phng trnh,bt phng trnh v t,h phng trnh

v h bt phng trnh
Phn I:
Phng trnh v t
Phng php 1:Phng php gii dng c bn:
g ( x ) 0
f ( x) = g( x)
1/
2
f ( x ) = g ( x )
2/ f ( x ) + g ( x ) = h ( x )

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Bnh phng hai v

16x + 17 = 8x 23 (HQGHN KD-1997)

x 2 + x 2 + 11 = 31 (H Cnh st -1999)
x 2 + 4x + 2 = 2x 3(HVNHHCM-1999)
Gii v bin lun pt: m x 2 3x + 2 = x -(H Thng mi-1999).

Tm m pt sau c hai nghim thc phn bit: x 2 + mx + 2 = 2x + 1 -(HC KB2006).

5x 1 3x 2 x 1 = 0 -(GKTQD-2000).
6.

7.
8.
9.
10.

x ( x 1) + x ( x + 2 ) = 2 x 2 (HSP 2 HN).
x + 3 2x 1 = 3x 2 -(HVHCQ-1999)
3x + 4 2x + 1 = x + 3 -(HVNH-1998).
3 x + x 2 2 + x x 2 = 1 (H Nthng-1999)
Phng php 2: phng php t n ph:
I-t n ph a pt v pt theo n ph:
Dng 1:

Pt dng:

ax 2 + bx + c = px 2 + qx + r trong
t = px 2 + qx + r K t 0 .

Cch gii: t

1.

( x + 5) ( 2 x ) = 3

2.

(H Ngng -1998) ( x + 4 ) ( x + 1) 3 x 2 + 5x + 2 = 6

3.
4.
5.

2
(H Cn th-1999) (x + 1)(2 x) = 1 + 2x 2x .

6.

a b
=
p q

x 2 + 3x -(H Ngoi thng-2000).

4x 2 + 10x + 9 = 5 2x 2 + 5x + 3
18x 2 18x + 5 = 3 3 9x2 9x + 2 .
3x 2 + 21x + 18 + 2 x2 + 7x + 7 = 2
Dng 2: Pt Dng: P(x) + Q(x) + P(x).Q(x) = 0
Cch gii:

( 0 )

P ( x ) = 0
* Nu P ( x ) = 0 pt
Q ( x ) = 0
* Nu P ( x ) 0 chia hai v cho P ( x ) sau t t =

1.
2.
3.

Q( x)
P( x)

t0

(HC KA-2007) Tm m pt sau c nghim: 3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x 2 1

2 ( x 2 3x + 2 ) = 3 x3 + 8
2 ( x 2 + 2 ) = 5 x3 + 1

Dng 3: Pt Dng : ( P ( x ) + Q ( x ) ) +

P ( x ) Q ( x ) 2 P ( x ) .Q ( x ) + = 0 ( 2 + 2 0 )

2
Cch gii: t t = P ( x ) Q ( x ) t = P ( x ) + Q ( x ) 2 P ( x ) .Q ( x )

2
x x2 = x + 1 x .
3

1.

(HQGHN-2000) 1 +

2.
3.

(HVKTQS-1999) 3x 2 + x 1 = 4x 9 + 2 3x 2 5x + 2 .
(B quc phng-2002) 2x + 3 + x + 1 = 3x + 2 2x 2 + 5x + 3 16 .

4.

5.

4x + 3 + 2x + 1 = 6x + 8x 2 + 10x + 3 16
(CSPHN-2001) x 2 x + 2 = 2 x 2 4 2x + 2
a + cx + b cx + d
Dng 4: Pt Dng:

( a + cx ) ( b cx )

=n

Trong a, b, c, d, n l cc hng s , c > 0, d 0

Cch gii: t

t = a + cx + b cx ( a + b t 2 ( a + b )

1-(H M-2001)

x + 4 x 2 = 2 + 3x 4 x2
3+ x + 6 x ( 3+ x) ( 6 x) = 3

2-

( x + 1) ( 3 x )

3-(HSP Vinh-2000)

Cho pt: x + 1 + 3 x

=m

a/ Gii pt khi m = 2
4-(HKTQD-1998) Cho pt

b/Tm cc gt ca m pt c nghim
1 + x + 8 x + (1 + x)(8 x) = a

a/Gpt khi a = 3
b/Tm cc gt ca a pt c nghim
5-TT T Y t tphcm-1999) Tm cc gt ca m pt c nghim
x 1 + 3 x + (x 1)(3 x) = m
6-(H Ngoi ng-2001)

x + 1 + 4 x + (x + 1)(4 x) = 5

Dng 5: Pt dng: x + a 2 b + 2a x b + x + a2 b 2a x b = cx + m
Trong a, b, c, m l hng s a 0
Cch gii : t t = x b K: t 0 a pt v dng:
t + a + t a = c(t 2 + b) + m
1-(HSP Vinh-2000)

x 1+ 2 x 2 x 1 2 x 2 = 1

2-(HV BCVT-2000)

x + 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 = 2

3-(HC KD-2005)

2 x + 2 + 2 x +1 x +1 = 4

4-(H Thu sn -2001)

x + 2 + 2 x +1 + x + 2 2 x +1 =
x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 =

5-

x +3
2

x+5
2

x+m
6
a/ Gii pt khi m = 23
b/ Tm cc gt ca m pt c nghim
II-S dng n ph a pt v n ph ,cn n ban u coi l tham s:
6-

Xt pt:

1-

x +6 x 9 + x 6 x 9 =

6x 2 10x + 5 ( 4x 1) 6x2 6x + 5 = 0

( x + 3) 10 x 2 = x 2 x 12
3-(H Dc-1997)
2 ( 1 x ) x 2 + 2x 1 = x 2 2x 1
4- ( 4x 1) x 2 + 1 = 2x 2 + 2x + 1
5- 2 ( 1 x ) x 2 + x + 1 = x 2 3x 1
2-(H Dc-1999)

6-(HQG-HVNH KA-2001)
x 2 + 3x + 1 = (x + 3) x2 + 1
III-S dng n ph a v h pt:
Dng 1:
Pt Dng:
x n + a = b n bx a
x n by + a = 0
n
Cch gii: t y = bx a khi ta c h: n
y bx + a = 0
1-(HXD-DH Hu-1998)
x2 1 = x +1
2

2- x 2 + x + 5 = 5
4- (H Dc-1996)
Dng 2: Pt Dng:

3- x 2 2002 2002x 2001 + 2001 = 0

x 3 + 1 = 2 3 2x 1
2
ax + b = r ( ux + v ) + dx + e trong a, u, r 0
V u = ar + d, v = br + e

uy + v = r ( ux + v ) 2 + dx + e
Cch gii:
t uy + v = ax + b khi ta c h:
2
ax + b = ( uy + v )
1-(HC KD-2006)
2x 1 + x 2 3x + 1 = 0
23- 3x + 1 = 4x 2 + 13x 5
2x + 15 = 32x 2 + 32x 20
45- x 2 = 2 x + 2
x + 5 = x 2 4x 3
6x 1 = 3 + x x2
Dng 3: PT Dng:

a f ( x) + m b + f ( x) = c

u + v = c
t u = n a f ( x ) , v = m b + f ( x ) khi ta c h: n
m
u + v = a + b
3
1-(HTCKT-2000)
2 x = 1 x 1
3
3
23- 3 x 2 + x + 1 = 3
x + 34 x 3 = 1
4- 4 97 x + 4 x = 5
5- 4 18 x + 4 x 1 = 3
Phng php 3: Nhn lng lin hp:
f ( x) + a f ( x) = b
Dng 1: Pt Dng:
Cch gii:

f ( x) + a f ( x) = b

Cch gii:
Nhn lng lin hp ca v tri khi ta c h:
f ( x ) + a m f ( x ) = a b
1- 4x 2 + 5x + 1 + 4x 2 + 5x + 7 = 3
2- 3x 2 + 5x + 1 3x 2 + 5x 7 = 2
3- 3- (H Ngoi thng-1999 )
4-(H Thng mi-1998)
5-(HVKTQS-2001)
Dng 2: Pt Dng:

3 x + x 2 2 + x x2 = 1
x 2 3x + 3 + x 2 3x + 6 = 3
1
1
+
=1
x+4+ x+2
x+2+ x

f ( x) g( x) = m( f ( x) g ( x) )

x+3
5
2-(HVKTQS-2001)
3(2 + x 2) = 2x + x + 6
Phng php 4:Phng php nh gi:
1- x 2 + 4 x = x 2 6x + 11
2- x 2 + x 1 + x x 2 + 1 = x2 x + 2
3-(HQGHN-Ngn hng KD-2000)
4x 1 + 4x 2 1 = 1
4x + 1 3x 2 =

1-(HVBCVT-2001)

4-(H Nng nghip-1999)

x 2 2x + 5 + x 1 = 2
Phng php 5:Phng php k cn v :
1-Tm m pt sau c nghim duy nht:
x + 2x = m
2- Tm m pt sau c nghim duy nht
x 5 + 9 x = m
4
3- Tm m pt sau c nghim duy nht
x + 4 1 x + x + 1 x = m
Phng php 6: Phng php hm s (S dng o hm)
1-(HC KB-2004) - Tm m pt sau c nghim :
m

1 + x 2 1 x 2 + 2 = 2 1 x4 + 1 + x2 1 x2

2- - Tm m cc pt sau c nghim :
1*/ 4 x 2 = mx m + 2
2*/
x + 1 + x 1 5 x 18 3x = 2m + 1
3--(HC KA-2007) Tm m pt sau c nghim: 3 x 1 + m x + 1 = 2 4 x 2 1
3

4-(HCKB-2007) CMR m > 0 pt sau c 2nghim pb: x 2 + 2x 8 = m(x 2)

5-

1*/

x + x 5 + x + 7 + x + 16 = 14

2*/

x 1 = x 3 4x + 5

3*/

1/

g(x) < 0

f (x) 0
f (x) > g(x)
g(x) 0

f (x) > g 2 (x)

2x 1 + x 2 + 3 = 4 x
6-(HVAn ninh KA-1997)Tm m pt sau c nghim: x 2 + 2x + 4 x 2 2x + 4 = m
Phn II:
BT Phng trnh v t
Phng php 1: Phng php gii dng c bn:

3/

f (x) g(x) h(x)

1-(HQG-1997)

g(x) < 0

2/ f (x) < g(x) f (x) 0

f (x) < g 2 (x)

Bnh phng hai v bpt

x 2 + 6x 5 > 8 2x
2x 1 8 x

2-(HTCKT Tphcm-1999)
3-(H Lut 1998)

x 2x 2 + 1 > 1 x
(x + 1)(4 x) > x 2

4-(H M-2000)

x +5 x +4 > x +3
5x 1 x 1 > 2x 4
x + 3 2x 8 + 7 x
x + 2 3 x < 5 2x
5x 1 4x 1 3 x
x +1 > 3 x + 4

5-(H Ngoi ng)

6-(HCKA-2005)
7-(H Ngoai thng-2000)
8-(H Thu li -2000)
9-(H An ninh -1999)
10-(HBK -1999)

2(x 2 16)

7x
x 3
x 3
Phng php 2: S dng cc php bin i tng ng

11-(HC KA-2004)

+ x 3 >

51 2x x 2
3x 2 + x + 4 + 2
2-(HXD)
<1
<2
1 x
x
2 x + 4x 3
1 1 4x 2
3-(H Ngoi ng -1998)
4-(HSP)
2
<3
x
x
Phng php 2:Nhn biu thc lin hp:
x2
2x 2
>
x

4
< x + 21
2
1-(HSP Vinh-2001)
2-(H M-1999)
3 9 + 2x 2
1+ 1+ x
1-(HTCKT-1998)

3- 4(x + 1) 2 < (2x + 10)(1 3 + 2x )2

Phng php 3:Xc nh nhn t chung ca hai v:
1-(H An ninh -1998)
x 2 + x 2 + x 2 + 2x 3 x2 + 4x 5
2-(HBK-2000)
3-(H Dc -2000)
4-(H Kin trc -2001)
Phng php 4: t n ph:
1-(H Vn ho)

x 2 + 3x + 2 + x 2 + 6x + 5 2x2 + 9x + 7
x 2 8x + 15 + x 2 + 2x 15 4x2 18x + 18
x 2 4x + 3 2x 2 3x + 1 x 1
5x 2 + 10x + 1 7 x 2 2x

2-(H Dn lp phng ng -2000)

2x 2 + 4x + 3 3 2x x2 > 1

3-(HV Quan h qt-2000)

(x + 1)(x + 4) < 5 x 2 + 5x + 28

4-(H Y-2001)

2x 2 + x 2 5x 6 > 10x + 15
4

5-(HVNH HCM-1999)

x(x 4) x 2 + 4x + (x 2)2 < 2

3
1
3 x+
< 2x +
7
2x
2 x
2
1
4 x+
< 2x +
+2
2x
x

6-H Thi nguyn -2000)

7-(H Thu li)
8-(HV Ngn hng 1999)

x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 > 3 2

Cho bpt: 4 (4 x)(2 + x) x 2x + a 18

a/ Gii bpt khi a= 6
b/Tm a bpt nghim ng x [ 2; 4]
10-Xc nh m bpt sau tho mn trn on ch ra :
(4 + x)(6 x) x 2 2x + m trn [ 4;6]
Phng php 5: Phng php hm s:
1-(H An ninh-2000)
7x + 7 + 7x 6 + 2 49x 2 + 7x 42 < 181 14x
9-

2-

x + x + 7 + 2 x 2 + 7x < 35 2x

3-

x + 2 + x + 5 + 2 x 2 + 7x + 10 < 5 2x
4- Xc nh m bpt sau c nghim: a/
4x 2 + 16 4x m
b/
2x 2 + 1 m x
Phn III:
H Phng trnh
A- mt s h pt bc hai c bn
I-h pt i xng loi 1
f (x; y) = 0
1*/ nh ngha:
Trong f (x; y) = f (y; x), g(x; y) = g(y; x)

g(x; y) = 0
2*/ Cch gii:
t S = x + y, P = xy K: S2 4P
Dng 1: Gii phng trnh
x y + y x = 30
x + y + xy = 11
1-(HQG-2000) 2
2
2
x + y + 3(x + y) = 28
x x + y y = 35
x 2 + y 2 + xy = 7
x + y + xy = 11
3-(HGTVT-2000) 2
4-(HSP-2000)
4
2
4
2 2
x + y + x y = 21
x y + y x = 30
1 1

x + y + x + y = 5

5- (H Ngoi thng-1997)

x 2 + y2 + 1 + 1 = 9
x 2 y2

2
2
x + y xy = 3
x + y = 5
6-(H Ngoi thng -1998) 4
7-(HCKA-2006)

2 2
4
x x y + y = 13
x + 1 + y + 1 = 4

Dng 2: Tm K h c nghim:
x + y = 1
1-(HCKD-2004) Tm m h sau c nghim:
x x + y y = 1 3m
x + y + xy = a
2-Tm a h sau c nghim: 2
2
x + y = a
x + y + x 2 + y2 = 8
3-Cho h pt:
xy(x + 1)(y + 1) = m
a/ Gii h khi m = 12

b/ Tm m h c nghim
5

 x + xy + y = m + 1
4-Cho h pt: 2
2
x y + y x = m
a/ Gii h khi m=-2
b/ Tm m h c t nht mt nghim ( x; y ) tho mn x > 0, y > 0
x 2 + y 2 = 2(1 + m)
5- Tm m h c ng hai nghim:
2
( x + y ) = 4
1
1

x + x + y + y = 5

6-(HCKD-2007) Tm m h sau c nghim:

x 3 + 1 + y3 + 1 = 15m 10
x3
y3

Dng 3: Tm K h c nghim duy nht.

x + y + xy = m + 2
1-(HHVKTQS-2000) Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht 2
2
x y + y x = m + 1
x + xy + y = 2m + 1
2-(HQGHN-1999) Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht:
2
xy(x + y) = m + m
x 2 y + y2 x = 2(m + 1)
3- Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht:
2xy + x + y = 2(m + 2)
Dng 4: H pt i xng ba n s :
Nu ba s x, y, z tho mn x + y + z = p, xy + yz + zx = q, xyz = r th chng l
nghim ca pt: t 3 pt 2 + qt r = 0
1-Gii cc h pt sau :

x + y + z = 9
x + y + z = 1
x + y + z = 1

2
2
a/ xy + yz + zx = 4
b/ x + y + z = 1
c/ xy + yz + zx = 27
x 3 + y 3 + z3 = 1
x 3 + y3 + z3 = 1
1 1 1

+ + =1
x y z
x 2 + y2 + z2 = 8
2- Cho h pt:
Gi s h c nghim duy nht
xy + yz + zx = 4
8
8
x, y, z
CMR:
3
3
II-H phng trnh i xng loi 2
f (x; y) = 0
1*/ nh ngha
trong : f (x; y) = g(y; x), f (y; x) = g(x; y)
g(x; y) = 0
f (x; y) g(x; y) = 0
(x y)h(x; y) = 0

2*/ Cch gii: H pt

f (x; y) = 0
f (x; y) = 0
x y = 0
h(x; y) = 0

hay

f (x; y) = 0
f (x; y) = 0
Dng 1: Gii phng trnh:
y

x 3y = 4 x
x 3 = 3x + 8y
1-(HQGHN-1997)
2-(HQGHN-1998) 3
y = 3y + 8x
y 3x = 4 x
y

1 3

2x + y = x

3-(HQGHN-1999)
2y + 1 = 3

x y

x 3 + 1 = 2y
4-(H Thi nguyn-2001) 3
y + 1 = 2x

7x
+
y

=0

x + 1 + 7 y = 4
x2
5-(H Vn ho-2001)
6-(H Hu-1997)
y + 1 + 7 x = 4
7y + x 82 = 0
y

Dng 2:Tm k h c nghim:

x + 1 + y 2 = m
1-(HSP Tphcm-2001) Tm m h c nghim:
y + 1 + x 2 = m
2x + y 3 = m
2- Tm m h c nghim:
2y + x 3 = m
Dng 3: Tm k h c nghim duy nht
( x + 1) 2 = y + a
1-(HSP-Tphcm-2001) Tm a h sau c nghim duy nht:
2
(y + 1) = x + a
2
xy + x = m(y 1)
2- Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht:
2
xy + y = m(x 1)
2
x + y = axy + 1
3- Tm a h sau c nghim duy nht: 2
y + x = axy + 1
III - H phng trnh ng cp
Dng 1: Gii phng trnh:
2
2
x 2 + 2xy + 3y2 = 9
2x + 3xy + y = 12
1-(HP-2000) 2
2-(HSP Tphcm-2000) 2
2
2
x xy + 3y = 11
2x + 2xy + y = 2
2
2
x y + xy = 30
3-(H M-1998) 3
3
x + y = 35
Dng 2: Tm k h c nghim, c nghim duy nht
3x 2 + 2xy + y2 = 11
1-(HQG HCM-1998) Tm m h sau c nghim : 2
2
x + 2xy + 3y = 17 + m
2-(HAnninh2000)Tm a h c nghim:
2
x 2xy 3y2 = 8
2
2
4
3
2
2x + 4xy + 5y = a 4a + 4a 12 + 105
x 2 mxy + y2 = m2 3m + 2
3-Tm m h sau c nghm diuy nht: 2
2
2
x + 2xy + my = m 4m + 3
B- Mt s phng php gii h pt :
Phng php 1:Phng php th:
x + y = m + 1
1-(HSP Quy nhn -1999) Cho h pt: 2
2
2
x y + y x = 2m m 3
1/ Gii h khi m=3
2/Tm m h trn c nghim
x + y x y = 2
x y = 3 x y
2-(HCKB-2002)
3-(HVQY-2001)
2
2
2
2
x + y = x + y + 2
x + y + x y = 4

4-(H Hu-1997)

Tm

x 2 + y2 = 1
h sau c nghim:
x y = k

x + my = m
5-(H Thng mi-2000) Cho h pt: 2
2
x + y x = 0
a. GiI h khi m=1

b. Bin lun s nghim

ca pt
c.Khi h c hai nghim phn bit (x1 ; y1 );(x 2 ; y2 ) tm m :
A = (x 2 x1 ) 2 + (y2 y1 )2 t gi tri ln nht
6-(SP TPHCM-1999) Tm m h sau c 3 nghim phn bit:

x + y = 1
3
3
x y = m(x y)
Phng php 2: phng php bin i tng ng:
xy 3x 2y = 16
1-(HGTVT TPHCM-1999) 2
HD:nhn pt u vi 2 vcng vi
2
x + y 2x 4y = 33
pt sau
x + xy + y = 1

2-(HThng mi-1997) y + yz + z = 4
3-(HBKHN-1995)
z + zx + x = 9

x + y + z = 7
2
2
2
x + y + z = 21
xz = y 2

y + xy 2 = 6x 2
4-(HSPHN-2000)
HD:chia c hai v ca2pt cho
2 2
2
1 + x y = 5x
Phng php 3: Phng php t n ph:
x 16

xy y = 3
1-(H Ngoi ng-1999)
2-(H Cng on-2000)
xy y = 9

x 2

x2

x 2 x 3
( y ) + ( y ) = 12

(xy) 2 + xy = 6

x
y
7
+
=
+1

x
xy
(x > 0, y > 0)
3-(H Hng hi-1999) y

x xy + y xy = 78
x + 1 + y + 1 = 3
4-(H Thu sn-2000)
x y + 1 + y x + 1 + y + 1 + x + 1 = 6
Phn:IV
H Bt Phng trnh
AH bpt mt n s:
f1 ( x ) > 0(1)
Cho h:
(I) Gi S1 ,S2 Ln lt l tp nghim ca (1)&(2)

f 2 (x) > 0(2)

S l tp nghim ca (I) S = S1 S2
Tm m h sau c nghim:
x 2 (m + 2)x + 2m < 0
1-(HVQH Quc t-1997) 2
x + (m + 7)x + 7m < 0

 x 2 2x + 1 m 0
x 2 (m + 2)x + 2m 0
2-(H Thng mi-1997) 2
3- 2
2
x (2m + 1)x + m + m 0 x (m + 3)x + 3m 0
x 2 2mx < 0
4-(H Thu li-1998)
x 1 + m 2m
x 2 3x + 4 0
5-(H Thng mi-1998) 3
2
x 3x x m 15m 0
Tm m h sau v nghim:
x 2 1 0
x 2 6x + 5 0
x 2 + 7x 8 < 0
1-
2- 2
3- 2
2
2
(m x )(x + m) < 0
x 2(m + 1)x + m + 1 0 m x + 1 > 3 + (3m 2)x
Tm m h sau c nghim duy nht:
x 2 3x + 2 0
x 2 + 2x + a 0
1- 2
2- 2
3 x 6x + m(6 m) 0
x 4x 6a 0
x 2 + (2m + 1)x + m2 + m 2 = 0
4
2
x 5x + 4 < 0
B- H bpt hai n s:
Tm a h sau c nghim:
x + y 2
x 2 + y 2 2x 2
4x 3y + 2 0
1-(HGTVT-2001)
2-
3- 2
2
x + y + 2x(y 1) + a = 2
x y + a = 0
x + y = a
Tm a h c nghim duy nht:
x 2 + y2 + 2x 1
x + y + 2xy + m 1
1-
2-
x + y 1
x y + a = 0