HI- P V CHIU X THC PHM

Hi: p:

Chiu x thc phm l g?

Chiu x thc phm l cng ngh s dng nng lng bc x ion ho x l thc phm nhm nng cao cht lng v sinh v an ton thc phm. Thc phm chiu x c chng minh l lnh tnh v mang li nhng li ch kinh t- x hi to ln. Tuy nhin cng ging nh cc cng ngh ch bin v bo qun thc phm bng ho hc hoc bng nhit, cng ngh chiu x thc phm cng i hi c s chiu x v c s sn xut ch bin thc phm phi tun th nhng yu cu nht nh v liu chiu, qui cch sn phm v iu kin lu kho, vn chuyn v ch bin thc phm sau khi chiu x.

Hi: p:

Chiu x mang li nhng li ch g cho thc phm?

Chiu x gip ko di thi gian bo qun thc phm

Nu nh ng lnh ch c kh nng c ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt th tia bc x c tc dng gy tn thng c cht di truyn (phn t AND) lm bt hot kh nng sinh sn ca vi sinh vt. Nh , sau khi chiu x, cc vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi v cc vi sinh vt gy hi cho thc phm b bt hot. Qu trnh tng tc gia bc x v thc phm ch to ra mt lng nhit khng ng k (chiu 10 kGy, nhit ch tng ln 2oC) nn chiu x dit c vi khun nhng khng lm chn, khng lm mt cc cht dinh dng v khng lm bin dng bao gi thc phm bng plastic Nh cc hiu ng thc phm chiu x tr ln v sinh v an ton hn, cht lng dinh dng c n nh, thi gian s dng ca thc phm c ko di. to thun li cho khu lu tr v phn phi thc phm ti cc th trng xa, tri thi v. Chiu x thc phm gp phn ngn chn s ly lan nhiu dch bnh Ng cc, hoa qu, tht, trng, sa, hi sn l mi trng khu tr thch hp cho nhiu vi khun, cn trng, k sinh trng gy bnh (Salmonella, Campylobatcter, Oxoplasma gondii, Trichinella, Vibro cholera, Listeria monocytogees, Yersina, Shigella Escherichia coli 0157:H7 v Clostridium perfringenes.). iu ng quan tm l nhiu vi khun gy bnh thc phm tng nh gim hoc bin mt t th k trc th 20

nm qua li tng ln t ngt v c nhiu bin th mm bnh mi xut hin nguy him hn. Khu tr trn thc phm, cc mm bnh ny rt d ly lan sang ngi s dng hoc sang cc vng a l khc nhau. V vy, chiu x trc khi thc phm c xut i tiu th l mt bin php kim dch hu hiu gp phn ngn chn ng k s ly lan, lm gim s thit hi v nhn mng v kinh t. V d, t nm 1970 n 1982, khi phng php thanh trng sa ti bng bc x ion ho Scotland c p dng gip gim thiu s bnh do sa gy ra t 3500 ngi xung cn 12 ngi. V vy thanh trng bc x sa ngy nay tr thnh phng php ph bin Chu u, Bc M.

Hi: p:

Chiu x c lm thc phm b nhim x?

Chiu x trong cc iu kin c kim sot khng lm cho thc phm bin thnh cht phng xa. Bt k loi vt liu no trong mi trng sng ca chng ta, k c thc phm, u cha mt lng cc nh cc nguyn t c hot tnh phng x c gi l cc nguyn t phng x t nhin. Tng hot ca cc nguyn t phng x t nhin m con ngi hp th qua ng n ung hng ngy vo khong 150-200 becquerel. Thc phm khng bao gi trc tip tip xc vi ngun x v mc nng lng ti a ca cc ngun chiu x thc phm lun c gii hn nh hn 5 MeV i vi bc x gamma, tia X v nh hn 10 MeV i vi bc x in t. Cc gii hn nng lng trn l nh so vi nng lng lin kt ht nhn v v vy cc bc x in ha ny khng c kh nng bin thc phm c chiu x thnh phng x. Thc phm b nhim x l thc phm hp th cc cht phng x thot ra t cc s c l phn ng ht nhn, cc v n bom nguyn t. S nhim x nh vy khng lin quan ti qu trnh chiu x c kim sot v c gii hn v mc nng lng bc x c s dng nhm mc tiu bo qun thc phm.

Hi: p:

Chiu x c to ra cc cht c hi cho th c phm? X l bc x ch gy nn nhng bin i ho hc khng ng k v t ra v hi i vi thc phm. Hiu ng bc x c th to ra mt s sn phm x ly nh glucose, axit formic, axetandehit v CO 2 . Cc cht ny cng c to ra khi x l thc phm bng nhit. Cc sn phm x ly c nghin cu kh k lng v khng c bng chng no th hin

tnh c hi ca chng. Hn 30 nm qua gn 2000 cuc th nghim khoa hc vi cc k thut phn tch cc nhy phn lp v xc nh cc cht trung gian c hnh thnh do chiu x gy ra thc phm chiu x. S tht l khng c mt ho cht d thng no trong thc phm chiu xa c pht hin rau, qu, tht, trng, sa, c ... Tnh lnh ca thc phm chiu x cng c minh chng bng cc th nghim trn c th sng: th c t chung, th hiu ng tim mch, th hiu ng gy qui thai (Teratology), th t bin, th dinh dng, v th v trng. Mt s php th trn c th nh gi bng phn tch ho hc, vt l hc. Mt s khc c nh gi trn ng vt hoc trn vi sinh vt nui cy. Cc gc t do, theo nh ngha khoa hc, l nhng nguyn t, phn t thiu s phn b cc in t dng tng cp. Chng c th c hnh thnh khi chiu x cng nh khi x l thc phm bng cc phng php khc nh khi nng, sy kh, ng kh v ngay c trong qu trnh oxy ho bnh thng ca thc phm. Cc gc t do c tnh hot ng rt cao, cu trc khng n nh nn d dng tng tc vi cc c cht khc tr thnh dng sn phm n nh. Cc gc t do d hnh thnh v cng d bin mt mt thi gian ngn sau khi chiu x thc phm trng thi lng. S tiu ho chng chng gy nn bt k hiu ng c hi no. iu ny c khng nh nh cc nghin cu trng din trn nhng ng vt n sa bt chiu x liu 45 kGy (gp 4 ln liu ti a cho php chiu x thc phm). Khng c hin tng t bin di truyn no c thng bo, khng c hiu ng gy ung th no c pht hin. Hi: p: Thc phm chiu x c duy tr c cht lng dinh dng? Cc nghin cu thc nghim chng minh l cc cht dinh dng a lng nh protein, gluxit v lipit tng i n inh khi x l thc phm ti liu 10 kGy. Cc cht dinh dng vi lng, c bit l cc vitamin, t ra kh nhy cm vi cc tc nhn x l, k c vi bc x. V du, vitamin A, E, C v B c nhy cm cao vi bc x song cng ch tng ng vi cc tc nhn x l bng nhit. U ban hn hp gia FAO, WHO v IAEA, 1980 khng nh chiu x khng lm gim vn dinh dng trong thc phm. S thay i cc gi tr dinh dng trong thc phm ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: liu lng bc x, loi thc phm, cht liu bao gi v cc iu kin x l (nhit trong thi gian chiu x v lu kho sau chiu x). Phn ln cc yu t trn cng gp phi trong cc phng php bo quan thc phm khc v ang s dng.

Trong 10 Qui tc vng ca WHO cho vic la chn v dng thc phm th Qui tc th nht l li khuyn hy chn thc phm c x l m bo an ton, v trong cc phng php bo m an ton hin c khch hng nn chn thc phm x l bng bc x.

Hi:

Thc phm nhim c t vi sinh hoc nhim vi rt c th lm sch bng chiu x khng?

p:

Khng. Chiu x khng lm mt cc c t vi sinh v dit c ht vi rt.

Hi: p:

Bng cch chiu x c lm cho thc phm bn, b hng tr thnh tt khng? Khng. Chng c phng php no t chiu x n cc phng php thng thng c th bin thc phm hng, bn tr thnh tt c. Nh vy chiu x thc phm khng thay th Tiu chun thc hnh sn xut tt (GMP) cc nh my ch bin thc phm.

Hi: p:

Mun chiu x thc phm khch hng cn phi lm g? Mun chiu x thc phm, khch hng cn cung cp cho c s chiu x cc s liu sau y: - Mc ch s dng sn phm chiu x, yu cu v m bo v trng cn t c, s VSV trung bnh thng nhim trn sn phm trc khi thanh trung. Vi cc thng tin ny khch hng s nhn c s gp ca C s chiu x v liu x cn s dng, nhim VSV ban u c thch hp vi mc tiu thanh trng bc x hay khng, v v trng m sn phm s c m bo sau khi chiu x. - Qui cch bao gi sn phm (vt liu bao gi cch ly vi khun, kch thc, t trng bao kin hng). Vi cc thng tin ny, khch hng s nhn c s gp ca C s chiu x v cht lng vt liu bao gi ph hp vi phng php chiu x, kch thc v t trng bao kin hng tng thch vi hot ng ca my chiu ca C s chiu x. - Cc iu kin c bit v bo qun sn phm trc, trong v sau khi chiu x.

Hi: p:

C s chiu x c trch nhim g i vi thc phm chiu x? C s chiu x c trch nhim: Xc nh liu x cn x l trn c s cc thng tin v nhim khun ban u v m bo v trng cho sn phm m khch hng yu cu. - Thc hin chiu x theo liu lng bc x c xc nh, kim nh s chnh xc ca liu chiu bng liu k. i vi phng php chiu x cc s liu ca liu k kim tra tng ng vi xt nghim v trng sau khi x l cc phng php khc. V liu k ghi li s liu v liu x x l c xc nh t 3 yu t nh liu c bn: S lng VSV nhim ban u. m bo v trng m C quan y t c thm quyn qui nh. khng x t nhin ca cc loi VSV nhim trong sn phm.

Hi: p:

La chn liu chiu thanh trng thc phm bng cch no? Mun tnh c liu thanh trng cn c 3 thng s c bn: s VSV nhim ban u (No), s VSV cho php cn sng st sau x l (N) v liu D10 ca tng loi VSV. Tng quan ca cc yu t trn c th hin trong cng thc liu chiu thc hnh l:

N D D10 Log 0 N
D: l liu chiu lm gim s VSV t lng ban u (No) xung cn s lng mong mun (N). N do C quan sn xut hoc C quan y t c thm quyn qui nh theo tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm cho php, D10 l liu ch r mc mn cm phng x bm sinh ca cc loi VSV, D10 l liu x lm bt hot 90% s lng VSV cng loi trong qun th VSV nhim. Tuy nhin, liu x thc hnh phi tng quan vi cc tiu chun v cht lng dinh dng, an ton c t v cc ch tiu v cm quan ca thc phm. V vy, liu chiu phi xc nh cho tng loi thc phm c th vi cc yu cu v cht lng cn m bo. Mi quc gia u a ra nhng qui nh gii v hn liu chiu cho tng loi thc phm.

Hi:

Chiu x thc phm c Nh nc Vit nam cp php cha? Gii hn liu chiu cho tng loi thc phm c qui nh nh th no?

p:

Ngy 14 thng 10 nm 2004, B Y t ra Quyt nh s 3616/2004/Q_BYT v vic ban hnh Qui nh v sinh an ton i vi thc phm bo qun bng phng php chiu x. Danh mc thc phm c php chiu x v gii hn liu hp th ti a c quy nh trong bng sau: Liu hp th (kGy) Ti thiu 1 Loi 1: Sn phm nng sn dng thn, r, c. Loi 2: Rau, qu ti (tr loi 1) c ch s ny mm trong qu trnh bo qun a) Lm chm qu trnh chn b) Dit cn trng, k sinh trng c) Ko di thi gian bo qun d) X l kim dch a) Dit cn trng, k sinh trng b) Gim nhim bn vi sinh vt 0,1 0,3 0,3 1,0 0,2 0,3 1,5 Ti a

TT

Loi thc phm

Mc ch chiu x

0,2 1,0 1,0 2,5 1,0 1,0 5,0 0,25 7,0 3,0 2,0

Loi 3: Ng cc v cc sn phm bt nghin t ng cc; u ht, ht c du, hoa qu kh Loi 4: Thy sn v sn phm thy sn, bao gm ng vt khng xng sng, ng vt lng c dng ti sng hoc lnh ng. Loi 5: Tht gia sc, gia cm v

0,1 c) c ch s ny mm a) Hn ch vi sinh vt 1,0 gy bnh b) Ko di thi gian 1,0 bo qun c) Kim sot ng 0,1 thc vt k sinh

a) Hn ch vi sinh vt 1,0 gy bnh

7,0

sn phm t gia sc, gia cm dng ti sng hoc lnh ng . 6 Loi 6: Rau kh, gia v v tho mc

Loi 7: Thc phm kh c ngun gc ng vt

b) Ko di thi gian bo qun c) Kim sot ng thc vt k sinh a) Hn ch vi sinh vt gy bnh b) Dit cn trng, k sinh trng a) Dit cn trng, k sinh trng b) Kim sot nm mc c) Hn ch vi sinh vt gy bnh

1,0 0,5 2,0 0,3 0,3 1,0 2,0

3,0 2,0 10,0 1,0 1,0 3,0 7,0

Hin nay, chiu x thc phm nc ta da trn cc tiu chun sau: 1. TCVN 7249 Tiu chun thc hnh o liu p dng cho thit b chiu x chm tia electron v bc x hm (bremsstrahlung) dng x l thc phm Practice for dosimetry in electron and bremsstralung irradiation facilities for food processing 2. TCVN 7247 Thc phm chiu x. Yu cu chung Irradiated foods. General requirements 3. TCVN 7412 Thc phm. Pht hin thc phm chiu x bng phng php nhit pht quang i vi loi c th tch khong silicat Foodstuffs. Thermoluminecence detection of irradiated food from which silicate minerals can be isolated 4. TCVN 7413 Quy phm thc hnh chiu x tt i vi tht gia sc v tht gia cm ng gi sn ( kim sot mm bnh v/hoc ko di thi gian bo qun) Code of good irradiation practice for prepacked meat and poultry (to control pathogenns and/or extend shelf-life) 5. TCVN 7416 Quy phm thc hnh chiu x tt dit cn trng trong c kh v c

kh p mui Code of good irradiation practice for insect disinfestation of dried fish and salted and dried fish 6. TCVN 7408 Thc phm. Pht hin thc phm chiu x i vi loi thc phm c cha cht bo. Phn tch hydrocacbon bng sc k kh Foodstuffs. Detection of irradiated food containing fat. Gas chromatographic analysis of hydrocarbons 7. TCVN 7410 Thc phm. Pht hin thc phm chiu x i vi loi thc phm c cha xng. Phng php quang ph ESR Foodstuffs. Detection of irradiated food containing bone. Method by ESR spectroscopy 8. TCVN 7415 Quy phm thc hnh chiu x tt kim sot cc vi khun gy bnh v cc vi khun khc trong gia v, tho mc v cc loi rau thm Code of good irradiation practice for the control of pathogens and other microflora in spices, herbs and other vegetable seasonings 9. TCVN 7414 Quy phm thc hnh chiu x tt kim sot vi khun trong c, i ch v tm Code of good irradiation practice for the control of microflora in fish, frog legs and shrimps 10. TCVN 7509 Quy phm thc hnh chiu x tt dit cn trng trong cc loi ht ng cc Code of good irradiation practice for insect disinfestation of cereal grains (http://www.tcvninfo.org.vn)