Summing Amplifiers

Experiment # 44
6/9/2011 Cedric Jones, Curtis Haynes

Objective
The purpose of this lab is to verify that the output voltage of a summing amplifier is the sum of the individual input voltages. We were also interested in observing how the individual voltage gains of each channel effects the output.

Circuit Schematic
R3 XFG1 J1 3 Key = Space 0 4 2 0
3 6 2

R1 10k

VCC

10k 15V VCC

7 1 5

U1 5

J2 1 Key = Space R2 10k VEE -15V XSC2

Tektronix
P G 1 2 3 4 T

741

VEE

Procedures
The first thing that we did in this experiment was to calculate the voltage gain for each channel of the summing amplifier. We recorded these figures in table 44-1. Next we calculated and recorded the peak to peak output voltage for each of the given parameters. After recording the results in table 44-1 we proceeded to connect the circuit described in the schematic using actual components and also in MultiSim. We verified all of our input voltages and used an oscilloscope to measure the output voltages. We measured all the output voltages for the parameters given in table 44-2 and recorded our results. Next we replaced Rf with a 27k resistor and calculated the voltage out for each of the given outputs. We then measured the actual and MultiSim voltage outputs with an oscilloscope and recorded all of our results in table 44-3.

Data and Calculations

Formulas: Av1(CL)=
Table 44-1

Av2(CL)= Calculations: V1 V2 0 0 0 1Vpp 1Vpp 0 1Vpp 1Vpp Measurements:

vout=Av1(CL)v1 + Av2(CL)v2 AV1=-1 Vout 0 -1 -1 -2 Av1=-1 MultiSim Vout 0 -1 -1 -2 and AV2=-1

S1 Open Open Closed Closed

Table 44-2

S2 Open Closed Open Closed

AV2=-1 Actual Vout 0 -1 -1 -2

S1 Open Open Closed Closed

S2 Open Closed Open Closed

V1 0 0 1Vpp 1Vpp

V2 0 1Vpp 0 1Vpp

Table 44-3

v or v 0.5 V pp 1 V pp 1.5 V pp 2 V pp

Calculated vout -2.7 v -5.4 v -8.1 v -10.8 v

MultiSim -2.7 v -5.4 v -8.1 v -10.8 v

Actual -2.74 v -5.1 v -8.4 v -10.9 v

Procedural Questions #3. Assuming R is replaced with a 22k resistor, both switches are closed and both inputs are 1 v peak to peak then the output voltage would be -1.5 volts. #4. Assuming R is replaced with a 33k resistor, both switches are closed and both inputs are 1 volt peak to peak then the output voltage would be -1.6 volts. #5. Assuming Rf is replaced with a 27k resistor, both switches are closed and both inputs are 1 volt peak to peak then the output voltage would be -5.1 volts

Questions
Question # 1: b Question # 2: c Question # 3: c Question # 4: d Question # 5: b Question # 6: a Question # 7: Input offset voltage errors cause more errors than any other. Input offset voltage errors are produced when there is a difference in VBE of the first transistors in an op amp. This offset voltage is multiplied by the gain and can produce a very large error in the output voltage.

Conclusions
In conclusion we verified that the output voltage of a summing amplifier is the gain of input 1 times the input voltage of input 1 plus the gain of input 2 times the input voltage of input 2. Our calculations were very close to our actual measurements in this experiment. The small differences in voltage that occurred can be attributed to input errors we discussed in Chapter 17.