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    Urea Cycle

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    Wahab Ehsan
    The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway in humans and other organisms that involves removing waste nitrogen from the body via the formation of urea from ammonia. The cycle contains 5 steps that take place in the liver mitochondria and cytoplasm, starting with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate, and ATP. This is followed by the formation of citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, arginine, and finally urea through the hydrolysis of arginine. The urea produced enters the bloodstream and is excreted in urine, while other compounds like ornithine and fumarate are reused in the cycle or feed into the Krebs cycle.

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    Urea Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Wahab Ehsan
    33 views3 pages
    The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway in humans and other organisms that involves removing waste nitrogen from the body via the formation of urea from ammonia. The cycle contains 5 steps that take place in the liver mitochondria and cytoplasm, starting with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate, and ATP. This is followed by the formation of citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, arginine, and finally urea through the hydrolysis of arginine. The urea produced enters the bloodstream and is excreted in urine, while other compounds like ornithine and fumarate are reused in the cycle or feed into the Krebs cycle.

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    The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway in humans and other organisms that involves removing waste nitrogen from the body via the formation of urea from ammonia. The cycle contains 5 steps that take place in the liver mitochondria and cytoplasm, starting with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate, and ATP. This is followed by the formation of citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, arginine, and finally urea through the hydrolysis of arginine. The urea produced enters the bloodstream and is excreted in urine, while other compounds like ornithine and fumarate are reused in the cycle or feed into the Krebs cycle.

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    33 views3 pages

    Urea Cycle

    Uploaded by

    Wahab Ehsan
    The urea cycle is a metabolic pathway in humans and other organisms that involves removing waste nitrogen from the body via the formation of urea from ammonia. The cycle contains 5 steps that take place in the liver mitochondria and cytoplasm, starting with the formation of carbamoyl phosphate from ammonia, bicarbonate, and ATP. This is followed by the formation of citrulline, argininosuccinic acid, arginine, and finally urea through the hydrolysis of arginine. The urea produced enters the bloodstream and is excreted in urine, while other compounds like ornithine and fumarate are reused in the cycle or feed into the Krebs cycle.

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    UREA CYCLE

    UREA CYCLE IS MENT FOR REMOVEL OF WASTE NITROGEN FROM THE HUMAN BODY. IT IS A WASTE REMOVING CYCLE. IT MEANS ENERGY MOLECULES i.e. ATP ARE NOT PRODUCED IN IT LIKE IN KRABS CYCLE. STARTING FROM NH3 AND CO2 UREA IS PRODUCED IN FIVE STEPS THAT ARE DESCRIBED BELOW:-

    1) FORMATION OF CARBAMOYL PHOSPHATE:


    THIS REACTION TAKES PLACE BY THE INTERACTION OF NH4+ AND HCO3- AND TWO MOLECULES ATP. NH4+ + HCO3- + 2ATP CARBAMOYL PHASPHATE + 2ADP + Pi

    THIS REACTION IS CATALYZED BY MITOCHONDRIAL ENZYME CARBAMOYL PHASPHATE SYNTHETASE-1 WHICH NEEDS TWO COFACTER i.e. ACETYL GLUTAMIC ACID AND Mg2+; CO2 UTILIZED IN THIS REATION COMES FROM KRABS CYCLE.

    2) FORMATION OF CITRULLINE:
    THIS REACTION IS CATALYZED BY ORNITHINE TRANSCARBAMOYLASE. ORNITHINE REUSED AGAIN AND AGAIN IN UREA CYCLE AS OXALOACETIC ACID IN KRABS CYCLE. CARBAMOYL PHASPHATE + ORNITHINE CITRULLINE + Pi

    THE ABOVE REATION OCCURS IN MITOCHONDRIA. ORNITHINE FOR THIS REACTION IS TRANSPORTED FROM CYTOSOL.

    3) FORMATION OF ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID:


    CITRULLINE IS NOW TRANSPORTED OUT OF THE MITOCHONDRIA IN TO CYTOSOL. IT REACTS WITH THE ASPARTIC ACID IN THE PRESENCE OF ATP TO FORM ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID. CITRULLINE + ASPARTIC ACID +ATP ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID + AMP + PPi

    THIS REACTION PROVIDES 2nd NITROGEN ATOM IN UREA CYCLE AND IT IS CATALYZED BY ARGENINOSUCCINIC SYNTHETASE.

    4) FORMATION OF ARGININE:
    ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID SPLITS IN TO ARGININE AND FUMARIC ACID. THIS REACTION IS CATALYZED BY ARGININOSUCCINASE. ARGININOSUCCINIC ACID ARGININE + FUMARIC ACID

    THIS FUMERIC ACID ENTERS IN TO KRABS CYCLE. THIS SHOWS A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UREA CYCLE AND KRABS CYCLE AND HAS BEEN CALLED KRABS BICYCLE.

    5) FORMATION OF UREA BY HYDROLYSIS OF ARGININE:


    IT IS CATALYZED BY ARGINAES, AN ENZYME THAT CONTAINS Mn2+. ARGININE + H2O ORNITHINE + UREA

    THE ORNITHINE LIBERATED IN THIS REACTION RE-ENTERS THE MITOCHONDRIA TO RESTART THE UREA CYCLE. THE UREA PRODUCED IN THIS REACTION ENTERS BLOOD CIRCULATION AND IS EXCRETED IN URINE.

    UREA CYCLE

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