PULSE TRANSFORMER

Prepared By :

A pulse transformer is a transformer that is optimised for transmitting rectangular electrical pulses (i.e, pulses with fast rise and fall time and constant amplitude). There are generally two type of pulse transformer. These are 1.signal pulse transformer 2.power pulse transformer Another type of special pulse transformer is there high voltage pulse transformer. These different transformers are used in digital logic, telecommunication, to interface control circuit and power circuit, pulsed power application.

EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF PULSE TRANSFORMER

TERMS IN PULSE TRANSFORMER

1.Magnetizing ( No-Load ) Current, its Effects, and Its NoRelation to Saturation 2.Voltage Droop 3. Voltage-time product Voltage4. Kickback Voltage 5.Rise Time 6. The Trailing Edge 7. Pulse Distortion

1.Magnetizing ( No-Load ) Current, its NoEffects, and Its Relation to Saturation

Consider the simple pulse transformer circuit and its equivalent circuit. Now close the primary switch. Since the secondary load is not connected, the pulse transformers primary winding acts like an inductor placed across a voltage source. Primary current begins to flow. This is the magnetizing current . Rp = zero, & L = Lkp+Lm is constant then the current increases at a linear rate over time and that the rate in inversely proportional to the inductance . The increasing primary magnetizing current would exceed the magnetic flux capacity of the pulse transformer. And will saturate the core Once saturation occurs the primary current rapidly increases towards infinity ( in theory ).

In a real circuit the primary winding resistance ( and source impedance ) would limit the current. current. For non-zero Rp, I(t) = Io + ( V/Rp ) x ( 1 e to the ( -Rp x t / ( nonLkp + Lm )) power ) Rp extends the time it takes for the unloaded transformer ( or an inductor ) to saturate

2.Voltage Droop

The voltage droop is the decline of output pulse over duration of one pulse. For Rp > zero a voltage drop occurs across Rp. The value of this drop increases in value as the primary current increases with time, hence Vm decrease over time and consequently the secondary voltage declines over time. Thus Rp and magnetizing current contribute to secondary voltage droop Lkp does not contribute to the droop in the no-load case but nodoes contribute to a lower secondary starting voltage for both the no load and under load cases.

3. Voltage-time product Voltage

Unipolar applications require that sufficient time be allowed to pass to re-set the core before starting the next pulse. This time repermits the magnetic field to collapse . The field does not completely collapse to zero value ( unless forced to zero, or lower ) because of core material remanence. A slight air gap may be used to bring remanence closer to zero value. The gap lowers the pulse transformer inductance. Saturation can be avoided by applying the following equation; dB x Np x Ac x Sf = V x dt x 100000000 dt=the maximum time duration of the pulse v=voltage Ac=the cores cross-sectional area crossSf=the core stacking factor ratio. Np=number of primary turns dB=flux range between remanence and the maximum flux dt=maximum time duration of the pulse

4. Kickback Voltage

If the primary switch was opened thereby interrupting the current flowing through the transformer primary. The resulting collapse in the magnetic field will induce a voltage reversal in the transformer windings .

The more rapid the field collapse is, the higher the induced voltage.

In the no-load case transformer will generate the voltage nonecessary to dissipate the stored energy, hence a high voltage kickback ( or flyback or backswing ) voltage will occur in the windings. The transformer will induce eddy currents in its core thereby dissipating the energy as core loss

5.Rise Time

The primary leakage inductance, Lkp, restricts the flow of primary current by opposing the source voltage . The opposing voltage is generated by Lkp x d(I)/dt action. Current flow ( from the source ) finds the uncharged winding capacitance, Cp to be a much easier path, hence a relatively large amount of current flows into the winding capacitance.

The current will diminish over time as the capacitance is charged. It causes a relatively large voltage drop across the primary winding resistance, Rp, thereby initially lowering the voltage available to Lkp and Lm It takes time to diminish voltage drop across Rp. This delays the peak voltage across Lm. This in turn delays peak secondary voltage. The delay contributes to rise time, hence Cp contributes to rise time. Lpk restricts flow of the reflected load current and consequently also contributes to rise time. Similar consequence occurs with the secondary winding capacitance, Cs and Secondary leakage inductance, Lks.

6.The Trailing Edge

The pulse transformer tries to dissipate the energy stored in Lm and in the parasitic components Cp, Cs, Lkp, and Lks. The inductance will induce voltages as their magnetic fields collapse. The capacitor charge will drain, but will not drain instantaneously. The capacitances may temporarily supply current to the inductances . As a result, there is a sloped decline of the secondary output voltage after the primary switch is opened known as Trailing Edge

. 7.Pulse Distortion

Rise time, droop, trailing edges, and spurious oscillations are all considered to be signal distortion.

Advantage Of Pulse Transformer

1.It separates high voltage power circuit from low voltage control circuit. 2.These transformers are high frequency transformer thus size reduces. 3.These transformer can have more than one secondary side so we cant use more device at a time .
This is a high voltage transformer of Pearson Electronics . It has voltage output Of 100kV-500kV.This transformer is kept 100kVin high voltage insulating oil

Use
Pulse transformertransformerSignal pulse transformers are used in digital circuits, telecommunication etc. Power pulse transformers are used to isolate power circuit from control circuit.

High voltage pulse transformertransformerThese transformers are used in radar application, for pulsed power application.

CONCLUSION
The pulse transformer are efficient in isolation and protection of control circuit and widely used as it takes small area due to small size. This prevents wastage of space. One pulse transformer can have two secondary sides this decreases the number of pulse transformer and also decreases cost and complexity of system.

Reference

Butler Winding Pearson Electronics Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia www.google.com

Any Question