + 2 cl bghUUgij

fhzyh. mnj kh nH cs isfis nj Kiw tiuJ efJ
bra Kiw mayh.
(i) + 1 = + 2
(ii) + 3 = + 4
(iii) + 5 = + 6
(iv) + 7 = + 8
UJ f U iznfhLfis xU FWFbto btL nghJ clhF.

(m) uL nrho xj nfhzf rk
(M) xU nrho xW l nfhzf rk
() FWF bto xnu gf mikj xU nrho cnfhzf
0
TLj if u nfhz MF.
(mjhtJ 180 )
196
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www.errsm.org
toa
.o
rg
iznfhLfis btLkhW xU FWF bto tiuf. nkTa

_W TWfis, nfhzf msfis msJ rghf.
l1, l2 U nfhLf t vgJ
FWFbto
+ 1 = + 2 Mf Uwjh?
rrs
nfhLf a || b, c vgJ
nfhLf l || m, t vgJ
xU FWF bto, + x = ? xU FWF bto, + y = ?
w
.e
nfhLf l || m, t vgJ xU
FWF bto, + z = ?
nfhLf l || m, t vgJ
xU FWF bto, + x = ?
F - tot xj nfhzfis FwJ.
Z - tot xWl nfhzfis FwJ.
197
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
iz
nfhLfsh vd
rghf. z
vw vGij ghf.
nfhzf rk
vgjh ilnfhLf
izahdit.
.o
rg
xU jh xU nrho iznfhLf tUkhW

kof. kWgo fhj FWF bto
tUkhW kof. wF koj gff
fis njJ wF f. f
xU nrho iznfhLfis FWF
btoia
fhzyh.
nfhzf
msfis msJ iznfhLfis xU
FWF bto btLtjh clhF
gfis rghf.
vLJfhL 5.12
bfhLJs gl +CGH kW +BFE fhf.
:
+FGC
rrs
gl AB || CD, EH vgJ FWF bto
60 (bfhLfgLsJ )
+ CGH = 180 + FGC
w
.e
(Vbd +CGH and +FGC vgd xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf)
= 180 60
= 120
+ EFA = 60 (Vbd +EFA kW +FGC vgd

xjnfhf)
+ EFA + + BFE = 180 (Vbd xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf TLj 180)
60 + x = 180
x = 180 60
= 120
` x = + BFE = 120
y = + CGH = 120
198
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www.errsm.org
toa
vLJfhL 5.13
bfhLJs gl +CGF kW +DGF fhf
:
bfhLJs gl AB || CD, EH vgJ FWF bto.
+ GFB = 70
(bfhLfgLsJ)
a + b = 180
70 + b = 180
(Vbd xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf TLj 180)
+ CGF + + DGF = 180
.o
rg

+ FGC = a = 70 (Vbd +GFB kW

+CGF vgd xWl cnfhzf)
b = 180 70
= 110
+ CGF = a = 70
+ DGF = b = 110
rrs
vLJfhL 5.14
w
.e
bfhLJs gl + BFE = 100,

+ CGF = 80 v
i) + EFA, ii) + DGF,
iii) + GFB, iv) + AFG, v) + HGD vgdtiw fhf
+ BFE = 100 kW + CGF = 80 (bfhLfgLsJ)
i)
+ EFA = + 80
(xjnfhzf)
ii)
+ DGF = 100
(Vbd xjnfhzf rk)
iii)
+ GFB = 80
(Vbd xWl cnfhzf rk)
iv)
+ AFG = 100

v)
+ HGD = 80
(Vbd xjnfhzf + CGH kW

+ AFG rk)
(Vbd xj nfhzf rk)
199
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www.errsm.org
maha 5
vLJfhL 5.15
gl, AB || CD, + AFG = 120 v
(i) + DGF
(ii) + GFB
(iii) + CGF Matiw fhf.
:
bfhLJs gl AB || CD kW EH vgJ FWFbto
+ AFG = 120
(bfhLfgLsJ)
.o
rg
(i)

+ AFG = + DGF = 120 (Vbd xWl

cnfhzf rk)

(ii)
DGF = 120
+
+ AFG + + GFB = 180 (Vbd xU nfho jhd

mLJs nfhzf TLj 180)

120 + + GFB = 180
+ GFB = 180 120
rrs
= 60

(iii)
+ AFG + + CGF = 180
120 + + CGF = 180 (Vbd xU nfho jhd
w
.e
` + GFB = 60
mLJs nfhzf TLj 180)
+ CGF = 180 120
= 60

`+ CGF
= 60
vLJfhL 5.16
gl l || m v x msit fhf
gl l || m
+ 3 = x (Vbd xWl cnfhzf rk)
3x + x = 180 (Vbd xU nfho jhd mLJs

nfhzf TLj 180)
4x = 180
0
x = 180 = 45
4
200
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www.errsm.org
toa
g 5.4

1. rahd ilia njbjLf
i) xU FWF bto U nfhLfis btL nghJ VgL nfhzf

vif.
(A) 4
(B) 6
(C) 8
(D) 12
ii) xU FWF bto VnjD U nfhLfis btLnghJ mj U

nfhLf
(B) izawit
.o
rg
(A) izahdit
(C) izahfnth myJ izawitahfnth Ufyh

(D) brFjhdit
iii) U iz nfhLfis xU FWFbto btLnghJ FWF bto

xnu gf mikj cnfhzf TLj.

(A) 90
(B) 180
(C) 270
(D) 360
iv) bfhLJs gl
rrs
+ BQR + QRC vgd
w
.e
(A) Fbj nfhzf

(B) btnfhzf
(C) xWl c nfhzf
(D) xj nfhzf
v)

2. bfhLJs glUJ nH bfhLJs

TWfSF rahd gig vKJf.
(i) l || m v + 1=+ 5.
(ii) + 4 = + 6 v l || m.
(iii) + 4 + + 5 = 180 v l || m.
bfhLJs gl+ SRD = 110

v + BQP k
(A) 110
(B) 100
(C) 80
(D) 70

3.

glUJ njitahd nfhzf bgafis vGJf.

(i) + AMN Fbj nfhz
(ii) + CNQ xW l nfhz
(iii) + BMP xj nfhz
(iv) + BMN xj nfhz
201
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www.errsm.org
maha 5

4.

bfhLJs glUJ tUtdtiw fhf.

(i) uL nrho xj nfhzf
(ii) xU nrho xW l cnfhzf.
(iii) FWF bto xnu gf mikj xU nrho
cnfhzf
(iv) Fbj nfhzfis fLof.
5. tU glf l || m v x msit fhf
6. l || m kW +1 = 70 v +2, +3, +4, +5, +6, +7

kW +8 msfis fhf
7. nH bfhLfgl glfUJ l || m vgJ rah?

fhuz jUf.
w
.e
rrs
.o
rg
8. gl l || m v + 1 kW + 2 msfis
fhf.
Knfhz: ghit
Knfhz vgJ _W nfhLJLfis

bfhLs _oa rkjs totkhF.
gl 5.43 AB, BC kW CA vw nfhLJLf
_oa totij cUthsd. J Knfhz MF.
jid D ABC vW Ffyh. j Knfhzij
D ABC myJ D BCA myJ D CAB vd bgalyh.
gl 5.43
202
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www.errsm.org
toa
nfhLJLf clha Knfhz Knfhz _W

gffshF. gl 5.43 - AB , BCkW CA vgd Knfhz _W
gffshF.
Knfhz
_W
nfhLJLf
VnjD
uL
nfhLJLf btLw ia Knfhz c vnwh.
gl 5.43- A,B kW C vgd Knfhz _W cf MF.
.o
rg
uL nfhLJLf btLnghJ xU nfhz clhwJ.

gl 5.43- AB kW BC B btLwJ kW nfhzij c
VgLJwJ.
j nfhzij eh nfhz B myJ + B myJ+ ABC vd gofyh.
Mfnt KnfhzkhdJ + A, + B,+ C vw _W nfhzfis bfhLsJ.
gl 5.43 - D ABC F
AB, BC, CA
nfhzf :
+ CAB, + ABC,+ BCA
cf :
A, B, C
rrs
gff :
cf A, B, C- vgff Kiwna BC, CA, AB vgd.
gff BC, CA, ABF vnu cs nfhzf Kiwna + A, + B, + C.
w
.e
Knfhz vgJ _W nfhLJLfisbfhLs _oa

rkjs totkhF. J _W cfis, _W gffis, _W
nfhzfis bfhLsJ.
Knfhzf tiff
gff mogil

rkgf Knfhz Knfhz vyh gffS rk.
U rkgf Knfhz uL gff rk.

mrk gf Knfhz gff rkkwit.
nfhz mogil
brnfhz
Knfhz
vgJ
Knfhz
xU
brnfhzkhf kw U nfhzf FWnfhzkhf UF.
nfhz
nfhz Knfhz vgJ Knfhz xU nfhz nfhzkhf

kw U nfhzf FWnfhzkhf UF.
FWnfhz Knfhz vgJ Knfhz _W nfhzfS
FWnfhzkhf UF.
203
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
xU Knfhz uL gff TLj _whtJ gfijl
mfkhf UF.
Knfhz nfhzf TLj g

braghL 8
rrs
ABC vw Knfhzij btl. A

vw cia BC vw gf
gl 5.44 (ii) csgo kof cf B
kW C I gl 5.44 (iii) csgo kof.
7 br.., 5 br..,
13 br.. vw msf
xU Knfhzij
mikFkh?
.o
rg
ABC vw VjhtJ xU Knfhzij

xU jh tiuJ, nfhzf 1, 2 kW 3
vgij uL gffY jh gl 5.44
(i) csgo Ff.
gl. 5.44
bghGJ f + 1, + 2 kW + 3 nenfho Ugij fhzyh.
UJ
+ 1 + + 2 + + 3 = 180
w
.e
+ A + + B + + C = 180
vgij mayh. xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180
MF.
braghL 9
gl 5.45 (i) csgo xU

Knfhz
tiuf.
mj
_W
nfhzfis bto vLf. mtiw
gl 5.45 (ii) csgo kh itf.
bghGJ f _W nfhzfS
nrJ xU nfhzij cUthsij
mayh. nfhz nenfhz MF.
Mjyh mj mj ms 180 MF.
gl. 5.45
f.
1.
2.
xU Knfhz _W nfhzf 60 F Fiwthf Ujh

Knfhz ilFkh?
xU Knfhz uL nfhzf brnfhzkhf Ujh
Knfhz ilFkh?
204
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
toa
Knfhz btnfhzgf
braghL 10
gl. 5.46
.o
rg
Knfhz ABC I tiuJ mij xU gfkhf gl 5.46 (i) csgo

l. C vw nfhz ACD VgLtij fhzyh.
+ BCA vgJ + ACD mLJs nfhz MF. Knfhz

kw uL nfhzf + A kW + B I Knfhz uL vgf
cnfhzf vd Twyh.
bghGJ + A kW + B - I bto (myJ ef tiuJ) gl 5.46 (ii)-

fhosgo mLjjLJ itf.
f mj uL JLfS nrJ + ACD KGtJ bghUJtij
ftfyh.
rrs
UJ Knfhz btnfhz mj
cnfhzf TLjYF rk vgij mayh.
vgf
uL
Knfhz btnfhzF mj uL cnfhzfSF

ilna cs bjhl Knfhz btnfhz g MF.
w
.e
ABC vw Knfhz tiuJ gl 5.46 (i) csgo

gff xwhd BC I l. C vw + ACD
clhwJ. bghGJ nfhzkhia vLJ + ACD, + A
kW + B msf. + A + + B I fLoJ + ACB I msJ
mjDl xLghf f + ACD = + A + B vgij
mfsh?
vLJfhL 5.17
bfhLJs glUJ x- kig fhf.
:
+ CAB + + ABC ++ BCA = 180 (Vbd Knfhz
40 + x + x
40 + 2x
2x
2x
x
=
=
=
=
=
_W nfhzf TLj 180)
180
180
180 40
140
140 = 70
2
x- k = 70.
205
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
vLJfhL 5.18
Knfhz uL nfhzf 40 kW 60
v _whtJ nfhzij fhf.
:
180
( Vbd Knfhz _W
180
nfhzf TLj 180)
180
180 100
80
80
.o
rg
+ RPQ + + PQR ++ QRP =

x + 40 + 60 =

x + 100 =

x =
=
` _whtJ nfhz x =
vLJfhL 5.19
bfhLfgl glUJ + A- msit fhf.
+ CAB + + ABC + + BCA = 180 (Knfhz _W

2x + 120 + x = 180 nfhzf TLj 180)

3x + 120 = 180

3x = 180 120

3x = 60

x = 60
3
= 20

` + A = 2x = 2 20 = 40
w
.e
rrs
vLJfhL 5.20
bfhLJs glUJ x- kig fhf.
gl btnfhz = + ABD = 110.

uL vgf cnfhzf TLj = + BCA + + CAB
= x + 50

x + 50 = 110 (Vbd uL vgf cnfhzf
TLj btnfhzF rk)

x = 110 50
= 60
` x k 60.
206
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www.errsm.org
toa
vLJfhL 5.21
bfhLJs glUJ x, y kfisfhf
:
bfhLJs gl,
+ DCA = 130 (btnfhz)

50 + x = 130 (vbd xU Knfhz
btnfhz mj vgf uL
cnfhzf TLjYF rk.)
x = 130 50
= 80
D ABC
.o
rg
+ A + + B + + C = 180 (Vbd Knfhz _W

nfhzf TLj 180)
50 + x + y = 180
50 + 80 + y = 180
130 + y = 180
rrs
y = 180 130
= 50
w
.e
` x - k = 80, y- k = 50.
kbwhU t:
+ ACB + + DCA = 180 (Vbd xU nfho J clhF

y + 130 = 180 mLJs gff TLj 180)
y = 180 130
= 50
D ABC
+ A + + B + + C = 180 (Vbd Knfhz _W

50 + x + y = 180 nfhzf TLj 180)
50 + x + 50 = 180
100 + x = 180
x = 180 100
= 80
207
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
vLJfhL 5.22
Knfhz _W nfhzf 3x + 5, x + 20, x + 25 v xbthU

nfhz msit fhf.
Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj =
3x + 5 + x + 20 + x + 25 = 180
5x + 50 = 180
5x = 180 50
5x = 130
x = 130
.o
rg
180
= 26
3x + 5 = (3 26) + 5 = 78 + 5 = 83
x + 20 = 26 + 20 = 46
x + 25 = 26 + 25 = 51
rrs
` Knfhz _W nfhzf msf 83, 46kW 51.
g 5.5
i) xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj

(A) 90
(B) 180
(C) 270
w
.e
(D) 360
ii) xU Knfhz _W nfhzf rk v xbthU nfhz

ms
0
0
0
0
(A) 30
(B) 45
(C) 60
(D) 90
iii) fltW vJ Knfhz nfhzfshf Uf Ko.

0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(A) 50 , 30 , 105 (B) 36 , 44 , 90 (C) 70 , 30 , 80 (D) 45 , 45 80
iv) Knfhz uL nfhzf 40 kW 60 v _whtJ nfhz.

0
0
0
0
(A) 20
(B) 40
(C) 60
(D) 80
v) T ABC BC I D tiu l + ABC = 50 , + ACD = 105 v+ BAC

ms
(A) 75
(C) 40
(B) 15
(D) 55
208
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org

2.

toa
tUtdtW vit Knfhzf vW TWf.

0
0
0
(i) + A = 25
+ B = 35
+ C = 120
0
0
0
(ii) + P = 90 + Q = 30
+ R = 50
0
0
0
(iii) + X = 40 + Y = 70
+ Z = 80
3. Knfhz uL nfhzf bfhLfgLsd. _whtJ

nfhzij fhf.
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
(i) 75 , 45 (ii) 80 , 30 (iii) 40 , 90 (iv) 45 , 85

4. tU glfUJ x kig fhf:
w
.e
5. tU glfUJ x kW y - kfis fhf:
rrs
.o
rg
6. Knfhz _W nfhzf x + 5, x + 10 kW x + 15 v x I
fhf.
209
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 5
id bfhf!
1. xU bghU uL miughff totY msY rahf
bghUJtJ rk jik vW TwgLwJ.
2. xU nfhL bfhLJs gl mikig Urk gFfshf wJ. lJ

gh tyJ ghnahL rahf bghUJkh mtot rkuhf csJ
vdyh. mnfhL rknfhL myJ rk mR vdgL.
3. xbthU xGF gy nfhzfS vjid gffis bfhLsnjh

mjid rknfhLfis bfhLsd.
4. y bghUfSF glfSF rknfhLf ilahJ.
5. totfis 360F Fiwthf RHWbghGJ mnj tot ilgij RH

rk jik vW brhnwh.
6. xU tot mj ikaij itJ vjid Kiwf xU KGR mnj

totij ngh csnjh mj vif RH rk tir vdgL.
7. rk nfhLf yhj totf RH rk jik bfhljhf

Ufyh
8. uL nfhzf bghJ cia, bghJifia bfhoUjh

mit mLJs nfhzf vW miHfgLwd.
9. xU nfho J clhF mLJs nfhzf TLj 180.
rrs
.o
rg
10. uL nfhLf btobfhS nghJ VgL Fbj nfhzf

rk.
11. xU clhF nfhz ms 360 MF.
12. U nenfhLf iznfhLf

vjfY bto bfhshJ.
13. uL myJ mjJ nkgl nfhLfis btntW f btL

nenfhL FWFbto vdgLwJ.
mit
xWbfhW
w
.e
14. U iznfhLfis xU FWFbto btLnghJ clhF,
(m) U nrho nfhzf rk.

(M) xU nrho xW l nfhzf rk.
() FWF bto xnu gf mikj cnfhzf TLj
ifunfhzf.

15. xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180 MF.
16. xU Knfhz btnfhz mj vgf uL cnfhzf

TLjYF rk.
210
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
brKiw toa
brKiw toa
6.1 mKf
gFahdJ mKiw toa Vbfdnt goJ mj fUJfis
.o
rg
J bfhs nkY mtiw cW brJ bfhs khztfSF cjwJ.

nk tFf mKiw toa %f UF fUJf mogil
mit bgWtjF gF nkY cjwJ. cWahf, midJ khztfS
tiuj Mtkhf bragL ghlfUJfis vjhf fW bfhthf.
eh K tF nenfhLf, iznfhLf, brFJ nfhLf tiutJ
kW nfhzf mikgJ Matiw bjJ bfhnlh.
eh j tF, xU nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhL tiuj, nfhz

Urkbto tiuj Matiw msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL
rrs
y nfhzfis mikj kW Knfhzf tiuj Matiw

bjJ bfhs nghnwh.
w
.e
ghit
bfhLfgl glfUJ nfhzf, iznfhLf kW brFJ

nfhLf Mat fUid id Tj.
fl
mltiz
bfhLfgLs
glfUJ
f,
nfhLJLf, nfhzf, iznfhLf, brFJ nfhLf Matiw
flnth.
gl
t.
v
gl UJ flagl
f nfhLf nfhzf
A, B,
1
C kW
D
AB,
BC,
CD,
AD
1 - +BAD
( + A)
2 - +DCB
( + C)
3 - +DBA
4 - +CBD
kW
BD
iz
nfhLf
brFJ
nfhLf
AB || DC
BC || AD
AB = AD
AB = BC
BC = CD
CD = AD
211
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 6
t.
v
brFJ
nfhLf
.o
rg
gl
gl UJ flagl
iz
f nfhLf nfhzf
nfhLf
rrs
6.2 bfhLfgl nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhL :

(i) braghL : fhjjh koj.
xU fhj jh J AB vw nfhLJL
tiuf.
w
.e
nfhLJo Kid B MdJ A J
mikkhW jhid kof. jh nk XY vw

ko nfhil VgLJf.
fhjij f. fhjko nfhL XY MdJ ,

AB nfhLJoid btL ia O vd
Ff.
O
Y
212
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
brKiw toa
zz

msJ ghj OA = OB vd, ko nfhL XY MdJ AB nfhLJoF

brFjhf UgJ bja tUwJ.
zz
ko nfhL XY MdJ, AB nfho ikaFJ nfhL MF.

xU nfhLJo ikaFJ nfhL vgJ mnfhLJo
ika tiuagL brFJ nfhL MF.
go 1 :
go 2 : A
bfhLfgl
mss
AB nfhLJL tiuf.
.o
rg
(i) bfhLfgl nfhLJoF ikaFJ nfhL tiuj :
w
.e
rrs
I ikakhf bfhL
AB s ghF
nk MuKs f, AB
nfhoF nkY, G
mikkhW tiuf.
go 3 : B
I ikakhf bfhL
mnj MuKs uL
tlf
tiuf.
mit
Kija
tl
fis P kW Q f
btLwd.
213
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 6
go 4 : PQ
MdJ
AB
ikaFJnfhL MF.
PQ
.o
rg
I nr. PQ MdJ
AB I O btLwJ
vf.
rrs
ikaFJ nfhL PQ J VnjD xU ia Ff.

mahdJ, A kW B MatUJ rk u csJ
vgij rghf.
w
.e
xU nfhLJo
ikaFJ nfhlhdJ
mnfho rk mR MF.
f:
bfhLfgl xU nfhLJoF
xF nkgl ikaFJ
nfhLf Uf Kokh?
vLJfhL 6.1
AB = 8 br. mss nfhLJoF ikaFJ nfhL tiuf.
go 1 : AB = 8 br. mss
nfhLJL tiuf.
8 br.
go 2 : A
I
ikakhf
bfhL AB s
ghF nk MuKs
t l f , A B
nfhoF nkY, G
mikkhW tiuf.
214
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
brKiw toa
go 3 : B I ikakhf bfhL tiuagL mnj MuKs tlf

Kija fis X kW Y f btLkhW tiuf.
go 4 : XY I nrf. mJ nfhLJL AB I O btLwJ.

XY MdJ AB ikaFJ nfhL MF.
1. PQ = 6.5 br. I lkhf bfhl xU tl tiuf.

2. 12 br. mss xU nfhLJL tiuf. jid ftuhaij
gagL ehF rkghffshf f. msJ rghf.
.o
rg
3. bfhLfgl nfhLJL ACF ikaFJ nfhL tiuf.

mikaFJ nfhL bfhLfgl nfhoid O btLwJ
vf. O vw UJ rk u B kW D fis
ikaFJ nfho J Ff. A, B, C kW D Ma
fis tirahf nrf. mthW nrfgl nenfhLf
midJ rk s ciladth vgij rghf.
f!
nkfl tiuj OA = OB = OC = OD vW UFkhW B kW
D fis ikaFJ nfho J Ff. A, B, C kW D
fis tirahf nrf. wF
rrs
1. nrfgl nfhLf rk s ciladth?

2. _iy nfhzf brnfhzfshf UFkh?
3. cUt bga Tw Kokh?
w
.e
6.3 nfhz U rk bto :
(ii) braghL : jh koj .
z xU fhjjhid vLJ mj J O
vw iaF. O I Kidahf
bfhL + AOB nfhzij clhF
OA kW OB ffis tiuf.
z OA kW OB ff x J xW
gokhW O vw tahf jhid
koJ xU ko nfhoid VgLj.
215
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 6
zz jhid j wF UF ko
nfhoid OC vf. msJ ghj + AOC
kW + BOC Ma nfhzf rkkhf csd.
zz Mifah, jh ko nfhL OC MdJ
bfhLfgl nfhzij U rkghffshf
wJ .
zz j ko nfhL + AOB rknfhL MF.
.o
rg
zz j rknfhL + AOB nfhz Urk bto MF.

bfhLfgl xU nfhz, nfhz Urk bto vgJ
mnfhzij U rk ghffshf F rk nfhL MF.
(ii) msnfh kW ghifkhia gagL bfhLfgl

nfhz, nfhz Urk bto tiuj :
go 1 : O vw bfhLfgl
w
.e
rrs
mss nfhzij tiuf.
go 2 : O
I ikakhf bfhL
VnjD
xU
MuKs
tlyhdJ, nfhz
ffis A kW B vw
f btLkhW tiuf.
go 3 : A I ikakhf bfhL, AB
s ghF nk MuKs
tliy
nfhz
cwkhf tiuf.
216
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
brKiw toa
go 4 : B
I ikakhf bfhL,
mnj MuKs tl
Kija tliy C
btLkhW tiuf.
rrs
I nrf. OC MdJ
bfhLfgl nfhz
nfhz Urk bto MF.
.o
rg
go 5 : OC
w
.e
OC vw nfhz U rk bto J, VnjD xU ia

Ff. mahdJ nfhz ff OA kW OB
MatUJ rk u csJ vgij rghf .
vLJfhL 6.2
+ AOB = 80 mss nfhz tiuJ mj Urk btoia mikf.
ghif khia gagL

O vw + AOB = 80
mss nfhz mikf.
go 1 :
go 2 : O
I ikakhf bfhL
VnjD xU MuKs tl
OA kW OB tiw Kiwna
X,Y f btLkhW tiuf.
go 3 : X
I ikakhf bfhL
XY s ghF
nk MuKs tliy
nfhz cwkhf tiuf.
217
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 6
go 4 : YI
ikakhf bfhL mnj MuKs tl Kija

tliy C btLkhW tiuf. OC I nrf. OC MdJ
bfhLfgl nfhz 80 nfhz Urk bto MF.
120 mss nfhz tiuJ mjid ehF

rkghffshf f.
g 6.1
.o
rg
1. AB = 7br. mss nfhLJL tiuJ mj ikaFJ

nfhoid tiua.
2. XY = 8.5 br. mss nfhLJL tiuJ mj rk mid
fhz.
3. AB = 10 br. mss nfhLJoF ikaFJ nfhL tiuf.
4. 70 mss nfhz tiuJ mj Urkbtoia tiuf.
5. 110 mss nfhz tiuJ mj Urkbtoia tiuf.
6. brnfhz tiuJ mjid msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL U
rkghfkhFf.
rrs
1. CI ikakhf bfhL 4 br. MuKs xU tl tiuf.

VnjD xU eh AB tiuf. ABF ikaFJ nfhL tiuJ,
mJ tl ika tahf brwjh vgij nrhjid brf.
w
.e
2. xU tl rk s cs VnjD uL ehfSF
ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. (i) mitf vF rwd?
(ii) ehf tl ikaUJ rk bjhiy csjh vgij
rgh.
3. xnu nfho mikahj _W fis Ff. m
fSF rk bjhiy mik xU ia fhf.
F : midJ fis tirahf nr. xU Knfhz ilwJ.

xbthU gfF ikaFJ nfhLf tiuf. mnfhLf f Fj
f UJ. rk bjhiy mik xU rwJ.
RWtl ika vd miHfgLwJ.
6.4 msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL

nfhzfis mikj :
60, 30, 120, 90
(i) 60 nfhz mikj :
go 1 :
nenfhL l I tiuJ mj
J O vw ia F.
218
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
brKiw toa
go 2 : O I ikakhf bfhL
VnjD MuKs xU
tl, nenfhil A
btLkhW tiuf.
go 3 : A
I ikakhf bfhL
mnj MuKs tl
Kija tliy B
btLkhW tiuf.
+ AOB = 60MF.
rrs
OI ikakhf bfhL VnjD

MuKs xU tl tiuf. tl
g VnjD xU AI F. AI
ikakhf OAI Mukhf bfhL
xU tl tiuf. mJ tlij B
btLwJ. BI ikakhf bfhL
mnj MuKs tl tlij
C btLkhW tiuf. thwhf
tlf bjhlJ tiuf. fil
tl A tahf brwJ.
thwhd f A, B, C, D, E kW
F midij tirahf nrf.
ABCDE xU xGF mWnfhz MF.
nkfh glUJ eh mtJ,
.o
rg
go 4 : OB I nrf.
w
.e
(i) tlgahdJ ika 60 nfhzij VgLJ

rk sKs MW tl fshf fgLwJ.
vj xU tlY MuF rkkhd eh ika
60 nfhzij clhF.
(ii) xU ia Rs bkhj nfhz 360.
MW
rkgf
Knfhzfis
(iii) xGF mWnfhzkhdJ

cslsJ.
(ii) 30 nfhz mikj :
Kj 60 nfhz mikJ, wF mjid U rkghfkhf J, 30 nfhz bgWf.
go 1: 60 nfhz tiuf.
(nkfh tiuj csthW)
go 2: A I ikakhf bfhL AB
s ghF nk MuKs
tliy + AOB cwkhf
tiuf.
219
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
maha 6
mnj Muij vLJ
bfhL B I ikakhf
itJ
tiuagL
tl yhdJ Kija
tliy C btLkhW
tiuf. OC I nrf.
+ AOC MdJ 30 MF.
.o
rg
go 3:
15 nfhzij vthW mikgh?
(iii) 120 nfhz mikj :
go 1 : l
vw nfho J
O vw ia F.
go 2 : OI
mnj MuK , A I
ikakhf
itJ
tiuagL kWbkhW
tl
yhdJ
Kijaiy B
w
.e
go 3 :
rrs
ikakhf itJ
VnjD xU MuKs
tl
tiuf.
mJ nenfhL l I A
btlL.
btLkhW tiuf.
go 4 : BI
ikakhf
bfhL,
mnj
MuKs
kWbkhU
tl
Kj
C
tliy
btLkhW tiuf.
go 5 : OCI nr.
+ AOC = 120MF.
220
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
brKiw toa
(iv) 90 nfhz mikj :

90 nfhz mikgjF, nenfhL nfhz 180 I eh U
rkghffshf f nghnwh.
go 1 :
nenfhL l J O
vw ia F.
go 2 : O
.o
rg
I ikakhf itJ
VnjD
xU
Mu
cila
tlf
nfhL l I A kW B
f btLkhW
tiuf.
bghGJ
+AOB = 180.
go 3 : A
kW B tiw
i k a f s h f
w
.e
rrs
bfhL,
AB
s ghF nk
MuKs tlf
C
xiwbahW
btLkhW tiuf. .
go 4 : OC I nr.
+ AOC = 90 MF.
f:
1. 60 mss nfhz tiuJ
mj u nfhzF nfhz
Urkbto tiuf.
2. brnfhzij Krk nfhzfshf
f.
3. fhQ mss nfhzfis
mikf:
bfhLfgl nfho nk cs
VnjD xU mjF
brFJ nfhL tiua, _iy kl
22, 75, 105, 135, 150
fU KiwF khwhf f
Kiwia nkbfhsyh.
g 6.2
1. fh mss nfhzfis msnfh kW ftuhaij gagL
tiuf.
(i) 60
(ii) 30
(iii) 120
(iv) 90
221
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www.errsm.org
maha 6
6.5 Knfhzf mikj
gff kW nfhzf mogil mikj Knfhzf gy
tifghLfis eh Kija tF mJnsh. bghGJ Knfhzf
tiffis mt y gfis id Tnth.
rkgf Knfhz
Urkgf
Knfhz
gl
.o
rg
Knfhz
bga
_W gffS
rk.
VjhtJ uL
gffrk.
t.v
mrkgf
Knfhz
FWnfhz
Knfhz
_W nfhzfS
FWnfhzf.
(90 F Fiw).
nfhz
Knfhz
VnjD xU nfhz
nfhz. (90 I
l mf ).
rrs
w
.e
Knfhzf tiff
nfhzf mogil
gff mogil
Knfhzf tiff
gff rkiy.
VnjD xU nfhz
brnfhz. (90).
brnfhz
Knfhz
Knfhz y gf :

1. xU Knfhz vj uL gff TLjY _whtJ

gfijl mfkhf UF.
2. xU Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180.

222
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www.errsm.org
brKiw toa

Knfhz tiutjF njitgL _W msf FiwjJ xU
gf msthtJ foghf bfhLfgl ntL. bfhLfgl msfis
bfhL fl jf Knfhzfis mikngh.
(i) _W gff (SSS).
(ii) uL gffS mtiw csla nfhzK (SAS).
(iii) uL nfhzfS mtiw csla gfK (ASA).
.o
rg
(i) _W gff bfhLfgoUF nghJ Knfhz mikj :

(SSS ak)
vLJfhL 6.3

bfhLfgl AB = 4 br., BC = 6 br. kW AC = 5 br. msfis

bfhl Knfhz ABC I mikf.
cj gl
BC = 6 br.
AC = 5 br..
5b
r.
4b
AB = 4 br.
rrs
r.
bfhLfgl msf
w
.e
6 br.
br
br
br.
tiujYfhd gof
go 1 :
BC = 6 br. mss nfhLJL tiuf.
go 2 : B
I ikakhf bfhL 4 br. MuKs tliy BC

nfhoF nkw tiuf.
go 3 :
C I ikakhf itJ 5 br. MuKs tl Kija tl

iy A btLkhW tiuf.
go 4 :
A,B fis izf kW A,C tiw nrf.
ABC MdJ njitahd Knfhz MF.
223
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www.errsm.org
maha 6
ghifkhia gagL Knfhz vyh
nfhzfis msJ, mt TLjiy fhf.
br
br
2b
r.
.o
rg
xU khzt PQ = 2 br., QR = 6 br. kW

PR = 3 br. vw bfhLfgl msfis bfhL
xU Knfhz tiua Kajh. (cjgl
csthW) mt Kj QR = 6 br. nfhLJil cj gl
tiujh. wF PI ikakhf itJ 2 br. MuKs
P
tliy, R I ikakhf itJ 3 br. MuKs
3
br
tliy tiujh. mitf P ia
.
bgWtjfhf xiwbahW btobfhsiy.
(1) fhuz vd?
6 br.
Q
(2) j rhghd Knfhz g ahJ?
rrs
6 br.
w
.e
xU Knfhz vj U gff TLj _whtJ gfijl

vbghGJ mfkhf UF.
xU Knfhz _W nfhzfSF nfhz U
rk btof tiuf. mit midJ xnu tahf
brY vgij rghf. ctl ika vd
miHfgLwJ.
(ii) uL gffS mtiw csla nfhzK bfhLfgoUF
nghJ Knfhz mikj (SAS ak) :
vLJfhL 6.4
bfhLfgl msf PQ = 4 br., QR = 6.5 br. kW + PQR = 60

cs Knfhz PQR I mikf.
cj gl
P
4b
r.
bfhLfgl msf
PQ = 4 br.
QR = 6.5 br.
60
+ PQR = 60
6.5 br.
224
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www.errsm.org
br.
tiujYfhd gof :
.o
rg
br
.
brKiw toa
go 1 : QR = 6.5 br. mss nfhLJL tiuf.

ne nfhL tiuf.
go 3 : Q
go 2 : Q vw QR cl 600 nfhzij clhF QX vw

I ikakhf bfhL , 4 br. MuKs tl QX I P
btLkhW tiuf.
rrs
go 4 : P, R tiw nrf.
PQR njitahd Knfhz MF.
w
.e
XY = 6 br., YZ = 6 br. + XYZ = 70 msf cs

Knfhz tiuf. Knfhz rkkhd gffSF
vnus nfhzfis msJ gh. mtJ vd?
(iii) uL nfhzfS mtiw csla xU gfK

bfhLfgoUF nghJ Knfhz mikj. (ASA ak)
vLJfhL 6.5
XY = 6 br. + ZXY = 30 kW + XYZ = 100 msf cs Knfhz

XYZ tiuf. _whtJ nfhz ms 50 csjh vd nrhf.
cj gl
bfhLfgl msf
XY = 6 br.
+ ZXY = 30
+ XYZ = 100
go 1 : XY = 6br. mss nfhLJL tiuf.
30
6 br.
100
225
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www.errsm.org
maha 6
go 2 : X vw XY cl
30 nfhzij VgLJ
XP vw xU f tiuf.
go 3 : Y
XY cl 100
nfhzij
clhF
kbwhU f YQ I tiuf.
XP kW YQ ff Z
btLwd.
br.
go 4 : XYZ njitahd Knfhz
.o
rg
MF.
_whtJ nfhz ms 50 MF. (mjhtJ + Z = 50).
PQ = 7 br. + Q = 70 kW + R = 40 vw msf cs
Knfhz PQR tiuf.
F : Knfhz _W nfhzf TLj 180 vw gig

gagLJf.
g 6.3
I. nH bfhLfgl msfis bfhl Knfhzfis tiuf.
rrs
1. bfhLfgl msf PQ = 6 br. , QR = 7 br. , PR = 5 br. cs3 PQR tiuf.

2. 7 br. gf cs rkgf Knfhz tiuf. ghifkhia gagL
Knfhz xbthU nfhzij msf. mitf rkkhditah?
w
.e
3. DE = 4.5br. , EF = 5.5br. kW DF = 4.5 br. mss Knfhz DEF

tiuf. J vtif Knfhz vd ma Kowjh? j bgaiu vGJf.
II. nH bfhLfgl msfis bfhl Knfhzfis tiuf.
4. bfhLfgl msf YZ = 7br. ,ZX = 5 br. kW + Z = 50cs
3 XYZtiu.
bfhLfgl msf PQ = 6br. , PR =9 br. kW + P = 100 cs
3 PQR tiuf.
5.
6. bfhLfgl msf AB = 6 br. , BC = 8 br. kW + B = 90 cs

3 ABC tiuf. AC sij msf.
III. nH bfhLfgl msfis bfhl Knfhzfis tiuf.

7. + X = 50 , + Y = 70 kW XY = 5 br. msf cs 3 XYZ tiuf.
8. + A = 120, + B = 30 kW AB = 7 br. msf cs 3 ABC tiuf
9. bfhLfgl msf + L = 40, + M = 40 kW LM = 6 br. cs
3 LMN tiuf. + L kW + M Ma nfhzfSF vnus gff
sid msJ vGJf. mitf rkkhditah?
226
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www.errsm.org
tufis ifahSj
tufis ifahSj
mKf
.o
rg

tufis ifahSj vgJ a xU gFahF. a
vw brh nll vw y brhUJ tjjhF. a vgJ
ma rhj vf (science of numbers). mj vf F tufis
vfnshL nrJ xlgLwJ. mjhtJ
(i) tF cs khztf kbgf
(ii) xU uhk Fl taJs FHijf vil
(iii) xU tUl xU Fl l bgj kiH ms
a, tufis nrfj, tifgLJj gFgh brj
kW t _y jftfis bgWtjF a gagLwJ.

njitahd jftfis jUw, vrhto mikj vj xU
jft bjhF tu MF.
rrs
bjhFfglhj tuf
w
.e

xU tF cs khztf xU fjnj bgw kbgfis
nrfngh. bjhF MF. Mug iy cs j bjhFig mnj to
tHdh mit bjhFfglhj tuf MF.

bjhFfglhj tu vgJ brKiwgLjglhj kW tifgLjglhj
tu MF.
bjhFfgl tuf

y rkaf bjhFfglhj tuf bjhF vif
bgajhf mnj iy ekF vjj bria btgLjhj jhf
Ufyh. tuf f bgajhf UFnghbjyh eh mtiw
fUJsthW tifgL d gFjh bra ntoUwJ.

tuf, FGf myJ f gLjgoUjh mit bjhFfgl
tuf MF.
tufis nrfj

Mug iy MF
bjhlilajhf UfntL.
nrffgl
tuf
njitF
227
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www.errsm.org
maha 7
Kj iy tu

vLJfhlhf, VHh tF Ma U. ndh
vgt khztfis gRWyh miHJbry
lLwh. mt khztf Ugnfg
(i) mtf bry ntoa l

(ii) isahl ntoa isahL
(iii) mtfSF njitahd cz
k i y t h
uhkfUJ
tU khztf
ghJ m w
bfhltf
tu tifia
mf
.o
rg

Matiw g nfwh.

itaidF mt tufis khztflUJ neilahf
nrfjh. jkhf tuf nrfgij Kj iy tu vnwh.
7.1
bjhlahd tufis nrfJ bjhFj

izajs, brjh, ju gif, bjhiyfh _y brY
l jg btg iyga tufis VHh tF Ma U ndh
nrfjh. j bt tufis ulh iy tu vnwh.
kh

aiy bghWjtiu msl ToaJ kh vdgL.

mit Fl viyF v k bfhoUF.
rrs
(i) taJ, (ii) tUkhd, (iii) cau kW (iv) vil vgd khfSfhd
y vLJfhLfshF.
w
.e
fbt

eh g khztf cauij msngh. 140br.. vw cau
gyKiw tUtjF th cL. eh mj cau vjid jlit tUwJ vW
fzLnth. j 140 br.lnu fbt MF.

xU Fl k L L vjid jlitf tUwnjh mj
vif mj k fbt MF.

xU Fl tu fbga kF fa kF cs
ahrij R vnwh.
vLJfhL 7.1

xU tFgiw cs 20
bfhLfgLsd.
khztf cauf (br.) nH
120, 122, 127, 112, 129, 118, 130, 132, 120, 115
124, 128, 120, 134, 126, 110, 132, 121, 127, 118.
F fa k 110 br.. kW fbga k 134 br..

R = fbga k - fa k
= 134 110 = 24
228
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www.errsm.org
tufis ifahSj
kW ilbtf
nkTa vLJfhL 7.1 eh 5 fis vLJbfhnth.

110 - 115, 115, -120, 120 - 125, 125 - 130, 130 - 135 xbthU it
ilbtf vW Twyh. ilbtf rkkhf Uf ntL.

f vif fbgajhfnth myJ fajhfnth Uf
TlhJ. f vif bghJthf IUJ gJF Ufyh.
.o
rg
viyf

tF 110 - 115 110 vgJ viy kW 115 vgJ nk viy
vd miHfgL.
ilbt mfy

xU ilbt nk viyF viyF ilna cs
ahr milbt ms myJ mfy vW miHfgLwJ.
nkTa vLJ fhL 7.1 ilbt ms (mfy) 115 - 110 = 5.
eh ilbtia mfjh vifia Fiwfyh.

uLjkhd ilbtf csd. mit
(i) nk viy nrJbfhsgl tot
(ii) nk viy nrJbfhsglhj tot
rrs
(i) nk viy nrJ bfhsgl tot
w
.e

j ilbt viy nk viy ilbt
nrJbfhsgLwJ. vLJfhlhf Kj ilbt 110 - 114
cauf 110 br.- 114 br.- nrfgLwJ. ulhtJ ilbt
115 - 119 cauf 115 br. kW 119 br. nrfgLwJ. thW kw
ilbtfis vGjyh.
(ii) nk viy nrJ bfhsglhj tot

nkny cs vLJfhL 7.1 Kj ilbt 110 - 115
110 br.l nrJ 115 br.l nrfglhkY UF. ulhtJ
ilbt 115 br. nrJ kW 120 br. I nrfglhkY UF.
Vbd 115 br. uL ilbtfY csJ. J nghw Niy
115 br. vj ilbt viyahf 115 br. mikwnjh mj
ilbt nrJbfhsgLwJ.
nenfhL Ff
nkny cs vLJfhL 7.1 110 - 115 vw ilbt cauf

110 br., 112 br. mikwJ. eh bghGJ
vw nenfhL Fia Ff
ntL.

IJ nenfhL Ffis Ff nto Ujh eh Kj ehF
nenfhL Fia tiuJ IjhtJ nenfhL Fia FWfhf Ff.
Mfnt
vgJ IJ nenfhL Ff bjhF MF.
229
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www.errsm.org
maha 7

V kig IJ nenfhL Ff bjhF xiw tiuJ, uL
nenfhL Ffis F bfhLJs go |||| || Ff.
fgoa
nk viy nrJbfhsgl tot
.o
rg

_W
ufis
bfhl
mltiz
_y
tuf
jugLsd. mltiz Kj u v,
ulh u
nenfhL Ff kW _wh u fbt vw _W
jiyfis
bfhl
mltizia
fgoa
vnwh.
(mltiz 7.3 I ghf)

khf k ilbt Ujh mj fbtfis
mjj ilbtF vnu Fjh ekF fgut ilF. midJ
fbtfis To, TLjiy bkhjF neuhf fbtuYF Hhf
Ff ntL. TLjyhdJ bfhLfgl tuf bkhj vifF
rkkhf UF. nkny Ta Kiw mikF mltizia tufis
mltizgLJj vnwh.
bghGJ vLJfhL 7.1 cs tufis mltizgLjyh.
nenfhL
FpLf
fbt
110 - 114
||
rrs
ilbtf
|||
120 - 124
|||| |
125 - 129
||||
130 - 134
||||
bkhj
20
w
.e
115 - 119
mltiz 7.1
nk viy nrJbfhsglhj tot

nenfhL Ff
fbt
110 - 115
||
115 - 120
|||
120 - 125
|||| |
125 - 130
||||
130 - 135
||||
bkhj
20
ilbtf
mltiz 7.2
230
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www.errsm.org
tufis ifahSj
bjhFfglhj tufSF fgoa

vLJfhL 7.2

nH bfhLfgl tufSF f goaiy jahf

5, 1, 3, 4, 2, 1, 3, 5, 4, 2

1, 5, 1, 3, 2, 1, 5, 3, 3, 2.
:
.o
rg

nkny cs tufUJ, eh 1, 2, 3, 4 kW 5 vw vf L
L tUtij fhzyh. Mjyh 1, 2, 3, 4 kW 5 vw vfis v vw
u xw xwhf vGj.

bghGJ vfis xw xwhfgoJ, mj vQF neuhf,
nenfhL Ff vw u xU nenfhL Fia Lf. nj Kiw
fil v tU tiu Ff. 1, 2, 3, 4 kW 5 vw vfSF vuhf cs
nenfhL Ffis To, TLjiy fbt u Ff. midJ
fbtfis To, TLjiy bkhjF vuhf vGj.
fbt
5
4
5
2
4
20
nenfhLFf
||||
||||
||||
||
||||
bkhj
rrs
v
1
2
3
4
5
w
.e
mltiz 7.3

bfhLJs tufSF fgut mikF bghGJ, eh ftd
bfhs ntoait
(i) njitahd fis njbjLf. mit f ajhfnth
mJ f bgajhfnth UfTlhJ.
(ii) njitahd ilbtfis (myJ ilbt
mfy) njbjLf
(iii) f ilbt k mfJ bfhnl
mtilna ilbt yhkY mikf ntL.
bjhFfgl tufSF fgoa

vLJfhL 7.3

xU fjnj VHh tF 30 khztf vLj kbgf nH
bfhLfgLsd. mj tufSF fgoaiy jahf.
25, 67, 78, 43, 21, 17, 49, 54, 76, 92, 20, 45, 86, 37, 35
60, 71, 49, 75, 49, 32, 67, 15, 82, 95, 76, 41, 36, 71, 62
Fiwj kbg 15.

231
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www.errsm.org
maha 7
mf kbg 95.
R = f bga k f a k
= 95 15
= 80
9 fis mj ilbt 10 UFkhW njbjLf 10 - 20,
20 - 30,g ,90 - 100- F fgoa nH bfhLfgLsJ.
fbt
2
3
4
5
2
4
6
2
2
30
.o
rg
nenfhLFf
||
|||
||||
||||
||
||||
|||| |
||
||
bkhj
ilbtf
10 - 20
20 - 30
30 - 40
40 - 50
50 - 60
60 - 70
70 - 80
80 - 90
90 - 100
rrs
mltiz 7.4
7.2 bjhlahd bjhFfgl fbt goa
(ii) mj ahrij 2 M tFf mj ilia x vdbfhf.

(iii) vyh ilbt cs viyUJ x Iff.
(iv) vyh ilbtY cs nk viy x I Tl.
w
.e

bjhlahd bjhFfgl fbt goaYF viyfis
fLoj
tf

(i) Kj nk viyF ulhtJ viyF
cs ahrij fLof.
bghGJ ilF xUa viy cikahd viyahF.
vLJfhL 7.4

xU Fl bjhiyfh ffis ghF kf taJ nH
bfhLfgLsJ. mjF fgoaiy jahf.
ilbt
taJ
egf
vif
10 -19
20 -29
30 - 39
40 - 49
50 - 59
60 - 69
45
60
87
52
25
12
232
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tufis ifahSj
:

j mltiz ilbtf ilna ilbtf csd.
Mfnt eh fis kh (exclusive method- ) vGbfhnth.

Kj nk viyF ulh viyF cs
ahr
=
20 19 = 1
ahrij 2 M tFf.

x = 1 = 0.5
2

bghGJ 0.5I viyUJ fJ kW 0.5I nk viy
nrf. bghGJ ekF bjhlahd bjhFfgl fbt goaiy
cikahd viyUJ bgwyh.
.o
rg
ilbtf (taJ)
fbt
(egf vif)
9.5 - 19.5
45
60
19.5 - 29.5
87
29.5 - 39.5
52
39.5 - 49.5
25
rrs
49.5 - 59.5
12
59.5 - 69.5
w
.e
mltiz 7.5
g 7.1
1. rahd ilia njbjLf

i) bfhLJs tuf fbga kF fa kF
cs ahr
(A) fbt
(B) viy (C ) ilbt
(D) R
ii) khztf nj tha kbgf 65, 97, 78, 49, 23, 48, 59, 98 v
tuf R
(A) 90
(B) 74
(C) 73
(D) 75
(C) 20
(D) 21
iii) Kj 20 a vf R
(A) 18
(B) 19
iv) ilbt 20 - 30 viy
(A) 30
(M) 20
(C) 25
(D) 10
v) ilbt 50 - 60 nk viy
(A) 50
(B) 60
(C) 10
(D) 55
233
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www.errsm.org
maha 7
2. nH bfhLfgl tufSF fgoaiy jahf.
10, 15, 13, 12, 14, 11, 11, 12, 13, 15
11, 13, 12, 15, 13, 12, 14, 14, 15, 11
3. xU ef kUJtkid 26 nehahf Ujd. mtfSF

bfhLfgl khiuf nH bfhLfgLsd. mj tufSF
fgoaiy jahf.
2, 4, 3, 1, 2, 2, 2, 4, 3, 5, 2, 1, 1, 2
4, 5, 1, 2, 5, 4, 3, 3, 2, 1, 5, 4.
4. 25 thuf bjhlfgl xU t nr jf fzF

tu nH bfhLfgLsJ. j tufSF f goaiy
jahf.
.o
rg
15, 25, 22, 20, 18, 15, 23, 17, 19, 12, 21, 26, 30
19, 17, 14, 20, 21, 24, 21, 16, 22, 20, 17, 14
5. 20 egf vil (nyh uh) nH bfhLfgLsJ.

42, 45, 51, 55, 49, 62, 41, 52, 48, 64
52, 42, 49, 50, 47, 53, 59, 60, 46, 54
rrs
f goaiy bfhLJs ilbtfis itJ mikf

40 - 45, 45 - 50, 50 - 55, 55 - 60 kW 60 - 65.
6. 30
khztf
fjnj
bfhLfgLsJ.
tha
kbgf
45, 35, 60, 41, 8, 28, 31, 39, 55, 72, 22, 75, 57, 33, 51
76, 30, 49, 19, 13, 40, 88, 95, 62, 17, 67, 50, 66, 73, 70
w
.e
nH
fgoaiy jahf.

7. bfhLJs tufSF bjhlahd bjhFfgl fbt

goaiy jahf.
24 - 26
27 - 29
30 - 32
33 - 35
36 - 38
10
14
ilbt
21 - 23
(vil nyh uh)
fbt
2
(khztf
vif)
8. tU tuf xU njh cs kuf cauij Fwd.

bjhlahd bjhFfgl fbt goaiy jahf.
ilbt
(cau l)
fbt
(kuf
vif)
2 -4
5-7
8 - 10
11 - 13
14 - 16
29
41
36
27
12
234
www.errsm.org
www.errsm.org
tufis ifahSj
7.3 bjhFfglhj tufSF ruhr, iliyas, KfL

TLruhr
rrs
62 + 84 + 92 + 98 + 74 = 410.
.o
rg

eh ruhr vw thijia mwhl thif cgnahfgLJnwh.

dK ruhrahf 5 kneu j gofhf bryLwh.

nk khj brid ruhrahf 40 o bra btg UwJ.

nkTa thaf ekF vd brhwd?

dK ruhrahf 5 kneu gowh. y ehf Fiwj
neuK kw ehf mf neuK gowh.

brid ruhrahf 40 o bra btg vgJ nk khj
brid btgiy y rkaf 40 o bra[&F Fiwthfnth kw
rkaf 40 o bra[&F mfkhfnth UjJ vgij FwJ.

ruhr vgJ bfhLJs tuf mf kF Fiwj kF
ilgl kghF.

nuh vgt gntW ghlf fl kbgfis vLJsh.
62, 84, 92, 98, 74.

mtDila ruhr kbgiz fL of

eh Kj gntW ghlf kbgfis Tl.
wF mij bkhj ghlf vifah tFf. (mjhtJ 5M)
nuh bgw ruhr kbg = 410 = 82.
5

j k mtDila go mt vLj bt bghJ iyia
bjJ bfhs cjwJ.

mjhtJ ruhr myJ TLruhr vgJ nH tiuaWfgLsJ.
kf TLbjhif

ruhr = kf vif
w
.e
vLJfhL 7.5

fha 3 ehf Kiwna 4 kneu 5 kneu kW 3 kneu
gowh. mt ruhrahf vjid kneu dK gowh.
goj neu TLj

goj ehf vif

= 4 + 5 + 3 k
3
12
=
3
= 4 kneu (xU ehisF).
go ruhrneu =

UJ fha ruhrahf xU ehisF 4 kneu goUwh
vW brhyyh.
235
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maha 7
vLJfhL 7.6

MW FLgf khjtUkhd Kiwna ` 3500, ` 2700, ` 3000, ` 2800,

` 3900, ` 2100 tUkhd ruhria fhf.
:
MW FLgf bkhj tUkhd
FLgf vif
= ` 3500 + 2700 + 3000 + 2800 + 3900 + 2100
6
18000
= `
6
= ` 3,000.
vLJfhL 7.7
.o
rg
khjtUkhd ruhr =
5 ngdhf ruhriy ` 75. 5 ngdhf bkhjiy vd?

:

5 ngdhf bkhjiy
ngdhf vif
5 ngdhf bkhjiy = ruhr # ngdhf vif
ruhr =
rrs
= ` 75 # 5
= ` 375
iliy
w
.e
11 khztfis bfhl FG cauf nH bfhLfgLsd.

106, 110, 123, 125, 115, 120, 112, 115, 110, 120, 115.
clg Ma U bfsj khztfis U FGfshf f Uwh.

U FGfY khztf vif rkkhf Uf ntL. mthW
F nghJ xU FG cs khztf cauf xU Fl cauij l
mfkhf (mf) mLj FG cs khztf cauf mFl
cauij l Fiwthf Uf ntL.

bghGJ U bfsj, khztfis mtf cauf thahf (Fiwj
cauUJ m cau tiu) fitwh.
106, 110, 110, 112, 115, 115,115, 120, 120, 123, 125
bfhLJs tuf iliy k 115. Vbd j k (cau)

5 khztfis bfhl U (rk) FGfshf wJ. j kig iliy
ms vdTwyh. U bfsj eL cs khztid isahLF eLiyahf
itf khwh.

236
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tufis ifahSj

tufis VWtir myJ wFtir tirgLJbghGJ
ilF ika k iliy MF.
bfhLJs tuf iliyia fhf.
40, 50, 30, 60, 80, 70
bfhLJs tuf VWtir : 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80.
rrs
vLJfhL 7.8
.o
rg
bfhLfgl vif 6 vgJ uilgil v Mfnt _whtJ

kW ehfhtJ cW iliy cWghF. j uL cWf ruhr
iliy MF.
(mjhtJ) iliy = 50 + 60 = 110 = 55.
2
2

(i) bfhLfgl tuf vif
xiwgilahf Ujh eL cs
cDila gF,
tu iliy MF.
oF ilna cs

(ii) bfhLfgl tuf vif uij
fzL
uilgilahf Ujh uL eL
iliyia fhf.
tuf TLruhrna iliy
MF.
fl tuSF iliyia fhf.
tufis VWtir vGJf.
w
.e
3, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7, 2.
2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
bfhLfgl tuf vif 7.

iliy ms MF.
J xiwgil Mfnt 4 vgJ
vLJfhL 7.9
12, 14, 25, 23, 18, 17, 24, 20 vw tuf iliyia fhf.
:
bfhLj tufis VWtir vGJf.
12, 14, 17, 18, 20, 23, 24, 25.
bfhLfgl tuf vif 8.

J uilgil v MF.
Mfnt iliy vgJ U eL tuf

18 kW 20 TLruhr MF.

iliy = 18 + 20 = 38 = 19
2
2
beLrhiy cs kr
nfhL il iyahF.
237
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maha 7
vLJfhL 7.10
Kj 5 gfhvf iliyia fhf.
Kj 5 gfhvf 2, 3, 5, 7, 11
bfhLfgl tuf bkhj vif 5. J xiwgil v
MF. vdnt _whtJ v iliy MF.

mjhtJ 5 vgJ iliy MF.
fl vLJfhil ftf
.o
rg
KfL

Maj Milaf cikahs U. uhft vgt. j fil 40
br.. mss rilfns mf ms gidahtjhf TWwh.

F fil cikahs ftd btntW msf cs
gidahF rilf vif mikJsJ. mt TWgo
40 br.. mss rilfns mf ms gidahwJ. gntW msf
mf ms gidahF rilf msthd 40 br.. ms vgJ gy
msf KfL vdgL.
rrs

bfhLfgLs tuf mf vif fhzgL tu
mt KfL vdgL.
mf tuf KfL

tuf ms mfkhF nghJ mtiw vGJtJ vQtJ
vajy jifa jUzf eh tufis mltizgLj ntL.
w
.e
vLJfhL 7.11
xU fh gJ ngho Kj fl nghof bt f
tUkhW.
1, 3, 2, 5, 1, 4, 6, 2, 5, 2, 2, 2, 4, 1, 2, 3, 2, 3, 2,
1, 1, 2, 3, 2, 6, 4, 3, 2, 1, 1, 4, 2, 1, 5, 3, 4, 2, 1, 2. tF KfL fhf.
:
bt f
vif
1
2
3
4
5
6
nenfhL
Ff
|||| ||||
|||| |||| ||||
|||| ||
||||
|||
||
bkhj
Mlf
vif
9
14
7
5
3
2
40
mltiz 7.6
238
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tufis ifahSj

bghGJ eh iuthf 2 vgJ KfL vdyh. Vbd 2 vgJ mf
vif tJsJ. mf Mlf bt f bgwgLsd.
vLJfhL 7.12

nH bfhLfgl tuF Kfil fhf.
3, 3, 4, 5, 3, 6, 7
:
3 vgJ mf Kiw tJsJ. vdnt tu KfL 3 MF.
vLJfhL 7.13

tU tufSF KfL fhf.
2, 2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5,5, 5, 6,6, 8
.o
rg
kW 5 jyh _W Kiw
tJsd. Mfnt tufSF 2 kW 5
Ma uLnk KfLfshF
vLJfhL 7.14
tU tufSF KfL fhf.
rrs
cfSila
l
thfdf
Kfil fhf.
90, 40, 68, 94, 50, 60.
w
.e

F vj vQ mf vif
tuiy. Mfnt j tuF KfL ilahJ.
vLJfhL 7.15
20 FLgf cs FHijf vif
1, 2, 2, 1, 2, 1, 3, 1, 1, 3

1, 3, 1, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1. KfL fhf.
FHijf
vif
1
2
3
neFpL
nfhL
|||| |||| ||
||||
|||
bkhj
f
Kfil fhf.
FLgf
vif
12
5
3
20
mltiz 7.7
12 FLgf 1 FHijna csJ. Mfnt KfL 1.
239
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maha 7
g 7.2

1. rahd ilia njbjLf
i) 1, 3, 5, 7 kW 9 TLruhr

(B) 7
(C) 3
ii) 5 khztf ruhr kbg 40 v mtf bkhj kbg

(A) 20
(B) 200
(C) 8
iii) 30,50, 40, 10, 20 iliy
(A) 40
(B) 20 () 30 (<) 10
iv) 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 iliy

(A) 6
(B) 8
v) 3, 4, 7, 4, 3, 2, 4 KfL
(A) 3
(B) 4
(C) 7
(D) 14
(C) 7
(D) 2
2. gJ khztf fj kbgf
(D) 4
(D) 9
.o
rg
(A) 5
56, 48, 58, 60, 54, 76, 84, 92, 82, 98. v,
rrs
R kW TLruhria fhf.
3. 5 egf vil
72 ., 48 ., 51 ., 69 ., 67 . v mtf ruhr vilia

fhf.
4. uL ghuf 30 l kW 50 l gh jjahf csJ.
uL ghufY ghiy rkkhf glh uL ghuf
bfhss vd?
5. xU Fl thu efu mfgr btgiy 34.8C, 38.5C,

33.4C, 34.7C, 35.8C, 32.8C, 34.3C Mf UjJ. mj thu ruhr
btgiyia fhf.
w
.e
6. xU bf FG 10 khztf ruhr vil 65.5 .. mj

gJ khztf bkhj vil vd?
7. tU tuf iliyia fhf.

6, 14, 5, 13, 11, 7, 8

8. 7 rhny fof vil(uh) tUkhW
131, 132, 125, 127, 130, 129, 133 t iliyasit fhf.

9. xU kilahs 5 isahLf 60, 100, 78, 54, 49 vW vLj

XlfSfhd iliyasit fhf.
10. Kj VG a vf iliyasit fhf.

240
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tufis ifahSj
11. VG khztf d bryfhf tha gz nH bfhLfgLsJ.

` 42, ` 22, ` 40, ` 28, ` 23, ` 26, ` 43.t iliyasit fhf.
.o
rg
12. tU tuF KfL fhf: 3, 4, 3, 5, 3, 6, 3, 8, 4.

13. xU gizUJ nrffgl 12 Kilf tU vilfis
bfhLsd.

32 ,40 , 27 , 32 , 38 , 45 ,

40 , 32 , 39 , 40 , 30 , 31 ,
tu Kfil fhf.
14. tU tuF KfL fhf: 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14
15. tU tuF KfL fhf.

12, 14, 12, 16, 15, 13, 14, 18, 19, 12, 14, 15, 16, 15, 16, 16,

15, 17, 13, 16, 16, 15, 13, 15, 17, 15, 14, 15, 13, 15, 14.
id bfhf!
njitahd jftfis jUw, vrh to mikj vj xU

jft bjhF tu MF.
rrs
1.
2. brglhj tu vgJ brKiw gLjglhj kW

tifgLjglhj tu MF.
w
.e
3. tufis FGf myJ tFf gLjgoUjh mit

bjhFfgl tuf MF.
4. xU Fl k L L vjid jlitf tUwnjh
mj vif mj k fbt MF.
5. R = fbga k - fa k
6. xU ilbt nk viyF viyF ilna

cs ahr milbt ms myJ mfy
vwiHfgLwJ.
7. ruhr vgJ bfhLJs tuf mf kF Fiwj

kF ilgl kghF.
8. ruhr =
kf TLbjhif

kf vif
9. tufis VWtir myJ wF tir tirgLJ bghGJ

ilF ika kig iliy vnwh.
10. bfhLfgLs tuf mf vif fhzgL
tu mt KfL vdgL.
241
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ilf
ilf
maha 1
g 1.1
g 1.2
g 1.3
A
10
2
20
iii)
iii)
ix)
iii)
C
4
2
400
iv) A
iv) 1
x) 6
ii)
ii)
viii)
ii)
rrs
1. i) C
2. i) 5
vii) 1
3. i) 20
4. 5
B
0
316 v) 0
vi)
24 xi) 1890 xii)
10800
800 v) 1
vi)
7. `1500
1320
1890
.o
rg
1. i) D
ii) B
iii) C
iv)
2. i) 0
ii) 5
iii) 5
iv)
3. i) 6
ii) 25
iii) 651
iv)
vii) 25
viii) 25
ix) 42
x)
xiii) 1440 xiv) 256
xv) 6000 xvi)
4. i) 135
ii) 16
iii) 182
iv)
5. ` 645
6. 75 kbg
0
8. `240
v) 6
vi) 9
v) 14
3
vi) 20
v) 288
vi) 16
ii) 9
7
iii) 2
iv) 3
viii) 10
ix) 8
x) 24
ii) 63
iii) 16
iv) 25
vii) 9
viii) 70
ix) 25
x) 50
iii) 9 3
5
iv) 64 2
7
v) 52 1
2
vi) 85 1
2
iv) 7
18
iv) 9
16
iv) 20 1
8
v) 1
vi) 2
63
vi) 48
35
w
.e
1. i) 24
5
77
vii)

4
2. i) 14
ii) 19 4
5
3. i) 26 1
4
4. 4 l.
g 1.4
1. i) 1
2. i) 22
27
3. i) 2 4
15
4. 55 .
iii)
ii) 7
12
ii) 1
iii)
5
ii) 4 29 iii)
40
5. 12 1 k
4
7
12
1
4
7 1
2
v) 9
2
v) 59 13
16
242
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ilf
g 1.5
ii) 9
4
5
vii) 13
viii)
7
2. i) 1
ii) 1
15
54
8
35
3. i)
ii)

5
36
4. 21 Uilf
iii) 7
10
ii) C
iiii) B
iii) - 3
5
iv) - 5
3
rrs
5. i, iv, v
ii) 7 , 6 , 5 , 4
6 6 6 6
iii) 48 , 47 , 46 , 45
28 28 28 28
ii) - 3
8
g 1.7
vi) 9
iv) D
2. i) - 20 , - 19 , - 18 , - 17
15
15
15
15
3. i) - 3
4
v) 2
33
iii) 1
iv) 1
6
12
7
iii) 4
iv) 1 11
12
16
5. 40 ./k
g 1.6
1. i) A
iv) 4
9
.o
rg
1. i) 7
5
v) - 1
2
ii) C
iii) D
iv) D
2. i) 18
5
ii) 24
13
iii) 2
iv) - 12
13
viii) 3
ix) 24
7
x) - 13
30
ii) 4
iii) - 9
44
iv) - 5
16
viii) - 41
60
ix) - 1
27
x) 1
12
ii) 1
4
iii) 19
12
iv) 3
2
v) - 43
28
ii) 3 1
2
iii) 1 7
11
iv) 5 3
4
v) 1 17 vi) 4 7
40
132
w
.e
1. i) C
vii) - 43
21
3. i) 1
vii) - 69
26
4. i) 2
35
5. i) 4 7
11
v) 13
3
vi) 19
42
v) 23
20
vi) 1
vii) 6 41 viii) 3 7
42
210
6. 7
4
7. 4
5
8. 13 17 ..
20
9. 18 3 .. 10. 3 9 ..
4
10
243
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ilf
g 1.8
1. i) C
ii) B
iii) A
iv) A
2. i) - 72
25
ii) - 35
169
iii) - 7
24
iv) - 12
11
3. i) - 15
4
ii) 5
iii) 26 98 iv) 66 44
125
375
4. i) 16
81
ii) - 3
2
iii) - 8
7
iv) 9 3
43
5. 9
7
6. 3
2
vi) 2
9
v) 45
28
.o
rg
v) 20
g 1.9
ii) C
iii) A
iv) C
2. i) 2.1
ii) 40.5
iii) 17.1
iv) 82.8
v) 0.45
vi) 1060.15
ix) 10.34
x) 1.041 xi) 4.48
xii) 0.00125
vii) 2.58
viii) 1.05
xiii) 2.108
xiv) 0.0312
3. i) 14
ii) 46.8
iii) 4567
iv) 2960.8 v) 3230
rrs
vi) 478
1. i) C
vi) 17140
4. 51.5 br. 2 5. 756 ..

g 1.10
ii) B
iii) C
iv) B
2. i) 0.3
ii) 0.09
iii) 1.16
iv) 10.8
v) 196.3
3. i) 0.68
ii) 4.35
iii) 0.09
iv) 4.43
v) 37.348 vi) 0.079
4. i) 0.056
ii) 0.007
iii) 0.0069 iv) 7.436
w
.e
1. i) A
v) 0.437
ii) 0.0733
iii) 0.04873
iv) 0.1789
v) 0.0009
vi) 0.00009
5. i) 0.0089
iv) 8.19
v) 2
vi) 0.7873
6. i) 2
ii) 160
7. 23 .
8. 10.5 . 9. ` 9
10. 42.2 ./k
1. i) A
ii) A
iii) C
iv) C
2. i) 256
ii) 27
iii) 1331
iv) 1728
v) 28561 vi) 0
3. i) 76
ii) 15
iii) 106
iv) b5
v) 22a4
vi) (1003)3
4. i) 23 33
ii) 35
iii) 54
iv) 210
v) 55
vi) 105
5. i) 45
ii) 25
iii) 32
iv) 56
v) 27
vi) 47
iii) 12.5
vi) 3.04
vi) 35
11. 14.4
g 1.11
244
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ilf
6. i) 52 22
ii) 27 31 iii) 21 31 1331
v) 22 3 79
vi) 27 51
7. i) 200000
iii) 2025
ii) 0
iv) 2 1 3 1 1131
iv) 1296
v) 9000000000
vi) 0
8. i) 125
ii) 1
iii) 72
iv) 2000 v) 10584 vi) 131072
1. i) B
ii) A
iii) C
iv) C
2. i) 312
ii) a12
iii) 75 + x
iv) 107
v) 59
3. i) 54
ii) a4
iii) 1010
iv) 42
v) 30 = 1
4. i) 312
ii) 220
iii) 220
iv) 1
v) 520
.o
rg
g 1.12
g 2.1
1. (i) A
(ii) D
(iii) D
(iv) B
(v) C
rrs
2. kh: 5, 9.5; kh: a, xy, p.

3. (i) x + 6
maha - 2
(ii) m 7 (iii) 3q + 11 (iv) 3x + 10
4. 3, 4, 9
(v) 5y 8
5. (i) y2 x, bfG = y2. (ii) x, bfG = 1.
w
.e
(iii) 3x, bfG = 3. (iv) 5xy2, bfG = 5y2.

6. (i) my2, bfG = m. (ii) 6y2, bfG = 6.
(iii) 9xy2, bfG = 9x.
g 2.2
(ii) D
2. (i) 4x, 7x
(ii) 7b, 3b (iii) 3x2y, 8yx2
1. (i) B
(iii) D
(iv) D
(v) A
(iv) a2b, 7a2b
(v) 5pq, 25pq ; 3q, 70q ; p2q2, 14 p2 q2

(ii) 2
(iii) 3
4. (i) 10
(ii) 10
(iii) 11
5. (i) 21
(ii) 34
(iii) 82
(ii) B
(iii) A
3. (i) 2
(iv) 4
(v) 2
(iv) D
(v) A
g 2.3
1. (i) C
2. (i) 13a + 2b (ii) 5l 4l2 (iii) 16z2 16z
245
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ilf
(iv) p q
(v) 7mn 6m2 3n2
(vi) x2 3xy + 7y2
3. (i) 2ab
(ii) 2s + t (iii) 3a 2b + 2p + 3q
(iv) 5a 5b + 4 (v) 2x + 2y 2
(vi) 7c + 4 (vii) 3m2n + 5mn 4n2 + 4
(iii) 11x2y2
(iv) 2xy + 16
(v) 5n 2mn + 3m
(vi) 5p 15p2
(vii) 8m2 6m 12
(viii) s2 6s 4
(ix) 9n2 10mn 9m2
5. (i) x2 + 5xy 3y2
(ii) 9p 2q 6
6. 6a 6
7. 16x + 12
8. 12a 2
(ii) p2 + 8p + 12
9. 7x 8 l
g 2.4
10. (i) 8p2 9p 11
11. 2m2 + 5m + 10
(iii) 4x 3y + 9
.o
rg
(ii) 7a2b
4. (i) 8a
1. (i) B
(ii) A
(iii) D
(iv) C
2. (i) x + 2y
(ii) y z
(iii) xy + 4
(v) A
(v) 10 + x + y
(viii) ab (a + b)
(vi) pq 5
(vii) 12 mn
(ix) 3cd + 6
w
.e
g 2.5
rrs
(iv) 3x 4y (v 3x > 4y) myJ 4y 3x (v 4y > 3x)

(x)
1. (i) B
(ii) A
(iii) C
2. (i) x = 12
(ii) a = 7
(iii) y = 6 (iv) b = 2 (v) x = 5
(vi) x = 7
(vii) x = 5
3. (i) x = 50
(ii) l = 14
(vi) t = 4 (vii) x = 6
4. (i) x = 14
(iv) C
4xy
3
(v) D
(viii) n = 4 (ix) m = 11 (x) y = 27

(iii) x = 4
(iv) a = 3
(v) x = 9
(viii) m = 3 (ix) x = - 1 (x) x = 6

2
(ii) a = 30
(iii) n = 24 (iv) p = 56 (v) x = 10
(ii) x = 15
(iii) z = 5
(vi) m = 12
5. (i) x = 3
(vi) x = 5
(vii) y = 67
(xi) x = 11 (xii) m = 1
6. 15
7. 13
11. 37
12. 60
(viii) x = 6
(iv) a = 9 (v) x = 3
(ix) y = 3
(x) m = 6
(xiii) x = 3 (xiv) x = 3 (xv) t = 1

8. 108
9. 12
10. 8
13. 35
246
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ilf
maha - 3
g 3.1
(ii) ` 75
(iii) 325 . (iv) 8 (v) 15
2. 100 .
3. 120 Maf
4. 80 .
5. 216 r..
6. 26 .
7. 7.5 k
8. 15 ehf
9. 156 uf
.o
rg
1. (i) ` 360
10. 105 gff 11. 40 ehf

g 3.2
1. (i) 20%
(ii) 93%
(iii) 11%
(iv) 1%
(v) 100%
3. (i) 25
100
(ii) 25
200
2. (i) 43 : 100 (ii) 75 : 100 (iii) 5 : 100 (iv) 35:200 (v) 100 : 300
(iii) 33
100
100
rrs
g 3.3
(iv) 70
(v) 82
100
1. (i) 625%
(ii) 0.03% (iii) 25% (iv) 33 1
2. (i) 100%
(ii) 18%
(iii) 5.25% (iv) 66.67% (v) 45.45%
3. (i) 36%
(ii) 3%
(iii) 7.1% (iv) 305% (v) 75%
(v) 50
w
.e
4. 20%
5. 13.89%
6. khzf 46%; khztf 54
7. mt ma mf kbg bgwh.
8. nr 10%; bry 90%

g 3.4
1. (i) 3
(ii) 1
(iii) 0.25
(iv) ` 30
200
(ii) 3
4
3. (i) 0.07
(ii) 0.64
(iii) 3.75
4. (i) 18
(ii) ` 24
(iii) 36 (iv) 108
10
2. (i) 9
100
(iii)
1 (iv) 1
400
40
5. ` 6250
6. 9 nghof
8. ` 38250
9. 3975 gofhjtf
(v) ` 7.50
(v) 2
3
(iv) 0.0003 (v) 0.005

(v) 3.75 .
7. 12,800Mf; 11,200 FHijf
247
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ilf
g 3.5
1. (i) 50
(ii) 15
(iv) mlf iy (v)
(iii) yhg ` 35
10
2. yhg = ` 24, el = ` 21;

yhg = ` 35.45, el = ` 3362, el = ` 7.50
(ii) ` 620
(iv) ` 336.75
(v) ` 943.50
4. 10%
5. 12%
6. 60% 7. 15%
g 3.6
1. (i) ` 200
tUl
(ii) ` 500
(v) ` 15,000
5. ` 2,630
3. ` 450; ` 1,650
6. ` 216; ` 12,216
4
5
4. ` 2,250
7. 5%
8. ` 1,000
11. 8 tUlf
rrs
9. 2 tUlf 10. 10%

12. ` 5,400
(iii) tUl (iv)
2. ` 2,500; ` 7,500
(iii) ` 1027.50
.o
rg
3. (i) ` 530
13. ` 5,000; 10%
maha - 4
w
.e
g 4.1
1. (i) 175 br. 2 (ii) 365 br. 2 (iii) 750 br. 2 (iv) 106 br. 2
2. 40 XLf
3. Knfhz tot y
4. kF yhg 100 r.
5. rJu gugs.
g 4.2
1. (i) 9 br. 2 (ii) 26 br. 2 (iii) 150 br. 2

2. (i) 24 br. 2 (ii) 3 2
(iv) 30 br. 2
(iii) 10.5 2
3. (i) 10
(ii) 20 br. (iii) 16.5
4. (i) 18
(ii) 5
(iii) 8 br.
5. bkhj bry ` 1,820
248
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ilf
g 4.3
1. 117 br. 2
2. (i) 67.5 br. 2 (ii) 73 br. 2 (iii) 50.4 br. 2
3. 150 br. 2 4. 12 br.
5. 18750 2
g 4.4
(ii) C
(iii) D
.o
rg
1. (i) C
2. (i) 45 br. 2 (ii) 48 br. 2
(iii) 12 br. 2
3. (i) 252 br. 2 (ii) 180 br. 2
(iii) 241.5 br. 2
4. 112 br. 2
5. 24300 m2
6. 12 br.
(ii) D
(iii) B
2. (i) 90 br. 2 (ii) 118.3 br. 2
(iv) 120 br. 2
4. 80 br. 5. ` 8400
g 4.6
(ii) A
(iii) D
(iv) D
w
.e
1. (i) B
(iii) 536.5 br. 2
rrs
3. 96 br. 2
g 4.5
1. (i) C
(iv) 58.1 br. 2
2. (i) 50 br. 2 (ii) 66 br. 2 (iii) 80.5 br. 2

3. 12 br.
4. 875 2
5. 19.2 br.
g 4.7
1. (i) B
(ii) C
(iii) A
(iv) B
(v) D
2. (i) d = 70 br. , c = 220 br.

(ii) r = 28 br. , c = 176 br.
(iii) r = 4.9 br. , d = 9.8 br.

3. (i) 110 br. (ii) 264 br. (iii) 374 br. (iv) 462 br.
4. (i) 79.2 br. (ii) 396 br. (iii) 8.8 (iv) 26.4
5. (i) 17.5 br. (ii) 21 br. (iii) 0.7 (iv) 1.75
6. 660
7. ` 1232
8. 1.05 9. 37
249
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ilf
g 4.8
1. (i) 38.5 br. 2
(ii) 86.625 br. 2
(iii) 18.865 2
(iv) 31. 185 2
2. (i) 4.525 br. 2
(ii) 616 br. 2
(iii) 55.44 2
(iv) 98.56 2
4. 154 2
5. tl
6. 38.5 2
7. 1936 br. 2 8. r = 35, ` 2200
.o
rg
3. ` 1848
g 4.9
1. 636 2
2. ` 1152
3. ` 1590
4. 375 br. 2
5. 40 2, 30 2
6. 3256 br. 2
1. 6594 2
2. 536.94 2
3. ` 24,062.50
4. 35.325 2
5. ` 4494
rrs
maha - 5
g 5.1
1. (i) B
g 4.10
(ii) C
(iii) A
(iv) B
(v) A
w
.e
2. (i) rkgf Knfhz - 3 rk nfhLf; (ii) rhrJu - 4 rk nfhLf

5. (i) Urkgf Knfhz (ii) rkgf Knfhz (iii)mrkgf Knfhz
g 5.2
(ii) B
(iii) D
2. (i) 90
(ii) 90
(iii) 180
3. (i) 90, 4
(ii) 72, 5 (iii) 180, 2
(iv) 360, 1
(ii) B
(v) D
1. (i) C
(iv) B
(v) D
(iv) 180
4. 45, 8
g 5.3
1. (i) A
(iii) C
(iv) D
2. (i) + DOC, + COB; + COB, + BOA

(ii) + QOX, + XOP; + POY, + YOQ; + YOQ, + QOX; + XOP, + POY
250
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ilf
3. + POR, + QOS; + SOP, + ROQ
4. (i) 150
(ii) 100
(iii) 110
(iv) 120
(v) 135
6. (i) 80
(ii) 110
(iii) 20
(iv) 80
(v) 36
(vi) 45
.o
rg
5. + BOC = 145; + AOD = 145; + COA = 35.
7. y = 120; x = 60
g 5.4
1. (i) C
(ii) C
(iii) B
(iv) C
(v) D
(ii) xW l cnfhzf
rrs
2. (i) xj nfhzf
8. x = 25
(iii) FWF bto xnu gf mikj xU nrho cnfhzf TLj.

3. (i) + PMB (ii) + PMB (iii) + DNM (iv) + DNQ
w
.e
4. (i) + 1, + 5; + 4, + 8; + 2, + 6; + 3, + 7
(ii) + 4, + 6; + 3, + 5
(iii) + 3, + 6; + 4, + 5
(iv) + 1, + 3; + 2, + 4; + 5, + 7; + 6, + 8
5. (i) 30
(iii) 95
(ii) 50
(iv) 130
6. + 1 = 70, + 2 = 110, + 3 = 70, + 4 = 110
+ 5 = 70, + 6 = 110, + 7 = 70, + 8 = 110
7. (i) l vgJ m F iz my. (FWF bto xnu gf mikj

cnfhzf TLj 180 iy).
(ii) l vgJ m F iz my. (x = 75 FWF bto xnu gf
mikj cnfhzf TLj 180 iy).
(iii) l vgJ m F iz (y = 60 xj nfhzf rk)
(iv) l vgJ m F iz (x = 110 xW l nfhzf rk)
8. +1 = 44 , +2 = 136
251
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www.errsm.org
ilf
g 5.5
1. (i) B
(ii) C
(iii) C
(iv) D
(v) D
2. (i) + A = 25, + B = 35, + C = 120

3. (i) 60
(ii) 70
(iii) 50
(iv) 50
4. (i) 70
(ii) 60
(iii) 40
(iv) 30
(vi) 60, 60, 60
5. (i) y = 60, x = 70
(ii) y = 80, x = 50
(iii) y = 70, x = 110
(iv) x = 60, y = 90
(v) y = 90, x = 45
(vi) x = 60, y = 50
.o
rg
(v) 65, 65
6. x = 50.
maha - 7
g 7.1
(ii) D
g 7.2
1. (i) A
(iii) B
(iv) B
rrs
1. (i) D
(ii) B
(iii) C
(iv) C
(v) B
(v) B
2. R 50; TL ruhr. = 70.8
4. 40 l 5. 34.9C
6. 655.0 .
7. 8
w
.e
3. 61.4 ..
13.
32 uh 40 uh
9. 60 10. 4
14. KfL iy
11. ` 28
15. 15
12. 3
8. 130 uh
252
www.errsm.org

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Mwh tF a vf, KGvf, KGf, df kW

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1. rahd ilia njbjLf :

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Mifah, KGf TlyhdJ gkhW gig iw br.

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5, 4 kW 7 vw KGfis vLJ bfhf.

Mifah TlyhdJ nr gig iw br.

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