Nursing theories serve as guidelines in effective nursing practice.

Among the nursing theories developed, I believe that Neumann's System Theory and Orem's Self Care Theory can be best applied to Cardiovascular nursing. Neumann's System Theory pertains to the response of the client system to actual or potential environmental stressors and the use of primary, secondary and tertiary nursing prevention intervention for retention, attainment, and maintenance of optimal client system wellness. Application of this theory in cardiovascular nursing can be greatly appreciated using the levels of prevention. Primary Prevention It occurs before the system reacts to a stressor. Health promotion and maintenance of wellness are included in this level. In CVS nursing, health promotion should be one of the aspects of nursing that we should invest heavily. Modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular diseases includes sedentary lifestyle, high cholesterol diet, smoking and obesity. Through health education, public awareness can be enhanced paving the way to lifestyle changes that could greatly decrease occurence of cardiovascular diseases in the community. Secondary Prevention Secondary prevention occurs after the system reacts to a stressor and is provided in terms of existing system. In the event that the client is suffering from cardiovascular diseases, the nurses will be directed to assist the patient. Tertiary Prevention Tertiary prevention occurs after the system has been treated through secondary prevention strategies. Cardiac Rehabilitation is a good example for this level of prevention. The nurse assists the client in designed to help patients with heart disease in fast recovery and maximize his productivity. On the other hand, according to Orem's Self-Care Deficit Theory required when an individual is incapable or limited in the provision of continuous effective self care. The nurse have to supply care when the patients are unable to care for themselves.Orem identifies 5 methods of helping: Acting for and doing for others Guiding others Supporting another Providing an environment promoting personal development in relation to

meet future demands Teaching another This methods of nursing intervention can be applied in caring for patient with cardiovascular diseases depending upon their state of illness. Also there are 3 nursing systems that can be employed to meet the self care requisites of the patient namely: wholly compensatory In CVS nursing, patients who are critically ill and are monitored in the intensive care units need nurisng system. Post by-pass patients hooked to mechanical ventilators are examples of individuals wherein total nursign care is needed. partly compensatory In this system, the nurse can assist the patient in activities of daily living. In patients who have suffered from myocardial infarct and needs complete bed rest without bathroom priviliges, this system can be implemented in assiting them. supportive-educative system. Patients that are recovering and mostly in cardiac rehabilitation are good example of idividuals wherein this system can be used. They can be taught on activities and supervision is only needed.

In general, the above nursing theories are needed in order to provide holistic care to individuals with cardiovascular diseases. Using these theories as framework to nursing care is essential in order to give excellent care to patients. http://www.nestle.com.ph/nesvita/static/hh_coronaryartery.htm http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/self_care_deficit_theory.html http://currentnursing.com/nursing_theory/Neuman.html http://www.phc.gov.ph/services/vtour/cardiac-rehabilitation-section.php http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothea_Orem

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Ma. Ramina Goliat